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Genus of crustaceans
Stygobromus is a genus of
amphipod
crustaceans that live in subterranean habitats. The majority of the listed species are
endemic to North America (one from Canada, the rest from the United States),
[3] a smaller number of species are also known from
Eurasia .
[4] Most of the North American species live in areas which were not covered by the
Laurentide Ice Sheet , although a few species seem to have survived under the ice.
[5] A number of species are on the
IUCN Red List as
endangered species (EN) or
vulnerable species (VU); one species,
S. lucifugus , is
extinct .
Stygobromus includes the following species:
[1]
Stygobromus abditus Holsinger, 1978 (
Virginia )
Stygobromus ackerlyi Holsinger, 1978 (
Georgia )
Stygobromus alabamensis (Stout, 1911)
Stygobromus albapinus Taylor & Holsinger, 2011 (
Nevada )
[6]
Stygobromus allegheniensis (Holsinger, 1967) (
New York to
West Virginia )
Stygobromus ambulans (F. Müller, 1846)
Stygobromus anastasiae Sidorov, Holsinger & Takhteev, 2010 (
Siberia , Russia)
[4]
Stygobromus apscheronia (Derzhavin, 1945) (
Azerbaijan )
Stygobromus araeus (Holsinger, 1969)
[7] (
Virginia ,
North Carolina )
Stygobromus arizonensis Holsinger, 1974
[8] (
Arizona )
Stygobromus balconis (Hubricht, 1943)
[9] (
Texas )
Stygobromus baroodyi Holsinger, 1978 (
Virginia )
Stygobromus barri (Holsinger, 1967)
[10] (
Missouri )
Stygobromus barryi Holsinger, 1978 (
Tennessee )
Stygobromus behningi (Birstein, 1948)
Stygobromus bifurcatus (Holsinger, 1967)
[11] (
Texas )
Stygobromus biggersi Holsinger, 1978 (
Virginia to
Pennsylvania )
Stygobromus blinni Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus borealis Holsinger, 1978 (
Vermont ,
New York )
Stygobromus boultoni Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus bowmani (Holsinger, 1967)
[12] (
Oklahoma )
Stygobromus canadensis Holsinger, 1980 (
Alberta, Canada )
Stygobromus carolinensis Holsinger, 1978 (
North Carolina )
Stygobromus chamberlaini Ellis, 1941
Stygobromus cherylae Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus clantoni (Creaser, 1934)
[13] (
Kansas ,
Missouri )
Stygobromus coeca (Dobraenu & Manolache, 1951)
Stygobromus coloradensis Ward, 1977
Stygobromus conradi (Holsinger, 1967)
[14] (
Virginia )
Stygobromus cooperi (Holsinger, 1967)
[15] (
West Virginia )
Stygobromus cowani Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus culveri Holsinger, 1978 (
West Virginia )
Stygobromus cumberlandus Holsinger, 1978 (
Virginia )
Stygobromus curroae Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus dejectus (Holsinger, 1967)
[16] (
Texas )
Stygobromus dentata (Hubricht, 1943)
Stygobromus dershavini (Behning, 1928)
Stygobromus dicksoni Holsinger, 1978 (
Alabama ,
Georgia )
Stygobromus donensis (Martynov, 1919)
Stygobromus duplus Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus elatus (Holsinger, 1967)
[17] (
Arkansas )
Stygobromus elliotti Holsinger, 1974
Stygobromus emarginatus (Hubricht, 1943)
[18] (
Maryland ,
West Virginia )
Stygobromus ephemerus (Holsinger, 1969)
[19] (
Virginia )
Stygobromus estesi Holsinger, 1978 (
Virginia )
Stygobromus exilis Hubricht, 1943
Stygobromus fecundus Holsinger, 1978 (
Tennessee )
Stygobromus fergusoni Holsinger, 1978 (
Virginia )
Stygobromus finleyi Holsinger, 1978 (
Tennessee )
Stygobromus flagellatus (J. E. Benedict, 1896)
[20] (
Texas )
Stygobromus fontinalis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus franzi Holsinger, 1978 (
Maryland )
Stygobromus gallawayae Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus glacialis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus gracilipes (Holsinger, 1967) (
Virginia to
Pennsylvania )
Stygobromus gradyi Holsinger, 1974
[21] (
California )
Stygobromus grahami Holsinger, 1974
Stygobromus grandis Holsinger, 1978 (
Georgia )
Stygobromus hadenoecus (Holsinger, 1966)
[22] (
Texas )
Stygobromus harai Holsinger, 1974
[23] (
California )
Stygobromus hayi (Hubricht & Mackin, 1940)
[24] (
District of Columbia )
Stygobromus herbsti Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus heteropodus Hubricht, 1943
[25] (
Missouri )
Stygobromus hoffmani Holsinger, 1978 (
Virginia )
Stygobromus holsingeri Ward, 1977
Stygobromus hubbardi Holsinger, 2009
Stygobromus hubbsi Shoemaker, 1942
[26] (
Oregon )
Stygobromus hyporheicus Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus hyrcana (Dershavin, 1939)
Stygobromus idahoensis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus imperialis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus indentatus (Holsinger, 1967)
[27] (
Maryland ,
North Carolina and
Virginia )
Stygobromus inexpectatus Holsinger, 1978 (
Alabama )
Stygobromus interitus Holsinger, 1978 (
Virginia )
Stygobromus intermedia (Dobreanu, Manolache & Piascariu, 1952)
Stygobromus interstitialis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus iowae Hubricht, 1943
Stygobromus jakutana (Martynov, 1931)
Stygobromus jemezensis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus johanseni (Shoemaker, 1920)
Stygobromus kazakhstanica Kulkina, 1992
Stygobromus kenki Holsinger, 1978 (
District of Columbia ,
Virginia )
Stygobromus lacicolus Holsinger, 1974
Stygobromus lanensis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus latus Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus leensis Holsinger, 1978 (
Virginia )
Stygobromus lepida (Mateus & Mateus, 1991)
Stygobromus levanidovae (G. Karaman, 1991)
Stygobromus limbus Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus longidactylus (S. Karaman, 1929)
Stygobromus longipes (Holsinger, 1966)
[28] (
Texas )
†
Stygobromus lucifugus (Hay, 1882)
[29] (
Illinois )
Stygobromus mackenziei Holsinger, 1974
[30] (
California )
Stygobromus mackini Hubricht, 1943 (
Tennessee to
West Virginia )
Stygobromus meschtscherica (Borutsky, 1929)
Stygobromus mikhaili Sidorov, Holsinger & Takhteev, 2010 (
Siberia , Russia)
[4]
Stygobromus minutus Holsinger, 1978 (
Georgia )
Stygobromus montanensis Holsinger, 1974 (
Montana )
Stygobromus montanus (Holsinger, 1967)
[31] (
Arkansas )
Stygobromus morrisoni (Holsinger, 1967)
[32] (
Virginia ,
West Virginia )
Stygobromus mundus (Holsinger, 1967)
[33] (
Virginia )
Stygobromus myersae Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus mysticus Holsinger, 1974
Stygobromus nanus Holsinger, 1978 (
West Virginia )
Stygobromus nortoni (Holsinger, 1969)
[34] (
Tennessee )
Stygobromus obrutus Holsinger, 1978 (
Virginia )
Stygobromus obscurus Holsinger, 1974
Stygobromus onondagaensis (Hubricht & Mackin, 1940)
[35] (
Arkansas ,
Kansas ,
Missouri and
Oklahoma )
Stygobromus oregonensis Holsinger, 1974 (
Oregon )
Stygobromus ozarkensis (Holsinger, 1967)
[36] (
Arkansas ,
Missouri and
Oklahoma )
Stygobromus parvus (Holsinger, 1969)
[37] (
West Virginia )
Stygobromus pecki (Holsinger, 1967)
[38] (
Texas )
Stygobromus pennaki Ward, 1977
Stygobromus philareti (Birstein, 1948)
Stygobromus phreaticus Holsinger, 1978 (
Virginia )
Stygobromus pizzinii (Shoemaker, 1938)
[39] (
District of Columbia ,
Maryland ,
Pennsylvania and
Virginia )
Stygobromus pollostus Holsinger, 1978 (
Virginia )
Stygobromus pseudospinosus Holsinger, 1978 (
Virginia )
Stygobromus putealis (Holmes, 1909)
[40] (
Wisconsin )
Stygobromus puteanus Holsinger, 1974
Stygobromus quatsinensis Holsinger & Shaw, 1987
Stygobromus rallus Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus redactus Holsinger, 1978 (
West Virginia )
Stygobromus reddelli (Holsinger, 1966)
[41] (
Texas )
Stygobromus rudolphi Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus russelli (Holsinger, 1967) (
Texas )
Stygobromus saltuaris Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus secundus Bousfield & Holsinger, 1981
Stygobromus sheldoni Holsinger, 1974
Stygobromus sierrensis Holsinger, 1974
Stygobromus simplex Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus smithi Hubricht, 1943
[42] (
Alabama )
Stygobromus sparsus Holsinger, 1978 (
Tennessee )
Stygobromus spinatus (Holsinger, 1967)
[43] (
West Virginia )
Stygobromus spinosus (Hubricht & Mackin, 1940) (
Virginia )
Stygobromus stegerorum Holsinger, 1978 (
Virginia )
Stygobromus stellmacki (Holsinger, 1967)
[44] (
Pennsylvania )
Stygobromus subtilis (Hubricht, 1943)
[45] (
Illinois ,
Michigan and
Missouri )
Stygobromus tahoensis Holsinger, 1974
Stygobromus tenuis (S. I. Smith, 1874) (
Connecticut to
Maryland )
Stygobromus trinus Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus tritus Holsinger, 1974
Stygobromus urospinatus Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus utahensis Wang & Holsinger, 2001 (
Utah )
Stygobromus vitreus Cope, 1872
Stygobromus wahkeenensis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus wardi Wang & Holsinger, 2001
Stygobromus wengerorum Holsinger, 1974
[46] (
California )
References