The TOP Assay (Total Oxidizable Precursor Assay) is a laboratory method developed in 2012 [1] that oxidatively converts (unknown) precursor compounds of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) into the latter. This makes quantification possible. Potassium peroxodisulfate is used. This sum parameter can be used to determine the concentration of precursor compounds present by comparing the sample before and after the application of the TOP Assay. [2]
This method is used, for example, in the analysis of fire-fighting foams ( aqueous film forming foam), textiles or water samples. [3] [4] Blood serum can also be analyzed in this way. [5]
In addition to fluorotelomer compounds, hydrogen-substituted perfluorosulfonic acids (Hn-PFSAs), for example, can also be oxidized using the TOP Assay. Saturated and unsaturated perfluorosulfonic acids as well as perfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids, on the other hand, are stable. [6]
- Ateia, Mohamed; Chiang, Dora; Cashman, Michaela; Acheson, Carolyn (2023-04-11). "Total Oxidizable Precursor (TOP) Assay─Best Practices, Capabilities and Limitations for PFAS Site Investigation and Remediation". Environmental Science & Technology Letters. 10 (4): 292–301. Bibcode: 2023EnSTL..10..292A. doi: 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00061. ISSN 2328-8930. PMC 10259459. PMID 37313434.
- ^ Houtz, Erika F.; Sedlak, David L. (2012-09-04). "Oxidative Conversion as a Means of Detecting Precursors to Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Urban Runoff". Environmental Science & Technology. 46 (17): 9342–9349. Bibcode: 2012EnST...46.9342H. doi: 10.1021/es302274g. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 22900587.
- ^ Göckener, Bernd; Fliedner, Annette; Rüdel, Heinz; Fettig, Ina; Koschorreck, Jan (August 2021). "Exploring unknown per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the German environment – The total oxidizable precursor assay as helpful tool in research and regulation". Science of the Total Environment. 782: 146825. Bibcode: 2021ScTEn.78246825G. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146825. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 33838381.
- ^ Al Amin, Md; Luo, Yunlong; Nolan, Annette; Robinson, Fiona; Niu, Junfeng; Warner, Scott; Liu, Yanju; Dharmarajan, Raja; Mallavarapu, Megharaj; Naidu, Ravi; Fang, Cheng (December 2021). "Total oxidisable precursor assay towards selective detection of PFAS in AFFF". Journal of Cleaner Production. 328: 129568. Bibcode: 2021JCPro.32829568A. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129568. ISSN 0959-6526.
- ^ Ignacio, Ma Cristine Concepcion D.; Curtzwiler, Greg W.; Early, Mark R.; Updegraff, Katie M.; Vorst, Keith L. (February 2023). "Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) Method for Determination of Total Fluorine and Total Organic Fluorine in Packaging Substrates". Methods and Protocols. 6 (1): 10. doi: 10.3390/mps6010010. ISSN 2409-9279. PMC 9959142. PMID 36827497.
- ^ Cioni, Lara; Nikiforov, Vladimir; Coêlho, Ana Carolina M.F.; Sandanger, Torkjel M.; Herzke, Dorte (December 2022). "Total oxidizable precursors assay for PFAS in human serum". Environment International. 170: 107656. Bibcode: 2022EnInt.17007656C. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107656. hdl: 10037/27580. ISSN 0160-4120. PMID 36436462.
- ^ Zweigle, Jonathan; Bugsel, Boris; Röhler, Klaus; Haluska, Alexander Arthur; Zwiener, Christian (2023-04-25). "PFAS-Contaminated Soil Site in Germany: Nontarget Screening before and after Direct TOP Assay by Kendrick Mass Defect and FindPFΔS". Environmental Science & Technology. 57 (16): 6647–6655. Bibcode: 2023EnST...57.6647Z. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07969. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 37058300.
The TOP Assay (Total Oxidizable Precursor Assay) is a laboratory method developed in 2012 [1] that oxidatively converts (unknown) precursor compounds of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) into the latter. This makes quantification possible. Potassium peroxodisulfate is used. This sum parameter can be used to determine the concentration of precursor compounds present by comparing the sample before and after the application of the TOP Assay. [2]
This method is used, for example, in the analysis of fire-fighting foams ( aqueous film forming foam), textiles or water samples. [3] [4] Blood serum can also be analyzed in this way. [5]
In addition to fluorotelomer compounds, hydrogen-substituted perfluorosulfonic acids (Hn-PFSAs), for example, can also be oxidized using the TOP Assay. Saturated and unsaturated perfluorosulfonic acids as well as perfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids, on the other hand, are stable. [6]
- Ateia, Mohamed; Chiang, Dora; Cashman, Michaela; Acheson, Carolyn (2023-04-11). "Total Oxidizable Precursor (TOP) Assay─Best Practices, Capabilities and Limitations for PFAS Site Investigation and Remediation". Environmental Science & Technology Letters. 10 (4): 292–301. Bibcode: 2023EnSTL..10..292A. doi: 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00061. ISSN 2328-8930. PMC 10259459. PMID 37313434.
- ^ Houtz, Erika F.; Sedlak, David L. (2012-09-04). "Oxidative Conversion as a Means of Detecting Precursors to Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Urban Runoff". Environmental Science & Technology. 46 (17): 9342–9349. Bibcode: 2012EnST...46.9342H. doi: 10.1021/es302274g. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 22900587.
- ^ Göckener, Bernd; Fliedner, Annette; Rüdel, Heinz; Fettig, Ina; Koschorreck, Jan (August 2021). "Exploring unknown per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the German environment – The total oxidizable precursor assay as helpful tool in research and regulation". Science of the Total Environment. 782: 146825. Bibcode: 2021ScTEn.78246825G. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146825. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 33838381.
- ^ Al Amin, Md; Luo, Yunlong; Nolan, Annette; Robinson, Fiona; Niu, Junfeng; Warner, Scott; Liu, Yanju; Dharmarajan, Raja; Mallavarapu, Megharaj; Naidu, Ravi; Fang, Cheng (December 2021). "Total oxidisable precursor assay towards selective detection of PFAS in AFFF". Journal of Cleaner Production. 328: 129568. Bibcode: 2021JCPro.32829568A. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129568. ISSN 0959-6526.
- ^ Ignacio, Ma Cristine Concepcion D.; Curtzwiler, Greg W.; Early, Mark R.; Updegraff, Katie M.; Vorst, Keith L. (February 2023). "Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) Method for Determination of Total Fluorine and Total Organic Fluorine in Packaging Substrates". Methods and Protocols. 6 (1): 10. doi: 10.3390/mps6010010. ISSN 2409-9279. PMC 9959142. PMID 36827497.
- ^ Cioni, Lara; Nikiforov, Vladimir; Coêlho, Ana Carolina M.F.; Sandanger, Torkjel M.; Herzke, Dorte (December 2022). "Total oxidizable precursors assay for PFAS in human serum". Environment International. 170: 107656. Bibcode: 2022EnInt.17007656C. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107656. hdl: 10037/27580. ISSN 0160-4120. PMID 36436462.
- ^ Zweigle, Jonathan; Bugsel, Boris; Röhler, Klaus; Haluska, Alexander Arthur; Zwiener, Christian (2023-04-25). "PFAS-Contaminated Soil Site in Germany: Nontarget Screening before and after Direct TOP Assay by Kendrick Mass Defect and FindPFΔS". Environmental Science & Technology. 57 (16): 6647–6655. Bibcode: 2023EnST...57.6647Z. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07969. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 37058300.