The Spyker 60 HP racing car, probably built in 1902, [1] but presented in 1903, was the world's first petrol-fuelled four-wheel drive car. [2]
Known as "the car of three firsts", [3] with a top speed of 80 mph (129 km/h) [4] to 90 mph, [3] it was manufactured by the Dutch carriage and automobile maker Spyker, set up in 1880 by blacksmiths Jacobus and Hendrik-Jan Spijker, and also featured the first application of a six-cylinder engine [5] (an 8.8-litre inline design), [6] ( straight-six engine) [4] as well as the first four-wheel braking system. [7]
The 60 HP was commissioned by Jacobus Spijker for the 1903 Paris–Madrid race [5] (although Bill Boddy, in a 1995 article for Motor Sport, states the Gordon Bennett race, [8] the fore-runner of the Grand Prix that would be staged at Le Mans in 1906). The Belgian engineer Joseph Valentin Laviolette already had a design for an engine with six separate cylinders, [5] and he designed a transmission that drove the front as well as the rear wheels, [5] by extending the cardan-shaft from the gearbox extend forward, [8] as well as fitting a transmission brake. [5]
However, the car was not ready in time for the race in May and was not launched until December 1903, in Paris, [5] going on display two months later at The Crystal Palace in London. [5]
The Spyker 60 HP racing car only raced twice; at Blackpool, in 1904, where it finished third, and at Birmingham, in 1906, where it won. [9]
The model on show at the Louwman Museum, in The Hague, Netherlands, was acquired in 1993 after having been housed at various Dutch museums. It was restored over a five-year period to its original condition as displayed at The Crystal Palace in 1904. [1]
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Spyker 60 HP (1903) -
Spyker 60 HP ( Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands) -
Spyker 60 HP: dashboard and pedals (detail). Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands -
Spyker 60 HP: levers and pedals (detail). Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands
- ^ a b "Spyker 60-HP Four-Wheel Drive." Louwman Museum. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- ^ McKay, Malcolm (March 2008). "The Knowledge: "Four-wheel drive"". Octane. Archived from the original on 2009-05-03. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- ^ a b "Automobile Quarterly". Automobile Quarterly. 44 (1). 2004. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- ^ a b The Car Book: The Definitive Visual History. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. 2022. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-241-59629-6.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Spyker 60-HP Four-Wheel Drive Racing Car." Louwman Museum. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- ^ "1903 Spyker 60HP". Car and Driver. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- ^ Georgano, G. N. Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886-1930. London: Grange-Universal, 1985.
- ^ a b "The Superlative Spyker", June 1995. Motor Sport. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- ^ "Spyker." Guide Automobiles Anciennes. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
The Spyker 60 HP racing car, probably built in 1902, [1] but presented in 1903, was the world's first petrol-fuelled four-wheel drive car. [2]
Known as "the car of three firsts", [3] with a top speed of 80 mph (129 km/h) [4] to 90 mph, [3] it was manufactured by the Dutch carriage and automobile maker Spyker, set up in 1880 by blacksmiths Jacobus and Hendrik-Jan Spijker, and also featured the first application of a six-cylinder engine [5] (an 8.8-litre inline design), [6] ( straight-six engine) [4] as well as the first four-wheel braking system. [7]
The 60 HP was commissioned by Jacobus Spijker for the 1903 Paris–Madrid race [5] (although Bill Boddy, in a 1995 article for Motor Sport, states the Gordon Bennett race, [8] the fore-runner of the Grand Prix that would be staged at Le Mans in 1906). The Belgian engineer Joseph Valentin Laviolette already had a design for an engine with six separate cylinders, [5] and he designed a transmission that drove the front as well as the rear wheels, [5] by extending the cardan-shaft from the gearbox extend forward, [8] as well as fitting a transmission brake. [5]
However, the car was not ready in time for the race in May and was not launched until December 1903, in Paris, [5] going on display two months later at The Crystal Palace in London. [5]
The Spyker 60 HP racing car only raced twice; at Blackpool, in 1904, where it finished third, and at Birmingham, in 1906, where it won. [9]
The model on show at the Louwman Museum, in The Hague, Netherlands, was acquired in 1993 after having been housed at various Dutch museums. It was restored over a five-year period to its original condition as displayed at The Crystal Palace in 1904. [1]
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Spyker 60 HP (1903)
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Spyker 60 HP ( Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands)
-
Spyker 60 HP: dashboard and pedals (detail). Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands
-
Spyker 60 HP: levers and pedals (detail). Louwman Museum, The Hague, Netherlands
- ^ a b "Spyker 60-HP Four-Wheel Drive." Louwman Museum. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- ^ McKay, Malcolm (March 2008). "The Knowledge: "Four-wheel drive"". Octane. Archived from the original on 2009-05-03. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- ^ a b "Automobile Quarterly". Automobile Quarterly. 44 (1). 2004. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- ^ a b The Car Book: The Definitive Visual History. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. 2022. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-241-59629-6.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Spyker 60-HP Four-Wheel Drive Racing Car." Louwman Museum. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- ^ "1903 Spyker 60HP". Car and Driver. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- ^ Georgano, G. N. Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886-1930. London: Grange-Universal, 1985.
- ^ a b "The Superlative Spyker", June 1995. Motor Sport. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- ^ "Spyker." Guide Automobiles Anciennes. Retrieved 3 December 2022.