The Summa Grammatica [n 1] ( Latin for "Overview of Grammar"; c. AD 1240 [2] or c. 1250) [3] was one of the earlier works on Latin grammar and Aristotelian logic by the medieval English philosopher Roger Bacon. [4] It is primarily noteworthy for its exposition of a kind of universal grammar. [2]
The work is apparently a series of lectures given by Bacon for the mandatory classes on Priscian's work On Construction (Books XVII & XVIII of his Institutes of Grammar) at the University of Paris, [5] where he taught in the 1230s and '40s. Much more than Bacon's later linguistic works, the Summa Grammatica lies in the mainstream of 13th-century analysis. [3] The first part borrows directly from Robert Kilwardby's commentary on Priscian. [6] [7] More generally, the work reflects the speculative grammar taught at Oxford in such 13th-century works as the Logica cum Sit Nostra. [8] It is probable that the final draft of the work which Bacon mentions in his Communia Naturalium [9] was never completed. [10] His Greek and Hebrew Grammars and Compendium of Philosophy may have been considered as part of it. [10]
It survived in two manuscripts: P and W. P is a copy in book hand evidently intended for a personal library. [11] W is a students' copy written in the informal hand of the late 13th or early 14th century. [5] [12]
The work describes figurative language, rhetorical devices, and irregular Latin grammar [13] using "sophisms" or illustrative examples. [14] It aims to complement Bacon's students' required readings of Priscian's work On Construction by presenting its important points in a more thorough and logical order. [14] It assumes a mastery of standard grammatical rules which the students would have already learnt as glomerelli. [15] It most frequently cites Priscian, but more often adopts the solutions of Peter Helias. [15]
The first section lays out rules regarding grammatical agreement and the rhetorical devices antithesis, [16] [17] synthesis, [18] [19] procatalepsis, [20] [21] [8] From the Aristotelian notion that " art imitates nature to the extent that it can" [22] [23] and under the influence of Averroës's commentaries, [8] Bacon argues that nouns and pronouns can be distinguished from verbs and adverbs owing to the distinction between permanent and successive things. [8] Further, verbs constitute a kind of movement from the subject [n 2] to the object [24] [n 3] which imposes obligations on the grammar. [8] For instance, owing to their origin from verbs, Bacon considers that participles and infinitives are too unstable to function properly as the object of a sentence, as "nothing which is in motion can come to rest in something in motion, no motion being able to complete itself in something in motion". [8]
The second section deals with non-figurative constructions including impersonals, [25] [26] gerundives, [27] [28] interjections, [29] [30] and ablative absolutes. [31] [32] [8]
The third section [33] covers illustrative examples by topic in greater or less detail [8] and more or less at random. [34] The primary ones are Moris erat Persis ducibus tunc temporis omnem ducere in arma domum, [35] Vestes quas geritis sordida lana fuit, [36] Amatus sum vel fui, [37] Vado Romam que est pulcra civitas, [38] Video centum homines uno minus, [39] Lupus est in fabula, [40] In nostro magistro habet bonum hominem, [41] Margarita est pulcherrimus lapidum, [42] Quid nisi secrete leserunt Philide silve, [43] and Nominativo hic magister. [44] Most of these examples appear in other collections. [34]
The fourth section analyses short sentences, along with adverbial phrases and liturgical formulas [8] such as ite missa est [45] whose use of ellipsis presented certain problems. [34] It's divided into three sections on "On Some Cases in the Nominal Absolute", [46] [47] "On Mediate Apposition", [48] [49] and "On Some Difficulties in Speech". [50] [51]
Bacon emphasizes that grammatical rules cannot be applied mechanistically but must be understood as a structure through which to attempt to understand the author's intent (intentio proferentis). [8] The desire to communicate some particular idea may require breaking some of the standard rules. [52] Such exceptions must, however, be linguistically justified. [8] In this he follows Kilwardby. [8] Although Bacon considered an understanding of logic to be important for clarity in philosophical and theological texts, he found his era's Modist analyses needed to be tempered by a contextual understanding of the linguistic ambiguity inevitable in the imposition of signs and from the shifts of meaning and emphasis over time. [8]
Bacon argues for a universal grammar underlying all human languages. [2] As more tersely stated in his later Greek Grammar: [2]
Grammar is one and the same in all languages, substantially, though it may vary, accidentally, in each of them. [55] [n 4]
Hovdhaugen leaves open the possibility, however, that, unlike the Modists who followed Bacon, his own statements on the subject did not refer to a universal grammar but to a universal science to be employed in studying linguistics across languages. [56] This derives from an ambiguity in the Latin grammatica, which referred variously to the structure of language, to its description, and to the science underlying such descriptions. [56]
The Summa Grammatica [n 1] ( Latin for "Overview of Grammar"; c. AD 1240 [2] or c. 1250) [3] was one of the earlier works on Latin grammar and Aristotelian logic by the medieval English philosopher Roger Bacon. [4] It is primarily noteworthy for its exposition of a kind of universal grammar. [2]
The work is apparently a series of lectures given by Bacon for the mandatory classes on Priscian's work On Construction (Books XVII & XVIII of his Institutes of Grammar) at the University of Paris, [5] where he taught in the 1230s and '40s. Much more than Bacon's later linguistic works, the Summa Grammatica lies in the mainstream of 13th-century analysis. [3] The first part borrows directly from Robert Kilwardby's commentary on Priscian. [6] [7] More generally, the work reflects the speculative grammar taught at Oxford in such 13th-century works as the Logica cum Sit Nostra. [8] It is probable that the final draft of the work which Bacon mentions in his Communia Naturalium [9] was never completed. [10] His Greek and Hebrew Grammars and Compendium of Philosophy may have been considered as part of it. [10]
It survived in two manuscripts: P and W. P is a copy in book hand evidently intended for a personal library. [11] W is a students' copy written in the informal hand of the late 13th or early 14th century. [5] [12]
The work describes figurative language, rhetorical devices, and irregular Latin grammar [13] using "sophisms" or illustrative examples. [14] It aims to complement Bacon's students' required readings of Priscian's work On Construction by presenting its important points in a more thorough and logical order. [14] It assumes a mastery of standard grammatical rules which the students would have already learnt as glomerelli. [15] It most frequently cites Priscian, but more often adopts the solutions of Peter Helias. [15]
The first section lays out rules regarding grammatical agreement and the rhetorical devices antithesis, [16] [17] synthesis, [18] [19] procatalepsis, [20] [21] [8] From the Aristotelian notion that " art imitates nature to the extent that it can" [22] [23] and under the influence of Averroës's commentaries, [8] Bacon argues that nouns and pronouns can be distinguished from verbs and adverbs owing to the distinction between permanent and successive things. [8] Further, verbs constitute a kind of movement from the subject [n 2] to the object [24] [n 3] which imposes obligations on the grammar. [8] For instance, owing to their origin from verbs, Bacon considers that participles and infinitives are too unstable to function properly as the object of a sentence, as "nothing which is in motion can come to rest in something in motion, no motion being able to complete itself in something in motion". [8]
The second section deals with non-figurative constructions including impersonals, [25] [26] gerundives, [27] [28] interjections, [29] [30] and ablative absolutes. [31] [32] [8]
The third section [33] covers illustrative examples by topic in greater or less detail [8] and more or less at random. [34] The primary ones are Moris erat Persis ducibus tunc temporis omnem ducere in arma domum, [35] Vestes quas geritis sordida lana fuit, [36] Amatus sum vel fui, [37] Vado Romam que est pulcra civitas, [38] Video centum homines uno minus, [39] Lupus est in fabula, [40] In nostro magistro habet bonum hominem, [41] Margarita est pulcherrimus lapidum, [42] Quid nisi secrete leserunt Philide silve, [43] and Nominativo hic magister. [44] Most of these examples appear in other collections. [34]
The fourth section analyses short sentences, along with adverbial phrases and liturgical formulas [8] such as ite missa est [45] whose use of ellipsis presented certain problems. [34] It's divided into three sections on "On Some Cases in the Nominal Absolute", [46] [47] "On Mediate Apposition", [48] [49] and "On Some Difficulties in Speech". [50] [51]
Bacon emphasizes that grammatical rules cannot be applied mechanistically but must be understood as a structure through which to attempt to understand the author's intent (intentio proferentis). [8] The desire to communicate some particular idea may require breaking some of the standard rules. [52] Such exceptions must, however, be linguistically justified. [8] In this he follows Kilwardby. [8] Although Bacon considered an understanding of logic to be important for clarity in philosophical and theological texts, he found his era's Modist analyses needed to be tempered by a contextual understanding of the linguistic ambiguity inevitable in the imposition of signs and from the shifts of meaning and emphasis over time. [8]
Bacon argues for a universal grammar underlying all human languages. [2] As more tersely stated in his later Greek Grammar: [2]
Grammar is one and the same in all languages, substantially, though it may vary, accidentally, in each of them. [55] [n 4]
Hovdhaugen leaves open the possibility, however, that, unlike the Modists who followed Bacon, his own statements on the subject did not refer to a universal grammar but to a universal science to be employed in studying linguistics across languages. [56] This derives from an ambiguity in the Latin grammatica, which referred variously to the structure of language, to its description, and to the science underlying such descriptions. [56]