Korean | |
---|---|
Native speakers | 75 million (2007) [1] |
Dialects | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 |
ko |
ISO 639-2 |
kor |
ISO 639-3 |
kor |
Glottolog |
kore1280 |
![]() Korean dialects in Korea and neighboring areas |
A number of Korean dialects ( Korean: 한국어의 방언) are spoken on the Korean Peninsula. The peninsula is very mountainous and each dialect's "territory" corresponds closely to the natural boundaries between different geographical regions of Korea. Most of the dialects are named for one of the traditional Eight Provinces of Korea. Two are sufficiently distinct from the others to be considered separate languages, the Jeju and the Yukjin languages.
Korea is a mountainous country, and this could be the main reason why Korean is divided into numerous small local dialects. There are few clear demarcations, so dialect classification is necessarily to some extent arbitrary and based on the traditional provinces. A common classification, originally introduced by Shinpei Ogura in 1944 and adjusted by later authors, identifies six dialect areas: [5] [6]
Several linguists have suggested that a further dialect area should be split from the Northeastern dialects: [11]
A recent statistical analysis of these dialects suggests that the hierarchical structure within these dialects are highly uncertain, meaning that there is no quantitative evidence to support a family-tree-like relationship among them. [13]
Some researchers classify the Korean dialects in Western and Eastern dialects. Compared with Middle Korean, the Western dialects have preserved long vowels, while the Eastern dialects have preserved tones or pitch accent. [14] The Jeju language and some dialects in North Korean make no distinction between vowel length or tone. [14] But the Southeastern dialect and the Northeastern dialect may not be closely related to each other genealogically.
Korean is a pluricentric language:
Despite North–South differences in the Korean language, the two standards are still broadly intelligible. One notable feature within the divergence is the North's lack of anglicisms and other foreign borrowings due to isolationism and self-reliance— pure/invented Korean words are used in replacement. [16]
Usage of regional dialects have been decreasing in both North and South due to social factors. In North Korea, the central government is urging its citizens to use the northern standard language to prevent the use of foul language by the people: Kim Jong Un said in a speech "if your language in life is cultural and polite, you can achieve harmony and comradely unity among people." [17] In South Korea, due to relocation in the population to Seoul to find jobs and the usage of standard language in education and media, the prevalence of regional dialects has decreased. [18] The standard is also commonly used among younger Koreans nationwide and in online contexts. It is the form most widely taught internationally, and has received a further boost from the increasing popularity of K-pop.
Koryo-mar, based on Hamgyong and Ryukchin dialects, is spoken by the Koryo-saram, ethnic Koreans in the post-Soviet states of Central Asia. It consists of a Korean base vocabulary, but takes many loanwords and calques from Russian language.
Sakhalin Korean Language (사할린 한국어), usually identified as a descendant of the southern dialect, is spoken by the Sakhalin Korean.
Rasŏn, most of Hamgyŏng region, northeast P'yŏngan, Ryanggang Province (North Korea), Jilin (China).
Munhwaŏ | Hamgyŏng | Ryukjin |
---|---|---|
하십시오 (hasibsio) | 합소(세) (Habso(se)) | 합쇼 (Habsyo) |
해요 (haeyo) | 하오 (Hao) | 하오 (Hao) |
Munhwaŏ | Hamgyŏng |
---|---|
당신네 dangsinne 딸이 ttal-i 찾아 chaj-a 왔소. wattso. |
당신너 dangsinneo 딸이가 ttal-iga 찾아 chaj-a 왔슴메. wattseumme. |
Munhwaŏ | Hamgyŏng |
---|---|
할아버지, hal-abeoji, 빨리 ppalli 오세요. oseyo. |
클아바네요, keul-abaneyo, 빨리 ppalli 오옵소. oobso. |
Munhwaŏ | Hamgyŏng |
---|---|
밭을 bat-eul 매야 maeya 하니까 hanikka 일찍 iljjig 오너라. oneola. |
밭으 bat-eu 매야 maeya 하길래 hagilrae 일찍 iljjig 오나라. onala. |
P'yŏngan region, P'yŏngyang, Chagang, northern North Hamgyŏng (North Korea), Liaoning (China)
Munhwaŏ | Pyongan |
---|---|
하십시오 hasibsio |
하시 hasi |
해요 haeyo |
해요 haeyo |
Munhwaŏ | Pyongan |
---|---|
겨드랑이 gyeodeulang-i |
게드랑이 gedeulang-i |
Munhwaŏ | Pyongan |
---|---|
여름 yeoleum |
너름 neoleum |
일곱 ilgob |
닐굽 nilgub |
류행 ryuhaeng |
누행 nuhaeng |
Munhwaŏ | Pyongan |
---|---|
이거 igeo 내가 naega 가져왔어 gajyeowass-eo. |
이거 igeo 내가 naega 개와서 gaewaseo |
Hwanghae region (North Korea). Also in the Islands of Yeonpyeongdo, Baengnyeongdo and Daecheongdo in Ongjin County of Incheon.
Munhwaŏ | Hwanghae |
---|---|
하십시오 hasibsio |
하서 haseo |
해요 haeyo |
해요 haeyo |
습니까 seubnikka |
시꺄 shikkya |
Munhwaŏ | Hwanghae |
---|---|
습관 seubgwan |
십관 sibgwan |
Munhwaŏ | Hwanghae |
---|---|
밥 bab 먹었니? meog-eossni? |
밥 bab 먹었네? meog-eossne? |
Munhwaŏ | Hwanghae |
---|---|
많이 manh-i 추워졌구나 chuwojyeottguna |
많이 manh-i 추어졌누만 chueojyeottnuman |
Areas in Northwest Hwanghae, such as Ongjin County in Hwanghae Province, pronounced 'ㅈ' (j'), originally pronounced the letter more closely to tz. However, this has largely disappeared. The rest is almost similar to the Gyeonggi and Pyongan dialect.
Seoul, Incheon, Gyeonggi region (South Korea), as well as Kaeseong, Gaepoong and Changpung in North Korea.
Pyojuneo | Gyeonggi |
---|---|
하십시오 hasibsio |
- |
하오 hao |
하우/허우 hau/heou |
해요 haeyo |
해요 haeyo |
Pyojuneo | Gyeonggi |
---|---|
아파 apa |
아퍼 apeo |
더러워 deoleowo |
드러워 deuleowo |
Pyojuneo | Gyeonggi |
---|---|
참기름 chamgileum |
챔기름 chaemgileum |
너 neo 바보 babo 같아 gat-a |
너 neo 바보 babo 같애 gat-ae |
Pyojuneo | Gyeonggi |
---|---|
뭐하고 mwohago 있어? iss-eo? |
뭐허구 mwoheogu 있어? iss-eo? |
삼촌 samchon |
삼춘 samchun |
Pyojuneo | Suwon |
---|---|
어디 eodi 갈 gal 거야? geoya? |
어디 eodi 갈 gal 거? geo? |
Yeongseo ( Gangwon (South Korea)/ Kangwŏn (North Korea) west of the Taebaek Mountains), Yeongdong ( Gangwon (South Korea)/ Kangwŏn (North Korea), east of the Taebaek Mountains)
Pyojuneo | Yeongseo | Yeongdong |
---|---|---|
하십시오 hasibsio |
-Lack of data- | - |
하오 hao |
하오, hao, 하우 hau |
하오 hao |
해요 haeyo |
해오 haeyo |
해요 haeyo |
Pyojuneo | Gangwon |
---|---|
휴가 hyuga |
휘가 hwiga |
Pyojuneo | Gangwon(Yeongdong) |
---|---|
요즘 yojeum 뭐해? mwohae? |
요즘 yojeum 뭐하나? mwohana? |
Daejeon, Sejong, Chungcheong region (South Korea)
Pyojuneo | Chungcheong |
---|---|
하십시오 hasibsio |
하시오 hasio (충남 서해안 일부 지역) (Some areas on the west coast of South Chungcheong Province) |
하오 hao |
하게 hage |
해요 haeyo |
해유 haeyu (기본) (General) |
Pyojuneo | Chungcheong |
---|---|
무슨 museun 소리야? soliya? |
뭔 mwon 소리여~? soliyeo~? |
뭐하는 mwohaneun 거야? geoya? |
뭐허는 mwoheoneun 거여~? geoyeo~? / / 뭐하는 mwohaneun 겨~? gyeo~? |
Pyojuneo | Chungcheong |
---|---|
그거 geugeo 바깥에다가 bakkat-edaga 뒀대 dwossdae |
고거 gogeo 바깥이다가 bakkat-idaga 뒀댜~ dwossdya~ |
이거 igeo 먹을래? meog-eullae? |
여거 yeogeo 먹을려? meog-eullyeo? / / 이거 igeo 먹을쳐? meog-eulchyeo? |
그래 geulae |
그려~ geulyeo~ / / 그랴~ geulya~ / / 기여~ giyeo~ / / 겨~ gyeo~ |
Pyojuneo | Chungcheong |
---|---|
내가 naega 다 da 치워뒀으니까 chiwodwoss-eunikka 괜찮겠지 gwaenchanhgettji |
내가 naega 다 da 치워뒀으니께 chiwodwoss-eunikke 갠찮겄지 gaenchanhgeottji |
The rest is almost similar to the Gyeonggi dialect.
Gwangju, Jeolla region (South Korea)
Pyojuneo | Jeolla |
---|---|
하십시오 hasibsio |
허씨요 heossiyo (기본) (General) |
하오 hao |
허소 heoso |
해요 haeyo |
허라(우) heola(u) (서중부 지역) (West Central Region) |
Pyojuneo | Jeolla |
---|---|
의사 uisa |
으사 eusa |
Pyojuneo | Jeolla |
---|---|
그렇지 geuleohji |
그라제 geulaje / / 글제 geulje |
Pyojuneo | Jeolla |
---|---|
진짜 jinjja 예쁘다 yeppeuda |
참말로 chammallo 이쁘다잉~ ippeudaing~ / / 참말로 chammallo 귄있다잉~ gwin-ittdaing~ |
Famously, natives of Southern Jeolla pronounce certain combinations of vowels in Korean more softly, or omit the latter vowel entirely.
Pyojuneo | Jeolla |
---|---|
육학년 yoog-kak-nyeon |
유각년 yoog-ag-nyeon |
못해 mot-tae |
모대 mo-dae |
However, in the case of '모대(modae)', it is also observed in South Chungcheong Province and some areas of southern Gyeonggi Province close to South Chungcheong Province.
The rest is almost similar to the Chungcheong dialect.
Busan, Daegu, Ulsan, Gyeongsang region (South Korea)
Pyojuneo | Gyeongsang |
---|---|
하십시오 hasibsio |
하이소 haiso |
하오 hao |
하소 haso |
해요 haeyo |
해예 haeye / / 해요 haeyo |
Pyojuneo | Gyeongsang |
---|---|
너 neo 밥 bab 먹었어? meog-eott-eo? |
니 ni 밥 bab 뭇나? mutna? |
뭐 mwo 먹었어? meog-eoss-eo? |
뭐 mwo 먹었노? meog-eossno? |
Pyojuneo | Gyeongsang |
---|---|
네가 nega 그렇게 geuleohge 말했잖아. malhaettjanh-a. |
니가 niga 그렇게 geuleohge 말했다 malhaettda 아이가. aiga. |
Pyojuneo | Gyeongsang |
---|---|
왜 wae 그렇게 geuleohge 하는 haneun 거야? geoya? |
와 wa 그 geu 카는데? kaneunde? |
The rest is almost similar to the Jeolla dialect.
Jeju Island/ Province (South Korea); sometimes classified as a separate language in the Koreanic language family
example: Hangul [27][ page needed]
Pyojuneo | Jeju |
---|---|
하십시오 hasibsio |
ᄒᆞᆸ서 hobseo |
하오 hao |
ᄒᆞᆸ소 hobso |
해요 haeyo |
ᄒᆞ여마씀 hobyeomasseum / / 양 yang / / 예 ye |
Korean | |
---|---|
Native speakers | 75 million (2007) [1] |
Dialects | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 |
ko |
ISO 639-2 |
kor |
ISO 639-3 |
kor |
Glottolog |
kore1280 |
![]() Korean dialects in Korea and neighboring areas |
A number of Korean dialects ( Korean: 한국어의 방언) are spoken on the Korean Peninsula. The peninsula is very mountainous and each dialect's "territory" corresponds closely to the natural boundaries between different geographical regions of Korea. Most of the dialects are named for one of the traditional Eight Provinces of Korea. Two are sufficiently distinct from the others to be considered separate languages, the Jeju and the Yukjin languages.
Korea is a mountainous country, and this could be the main reason why Korean is divided into numerous small local dialects. There are few clear demarcations, so dialect classification is necessarily to some extent arbitrary and based on the traditional provinces. A common classification, originally introduced by Shinpei Ogura in 1944 and adjusted by later authors, identifies six dialect areas: [5] [6]
Several linguists have suggested that a further dialect area should be split from the Northeastern dialects: [11]
A recent statistical analysis of these dialects suggests that the hierarchical structure within these dialects are highly uncertain, meaning that there is no quantitative evidence to support a family-tree-like relationship among them. [13]
Some researchers classify the Korean dialects in Western and Eastern dialects. Compared with Middle Korean, the Western dialects have preserved long vowels, while the Eastern dialects have preserved tones or pitch accent. [14] The Jeju language and some dialects in North Korean make no distinction between vowel length or tone. [14] But the Southeastern dialect and the Northeastern dialect may not be closely related to each other genealogically.
Korean is a pluricentric language:
Despite North–South differences in the Korean language, the two standards are still broadly intelligible. One notable feature within the divergence is the North's lack of anglicisms and other foreign borrowings due to isolationism and self-reliance— pure/invented Korean words are used in replacement. [16]
Usage of regional dialects have been decreasing in both North and South due to social factors. In North Korea, the central government is urging its citizens to use the northern standard language to prevent the use of foul language by the people: Kim Jong Un said in a speech "if your language in life is cultural and polite, you can achieve harmony and comradely unity among people." [17] In South Korea, due to relocation in the population to Seoul to find jobs and the usage of standard language in education and media, the prevalence of regional dialects has decreased. [18] The standard is also commonly used among younger Koreans nationwide and in online contexts. It is the form most widely taught internationally, and has received a further boost from the increasing popularity of K-pop.
Koryo-mar, based on Hamgyong and Ryukchin dialects, is spoken by the Koryo-saram, ethnic Koreans in the post-Soviet states of Central Asia. It consists of a Korean base vocabulary, but takes many loanwords and calques from Russian language.
Sakhalin Korean Language (사할린 한국어), usually identified as a descendant of the southern dialect, is spoken by the Sakhalin Korean.
Rasŏn, most of Hamgyŏng region, northeast P'yŏngan, Ryanggang Province (North Korea), Jilin (China).
Munhwaŏ | Hamgyŏng | Ryukjin |
---|---|---|
하십시오 (hasibsio) | 합소(세) (Habso(se)) | 합쇼 (Habsyo) |
해요 (haeyo) | 하오 (Hao) | 하오 (Hao) |
Munhwaŏ | Hamgyŏng |
---|---|
당신네 dangsinne 딸이 ttal-i 찾아 chaj-a 왔소. wattso. |
당신너 dangsinneo 딸이가 ttal-iga 찾아 chaj-a 왔슴메. wattseumme. |
Munhwaŏ | Hamgyŏng |
---|---|
할아버지, hal-abeoji, 빨리 ppalli 오세요. oseyo. |
클아바네요, keul-abaneyo, 빨리 ppalli 오옵소. oobso. |
Munhwaŏ | Hamgyŏng |
---|---|
밭을 bat-eul 매야 maeya 하니까 hanikka 일찍 iljjig 오너라. oneola. |
밭으 bat-eu 매야 maeya 하길래 hagilrae 일찍 iljjig 오나라. onala. |
P'yŏngan region, P'yŏngyang, Chagang, northern North Hamgyŏng (North Korea), Liaoning (China)
Munhwaŏ | Pyongan |
---|---|
하십시오 hasibsio |
하시 hasi |
해요 haeyo |
해요 haeyo |
Munhwaŏ | Pyongan |
---|---|
겨드랑이 gyeodeulang-i |
게드랑이 gedeulang-i |
Munhwaŏ | Pyongan |
---|---|
여름 yeoleum |
너름 neoleum |
일곱 ilgob |
닐굽 nilgub |
류행 ryuhaeng |
누행 nuhaeng |
Munhwaŏ | Pyongan |
---|---|
이거 igeo 내가 naega 가져왔어 gajyeowass-eo. |
이거 igeo 내가 naega 개와서 gaewaseo |
Hwanghae region (North Korea). Also in the Islands of Yeonpyeongdo, Baengnyeongdo and Daecheongdo in Ongjin County of Incheon.
Munhwaŏ | Hwanghae |
---|---|
하십시오 hasibsio |
하서 haseo |
해요 haeyo |
해요 haeyo |
습니까 seubnikka |
시꺄 shikkya |
Munhwaŏ | Hwanghae |
---|---|
습관 seubgwan |
십관 sibgwan |
Munhwaŏ | Hwanghae |
---|---|
밥 bab 먹었니? meog-eossni? |
밥 bab 먹었네? meog-eossne? |
Munhwaŏ | Hwanghae |
---|---|
많이 manh-i 추워졌구나 chuwojyeottguna |
많이 manh-i 추어졌누만 chueojyeottnuman |
Areas in Northwest Hwanghae, such as Ongjin County in Hwanghae Province, pronounced 'ㅈ' (j'), originally pronounced the letter more closely to tz. However, this has largely disappeared. The rest is almost similar to the Gyeonggi and Pyongan dialect.
Seoul, Incheon, Gyeonggi region (South Korea), as well as Kaeseong, Gaepoong and Changpung in North Korea.
Pyojuneo | Gyeonggi |
---|---|
하십시오 hasibsio |
- |
하오 hao |
하우/허우 hau/heou |
해요 haeyo |
해요 haeyo |
Pyojuneo | Gyeonggi |
---|---|
아파 apa |
아퍼 apeo |
더러워 deoleowo |
드러워 deuleowo |
Pyojuneo | Gyeonggi |
---|---|
참기름 chamgileum |
챔기름 chaemgileum |
너 neo 바보 babo 같아 gat-a |
너 neo 바보 babo 같애 gat-ae |
Pyojuneo | Gyeonggi |
---|---|
뭐하고 mwohago 있어? iss-eo? |
뭐허구 mwoheogu 있어? iss-eo? |
삼촌 samchon |
삼춘 samchun |
Pyojuneo | Suwon |
---|---|
어디 eodi 갈 gal 거야? geoya? |
어디 eodi 갈 gal 거? geo? |
Yeongseo ( Gangwon (South Korea)/ Kangwŏn (North Korea) west of the Taebaek Mountains), Yeongdong ( Gangwon (South Korea)/ Kangwŏn (North Korea), east of the Taebaek Mountains)
Pyojuneo | Yeongseo | Yeongdong |
---|---|---|
하십시오 hasibsio |
-Lack of data- | - |
하오 hao |
하오, hao, 하우 hau |
하오 hao |
해요 haeyo |
해오 haeyo |
해요 haeyo |
Pyojuneo | Gangwon |
---|---|
휴가 hyuga |
휘가 hwiga |
Pyojuneo | Gangwon(Yeongdong) |
---|---|
요즘 yojeum 뭐해? mwohae? |
요즘 yojeum 뭐하나? mwohana? |
Daejeon, Sejong, Chungcheong region (South Korea)
Pyojuneo | Chungcheong |
---|---|
하십시오 hasibsio |
하시오 hasio (충남 서해안 일부 지역) (Some areas on the west coast of South Chungcheong Province) |
하오 hao |
하게 hage |
해요 haeyo |
해유 haeyu (기본) (General) |
Pyojuneo | Chungcheong |
---|---|
무슨 museun 소리야? soliya? |
뭔 mwon 소리여~? soliyeo~? |
뭐하는 mwohaneun 거야? geoya? |
뭐허는 mwoheoneun 거여~? geoyeo~? / / 뭐하는 mwohaneun 겨~? gyeo~? |
Pyojuneo | Chungcheong |
---|---|
그거 geugeo 바깥에다가 bakkat-edaga 뒀대 dwossdae |
고거 gogeo 바깥이다가 bakkat-idaga 뒀댜~ dwossdya~ |
이거 igeo 먹을래? meog-eullae? |
여거 yeogeo 먹을려? meog-eullyeo? / / 이거 igeo 먹을쳐? meog-eulchyeo? |
그래 geulae |
그려~ geulyeo~ / / 그랴~ geulya~ / / 기여~ giyeo~ / / 겨~ gyeo~ |
Pyojuneo | Chungcheong |
---|---|
내가 naega 다 da 치워뒀으니까 chiwodwoss-eunikka 괜찮겠지 gwaenchanhgettji |
내가 naega 다 da 치워뒀으니께 chiwodwoss-eunikke 갠찮겄지 gaenchanhgeottji |
The rest is almost similar to the Gyeonggi dialect.
Gwangju, Jeolla region (South Korea)
Pyojuneo | Jeolla |
---|---|
하십시오 hasibsio |
허씨요 heossiyo (기본) (General) |
하오 hao |
허소 heoso |
해요 haeyo |
허라(우) heola(u) (서중부 지역) (West Central Region) |
Pyojuneo | Jeolla |
---|---|
의사 uisa |
으사 eusa |
Pyojuneo | Jeolla |
---|---|
그렇지 geuleohji |
그라제 geulaje / / 글제 geulje |
Pyojuneo | Jeolla |
---|---|
진짜 jinjja 예쁘다 yeppeuda |
참말로 chammallo 이쁘다잉~ ippeudaing~ / / 참말로 chammallo 귄있다잉~ gwin-ittdaing~ |
Famously, natives of Southern Jeolla pronounce certain combinations of vowels in Korean more softly, or omit the latter vowel entirely.
Pyojuneo | Jeolla |
---|---|
육학년 yoog-kak-nyeon |
유각년 yoog-ag-nyeon |
못해 mot-tae |
모대 mo-dae |
However, in the case of '모대(modae)', it is also observed in South Chungcheong Province and some areas of southern Gyeonggi Province close to South Chungcheong Province.
The rest is almost similar to the Chungcheong dialect.
Busan, Daegu, Ulsan, Gyeongsang region (South Korea)
Pyojuneo | Gyeongsang |
---|---|
하십시오 hasibsio |
하이소 haiso |
하오 hao |
하소 haso |
해요 haeyo |
해예 haeye / / 해요 haeyo |
Pyojuneo | Gyeongsang |
---|---|
너 neo 밥 bab 먹었어? meog-eott-eo? |
니 ni 밥 bab 뭇나? mutna? |
뭐 mwo 먹었어? meog-eoss-eo? |
뭐 mwo 먹었노? meog-eossno? |
Pyojuneo | Gyeongsang |
---|---|
네가 nega 그렇게 geuleohge 말했잖아. malhaettjanh-a. |
니가 niga 그렇게 geuleohge 말했다 malhaettda 아이가. aiga. |
Pyojuneo | Gyeongsang |
---|---|
왜 wae 그렇게 geuleohge 하는 haneun 거야? geoya? |
와 wa 그 geu 카는데? kaneunde? |
The rest is almost similar to the Jeolla dialect.
Jeju Island/ Province (South Korea); sometimes classified as a separate language in the Koreanic language family
example: Hangul [27][ page needed]
Pyojuneo | Jeju |
---|---|
하십시오 hasibsio |
ᄒᆞᆸ서 hobseo |
하오 hao |
ᄒᆞᆸ소 hobso |
해요 haeyo |
ᄒᆞ여마씀 hobyeomasseum / / 양 yang / / 예 ye |