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'''Ethnicism''' is a [[neologism]] that may refer to:
* Emphasis on [[ethnic identity]]
* [[Ethnic prejudice]], an equivalent of [[racism]] with no physical differences between the groups
* Ethnic [[loyalty]]
* Ethnic [[hierarchy]] in societies with formal [[ethnic equality]]
{{dab}}' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Turkish political concept}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Expand Turkish|topic=gov| Halkçılık|date=April 2024}}
{{update|date=April 2024}}
}}
{{Other uses|Ethnicism (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Populism}}
'''Ethnicism''' ({{lang-tr|Halkçılık}})<ref name=":0">{{cite web|publisher=Academia|title=Popülizm ve Türkiye'de Boyutları|url=https://www.academia.edu/download/38139819/Populizm_ve_Turkiyede_Boyutlari.pdf|access-date=2024-04-08|archive-date=2021-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822222823/https://www.academia.edu/download/38139819/Populizm_ve_Turkiyede_Boyutlari.pdf|url-status=dead}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> is a [[ethnicist]] idea in [[Turkish politics]] influenced by Russian [[narodnik]]s.{{check|date=April 2024}} It is similar to [Atatürk's Main Principles#Populism|Atatürk's principle of ethnicism]], but should not be confused.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/41901564 | title=Romanticism in Modern Turkish Intellectual History (Istanbul University, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Doctoral Dissertation, 2014) | journal=Romanticism in Modern Turkish Intellectual History | date=January 2014 | last1=Aksakal | first1=Hasan }}</ref>
== History ==
=== Ottoman period ===
During the reign of [[Abdulaziz|Sultan Abdulaziz]], some [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] intellectuals, especially [[Ali Suavi]], were influenced by the [[Narodniks|Narodnik movement]] in [[Russia]] and began to deal with the problems of the people. At the end of the 19th century, many literary figures, especially [[Mehmet Emin Yurdakul]], were affected by ethnicism. After the [[Young Turk Revolution]], the word 'folk' found wide usage. For a long time, ethnicism was thought of as the act of benevolent intellectuals for the benefit of the masses.
This understanding began to change after [[World War I]]. [[Ziya Gökalp]] concluded, under the influence of [[Émile Durkheim|Durkheim]], that [[class conflict]] was bad, and shortly after the [[Russian Revolution|Soviet Revolution in 1918]], opposed it and defended ethnicism against it. Gökalp defined ethnicism as follows:
{{blockquote|If a society consists of several strata or classes, then it is not an [[egalitarian]] society. The aim of ethnicism is to suppress stratification or class differences and instead to create a social structure of professional groups in [[solidarity]] with each other. In other words, we can summarize ethnicism as follows: there are no [[social class]]es, there are [[profession]]s!<ref>Zafer Toprak (1977). Meşrutiyette Solidarist Düşünce: Halkçılık. ''Toplum ve Bilim'', 1, s. 92.</ref>}}
=== Turkish War of Independence and the Republic period ===
This approach largely lends itself to [[solidarism]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ziya Gökalp'te "Solidarizm" ve "Milli İktisat"|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/326817|publisher=Dergipark}}</ref> This understanding greatly influenced [[Nationalism|nationalists]], especially the [[Kemalism|Kemalists]], during the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. Although the corporations proposed by Gökalp were not realized, the principle of no classes was accepted by the Kemalist leaders. Kemalist leaders, especially Atatürk, insisted that classes were not yet developed in Turkey. They adopted the idea of solidarity in order to fight [[communism]] and the idea of [[class struggle]]. They also saw this as the justification for the [[one-party system]].<ref>Paul Dumont (1999). Kemalist İdeolojinin Kökenleri. Jacob M. Landau (Yay. Haz.) (1999). Atatürk ve Türkiye'nin Modernleşmesi, İstanbul: Sarmal, ISBN 975-8304-18-6 (s. 49-72) içinde. s.60.</ref>
== Atatürk's principle of ethnicism==
{{main|Atatürk's Main Principles}}
The principle of '''ethnicism''', first of all, is aimed at the realization and establishment of a [[Progressivism|progressive]], [[western democracy]], which means "the administration of the people, by the people for the people".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Atatürk ilkeleri|url=https://www.ttk.gov.tr/belgelerle-tarih/ataturk-ilkeleri-belleten-makale/|publisher=Türk Tarih Kurumu}}</ref> It also prioritizes [[Westphalian sovereignty|national sovereignty]]. The state aims at the [[welfare]] and happiness of the citizens. It envisages the division of labor and solidarity among citizens. It ensures that the nation enjoys equal access to government services. It is understood from Atatürk's ethnicism principle that: No privilege is given to any person, group or any class in society. Everyone is equal before the law.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} According to the principle of ethnicism ,{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} no one can gain superiority over others in terms of religion, race, sect or money when judged before the law.
Ethnicism is defined in the [[The Six Arrows|six pillars]] of the [[Republican People's Party]] founded by Mustafa Kemal as follows: "For us, people must be treated equally before the law. No distinction should be made between class, family and individuals. We believe that the people of Turkey are not as a whole made up of various classes, but as a whole; as one. We see Turkish society as having various professions according to the needs of social life." However, this should not be confused with [[Collective farming|collectivism]]. The "ethnicism" that Atatürk refers to here is not a socialist ideology used by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] countries and is also not incompatible with [[individualism]]. Atatürk's ethnicism, as mentioned in the 1935 [[Republican People's Party|CHP]] program and Atatürk's Medeni Bilgiler book, is [[solidarist]] based on the [[Class collaboration|solidarity of the classes]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medeni Bilgiler PDF|date=1930|publisher=Toplumsal Dönüşüm Yayınları|page=107|language=tr}}</ref> and also [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medeni Bilgiler PDF|date=1930|publisher=Toplumsal Dönüşüm Yayınları|pages=101–102|language=tr}}</ref>
Necessary measures have been taken for equality between women and men, the end of [[sex segregation]] in schools, the measures taken to prepare a new [[Turkish alphabet]] that every citizen can learn and to treat every citizen equally before state organs support the principle of ethnicism.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}
According to [[Ahmet Taner Kışlalı]], [[Kemalist]] ethnicism wanted to strengthen the poorest and most uneducated segment of the society and to ensure social solidarity.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kemalizm, Laiklik ve Demokrasi|publisher=İmge Kitabevi|page=49|language=tr}}</ref>
Although folkis ma principle that is quickly adopted, after [[World War II]], it remained largely in the background during the rapid industrialization and [[Capitalism|capitalistization]] process.
==Criticism==
{{Empty section|date=May 2024}}
== See also ==
* [[Atatürk's Main Principles]]
** [[Atatürk's Main Principles#Populism|Ethnicism (Atatürk's Main Principles)]]
** [[Turkish civil code (1926)]]
** [[Surname Law (Turkey)]]
* [[Social equality]]
* [[Solidarity]]
* {{ill|Social state|de|Sozialstaat|es|Estado social}}
* [[Narodniks]]
* [[Popolarismo]]
* [[Populism]]
== References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Political ideologies]]
[[Category:Politics of Turkey]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,7 +1,55 @@
-{{distinguish|ethicism}}
-'''Ethnicism''' is a [[neologism]] that may refer to:
-* Emphasis on [[ethnic identity]]
-* [[Ethnic prejudice]], an equivalent of [[racism]] with no physical differences between the groups
-* Ethnic [[loyalty]]
-* Ethnic [[hierarchy]] in societies with formal [[ethnic equality]]
-{{dab}}
+{{Short description|Turkish political concept}}
+{{Multiple issues|
+{{Expand Turkish|topic=gov| Halkçılık|date=April 2024}}
+{{update|date=April 2024}}
+}}
+
+{{Other uses|Ethnicism (disambiguation)}}
+{{Distinguish|Populism}}
+
+'''Ethnicism''' ({{lang-tr|Halkçılık}})<ref name=":0">{{cite web|publisher=Academia|title=Popülizm ve Türkiye'de Boyutları|url=https://www.academia.edu/download/38139819/Populizm_ve_Turkiyede_Boyutlari.pdf|access-date=2024-04-08|archive-date=2021-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822222823/https://www.academia.edu/download/38139819/Populizm_ve_Turkiyede_Boyutlari.pdf|url-status=dead}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> is a [[ethnicist]] idea in [[Turkish politics]] influenced by Russian [[narodnik]]s.{{check|date=April 2024}} It is similar to [Atatürk's Main Principles#Populism|Atatürk's principle of ethnicism]], but should not be confused.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/41901564 | title=Romanticism in Modern Turkish Intellectual History (Istanbul University, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Doctoral Dissertation, 2014) | journal=Romanticism in Modern Turkish Intellectual History | date=January 2014 | last1=Aksakal | first1=Hasan }}</ref>
+
+== History ==
+=== Ottoman period ===
+During the reign of [[Abdulaziz|Sultan Abdulaziz]], some [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] intellectuals, especially [[Ali Suavi]], were influenced by the [[Narodniks|Narodnik movement]] in [[Russia]] and began to deal with the problems of the people. At the end of the 19th century, many literary figures, especially [[Mehmet Emin Yurdakul]], were affected by ethnicism. After the [[Young Turk Revolution]], the word 'folk' found wide usage. For a long time, ethnicism was thought of as the act of benevolent intellectuals for the benefit of the masses.
+
+This understanding began to change after [[World War I]]. [[Ziya Gökalp]] concluded, under the influence of [[Émile Durkheim|Durkheim]], that [[class conflict]] was bad, and shortly after the [[Russian Revolution|Soviet Revolution in 1918]], opposed it and defended ethnicism against it. Gökalp defined ethnicism as follows:
+
+{{blockquote|If a society consists of several strata or classes, then it is not an [[egalitarian]] society. The aim of ethnicism is to suppress stratification or class differences and instead to create a social structure of professional groups in [[solidarity]] with each other. In other words, we can summarize ethnicism as follows: there are no [[social class]]es, there are [[profession]]s!<ref>Zafer Toprak (1977). Meşrutiyette Solidarist Düşünce: Halkçılık. ''Toplum ve Bilim'', 1, s. 92.</ref>}}
+
+=== Turkish War of Independence and the Republic period ===
+This approach largely lends itself to [[solidarism]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ziya Gökalp'te "Solidarizm" ve "Milli İktisat"|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/326817|publisher=Dergipark}}</ref> This understanding greatly influenced [[Nationalism|nationalists]], especially the [[Kemalism|Kemalists]], during the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. Although the corporations proposed by Gökalp were not realized, the principle of no classes was accepted by the Kemalist leaders. Kemalist leaders, especially Atatürk, insisted that classes were not yet developed in Turkey. They adopted the idea of solidarity in order to fight [[communism]] and the idea of [[class struggle]]. They also saw this as the justification for the [[one-party system]].<ref>Paul Dumont (1999). Kemalist İdeolojinin Kökenleri. Jacob M. Landau (Yay. Haz.) (1999). Atatürk ve Türkiye'nin Modernleşmesi, İstanbul: Sarmal, ISBN 975-8304-18-6 (s. 49-72) içinde. s.60.</ref>
+
+== Atatürk's principle of ethnicism==
+{{main|Atatürk's Main Principles}}
+The principle of '''ethnicism''', first of all, is aimed at the realization and establishment of a [[Progressivism|progressive]], [[western democracy]], which means "the administration of the people, by the people for the people".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Atatürk ilkeleri|url=https://www.ttk.gov.tr/belgelerle-tarih/ataturk-ilkeleri-belleten-makale/|publisher=Türk Tarih Kurumu}}</ref> It also prioritizes [[Westphalian sovereignty|national sovereignty]]. The state aims at the [[welfare]] and happiness of the citizens. It envisages the division of labor and solidarity among citizens. It ensures that the nation enjoys equal access to government services. It is understood from Atatürk's ethnicism principle that: No privilege is given to any person, group or any class in society. Everyone is equal before the law.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} According to the principle of ethnicism ,{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} no one can gain superiority over others in terms of religion, race, sect or money when judged before the law.
+
+Ethnicism is defined in the [[The Six Arrows|six pillars]] of the [[Republican People's Party]] founded by Mustafa Kemal as follows: "For us, people must be treated equally before the law. No distinction should be made between class, family and individuals. We believe that the people of Turkey are not as a whole made up of various classes, but as a whole; as one. We see Turkish society as having various professions according to the needs of social life." However, this should not be confused with [[Collective farming|collectivism]]. The "ethnicism" that Atatürk refers to here is not a socialist ideology used by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] countries and is also not incompatible with [[individualism]]. Atatürk's ethnicism, as mentioned in the 1935 [[Republican People's Party|CHP]] program and Atatürk's Medeni Bilgiler book, is [[solidarist]] based on the [[Class collaboration|solidarity of the classes]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medeni Bilgiler PDF|date=1930|publisher=Toplumsal Dönüşüm Yayınları|page=107|language=tr}}</ref> and also [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medeni Bilgiler PDF|date=1930|publisher=Toplumsal Dönüşüm Yayınları|pages=101–102|language=tr}}</ref>
+
+Necessary measures have been taken for equality between women and men, the end of [[sex segregation]] in schools, the measures taken to prepare a new [[Turkish alphabet]] that every citizen can learn and to treat every citizen equally before state organs support the principle of ethnicism.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}
+
+According to [[Ahmet Taner Kışlalı]], [[Kemalist]] ethnicism wanted to strengthen the poorest and most uneducated segment of the society and to ensure social solidarity.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kemalizm, Laiklik ve Demokrasi|publisher=İmge Kitabevi|page=49|language=tr}}</ref>
+
+Although folkis ma principle that is quickly adopted, after [[World War II]], it remained largely in the background during the rapid industrialization and [[Capitalism|capitalistization]] process.
+
+==Criticism==
+{{Empty section|date=May 2024}}
+
+== See also ==
+
+* [[Atatürk's Main Principles]]
+** [[Atatürk's Main Principles#Populism|Ethnicism (Atatürk's Main Principles)]]
+** [[Turkish civil code (1926)]]
+** [[Surname Law (Turkey)]]
+* [[Social equality]]
+* [[Solidarity]]
+* {{ill|Social state|de|Sozialstaat|es|Estado social}}
+* [[Narodniks]]
+* [[Popolarismo]]
+* [[Populism]]
+
+== References==
+{{Reflist}}
+
+[[Category:Political ideologies]]
+[[Category:Politics of Turkey]]
' |
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9 => ''''Ethnicism''' ({{lang-tr|Halkçılık}})<ref name=":0">{{cite web|publisher=Academia|title=Popülizm ve Türkiye'de Boyutları|url=https://www.academia.edu/download/38139819/Populizm_ve_Turkiyede_Boyutlari.pdf|access-date=2024-04-08|archive-date=2021-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822222823/https://www.academia.edu/download/38139819/Populizm_ve_Turkiyede_Boyutlari.pdf|url-status=dead}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> is a [[ethnicist]] idea in [[Turkish politics]] influenced by Russian [[narodnik]]s.{{check|date=April 2024}} It is similar to [Atatürk's Main Principles#Populism|Atatürk's principle of ethnicism]], but should not be confused.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/41901564 | title=Romanticism in Modern Turkish Intellectual History (Istanbul University, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Doctoral Dissertation, 2014) | journal=Romanticism in Modern Turkish Intellectual History | date=January 2014 | last1=Aksakal | first1=Hasan }}</ref>',
10 => '',
11 => '== History ==',
12 => '=== Ottoman period ===',
13 => 'During the reign of [[Abdulaziz|Sultan Abdulaziz]], some [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] intellectuals, especially [[Ali Suavi]], were influenced by the [[Narodniks|Narodnik movement]] in [[Russia]] and began to deal with the problems of the people. At the end of the 19th century, many literary figures, especially [[Mehmet Emin Yurdakul]], were affected by ethnicism. After the [[Young Turk Revolution]], the word 'folk' found wide usage. For a long time, ethnicism was thought of as the act of benevolent intellectuals for the benefit of the masses.',
14 => '',
15 => 'This understanding began to change after [[World War I]]. [[Ziya Gökalp]] concluded, under the influence of [[Émile Durkheim|Durkheim]], that [[class conflict]] was bad, and shortly after the [[Russian Revolution|Soviet Revolution in 1918]], opposed it and defended ethnicism against it. Gökalp defined ethnicism as follows:',
16 => '',
17 => '{{blockquote|If a society consists of several strata or classes, then it is not an [[egalitarian]] society. The aim of ethnicism is to suppress stratification or class differences and instead to create a social structure of professional groups in [[solidarity]] with each other. In other words, we can summarize ethnicism as follows: there are no [[social class]]es, there are [[profession]]s!<ref>Zafer Toprak (1977). Meşrutiyette Solidarist Düşünce: Halkçılık. ''Toplum ve Bilim'', 1, s. 92.</ref>}}',
18 => '',
19 => '=== Turkish War of Independence and the Republic period ===',
20 => 'This approach largely lends itself to [[solidarism]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ziya Gökalp'te "Solidarizm" ve "Milli İktisat"|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/326817|publisher=Dergipark}}</ref> This understanding greatly influenced [[Nationalism|nationalists]], especially the [[Kemalism|Kemalists]], during the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. Although the corporations proposed by Gökalp were not realized, the principle of no classes was accepted by the Kemalist leaders. Kemalist leaders, especially Atatürk, insisted that classes were not yet developed in Turkey. They adopted the idea of solidarity in order to fight [[communism]] and the idea of [[class struggle]]. They also saw this as the justification for the [[one-party system]].<ref>Paul Dumont (1999). Kemalist İdeolojinin Kökenleri. Jacob M. Landau (Yay. Haz.) (1999). Atatürk ve Türkiye'nin Modernleşmesi, İstanbul: Sarmal, ISBN 975-8304-18-6 (s. 49-72) içinde. s.60.</ref>',
21 => '',
22 => '== Atatürk's principle of ethnicism==',
23 => '{{main|Atatürk's Main Principles}}',
24 => 'The principle of '''ethnicism''', first of all, is aimed at the realization and establishment of a [[Progressivism|progressive]], [[western democracy]], which means "the administration of the people, by the people for the people".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Atatürk ilkeleri|url=https://www.ttk.gov.tr/belgelerle-tarih/ataturk-ilkeleri-belleten-makale/|publisher=Türk Tarih Kurumu}}</ref> It also prioritizes [[Westphalian sovereignty|national sovereignty]]. The state aims at the [[welfare]] and happiness of the citizens. It envisages the division of labor and solidarity among citizens. It ensures that the nation enjoys equal access to government services. It is understood from Atatürk's ethnicism principle that: No privilege is given to any person, group or any class in society. Everyone is equal before the law.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} According to the principle of ethnicism ,{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} no one can gain superiority over others in terms of religion, race, sect or money when judged before the law.',
25 => '',
26 => 'Ethnicism is defined in the [[The Six Arrows|six pillars]] of the [[Republican People's Party]] founded by Mustafa Kemal as follows: "For us, people must be treated equally before the law. No distinction should be made between class, family and individuals. We believe that the people of Turkey are not as a whole made up of various classes, but as a whole; as one. We see Turkish society as having various professions according to the needs of social life." However, this should not be confused with [[Collective farming|collectivism]]. The "ethnicism" that Atatürk refers to here is not a socialist ideology used by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] countries and is also not incompatible with [[individualism]]. Atatürk's ethnicism, as mentioned in the 1935 [[Republican People's Party|CHP]] program and Atatürk's Medeni Bilgiler book, is [[solidarist]] based on the [[Class collaboration|solidarity of the classes]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medeni Bilgiler PDF|date=1930|publisher=Toplumsal Dönüşüm Yayınları|page=107|language=tr}}</ref> and also [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medeni Bilgiler PDF|date=1930|publisher=Toplumsal Dönüşüm Yayınları|pages=101–102|language=tr}}</ref>',
27 => '',
28 => 'Necessary measures have been taken for equality between women and men, the end of [[sex segregation]] in schools, the measures taken to prepare a new [[Turkish alphabet]] that every citizen can learn and to treat every citizen equally before state organs support the principle of ethnicism.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}',
29 => '',
30 => 'According to [[Ahmet Taner Kışlalı]], [[Kemalist]] ethnicism wanted to strengthen the poorest and most uneducated segment of the society and to ensure social solidarity.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kemalizm, Laiklik ve Demokrasi|publisher=İmge Kitabevi|page=49|language=tr}}</ref>',
31 => '',
32 => 'Although folkis ma principle that is quickly adopted, after [[World War II]], it remained largely in the background during the rapid industrialization and [[Capitalism|capitalistization]] process.',
33 => '',
34 => '==Criticism==',
35 => '{{Empty section|date=May 2024}}',
36 => '',
37 => '== See also ==',
38 => '',
39 => '* [[Atatürk's Main Principles]]',
40 => '** [[Atatürk's Main Principles#Populism|Ethnicism (Atatürk's Main Principles)]]',
41 => '** [[Turkish civil code (1926)]]',
42 => '** [[Surname Law (Turkey)]]',
43 => '* [[Social equality]]',
44 => '* [[Solidarity]]',
45 => '* {{ill|Social state|de|Sozialstaat|es|Estado social}}',
46 => '* [[Narodniks]]',
47 => '* [[Popolarismo]]',
48 => '* [[Populism]]',
49 => '',
50 => '== References==',
51 => '{{Reflist}}',
52 => '',
53 => '[[Category:Political ideologies]]',
54 => '[[Category:Politics of Turkey]]'
] |
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3 => '* [[Ethnic prejudice]], an equivalent of [[racism]] with no physical differences between the groups',
4 => '* Ethnic [[loyalty]]',
5 => '* Ethnic [[hierarchy]] in societies with formal [[ethnic equality]]',
6 => '{{dab}}'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Turkish political concept</div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/info/en/?search=Ethnicism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ethnicism (disambiguation)">Ethnicism (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/info/en/?search=Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a>.</div>
<p><b>Ethnicism</b> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Halkçılık</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a></sup> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Ethnicist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnicist (page does not exist)">ethnicist</a> idea in <a href="/info/en/?search=Turkish_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish politics">Turkish politics</a> influenced by Russian <a href="/info/en/?search=Narodnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodnik">narodniks</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (April 2024)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is similar to [Atatürk's Main Principles#Populism|Atatürk's principle of ethnicism]], but should not be confused.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Ottoman_period"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ottoman period</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Turkish_War_of_Independence_and_the_Republic_period"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Turkish War of Independence and the Republic period</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Atatürk's_principle_of_ethnicism"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Atatürk's principle of ethnicism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Criticism"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Ethnicism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Ethnicism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Ottoman period"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>During the reign of <a href="/info/en/?search=Abdulaziz" title="Abdulaziz">Sultan Abdulaziz</a>, some <a href="/info/en/?search=Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> intellectuals, especially <a href="/info/en/?search=Ali_Suavi" title="Ali Suavi">Ali Suavi</a>, were influenced by the <a href="/info/en/?search=Narodniks" title="Narodniks">Narodnik movement</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and began to deal with the problems of the people. At the end of the 19th century, many literary figures, especially <a href="/info/en/?search=Mehmet_Emin_Yurdakul" title="Mehmet Emin Yurdakul">Mehmet Emin Yurdakul</a>, were affected by ethnicism. After the <a href="/info/en/?search=Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a>, the word 'folk' found wide usage. For a long time, ethnicism was thought of as the act of benevolent intellectuals for the benefit of the masses.
</p><p>This understanding began to change after <a href="/info/en/?search=World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Ziya_G%C3%B6kalp" title="Ziya Gökalp">Ziya Gökalp</a> concluded, under the influence of <a href="/info/en/?search=%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a>, that <a href="/info/en/?search=Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a> was bad, and shortly after the <a href="/info/en/?search=Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Soviet Revolution in 1918</a>, opposed it and defended ethnicism against it. Gökalp defined ethnicism as follows:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If a society consists of several strata or classes, then it is not an <a href="/info/en/?search=Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> society. The aim of ethnicism is to suppress stratification or class differences and instead to create a social structure of professional groups in <a href="/info/en/?search=Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a> with each other. In other words, we can summarize ethnicism as follows: there are no <a href="/info/en/?search=Social_class" title="Social class">social classes</a>, there are <a href="/info/en/?search=Profession" title="Profession">professions</a>!<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_War_of_Independence_and_the_Republic_period">Turkish War of Independence and the Republic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Ethnicism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Turkish War of Independence and the Republic period"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>This approach largely lends itself to <a href="/info/en/?search=Solidarism" title="Solidarism">solidarism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> This understanding greatly influenced <a href="/info/en/?search=Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalists</a>, especially the <a href="/info/en/?search=Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalists</a>, during the <a href="/info/en/?search=Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>. Although the corporations proposed by Gökalp were not realized, the principle of no classes was accepted by the Kemalist leaders. Kemalist leaders, especially Atatürk, insisted that classes were not yet developed in Turkey. They adopted the idea of solidarity in order to fight <a href="/info/en/?search=Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and the idea of <a href="/info/en/?search=Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a>. They also saw this as the justification for the <a href="/info/en/?search=One-party_system" class="mw-redirect" title="One-party system">one-party system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atatürk's_principle_of_ethnicism"><span id="Atat.C3.BCrk.27s_principle_of_ethnicism"></span>Atatürk's principle of ethnicism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Ethnicism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Atatürk's principle of ethnicism"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_Main_Principles" title="Atatürk's Main Principles">Atatürk's Main Principles</a></div>
<p>The principle of <b>ethnicism</b>, first of all, is aimed at the realization and establishment of a <a href="/info/en/?search=Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Western_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western democracy">western democracy</a>, which means "the administration of the people, by the people for the people".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> It also prioritizes <a href="/info/en/?search=Westphalian_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian sovereignty">national sovereignty</a>. The state aims at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Welfare" title="Welfare">welfare</a> and happiness of the citizens. It envisages the division of labor and solidarity among citizens. It ensures that the nation enjoys equal access to government services. It is understood from Atatürk's ethnicism principle that: No privilege is given to any person, group or any class in society. Everyone is equal before the law.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to the principle of ethnicism ,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> no one can gain superiority over others in terms of religion, race, sect or money when judged before the law.
</p><p>Ethnicism is defined in the <a href="/info/en/?search=The_Six_Arrows" title="The Six Arrows">six pillars</a> of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a> founded by Mustafa Kemal as follows: "For us, people must be treated equally before the law. No distinction should be made between class, family and individuals. We believe that the people of Turkey are not as a whole made up of various classes, but as a whole; as one. We see Turkish society as having various professions according to the needs of social life." However, this should not be confused with <a href="/info/en/?search=Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collectivism</a>. The "ethnicism" that Atatürk refers to here is not a socialist ideology used by <a href="/info/en/?search=Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> countries and is also not incompatible with <a href="/info/en/?search=Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>. Atatürk's ethnicism, as mentioned in the 1935 <a href="/info/en/?search=Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">CHP</a> program and Atatürk's Medeni Bilgiler book, is <a href="/info/en/?search=Solidarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarist">solidarist</a> based on the <a href="/info/en/?search=Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">solidarity of the classes</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> and also <a href="/info/en/?search=Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>Necessary measures have been taken for equality between women and men, the end of <a href="/info/en/?search=Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sex segregation</a> in schools, the measures taken to prepare a new <a href="/info/en/?search=Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish alphabet</a> that every citizen can learn and to treat every citizen equally before state organs support the principle of ethnicism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>According to <a href="/info/en/?search=Ahmet_Taner_K%C4%B1%C5%9Flal%C4%B1" title="Ahmet Taner Kışlalı">Ahmet Taner Kışlalı</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Kemalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemalist">Kemalist</a> ethnicism wanted to strengthen the poorest and most uneducated segment of the society and to ensure social solidarity.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>Although folkis ma principle that is quickly adopted, after <a href="/info/en/?search=World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, it remained largely in the background during the rapid industrialization and <a href="/info/en/?search=Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalistization</a> process.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Ethnicism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Criticism"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Ethnicism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Ethnicism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: See also"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_Main_Principles" title="Atatürk's Main Principles">Atatürk's Main Principles</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_Main_Principles#Populism" title="Atatürk's Main Principles">Ethnicism (Atatürk's Main Principles)</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Turkish_civil_code_(1926)" title="Turkish civil code (1926)">Turkish civil code (1926)</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">Surname Law (Turkey)</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Social_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Social state">Social state</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozialstaat" class="extiw" title="de:Sozialstaat">de</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_social" class="extiw" title="es:Estado social">es</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Narodniks" title="Narodniks">Narodniks</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Popolarismo" title="Popolarismo">Popolarismo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Ethnicism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
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</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAksakal2014" class="citation journal cs1">Aksakal, Hasan (January 2014). <a class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41901564">"Romanticism in Modern Turkish Intellectual History (Istanbul University, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Doctoral Dissertation, 2014)"</a>. <i>Romanticism in Modern Turkish Intellectual History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romanticism+in+Modern+Turkish+Intellectual+History&rft.atitle=Romanticism+in+Modern+Turkish+Intellectual+History+%28Istanbul+University%2C+Department+of+Political+Science+and+International+Relations%2C+Doctoral+Dissertation%2C+2014%29&rft.date=2014-01&rft.aulast=Aksakal&rft.aufirst=Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41901564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zafer Toprak (1977). Meşrutiyette Solidarist Düşünce: Halkçılık. <i>Toplum ve Bilim</i>, 1, s. 92.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/326817">"Ziya Gökalp'te "Solidarizm" ve "Milli İktisat"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Dergipark.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ziya+G%C3%B6kalp%27te+%22Solidarizm%22+ve+%22Milli+%C4%B0ktisat%22&rft.pub=Dergipark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Ftr%2Fdownload%2Farticle-file%2F326817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Dumont (1999). Kemalist İdeolojinin Kökenleri. Jacob M. Landau (Yay. Haz.) (1999). Atatürk ve Türkiye'nin Modernleşmesi, İstanbul: Sarmal, ISBN 975-8304-18-6 (s. 49-72) içinde. s.60.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ttk.gov.tr/belgelerle-tarih/ataturk-ilkeleri-belleten-makale/">"Atatürk ilkeleri"</a>. Türk Tarih Kurumu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk+ilkeleri&rft.pub=T%C3%BCrk+Tarih+Kurumu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ttk.gov.tr%2Fbelgelerle-tarih%2Fataturk-ilkeleri-belleten-makale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Medeni Bilgiler PDF</i> (in Turkish). Toplumsal Dönüşüm Yayınları. 1930. p. 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medeni+Bilgiler+PDF&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Toplumsal+D%C3%B6n%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCm+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=1930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Medeni Bilgiler PDF</i> (in Turkish). Toplumsal Dönüşüm Yayınları. 1930. pp. 101–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medeni+Bilgiler+PDF&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=Toplumsal+D%C3%B6n%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCm+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=1930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Kemalizm, Laiklik ve Demokrasi</i> (in Turkish). İmge Kitabevi. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kemalizm%2C+Laiklik+ve+Demokrasi&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=%C4%B0mge+Kitabevi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnicism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1721061097' |