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Does anyone have a citation for the recently, anonymously added section on the Lemba? -- Jmabel | Talk 08:12, Mar 21, 2005 (UTC)
There is also a book written by Tudar Parfat that talks about his research with the Lemba. It proves, along with other sources, that genetically and historically the Lemba are descendents of Jews. The only issue is that their seperation from the rest of world Jewery has placed them in the position of Anusim. According to the Rambam in the Mishnah Torah (Mamrim) 3.3 all that would need to happen is a Giyyur to return Benei Anusim to the Laws of Israel. The Lemba have made it clear that they have no problem with going through a Halakhic return. The book by Tudar Parfit is called Journey To The Vanished City. It can be found at Amazon. [6] -- EhavEliyahu 18:55, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
Similarly, I am even more concerned about the citability of the sources for the Igbo material. A mailing list and a book review in an obscure publication? The claim that "Maghrebim" refers to Igbos strikes me as just plain wrong: they are a long way south of the Maghreb. The "Kal Tamasheq" would be Tuaregs. I've never heard of Jewish Tuaregs, although they may exist.
Does anyone have some solid citations on this (preferably from a peer-reviewed journal)? Or is this just one person's theory, from one book? If the latter, it still belongs in Wikipedia someplace, but presented as one scholar's theory, not as accepted truth. -- Jmabel | Talk June 30, 2005 22:31 (UTC)
Information from the person who posted Ibo (Igbo) info B"H Shalom unvorakh kulam, My name is Ehav Eliyahu and I added the information about the Igbo Jews of Nigeria. Just to give some background on myself I am an Orthodox Jew of mixed Sephardic and West African descent (of course I am halakhically Jewish), and I pray at the Teimani Beith Kenesseth Tifereth Yisrael in New York. I recently added some citations for the information, and am in the process of adding a bit more information. There are several organizations like Kulanu who are working with the Jewish communities in Nigeria, and number of the people there, in America, and a few in Israel are Halakhically Jewish, while the rest are on that path (I am currently trying to get Chabad and several Sephardi Beith Kenesseth invovled for the part of the community that is not halakhically Jewish). The Giyyur Khelqi for Igbos is different than that of the Beta Israel in several respects that is done on either on family or individual basis. It is also being done on a case by case situation, at a slow pace. As you know this is how it started out with the Beta Israel, before the ruling of the Rabbi Ovadia in 1975. There was already though a ruling from a Sephardic Rabbi though on the Beta Israel, before 1975. The following information is where Rabbi Ovadia Yossef based his opinions about the Beta Israel.
So as I mentioned the situation with the entire populace of the Nigerian Jews is of a different nature than that of the Beta Israel. Some Igbos are recognized Halakhically as Jews by various individual Beit Din's, due to the current push to return Benei Anusim. A few live in Israel. There is currently no overall ruling though, but that could change based on some things going on with the re-established Beith Din HaGadol (Sanhedrin).
In terms of the mention fo the Maghrebim and the Kal Tamesheq I added information to clear up the misunderstanding there. I was not making the claim that Yehudim Maghrebim is an exclusive term to Igbo Jews in Nigeria. Also, according sources in the Timbuktu Islamic library there were Jews who came from the upper and northern Maghreb into Mali. There was also a migration of Portuguese Jews into the islands off the coast of West Africa as well as in Senegal. Also, the information does not claim that ALL Kal Tamesheq were Anusim. There is a certain group, that from intial research seem to be. The book refernced now one the site "Jews in Places You Never Thougt Of" references an encounter with this group. That is some lay-over from the Jewish Berbers that existed during the time of El Kahina's revolt against the Arab invasion of North Africa. Tomer has joined the web-list that was posted for some of the information. If need be I can provide anything more, and am more than willing to answer any questions on this topic and give more Rabbinic contacts. Kol tuv.-- EhavEliyahu 19:06, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
More information information on the subject matter can also be acquired from the people and sources. I will list more contacts as they are needed.
A paper written by a Jew of Nigerian descent will be presented at the Society of Crypto Jewish Studies conference in Florida next month. Information about this
News letters from various sources of North American Jewish, and Israeli visitors to Nigeria can be found in the Kulanu newsletters.
-- EhavEliyahu 21:26, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
Should not perhaps some mention be made of the sizeable number of Tutsis claiming Jewish heritage? Tom e r TALK 09:41, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
I think all this idea of Tutsi Jews can go no further than John Hanning Speke's discredited Hamitic Hypothesis
which colonialists used to divide Africans into "true negro" and "mixed negro" categories. Of course Tutsi are
as welcome to `Am Yisra'el as anybody else but beside enthusiast points of view there's no historical references
for them being b*nei Yisra'el or practitioners of Y*haduth.
al-Takruri
-- AlTakruri 01:33, 27 July 2006 (UTC)
I am in the process of redirecting Ancient Jewish Diaspora in Subsaharan Africa to this article. The information is largely duplicated, except for two sentences describing a group of Jewish converts to Islam in Somalia. I am not familiar with such a group myself, and the editor did not provide any more detail (e.g. a name for the group). If there is such a group, can someone add verifiable information about them to this article? -- Gyrofrog (talk) 22:46, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
I've restored the remark about "undoubted" Jewish descendants in Mali. If there is doubt, no one has cited any indication of that doubt. - Jmabel | Talk 04:45, 29 January 2006 (UTC)
You are correct in this. The Haidara family in Timbuktu has tax records, Hebrew documents, etc. in their library from the Kahath family.-- EhavEliyahu 22:21, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
There have been reports of a small native community of Jews in Kenya. Does anyone have information on this?
Does anyone have sources for this? All of the people I know in Nigeria have never heard of such a group. Also, the only source I have seen about this comes from a book that never shows where the information came from. -- EhavEliyahu 06:31, 5 March 2006 (UTC)
Don't change the use of the terminology unless there appears to be some sort of consensus- I don't think your changes are valid. Why can we not describe Jews as Jews? Ekrub-ntyh 17:41, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
I have gone in and made corrections to the changes that User:208.54.95.129 made for the following reasons.
1) The words that the words "Israelite" and "Hebrew" are actually not the original terms. Israelite in is correctly pronounced in Hebrew as "Yisraeli" and Hebrew is actually pronounced "Ivri" or "Ivrim" (plural). The majority of Igbos in Nigeria also refer to themselves.
2) The word Gad is English. In Ancient Hebrew the Tav without a dagesh was pronounced as a "th" sound like in the word "the."
3) The word "Maghreb" is Arabic and not Moroccan. Maghreb/Maghrib in Arabic means "West." Jews of Nigeria is not a term created by Europeans, it is one that the Igbos living in Nigeria use for themselves.-- EhavEliyahu 22:36, 31 May 2006 (UTC)
" The practices of the Beta Israel differ significantly from those of other forms of Judaism. Probably because Beta Israel (Ethiopians) practice a correct form of Ancient Hebraic ways while "Judism" is of European origin and not African. Therefore, Judism is foreign to them. One significant difference is that they lack the festivals of Purim and Hanukkah. This is probably because they branched off from the main body of Judaism before these holy days were developed. Further emphasizing the correctness of their ancient hebraic way of practice."
In writing "Beta Israel (Ethiopians) practice a correct form of Ancient Hebraic ways while "Judism" is of European origin and not African", the writer makes an explicit value judgment in contending that one way of practising Judaism is more "correct" than another, and additionally errs by stating that "Judaism is of European origin and not African", ignoring the fact that rabbinical Orthodox Judaism and Talmudic law have been followed by Jews in Europe, Africa and the Middle East (the latter being where it originated) and the first Talmudic academies in which Orthodox Jewish law was developed and studied have their origins in ancient Eretz Yisrael/ Palestine and Babylonia (present-day Iraq, and *NOT* Europe, although in subsequent generations and centuries rabbinical learning continued in Europe and North America, in addition to their Middle Eastern cradle. This is the Judaism which the writer seems to be discussing (and dismissing) as "not correct" and "European" in contradistinction to the Beta Israel's traditional practices prior to their mass aliyah to Israel.
Someone changed the text in the Beta Israel part, stating now: "Historical and DNA evidence, however, suggested different origins. Rabbi Yosef therefore ruled that upon arrival in Israel, the Beta Israel had to undergo a pro forma...". This is biased and eurocentric since newest dna studies prove that that the 2nd highest dna haplogroup amongst ashkenazi is the african haplogroup e3b, or e1b1. E3b is the highest haplogroup among northafricans and ethiopians clearly proving that ashkenazis and ethiopian jews share the same male ancestors. and historical evidence points, by the way, also to high probability that jews lived in ethiopia much earlier than most other parts of the world. sorry, this total nonsense written in the beta israel part of this article. matter of fact one can assume that ethiopians are the most likely people together with ashkenazi jews to be real jews. they only differ in their maternal dna since the male ancestors of the ashkenazis intermarried with white european females and the ancestors of the ethiopian jews intermarried with ethiopian, cushitic women. didnt moses married a cushitic wife ? so, who is more jewish now ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.238.231.226 ( talk) 05:26, 22 October 2010 (UTC)
Several corrections seem to be in order for the section on the Igbo; there are numerous grammatical errors (I counted, while skimming, at least 14). Additionally, there seems to be a strong emphasis on an "Ancient Hebraic" label, and over-use of the term "Israelite". This is a bit faulty for one of two reasons:
I welcome any revisions to this material from any contributers. I would have corrected the information and sourced it myself, except that I'm a bit short on time and don't have the leisure to correct the grammatical mistakes as well. But I thought I would give a heads up; if there are no major revisions, I'll do the edits myself.
Kaelus 12:26, 21 June 2006 (UTC)
On a side note, this article is in desperate need of clean-up, primarily formatting. This is true of most Judaism-related pages outside of the more popular articles, but this article particularly needs it, especially as it is link-heavy. I have no objection to numerous links in an article... In fact, I prefer it so that users can sift through related information as needed, but it looks a bit sloppy here. If anyone else would like to help with this, your help is more than encouraged; I'll be doing the same once I've completed a few projects that unfortunately take precedence over editing Wikipedia at this point in time. Kaelus 20:26, 23 June 2006 (UTC)
69.203.141.217, a.k.a 130.127.92.227, your repeated edits to this article constitute vandalism according to Wikipedia's policies. I can't speak for EhavEliyahu, but I for one am tired of having to revert your edits, especially when valid information has been incorporated into the article after you've inserted your academically unsupported and idealogically motivated terminology. In addition, you are acting against concensus, and never explain or try to justify your edits on the talk page; you simply keep undoing the author(s) original work. If this continues, I will contact an admin to have your various IPs banned from editing Wikipedia, as per policy, and your repeated vandalism may result in this page being protected (which we be unfortunate for those who regularly contribute something notable to this article). You've been warned. Kaelus 08:54, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
I've reverted the article back to Ehav's former corrected version; if any valid information that was added by other users after the vandal's edits has been lost, I apologize, but from looking at the entries in the "History", it seems most of the edits were corrections to vandalism.
There are still several "weasel-words" and terms which constitute what Wikipedia terms 'sneaky vandalism' that remain, many of which EhavEliyahu seems to have missed when he corrected the vandalism earlier. I'll try to amend these tomorrow if someone else hasn't done so. If the vandalism happens again, I'll petition an admin to have the IPs blocked. If it continues after that, I will request semi-protection for the article so that the article may continue to be edited. Also, for any of you who are interested in preserving the integrity of the articles on Wikipedia from vandalism, I suggest you look at the other similar edits by the vandal in various related articles, and help out the regular editors there.
If anyone wants some discussion on this matter, you should hop on over to my talk page, though I do watch this talk page as well. Thanks. Kaelus 09:29, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
I can try to get the IPs used by the vandal blocked; it doesn't seem that they use a computer that dispenses multiple user IPs given their edit history, but rather uses different computers. This is pure conjecture though. Even if we banned every IP that pops up, I doubt that would stop them. When I have time, I will be contacting an administrator to put the page under semi-protection, so that only registered users can edit. If the vandal tries to implement their malicious edits by registering for an account, they can be stopped in their tracks with little difficulty. This wouldn't be so much of a problem if people just used the talk page. I'd like to expand this page significantly (as I've gathered some good information), but I'm afraid to do so only to have that version of the page vandalized and have to do more than a simple revert to correct it. If I don't get to contacting an admin in a timely manner, feel free to contact one yourself in the meantime and explain the situation. Oh, and thank for your tireless edits to Judaism-related pages. In my opinion, you've done a great job, EhavEliyahu. Kaelus 05:57, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
Hi Kaelus and Ehav, I've been noticing what's going on here. In my fairly limited experience of these things, I don't think there's any chance of getting this page protected and the only way this vandal will be blocked is if he breaks the three reverts rule (something he's not yet been anywhere close to doing) - it's fairly blatant vandalism but probably more of a content dispute in the eyes of admins. Anyway Ehav, please don't let this person stop you doing the work you want to do on this article. Much better to ignore him, especially while the vandalism is relatively infrequent and he fails to provide any justification whatsoever for what he is doing. If you're worried about the page being vandalised while you're editing, perhaps you could copy it to a subpage of your own page, say User:EhavEliyahu/Arican_Jews and edit in safety there. It'd be really good to see an expanded and improved page. Good luck to both of you.-- Lo2u 23:33, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
Alright, Lo2u. I followed the proverbial "paper trail" and read your pleas with the vandal, on the FedEx anonymous Talk Page, the edit history, et al. I'm sure you've seen my messages and/or tags submitted to the user under their various aliases. The user has violated Wikipedia policy, knowingly, I'm sure. Whether or not they've seen our messages here or elsewhere is irrelevant; They seem to have enough knowledge of Wikipedia workings to probably have checked it, and we can't really continue to assume good faith indefinately in the hopes that they haven't read our requests for discussion and that once they do (if they indeed haven't), they'll reform their methods. The user seems intent on adding their edit to this article, no matter how many reverts we do. If they haven't caught on that it isn't considered appropriate by now, they must be pretty thick.
So the question is.. what can be done about this? I'd prefer a somewhat static solution, whatever that may be, rather than this endless cycle of reverts. I'm open to suggestions... As far as I know, virtually any avenue I've already suggested is feasible, and as of now ultimate depends on the admin we bring to the table and the results of our discussion amongst ourselves. Arbitration is obviously out of order. Blocking the IP address seems futile... One, because the user uses multiple IPs, seemingly logging onto Wikipedia at any random terminal. Secondly, because no sanctions against the FedEx IP have been fruitful regarding past vandalism. I'd like to suggest semi-protection. It seems the only non-futile course of action to me. Ideas, anyone? Kaelus 14:51, 9 July 2006 (UTC)
I'm all in favour of semi-protection. The only thing is I don't think we'll find an admin willing to do it. Looking here the conditions are fairly strict:
The Tony Blair article gets vandalised many times a day and has just been unprotected. And reqeusts here seem generally to get refused. Obviously for a page like this with far fewer interested users it's harder to keep up with the reverts, so by all means go ahead and try if you want to. My worry is that the alternative to page protection, repeated reversion, might actually be as problematic for us as for the vandal, and maybe worse because we're using a static account and he's using a shared IP. There's a small chance if we revert too often we could be blocked under the three reverts rule and it's a risk I don't think we should take. This puts us in a fairly awkward position. My hope is that an admin will warn this user to stop his reverting or at least provide an explanation and this will put us on firmer grounds when we revert and maybe get him quickly blocked in the future. We need to wait a few more days though.-- Lo2u 15:18, 9 July 2006 (UTC)
How can one refer to the Tutsi, and not their neighbors, being "genetically related" to anyone, when Tutsi and Hutu identity were fluid at the time of European conquest? As out article Tutsi remarks, '…one finds Belgian colonists conducting a census, and defining "Tutsi" as anyone with more than ten cows or a long nose, while a "Hutu" meant someone with less than ten cows and a squashed nose.' - Jmabel | Talk 02:06, 31 July 2006 (UTC)
I propose to move the details of the 3 lineages from the African Jew page to the Igbo Jews page. Let me know if there's a good reason to leave it where it is. Fayenatic london 10:13, 23 September 2006 (UTC)
For an article so much of which is about controversial claims, this is pitifully short on citations. - Jmabel | Talk 06:44, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
OK, excuse my ignorance of wikiquette if I've put this in the wrong place, but this is my elaboration on why I changed "claim" to "assert." Claim immediately invites dispute, such as if I claim your land, you'll shoot me (or passive resistance me to death). One can assert, however, regardless of whether anyone else challenges the assertion or not.
This is important because these groups, and I know many of their members personally, aren't submitting a claim for admittance in mainstream Judaism but are asserting Jewish ancestry whether anyone else accepts it or not.
I know this is headed for trouble but before anyone changes it back or goes into another direction, please try to look at my point mathematically - geometrically, really - in that the assertion of one group, rightly or wrongly, exists independent of the definitions of another. A case in point: Both Catholics and Protestants, as well as many other groups, use the word "bishop," but it hardly means the same thing. Certainly mainstream Catholics would not extend diplomatic recognition to a female storefront minister as a bishop. Yet both exist and are recognized, however tenuously, by the wider world. Judgment is left to intereested parties to dispute. Thanks for listening - User talk:robinbirk (October 29, 2006)
I suggest that the content of Judaism in Africa be merged into this page.
I also suggest that the title of the combined page be Judaism in Africa, because (i) that has a clear meaning, whereas (as this article states at the start) African Jew has a variety of meanings; (ii) there are also articles on Christianity in Africa and Islam in Africa. Fayenatic london 19:42, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
Please note your support or objections below.
Good idea, I agree. I'll do it some time in the next month, unless anyone else beats me to it. Fayenatic london 09:25, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
"The Igbos of Nigeria from East African Jewish communities." This sentence no verb. - Jmabel | Talk 06:04, 17 November 2006 (UTC)
Yes, it was good, and not wasted -- I spotted it the first time! Fayenatic london 12:42, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
An anon went through the article and inserted a bunch of "Hebrew Israelite(s)" for "Jew(s)", as well as a few other questionable changes. Until the anon or someone else can show good cause for how this usage is more accurate, I have removed the changes via rollback. Cheers, Tom e r talk 06:27, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
"Although not all African Jews are religious, most of the practices found in African Jewish communities are Orthodox in nature, enabling the communities to remain strong and united in spirit and belief."
—The preceding unsigned comment was added by 204.108.8.5 ( talk) 14:39, 5 January 2007 (UTC).
I've seen arguments about the use of this - that it is a term that has only arisen relatively recently within Israel to describe others, and traditionally before that, there were Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. Maybe it needs to be explained.-- Parkwells ( talk) 22:03, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
The Akwa Ibom and Cross River Jews section is a mess. For starters, no citation at all. But, possibly worse than that:
I'd say that unless someone can do better, we would literally be better off without this section at all. Not a topic I know anything about, so I'm not the one to fix it. - Jmabel | Talk 03:50, 30 May 2008 (UTC)
Redirected above article page containing text
Possible to incorporate this information in main article, or develop redirect, according to importance of the topic? Haruth ( talk) 11:53, 13 July 2011 (UTC)
Shouldn't this one be renamed to History of the Jews in Africa per other similar articles? I'm not even familiar with "African Jews" concept, it is a sort of "African Arabs" or "African Europeans". GreyShark ( dibra) 15:22, 13 March 2015 (UTC)
The article has quite a lot on current communities with ancient roots; but for an article now titled "History of the Jews in Africa" there is rather little on communities that were important in their time, but less so now.
There should probably be rather more on diaspora communities pre 70 CE, especially the history Jews of Elephantine (as explored in eg Simon Schama's recent History of the Jews), and the important Hellenistic community of Alexandria (home to eg Philo, amongst others).
Other relevant articles which should at least get {{ main}} hatnotes at the top of relevant sections might include History of the Jews in Morocco, History of the Jews in Algeria, History of the Jews in Libya, History of the Jews in Tunisia, History of the Jews in Carthage and History of the Jews in Egypt. Jheald ( talk) 17:13, 29 March 2015 (UTC)
The recent edit claims a Jewish population of 43, based upon the 2011 census carried out by Statistics Mauritius; However, that organization maintains a website with seemingly full access to census data, an upon checking I could not find anything in the 2011 census data listing ANY demographic information for ANY religious community. Please cite a specific URL to the specific census report to validate the claim. I did see that the population census form does ask for religious affiliation in its final question, P17 — Boruch Baum ( talk) 00:34, 19 October 2015 (UTC)
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The sections pertaining to the purported Jewish populations in Liberia, Guinea, and Gabon are fully without citations. Regarding Guinea for instance the sentence, "They have ancestry lineage that can only be Jewish.", seems to be wildly speculative (I would say even crazy.) If no citations can be provided, perhaps deletion of these sections would be in order. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.199.133.22 ( talk) 14:18, 18 May 2017 (UTC)
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This article was really interesting as it pulled from many other articles and gave a wide breadth of information. The information often felt very surface level and as a reader think it would be more helpful for certain things to be explained. One example is in the Ethiopian Jews section. The phrase rabbinical responsa is used and I don't think the average reader would know that this references a whole group of rabbinical writings. Giving a little bit more background would help the average reader understand better where Ethiopian Judaism and Judaism that developed along with the Talmud converge and diverge. Overall, I enjoyed the article but I do think it could be improved upon by adding more details and background information. Celiaoleshansky ( talk) 16:55, 21 September 2018 (UTC) Celiaoleshansky
This was removed from the main list, there is too much dispute about them being "Jewish". See Who is a Jew? and Jews articles. More discussion is welcome on this talk page. IZAK ( talk) 19:54, 17 July 2019 (UTC)
"Many [[Lemba people|Lemba]] Jews are adherents of [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]]<ref>Bruder, Edith. ''The Black Jews of Africa: History, Religion, Identity''. Oxford University Press, 2012.</ref>. They speak the [[Bantu languages]] spoken by their geographic neighbours and resemble them physically, but they have some religious practices and beliefs similar to those in [[Judaism]] and [[Islam]], which they claim were transmitted by oral tradition.<ref name="Magdel">{{Cite book|author= le Roux, Magdel|title=The Lemba – A Lost Tribe of Israel in Southern Africa?|pages=209–224, 24, 37|publisher=University of South Africa|location=Pretoria|year=2003}}</ref>They have a tradition of ancient Jewish or South Arabian descent through their male line.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1163/157430199X00100|title='Lost Tribes1 of Israel' in Africa? Some Observations on Judaising Movements in Africa, with Specific Reference to the Lemba in Southern Africa2|year=1999|last1=Le Roux|first1=Magdel|journal=Religion and Theology|volume=6|issue=2|pages=111}}</ref><ref name="VanWarmelo">{{Cite journal|author=van Warmelo, N.J.|title=Zur Sprache und Herkunft der Lemba|journal=Hamburger Beiträge zur Afrika-Kunde|volume=5|year=1966|pages=273, 278, 281–282|publisher=Deutsches Institut für Afrika-Forschung}}</ref> Genetic [[Y-DNA]] analyses in the 2000s have established a partially Middle-Eastern origin for a portion of the male Lemba population.<ref name="SpurdleJenkins">{{Citation | title = The origins of the Lemba "Black Jews" of southern Africa: evidence from p12F2 and other Y-chromosome markers. | pmid = 8900243 | pmc=1914832 | volume=59 | date=November 1996 | journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. | pages=1126–33 | last1 = Spurdle | first1 = AB | last2 = Jenkins | first2 = T}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=DNA and Tradition – Hc: The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews |last=Kleiman |first=Yaakov |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2004 |publisher=Devora Publishing |location= |isbn=1-930143-89-3 |page=81 }}</ref> More recent research argues that DNA studies do not support claims for a specifically Jewish genetic heritage.<ref>Tofanelli Sergio, Taglioli Luca, Bertoncini Stefania, Francalacci Paolo, Klyosov Anatole, Pagani Luca, "Mitochondrial and Y chromosome haplotype motifs as diagnostic markers of Jewish ancestry: a reconsideration", ''Frontiers in Genetics '' Volume 5, 2014, [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2014.00384] DOI=10.3389/fgene.2014.00384</ref><ref name="Soodyall">{{cite book|author1=Himla Soodyall|author2=Jennifer G. R Kromberg|editor1-last=Kumar|editor1-first=Dhavendra|editor2-last=Chadwick|editor2-first=Ruth|title=Genomics and Society: Ethical, Legal, Cultural and Socioeconomic Implications|publisher=Academic Press/Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-420195-8|page=316|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=E9icBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA309&dq=Cohen+Modal+Haplotype+Lemba&ots=2qm1JZ6H6M&sig=dl9j_r6piyECuNoE5baX_lU-z44#v=onepage&q=Cohen%20Modal%20Haplotype%20Lemba&f=false|chapter=Human Genetics and Genomics and Sociocultural Beliefs and Practices in South Africa}}</ref>
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Does anyone have a citation for the recently, anonymously added section on the Lemba? -- Jmabel | Talk 08:12, Mar 21, 2005 (UTC)
There is also a book written by Tudar Parfat that talks about his research with the Lemba. It proves, along with other sources, that genetically and historically the Lemba are descendents of Jews. The only issue is that their seperation from the rest of world Jewery has placed them in the position of Anusim. According to the Rambam in the Mishnah Torah (Mamrim) 3.3 all that would need to happen is a Giyyur to return Benei Anusim to the Laws of Israel. The Lemba have made it clear that they have no problem with going through a Halakhic return. The book by Tudar Parfit is called Journey To The Vanished City. It can be found at Amazon. [6] -- EhavEliyahu 18:55, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
Similarly, I am even more concerned about the citability of the sources for the Igbo material. A mailing list and a book review in an obscure publication? The claim that "Maghrebim" refers to Igbos strikes me as just plain wrong: they are a long way south of the Maghreb. The "Kal Tamasheq" would be Tuaregs. I've never heard of Jewish Tuaregs, although they may exist.
Does anyone have some solid citations on this (preferably from a peer-reviewed journal)? Or is this just one person's theory, from one book? If the latter, it still belongs in Wikipedia someplace, but presented as one scholar's theory, not as accepted truth. -- Jmabel | Talk June 30, 2005 22:31 (UTC)
Information from the person who posted Ibo (Igbo) info B"H Shalom unvorakh kulam, My name is Ehav Eliyahu and I added the information about the Igbo Jews of Nigeria. Just to give some background on myself I am an Orthodox Jew of mixed Sephardic and West African descent (of course I am halakhically Jewish), and I pray at the Teimani Beith Kenesseth Tifereth Yisrael in New York. I recently added some citations for the information, and am in the process of adding a bit more information. There are several organizations like Kulanu who are working with the Jewish communities in Nigeria, and number of the people there, in America, and a few in Israel are Halakhically Jewish, while the rest are on that path (I am currently trying to get Chabad and several Sephardi Beith Kenesseth invovled for the part of the community that is not halakhically Jewish). The Giyyur Khelqi for Igbos is different than that of the Beta Israel in several respects that is done on either on family or individual basis. It is also being done on a case by case situation, at a slow pace. As you know this is how it started out with the Beta Israel, before the ruling of the Rabbi Ovadia in 1975. There was already though a ruling from a Sephardic Rabbi though on the Beta Israel, before 1975. The following information is where Rabbi Ovadia Yossef based his opinions about the Beta Israel.
So as I mentioned the situation with the entire populace of the Nigerian Jews is of a different nature than that of the Beta Israel. Some Igbos are recognized Halakhically as Jews by various individual Beit Din's, due to the current push to return Benei Anusim. A few live in Israel. There is currently no overall ruling though, but that could change based on some things going on with the re-established Beith Din HaGadol (Sanhedrin).
In terms of the mention fo the Maghrebim and the Kal Tamesheq I added information to clear up the misunderstanding there. I was not making the claim that Yehudim Maghrebim is an exclusive term to Igbo Jews in Nigeria. Also, according sources in the Timbuktu Islamic library there were Jews who came from the upper and northern Maghreb into Mali. There was also a migration of Portuguese Jews into the islands off the coast of West Africa as well as in Senegal. Also, the information does not claim that ALL Kal Tamesheq were Anusim. There is a certain group, that from intial research seem to be. The book refernced now one the site "Jews in Places You Never Thougt Of" references an encounter with this group. That is some lay-over from the Jewish Berbers that existed during the time of El Kahina's revolt against the Arab invasion of North Africa. Tomer has joined the web-list that was posted for some of the information. If need be I can provide anything more, and am more than willing to answer any questions on this topic and give more Rabbinic contacts. Kol tuv.-- EhavEliyahu 19:06, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
More information information on the subject matter can also be acquired from the people and sources. I will list more contacts as they are needed.
A paper written by a Jew of Nigerian descent will be presented at the Society of Crypto Jewish Studies conference in Florida next month. Information about this
News letters from various sources of North American Jewish, and Israeli visitors to Nigeria can be found in the Kulanu newsletters.
-- EhavEliyahu 21:26, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
Should not perhaps some mention be made of the sizeable number of Tutsis claiming Jewish heritage? Tom e r TALK 09:41, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
I think all this idea of Tutsi Jews can go no further than John Hanning Speke's discredited Hamitic Hypothesis
which colonialists used to divide Africans into "true negro" and "mixed negro" categories. Of course Tutsi are
as welcome to `Am Yisra'el as anybody else but beside enthusiast points of view there's no historical references
for them being b*nei Yisra'el or practitioners of Y*haduth.
al-Takruri
-- AlTakruri 01:33, 27 July 2006 (UTC)
I am in the process of redirecting Ancient Jewish Diaspora in Subsaharan Africa to this article. The information is largely duplicated, except for two sentences describing a group of Jewish converts to Islam in Somalia. I am not familiar with such a group myself, and the editor did not provide any more detail (e.g. a name for the group). If there is such a group, can someone add verifiable information about them to this article? -- Gyrofrog (talk) 22:46, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
I've restored the remark about "undoubted" Jewish descendants in Mali. If there is doubt, no one has cited any indication of that doubt. - Jmabel | Talk 04:45, 29 January 2006 (UTC)
You are correct in this. The Haidara family in Timbuktu has tax records, Hebrew documents, etc. in their library from the Kahath family.-- EhavEliyahu 22:21, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
There have been reports of a small native community of Jews in Kenya. Does anyone have information on this?
Does anyone have sources for this? All of the people I know in Nigeria have never heard of such a group. Also, the only source I have seen about this comes from a book that never shows where the information came from. -- EhavEliyahu 06:31, 5 March 2006 (UTC)
Don't change the use of the terminology unless there appears to be some sort of consensus- I don't think your changes are valid. Why can we not describe Jews as Jews? Ekrub-ntyh 17:41, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
I have gone in and made corrections to the changes that User:208.54.95.129 made for the following reasons.
1) The words that the words "Israelite" and "Hebrew" are actually not the original terms. Israelite in is correctly pronounced in Hebrew as "Yisraeli" and Hebrew is actually pronounced "Ivri" or "Ivrim" (plural). The majority of Igbos in Nigeria also refer to themselves.
2) The word Gad is English. In Ancient Hebrew the Tav without a dagesh was pronounced as a "th" sound like in the word "the."
3) The word "Maghreb" is Arabic and not Moroccan. Maghreb/Maghrib in Arabic means "West." Jews of Nigeria is not a term created by Europeans, it is one that the Igbos living in Nigeria use for themselves.-- EhavEliyahu 22:36, 31 May 2006 (UTC)
" The practices of the Beta Israel differ significantly from those of other forms of Judaism. Probably because Beta Israel (Ethiopians) practice a correct form of Ancient Hebraic ways while "Judism" is of European origin and not African. Therefore, Judism is foreign to them. One significant difference is that they lack the festivals of Purim and Hanukkah. This is probably because they branched off from the main body of Judaism before these holy days were developed. Further emphasizing the correctness of their ancient hebraic way of practice."
In writing "Beta Israel (Ethiopians) practice a correct form of Ancient Hebraic ways while "Judism" is of European origin and not African", the writer makes an explicit value judgment in contending that one way of practising Judaism is more "correct" than another, and additionally errs by stating that "Judaism is of European origin and not African", ignoring the fact that rabbinical Orthodox Judaism and Talmudic law have been followed by Jews in Europe, Africa and the Middle East (the latter being where it originated) and the first Talmudic academies in which Orthodox Jewish law was developed and studied have their origins in ancient Eretz Yisrael/ Palestine and Babylonia (present-day Iraq, and *NOT* Europe, although in subsequent generations and centuries rabbinical learning continued in Europe and North America, in addition to their Middle Eastern cradle. This is the Judaism which the writer seems to be discussing (and dismissing) as "not correct" and "European" in contradistinction to the Beta Israel's traditional practices prior to their mass aliyah to Israel.
Someone changed the text in the Beta Israel part, stating now: "Historical and DNA evidence, however, suggested different origins. Rabbi Yosef therefore ruled that upon arrival in Israel, the Beta Israel had to undergo a pro forma...". This is biased and eurocentric since newest dna studies prove that that the 2nd highest dna haplogroup amongst ashkenazi is the african haplogroup e3b, or e1b1. E3b is the highest haplogroup among northafricans and ethiopians clearly proving that ashkenazis and ethiopian jews share the same male ancestors. and historical evidence points, by the way, also to high probability that jews lived in ethiopia much earlier than most other parts of the world. sorry, this total nonsense written in the beta israel part of this article. matter of fact one can assume that ethiopians are the most likely people together with ashkenazi jews to be real jews. they only differ in their maternal dna since the male ancestors of the ashkenazis intermarried with white european females and the ancestors of the ethiopian jews intermarried with ethiopian, cushitic women. didnt moses married a cushitic wife ? so, who is more jewish now ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.238.231.226 ( talk) 05:26, 22 October 2010 (UTC)
Several corrections seem to be in order for the section on the Igbo; there are numerous grammatical errors (I counted, while skimming, at least 14). Additionally, there seems to be a strong emphasis on an "Ancient Hebraic" label, and over-use of the term "Israelite". This is a bit faulty for one of two reasons:
I welcome any revisions to this material from any contributers. I would have corrected the information and sourced it myself, except that I'm a bit short on time and don't have the leisure to correct the grammatical mistakes as well. But I thought I would give a heads up; if there are no major revisions, I'll do the edits myself.
Kaelus 12:26, 21 June 2006 (UTC)
On a side note, this article is in desperate need of clean-up, primarily formatting. This is true of most Judaism-related pages outside of the more popular articles, but this article particularly needs it, especially as it is link-heavy. I have no objection to numerous links in an article... In fact, I prefer it so that users can sift through related information as needed, but it looks a bit sloppy here. If anyone else would like to help with this, your help is more than encouraged; I'll be doing the same once I've completed a few projects that unfortunately take precedence over editing Wikipedia at this point in time. Kaelus 20:26, 23 June 2006 (UTC)
69.203.141.217, a.k.a 130.127.92.227, your repeated edits to this article constitute vandalism according to Wikipedia's policies. I can't speak for EhavEliyahu, but I for one am tired of having to revert your edits, especially when valid information has been incorporated into the article after you've inserted your academically unsupported and idealogically motivated terminology. In addition, you are acting against concensus, and never explain or try to justify your edits on the talk page; you simply keep undoing the author(s) original work. If this continues, I will contact an admin to have your various IPs banned from editing Wikipedia, as per policy, and your repeated vandalism may result in this page being protected (which we be unfortunate for those who regularly contribute something notable to this article). You've been warned. Kaelus 08:54, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
I've reverted the article back to Ehav's former corrected version; if any valid information that was added by other users after the vandal's edits has been lost, I apologize, but from looking at the entries in the "History", it seems most of the edits were corrections to vandalism.
There are still several "weasel-words" and terms which constitute what Wikipedia terms 'sneaky vandalism' that remain, many of which EhavEliyahu seems to have missed when he corrected the vandalism earlier. I'll try to amend these tomorrow if someone else hasn't done so. If the vandalism happens again, I'll petition an admin to have the IPs blocked. If it continues after that, I will request semi-protection for the article so that the article may continue to be edited. Also, for any of you who are interested in preserving the integrity of the articles on Wikipedia from vandalism, I suggest you look at the other similar edits by the vandal in various related articles, and help out the regular editors there.
If anyone wants some discussion on this matter, you should hop on over to my talk page, though I do watch this talk page as well. Thanks. Kaelus 09:29, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
I can try to get the IPs used by the vandal blocked; it doesn't seem that they use a computer that dispenses multiple user IPs given their edit history, but rather uses different computers. This is pure conjecture though. Even if we banned every IP that pops up, I doubt that would stop them. When I have time, I will be contacting an administrator to put the page under semi-protection, so that only registered users can edit. If the vandal tries to implement their malicious edits by registering for an account, they can be stopped in their tracks with little difficulty. This wouldn't be so much of a problem if people just used the talk page. I'd like to expand this page significantly (as I've gathered some good information), but I'm afraid to do so only to have that version of the page vandalized and have to do more than a simple revert to correct it. If I don't get to contacting an admin in a timely manner, feel free to contact one yourself in the meantime and explain the situation. Oh, and thank for your tireless edits to Judaism-related pages. In my opinion, you've done a great job, EhavEliyahu. Kaelus 05:57, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
Hi Kaelus and Ehav, I've been noticing what's going on here. In my fairly limited experience of these things, I don't think there's any chance of getting this page protected and the only way this vandal will be blocked is if he breaks the three reverts rule (something he's not yet been anywhere close to doing) - it's fairly blatant vandalism but probably more of a content dispute in the eyes of admins. Anyway Ehav, please don't let this person stop you doing the work you want to do on this article. Much better to ignore him, especially while the vandalism is relatively infrequent and he fails to provide any justification whatsoever for what he is doing. If you're worried about the page being vandalised while you're editing, perhaps you could copy it to a subpage of your own page, say User:EhavEliyahu/Arican_Jews and edit in safety there. It'd be really good to see an expanded and improved page. Good luck to both of you.-- Lo2u 23:33, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
Alright, Lo2u. I followed the proverbial "paper trail" and read your pleas with the vandal, on the FedEx anonymous Talk Page, the edit history, et al. I'm sure you've seen my messages and/or tags submitted to the user under their various aliases. The user has violated Wikipedia policy, knowingly, I'm sure. Whether or not they've seen our messages here or elsewhere is irrelevant; They seem to have enough knowledge of Wikipedia workings to probably have checked it, and we can't really continue to assume good faith indefinately in the hopes that they haven't read our requests for discussion and that once they do (if they indeed haven't), they'll reform their methods. The user seems intent on adding their edit to this article, no matter how many reverts we do. If they haven't caught on that it isn't considered appropriate by now, they must be pretty thick.
So the question is.. what can be done about this? I'd prefer a somewhat static solution, whatever that may be, rather than this endless cycle of reverts. I'm open to suggestions... As far as I know, virtually any avenue I've already suggested is feasible, and as of now ultimate depends on the admin we bring to the table and the results of our discussion amongst ourselves. Arbitration is obviously out of order. Blocking the IP address seems futile... One, because the user uses multiple IPs, seemingly logging onto Wikipedia at any random terminal. Secondly, because no sanctions against the FedEx IP have been fruitful regarding past vandalism. I'd like to suggest semi-protection. It seems the only non-futile course of action to me. Ideas, anyone? Kaelus 14:51, 9 July 2006 (UTC)
I'm all in favour of semi-protection. The only thing is I don't think we'll find an admin willing to do it. Looking here the conditions are fairly strict:
The Tony Blair article gets vandalised many times a day and has just been unprotected. And reqeusts here seem generally to get refused. Obviously for a page like this with far fewer interested users it's harder to keep up with the reverts, so by all means go ahead and try if you want to. My worry is that the alternative to page protection, repeated reversion, might actually be as problematic for us as for the vandal, and maybe worse because we're using a static account and he's using a shared IP. There's a small chance if we revert too often we could be blocked under the three reverts rule and it's a risk I don't think we should take. This puts us in a fairly awkward position. My hope is that an admin will warn this user to stop his reverting or at least provide an explanation and this will put us on firmer grounds when we revert and maybe get him quickly blocked in the future. We need to wait a few more days though.-- Lo2u 15:18, 9 July 2006 (UTC)
How can one refer to the Tutsi, and not their neighbors, being "genetically related" to anyone, when Tutsi and Hutu identity were fluid at the time of European conquest? As out article Tutsi remarks, '…one finds Belgian colonists conducting a census, and defining "Tutsi" as anyone with more than ten cows or a long nose, while a "Hutu" meant someone with less than ten cows and a squashed nose.' - Jmabel | Talk 02:06, 31 July 2006 (UTC)
I propose to move the details of the 3 lineages from the African Jew page to the Igbo Jews page. Let me know if there's a good reason to leave it where it is. Fayenatic london 10:13, 23 September 2006 (UTC)
For an article so much of which is about controversial claims, this is pitifully short on citations. - Jmabel | Talk 06:44, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
OK, excuse my ignorance of wikiquette if I've put this in the wrong place, but this is my elaboration on why I changed "claim" to "assert." Claim immediately invites dispute, such as if I claim your land, you'll shoot me (or passive resistance me to death). One can assert, however, regardless of whether anyone else challenges the assertion or not.
This is important because these groups, and I know many of their members personally, aren't submitting a claim for admittance in mainstream Judaism but are asserting Jewish ancestry whether anyone else accepts it or not.
I know this is headed for trouble but before anyone changes it back or goes into another direction, please try to look at my point mathematically - geometrically, really - in that the assertion of one group, rightly or wrongly, exists independent of the definitions of another. A case in point: Both Catholics and Protestants, as well as many other groups, use the word "bishop," but it hardly means the same thing. Certainly mainstream Catholics would not extend diplomatic recognition to a female storefront minister as a bishop. Yet both exist and are recognized, however tenuously, by the wider world. Judgment is left to intereested parties to dispute. Thanks for listening - User talk:robinbirk (October 29, 2006)
I suggest that the content of Judaism in Africa be merged into this page.
I also suggest that the title of the combined page be Judaism in Africa, because (i) that has a clear meaning, whereas (as this article states at the start) African Jew has a variety of meanings; (ii) there are also articles on Christianity in Africa and Islam in Africa. Fayenatic london 19:42, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
Please note your support or objections below.
Good idea, I agree. I'll do it some time in the next month, unless anyone else beats me to it. Fayenatic london 09:25, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
"The Igbos of Nigeria from East African Jewish communities." This sentence no verb. - Jmabel | Talk 06:04, 17 November 2006 (UTC)
Yes, it was good, and not wasted -- I spotted it the first time! Fayenatic london 12:42, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
An anon went through the article and inserted a bunch of "Hebrew Israelite(s)" for "Jew(s)", as well as a few other questionable changes. Until the anon or someone else can show good cause for how this usage is more accurate, I have removed the changes via rollback. Cheers, Tom e r talk 06:27, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
"Although not all African Jews are religious, most of the practices found in African Jewish communities are Orthodox in nature, enabling the communities to remain strong and united in spirit and belief."
—The preceding unsigned comment was added by 204.108.8.5 ( talk) 14:39, 5 January 2007 (UTC).
I've seen arguments about the use of this - that it is a term that has only arisen relatively recently within Israel to describe others, and traditionally before that, there were Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. Maybe it needs to be explained.-- Parkwells ( talk) 22:03, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
The Akwa Ibom and Cross River Jews section is a mess. For starters, no citation at all. But, possibly worse than that:
I'd say that unless someone can do better, we would literally be better off without this section at all. Not a topic I know anything about, so I'm not the one to fix it. - Jmabel | Talk 03:50, 30 May 2008 (UTC)
Redirected above article page containing text
Possible to incorporate this information in main article, or develop redirect, according to importance of the topic? Haruth ( talk) 11:53, 13 July 2011 (UTC)
Shouldn't this one be renamed to History of the Jews in Africa per other similar articles? I'm not even familiar with "African Jews" concept, it is a sort of "African Arabs" or "African Europeans". GreyShark ( dibra) 15:22, 13 March 2015 (UTC)
The article has quite a lot on current communities with ancient roots; but for an article now titled "History of the Jews in Africa" there is rather little on communities that were important in their time, but less so now.
There should probably be rather more on diaspora communities pre 70 CE, especially the history Jews of Elephantine (as explored in eg Simon Schama's recent History of the Jews), and the important Hellenistic community of Alexandria (home to eg Philo, amongst others).
Other relevant articles which should at least get {{ main}} hatnotes at the top of relevant sections might include History of the Jews in Morocco, History of the Jews in Algeria, History of the Jews in Libya, History of the Jews in Tunisia, History of the Jews in Carthage and History of the Jews in Egypt. Jheald ( talk) 17:13, 29 March 2015 (UTC)
The recent edit claims a Jewish population of 43, based upon the 2011 census carried out by Statistics Mauritius; However, that organization maintains a website with seemingly full access to census data, an upon checking I could not find anything in the 2011 census data listing ANY demographic information for ANY religious community. Please cite a specific URL to the specific census report to validate the claim. I did see that the population census form does ask for religious affiliation in its final question, P17 — Boruch Baum ( talk) 00:34, 19 October 2015 (UTC)
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The sections pertaining to the purported Jewish populations in Liberia, Guinea, and Gabon are fully without citations. Regarding Guinea for instance the sentence, "They have ancestry lineage that can only be Jewish.", seems to be wildly speculative (I would say even crazy.) If no citations can be provided, perhaps deletion of these sections would be in order. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.199.133.22 ( talk) 14:18, 18 May 2017 (UTC)
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This article was really interesting as it pulled from many other articles and gave a wide breadth of information. The information often felt very surface level and as a reader think it would be more helpful for certain things to be explained. One example is in the Ethiopian Jews section. The phrase rabbinical responsa is used and I don't think the average reader would know that this references a whole group of rabbinical writings. Giving a little bit more background would help the average reader understand better where Ethiopian Judaism and Judaism that developed along with the Talmud converge and diverge. Overall, I enjoyed the article but I do think it could be improved upon by adding more details and background information. Celiaoleshansky ( talk) 16:55, 21 September 2018 (UTC) Celiaoleshansky
This was removed from the main list, there is too much dispute about them being "Jewish". See Who is a Jew? and Jews articles. More discussion is welcome on this talk page. IZAK ( talk) 19:54, 17 July 2019 (UTC)
"Many [[Lemba people|Lemba]] Jews are adherents of [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]]<ref>Bruder, Edith. ''The Black Jews of Africa: History, Religion, Identity''. Oxford University Press, 2012.</ref>. They speak the [[Bantu languages]] spoken by their geographic neighbours and resemble them physically, but they have some religious practices and beliefs similar to those in [[Judaism]] and [[Islam]], which they claim were transmitted by oral tradition.<ref name="Magdel">{{Cite book|author= le Roux, Magdel|title=The Lemba – A Lost Tribe of Israel in Southern Africa?|pages=209–224, 24, 37|publisher=University of South Africa|location=Pretoria|year=2003}}</ref>They have a tradition of ancient Jewish or South Arabian descent through their male line.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1163/157430199X00100|title='Lost Tribes1 of Israel' in Africa? Some Observations on Judaising Movements in Africa, with Specific Reference to the Lemba in Southern Africa2|year=1999|last1=Le Roux|first1=Magdel|journal=Religion and Theology|volume=6|issue=2|pages=111}}</ref><ref name="VanWarmelo">{{Cite journal|author=van Warmelo, N.J.|title=Zur Sprache und Herkunft der Lemba|journal=Hamburger Beiträge zur Afrika-Kunde|volume=5|year=1966|pages=273, 278, 281–282|publisher=Deutsches Institut für Afrika-Forschung}}</ref> Genetic [[Y-DNA]] analyses in the 2000s have established a partially Middle-Eastern origin for a portion of the male Lemba population.<ref name="SpurdleJenkins">{{Citation | title = The origins of the Lemba "Black Jews" of southern Africa: evidence from p12F2 and other Y-chromosome markers. | pmid = 8900243 | pmc=1914832 | volume=59 | date=November 1996 | journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. | pages=1126–33 | last1 = Spurdle | first1 = AB | last2 = Jenkins | first2 = T}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=DNA and Tradition – Hc: The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews |last=Kleiman |first=Yaakov |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2004 |publisher=Devora Publishing |location= |isbn=1-930143-89-3 |page=81 }}</ref> More recent research argues that DNA studies do not support claims for a specifically Jewish genetic heritage.<ref>Tofanelli Sergio, Taglioli Luca, Bertoncini Stefania, Francalacci Paolo, Klyosov Anatole, Pagani Luca, "Mitochondrial and Y chromosome haplotype motifs as diagnostic markers of Jewish ancestry: a reconsideration", ''Frontiers in Genetics '' Volume 5, 2014, [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2014.00384] DOI=10.3389/fgene.2014.00384</ref><ref name="Soodyall">{{cite book|author1=Himla Soodyall|author2=Jennifer G. R Kromberg|editor1-last=Kumar|editor1-first=Dhavendra|editor2-last=Chadwick|editor2-first=Ruth|title=Genomics and Society: Ethical, Legal, Cultural and Socioeconomic Implications|publisher=Academic Press/Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-420195-8|page=316|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=E9icBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA309&dq=Cohen+Modal+Haplotype+Lemba&ots=2qm1JZ6H6M&sig=dl9j_r6piyECuNoE5baX_lU-z44#v=onepage&q=Cohen%20Modal%20Haplotype%20Lemba&f=false|chapter=Human Genetics and Genomics and Sociocultural Beliefs and Practices in South Africa}}</ref>
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