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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Turkish Islamic tradition}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{About|the religious group, mainly in Turkey|the religious beliefs pertaining specifically to Kurds|Kurdish Alevism|the Arab [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslim]] group|Alawites|the descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib|Alids|non-Muslim Alevi religion|Ishikism}}
{{Infobox religion
|image = Turkey-1683 (2215851579).jpg
|name = Alevism
|native_name=Alevilik|scripture = [[Quran]], [[Nahj al-Balagha]], [[:tr:Makalat|Makalat]] and [[Buyruks]]
|separated_from = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and [[Principles of Islamic jurisprudence|Usuli Twelver theology]]
|leader_name1 = [[Dede (religious figure)|Dede]]
|leader_title2 =Teachings of
|leader_name2 = {{hlist |[[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophets and Messengers]] |[[Twelve Imams]] |[[Seven Great Poets]] |[[Safavid order]] |[[Haji Bektash Veli]] |[[Ahmad Yasawi]] |[[Yunus Emre]] |[[Ahi Evran]] |[[Balım Sultan]] |[[Sarı Saltık]]}}{{refn|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oxfordre.com/religion/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-101 |title=The Alevis |first=Gisela |last=Procházka-Eisl |date=5 April 2016 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |access-date=14 April 2023 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.101 |isbn=978-0-19-934037-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328735279 |title=Alevism-Bektashism From Seljuks to Ottomans and Safavids; A Historical Study |access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/40926169 |title=The Safavid-Qizilbash Ecumene and the Formation of the Qizilbash-Alevi Community in the Ottoman Empire, c. 1500–c. 1700 |first=Riza |last=Yildirim |date=2019 |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=52 |issue=3–4 |pages=449–483 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2019.1646120 |s2cid=204476564 |access-date=14 April 2023 |via=www.academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mete |first=Levent |date=2019 |title=Buyruk und al Jafr Das Esoterische Wissen Alis |trans-title=Buyruk and al Jafr The esoteric knowledge of Ali |language=de |journal=Alevilik-Bektaşilik Araştırmaları Dergisi: Forschungszeitschrift über das Alevitentum und das Bektaschitentum |trans-journal=Alevilik-Bektaşilik Araştırmaları Dergisi: Research journal on Alevism and Bektashism |volume=19 |pages=313–350 |url=https://abked.de/index.php/abked/article/download/236/215/ |access-date=2024-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Karakaya-Stump |first=Ayfer |doi=10.1515/9781474432702-012 |chapter=5 Mysticism and Imperial Politics: The Safavids and the Making of the Kizilbash Milieu |title=The Kizilbash-Alevis in Ottoman Anatolia: Sufism, Politics and Community |year=2019 |pages=220–255 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=9781474432702}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110741124-023 |doi-access=free |chapter=Adaptation of Buyruk Manuscripts to Impart Alevi Teachings: Mehmet Yaman Dede and the Arapgir-Çimen Buyruğu |title=Education Materialised |year=2021 |last1=Karolewski |first1=Janina |pages=465–496 |isbn=9783110741124 |s2cid=237904256}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |jstor=23077031 |title=Documents and "Buyruk" Manuscripts in the Private Archives of Alevi Dede Families: An Overview |last1=Karakaya-Stump |first1=Ayfer |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |year=2010 |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=273–286 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2010.524437 |s2cid=161466774}}</ref>}}
|leader_title3 = [[Theology]]
|leader_name3 = [[Haqq–Muhammad–Ali]]
|founder = [[Haji Bektash Veli]]
|founded_date = 13th-century
|founded_place = [[Haji Bektash Veli Complex|Sulucakarahöyük]]
|area = [[Turkey]]
|language = [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], and [[Zaza language|Zazaki]]<ref name=minorityrights>{{Cite web |title=Alevis |date=19 June 2015 |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/alevis/ |website= World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples |publisher=[[Minority Rights Group]] |access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref>
|headquarters = [[Haji Bektash Veli Complex]], [[Nevşehir Province|Nevşehir]], [[Turkey]]
|other_names = [[Qizilbash|Kızılbaşlık]]
|liturgy = [[Cem (Alevism)|Cem]], [[Sama (Sufism)|Sema]]
|native_name_lang=tr
}}
{{Alevism}}
[[File:Hacibektas-02-superchango.jpg|thumb|[[Haji Bektash Veli Complex]]]]
'''Alevism''', '''Anatolian Alevism''' or '''Qizilbashism'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karakaya-Stump |first=Ayfer |url=https://academic.oup.com/edinburgh-scholarship-online/book/37745 |title=The Kizilbash-Alevis in Ottoman Anatolia: Sufism, Politics and Community |date=2019-12-01 |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9781474432689.001.0001 |isbn=978-1-4744-3268-9 |s2cid=243158402 |language=en}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|æ|ˈ|l|ɛ|v|ɪ|z|ə|m}}; {{lang-tr|Alevilik}}, ''Anadolu Aleviliği'' or ''Kızılbaşlık''; {{Lang-ku|Elewîtî, Rêya Heqî}};<ref>{{Citation|last=Gültekin|first=Ahmet Kerim|title=Kurdish Alevism: Creating New Ways of Practicing the Religion|date=2019|url=https://www.multiple-secularities.de/media/wps_18_gueltekin_alevikurds.pdf|page=10|publisher=[[University of Leipzig]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au/the-alevis.html|title=The Alevis|website=www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325175829/http://www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au/the-alevis.html|archive-date=2017-03-25|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=elewîtî |date=2020-09-07 |url=https://ku.wiktionary.org/?title=elewîtî&oldid=4100998 |work=Wîkîferheng |access-date=2023-03-12 |language=ku}}</ref> {{lang-az|Ələvilik, Qızılbaşlıq}}) is a [[heterodox]]<ref name="22-7-17-nyt">{{cite news|last1=KINGSLEY|first1=PATRICK|date=22 July 2017|title=Turkey's Alevis, a Muslim Minority, Fear a Policy of Denying Their Existence|work=The New York Times |agency=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/22/world/europe/alevi-minority-turkey-recep-tayyip-erdogan.html?_r=0|access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref> and [[syncretic]]<ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/items/7d34f8f6-3ac7-4dca-930e-7cb15ba96388 | title=The formation of Alevi syncretism | date=11 February 2024 | publisher=Bilkent University | last1=Selmanpakoğlu | first1=Ceren }}</ref> [[Islam]]ic tradition, whose adherents follow the [[mystical]] Islamic teachings of [[Haji Bektash Veli]], who is supposed to have taught the teachings of the [[Twelve Imams]] whilst incorporating some traditions from [[Tengrism|Turkish Shamanism]].<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463225728-006/html | doi=10.31826/9781463225728-006 | chapter=Alevi Theology from Shamanism to Humanism | title=Alevis and Alevism | date=2010 | last1=Markussen | first1=Hege Irene | pages=65–90 | isbn=978-1-4632-2572-8 }}</ref> Differing from [[Sunni Islam]] and [[Usuli]] [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shia Islam]], Alevis have no binding religious [[dogma]]s, and teachings are passed on by a [[dede (religious figure)|spiritual leader]] as with [[Sufi orders]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tee |first=Caroline |date=2013-01-29 |title=The Sufi Mystical Idiom in Alevi Aşık Poetry: Flexibility, Adaptation and Meaning |url=https://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4683 |journal=European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey |language=en |doi=10.4000/ejts.4683 |issn=1773-0546|doi-access=free }}</ref> They acknowledge the [[Iman (Islam)|six articles of faith of Islam]], but may differ regarding their interpretation.<ref name=minorityrights/>
Originally one of many Sufi approaches within Sunni Islam; by the 16th century the order adopted some tenets of the Shia Islam, including a veneration of ʿAlī and the twelve imams, as well as a variety of syncretic beliefs. The Alevis acquired political importance in the 15th century, when the order dominated the [[Janissaries]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bektashi | title=Bektashiyyah | Religion, Order, Beliefs, & Community | Britannica }}</ref>
The term “Alevi-Bektashi” is currently a widely and frequently used expression in the religious discourse of Turkey as an umbrella term for the two religious groups of Alevism and [[Bektashism]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://events.ceu.edu/2022-05-12/amalgamation-two-religious-cultures-conceptual-and-social-history-alevi-bektashism | title=The Amalgamation of Two Religious Cultures: The Conceptual and Social History of Alevi-Bektashism | date=12 May 2022 }}</ref> Adherents of Alevism are found primarily in Turkey and estimates of the percentage of Turkey's population that are Alevi include between 4% and 25%.<ref name=minorityrights/><ref name="TR100">{{Cite web |title=TR100 |url=https://interaktif.konda.com.tr/turkiye-100-kisi-olsaydi |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=interaktif.konda.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kızıl |first=Nurbanu |date=2021-12-31 |title=Govt signals action for Turkey's Alevi community amid obstacles |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/news-analysis/govt-signals-action-for-turkeys-alevi-community-amid-obstacles |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Daily Sabah |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Etymology ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
"Alevi" ({{IPAc-en|æ|ˈ|l|ɛ|v|i}}) is generally explained as referring to [[Ali]], the cousin and son-in-law of [[Muhammad]]. The name represents a Turkish form of the word ''ʻAlawiyy'' ({{lang-ar|علوي}}) "of or pertaining to Ali".
A minority viewpoint is that of the [[Ishikism|Ishikists]], who assert, "Alevi" was derived from "Alev" ("[[flame]]" in Turkish) in reference to fire which is extensively used in Alevi rituals. According to them the use of candles is based on [[Quran]], surah [[an-Nur]], verses 35–36:
{{quote|God is the Light of the heavens and the earth. The example of His light is like a niche within which there is a lamp, the lamp is encased in a glass, the glass is like a radiant planet, which is lit from a blessed olive tree that is neither of the east nor of the west, its oil nearly gives off light even if not touched by fire. Light upon light, God guides to His light whom He pleases. And God sets forth examples for the people, and God is aware of all things. (Lit is such a Light) in houses, which God has permitted to be raised to honor; for the celebration, in them, of His name: In them is He glorified in the mornings and in the evenings, (again and again).}}
== Beliefs ==
{{main|Faith|Iman (concept)}}
According to scholar [[Soner Cagaptay|Soner Çağaptay]], Alevism is a "relatively unstructured interpretation of Islam".<ref name=Cagaptay-2012/> Journalist Patrick Kingsley states that for some self-described Alevi, their religion is "simply a [[cultural identity]], rather than a form of worship".<ref name="22-7-17-nyt" />
Many teachings are based on an orally transmitted tradition, traditionally kept secret from outsiders (but now widely accessible). Alevis commonly profess the Islamic [[shahada]], but adding "Ali is the [[Wali|''friend'' of God"]].
The basis for Alevis' most distinctive beliefs is found in the [[Buyruks]] (compiled writings and dialogues of [[Sheikh]] [[Safi-ad-din Ardabili]], and other worthies). Also included are hymns ''(nefes)'' by figures such as [[Shah Ismail]] or [[Pir Sultan Abdal]], stories of [[Hajji Bektash]] and other lore.
The Alevi beliefs among Turkish Alevis and Kurdish Alevis diverge as Kurdish Alevis put more emphasis on [[Pir Sultan Abdal]] than Haji Bektash Veli, and Kurdish Alevism is rooted more in [[Nature worship|nature veneration]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wakamatsu|first=Hiroki|title=Veneration of the Sacred or Regeneration of the Religious: An Analysis of Saints and the Popular Beliefs of Kurdish Alevis|journal=上智アジア学|volume=31|year=2013|publisher=[[Sophia University]]|page=12}}</ref><ref name="referenceworks.brillonline.com">{{EI3|title=Alevīs|year=2008|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/alevis-COM_0167?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=Alevīs|last=Dressler|first=Markus}}</ref>
=== God ===
{{Main|Allah|Muhammad-Ali|Haqq–Muhammad–Ali}}
In Alevi [[cosmology]], God is also called [[Al-Haqq]] (the Truth)<ref name="ReferenceD">Hande Sözer ''Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks'' BRILL 2014 {{ISBN|978-9-004-27919-3}} page 114</ref> or referred to as [[Allah]]. God created life, so the created world can reflect His Being.<ref name="ReferenceE">Tord Olsson, Elisabeth Ozdalga, Catharina Raudvere ''Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives'' Tord Olsson, Elisabeth Ozdalga, Catharina Raudvere {{ISBN|978-1-135-79725-6}} page 25</ref> Alevis believe in the unity of [[Haqq–Muhammad–Ali|Allah, Muhammad, and Ali]], but this is not a [[trinity]] composed of [[God in Islam|God]] and the historical figures of Muhammad and Ali. Rather, [[Muhammad-Ali|Muhammad and Ali]] are representations of Allah's light (and not of Allah himself), being neither independent from God, nor separate characteristics of Him.<ref name="ReferenceD"/>
In Alevi writings are many references to [[Muhammad-Ali|the unity of Muhammad and Ali]], such as:
[[File:Türkei Seidenfahne makffm.jpg|thumb|A representation of the sword of [[Ali]], the [[Zulfiqar]] in an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] emblem]]
{{Quotation|Ali Muhammed'dir uh dur fah'ad, Muhammad Ali, ("Ali is Muhammad, Muhammad is Ali")
Gördüm bir [[apple|elma]]dır, el-[[Hamd]]û'li[[Allah|Llâh]]. ("I've seen an apple, all praise is for God")<ref>These and many other quotations may be found in {{cite book | author = John Shindeldecker | date = 1998 | title = Turkish Alevis Today | publisher = Sahkulu Sultan Külliyesi Vakfı | isbn = 9789759444105 | oclc = 1055857045 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ha2SAAAACAAJ}}</ref>}}
The phrase "For the love of [[Haqq–Muhammad–Ali]]" (''Hakk–Muhammad–Ali aşkına'') is common to several Alevi prayers.
=== Spirits and afterlife ===
Alevis believe in the immortality of the soul,<ref name="ReferenceD"/> the literal existence of supernatural beings, including [[Angel in Islam|good angels]] (''melekler'') and [[Shaitan|bad angels]] (''şeytanlar''),<ref>Özbakir, Akin. Malatya Kale yöresi Alevi-Bektaşi inançlarının tespit ve değerlendirilmesi. MS thesis. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2010.</ref> bad ones as encourager of human's evil desires (''[[Nafs|nefs]]''), and [[jinn]] (''cinler''), as well as the [[evil eye]].<ref name="academia.edu">{{cite journal|title=Differences & Similarities Between Anatolian Alevis & Arab Alawites: Comparative Study on Beliefs and Practices|url=https://www.academia.edu/6854190|last1=Aksu|first1=İbrahim|website=www.academia.edu|language=en}}</ref>
Angels feature in Alevi cosmogony. Although there is no fixed creation narrative among Alevis, it is generally accepted that God created five archangels, who have been invited to the chamber of God. Inside they found a light representing the light of Muhammad and Ali. A recount of the Quranic story, one of the archangels refused to prostrate before the light, arguing, that the light is a created body just like him and therefore inappropriate to worship. He remains at God's service, but rejects the final test and turns back to darkness. From this primordial decline, the devil's enmity towards Adam emerged. (The archangels constitute of the same four archangels as within orthodox Islam. The fifth archangel namely [[Azazil]] fell from grace, thus not included among the canonical archangels apart from this story).<ref name="auto">Alevi Hafızasını Tanımlamak: Geçmiş ve Tarih Arasında. (2016). (n.p.): İletişim Yayınları.</ref>
Another story features the archangel [[Gabriel]] (''Cebrail''), who is asked by God, who they are. Gabriel answers: "I am I and you are you". Gabriel gets punished for his haughty answer and is sent away, until Ali reveals a secret to him. When God asks him again, he answers: "You are the creator and I am your creation". Afterwards, Gabriel was accepted and introduced to Muhammad and Ali.<ref name="auto"/>
=== Scriptures and prophets ===
Alevis acknowledge the four revealed scriptures also recognized in Islam: the [[Torah in Islam|Tawrat]] (Torah), the [[Zabur]] (Psalms), the [[Injil]] (Gospel), and the [[Quran]].<ref>Tord Olsson, Elisabeth Ozdalga, Catharina Raudvere ''Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives'' Tord Olsson, Elisabeth Ozdalga, Catharina Raudvere {{ISBN|978-1-135-79725-6}} page 72</ref> Additionally, Alevis are not opposed to looking to other religious books outside the four major ones as sources for their beliefs including Hadiths, Nahjul Balagha and Buyruks. Alevism also acknowledges the Islamic prophet Mohammed. Unlike the vast majority of Muslims, Alevis do not regard interpretations of the Quran today as binding or infallible, since the true meaning the Quran is considered to be taken as a secret by Ali and must be taught by a teacher, who transmits the teachings of Ali (''Buyruk'') to his disciple.<ref>Handan Aksünger Jenseits des Schweigegebots: Alevitische Migrantenselbstorganisationen und zivilgesellschaftliche Integration in Deutschland und den Niederlanden Waxmann Verlag 2013 {{ISBN|978-3-830-97883-1}} page 83-84 (German)</ref>
=== Twelve Imams ===
{{main|Twelve Imams}}
The Twelve Imams are part of another common Alevi belief. Each Imam represents a different aspect of the world. They are realized as twelve services or ''On İki Hizmet'' which are performed by members of the Alevi community. Each Imam is believed to be a reflection of [[Ali|Ali ibn Abu Talib]], the first Imam of the Shi'ites, and there are references to the "First Ali" ''(Birinci Ali)'', [[Hassan ibn Ali|Imam Hasan]] the "Second 'Ali" ''(İkinci Ali)'', and so on up to the "Twelfth 'Ali" ''(Onikinci Ali)'', [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Imam Mehdi]]. The Twelfth Imam is hidden and represents the [[Messianic Age]].
=== Plurality ===
The plurality in nature is attributed to the infinite potential energy of Kull-i Nafs when it takes corporeal form as it descends into being from Allah. During the Cem ceremony, the cantor or ''aşık'' sings:
:"All of us alive or lifeless are from one, this is ineffable, Sultan.
:For to love and to fall in love has been my fate from time immemorial."
This is sung as a reminder that the reason for creation is love, so that the followers may know themselves and each other and that they may love that which they know.
=== Perfect human being ===
{{main|Al-Insān al-Kāmil}}
[[File:Karaman Yunus Emre monument 4725.jpg|thumb|upright|A statue of [[Yunus Emre]], who codified the theory of 'Insan-i Kamil'.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ausbd/issue/36574/415629 | doi=10.18037/ausbd.415629 | title=Yunus Emre Düşüncesinde Bir Eğitim Modeli Olarak "İnsân-ı Kâmil": Konuya Öğretim Programlarının Kültürel ve Felsefi Temelleri Bağlamında Bir Yaklaşım | date=2017 | last1=Polat | first1=Doç. Dr. Mizrap | journal=Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi | volume=17 | pages=29–42 }}</ref>]]
Linked to the concept of the Prototypical Human is that of the [[al-Insān al-Kāmil]] "Perfect Human Being". Although it is common to refer to Ali and [[Haji Bektash Veli]] or the other Alevi saints as manifestations of the perfect human being, the Perfect Human Being is also identified with our true identity as pure consciousness, hence the Qur'anic concept of human beings not having original sin, consciousness being pure and perfect. {{citation needed|date=February 2016}} The human task is to fully realize this state while still in material human form.
The perfect human being is also defined in practical terms, as one who is in full moral control of his or her hands, tongue and loins (''eline diline beline sahip''); treats all kinds of people equally (''yetmiş iki millete aynı gözle bakar''); and serves the interests of others. One who has achieved this kind of enlightenment is also called ''eren'' or ''münevver'' "enlightened".{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}
=== Creed and jurisprudence ===
{{see also|Kaysanites|Khurramites|Qarmatians|Hurufism}}
[[File:Ahi Evran Mosque - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tomb of Ahi Evren]]; founder and leader of the [[Ahis|Ahi Brotherhood]], which evolved into a [[Anatolian beyliks|Beylik]] later on.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Darke |first=Diana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsGHEAAAQBAJ |title=The Ottomans: A Cultural Legacy |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-500-77753-4 |pages=86, 88 |language=en}}</ref> ]]
Sources differ on how important formal doctrine is among contemporary Alevi. According to scholar Russell Powell, there is a tradition of informal "Dede" courts within the Alevi society, but regarding Islamic jurisprudence or ''[[fiqh]]'' there has been "little scholarship on Alevi influences" in it.<ref name="Powell-2016-35">{{cite book |last1=Powell |first1=Russell |title=Shariʿa in the Secular State: Evolving Meanings of Islamic Jurisprudence in .. |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqRTDAAAQBAJ&q=Alevism+fiqh&pg=PA35 |access-date=27 July 2017 |isbn=9781317055693}}</ref>
* ''"The Alevi-Turks"'' has a unique belief system tracing back to [[Kaysanites]] and [[Khurramites]], which are considered [[ghulat]] Shi'ism. According to Turkish scholar Abdülbaki Gölpinarli, the [[Qizilbash]] "Red Heads" of the 16th century, a religious and political movement in Azerbaijan that helped to establish the [[Safavid dynasty]], were spiritual descendants of the Khurramites.<ref>Roger M. Savory (ref. Abdülbaki Gölpinarli), [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], "Kizil-Bash", Online Edition 2005</ref>
* Among the members of the Qizilbash order, who are a subsect of the Alevis, [[Abu Muslim]] (who assisted [[Abbasid Caliphate]] to beat the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], but who was later eliminated and murdered by Caliph [[al-Mansur]]) and [[Babak Khorramdin]] (who incited a rebellion against Abbasid Caliphate and consequently was killed by Caliph [[al-Mu'tasim]]) are highly respected. This belief provides strong clues about Kaysanite and Khurramite origins. In addition, [[Safavid order]] leader [[Ismail I]] is a highly regarded individual in Alevism associating them with the theology of Twelver Shia Islam.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
== Practices ==
{{main|Four Doors}}
The Alevi spiritual path (''yol'') is commonly understood to take place through four major life-stages, or "gates".
These may be further subdivided into "[[Four Doors|four gates]], forty levels" (''[[Four Doors|Dört Kapı Kırk Makam]]''). The first gate (religious law) is considered elementary (and this may be perceived as subtle criticism of other Muslim traditions).
The following are major crimes that cause an Alevi to be declared ''düşkün'' (shunned):<ref>Also see, Öztürk, ibid, pp. 78–81. In the old days, marrying a Sunni [Yezide kuşak çözmek] was also accepted as an offense that led to the state of düşkün. See Alevi Buyruks</ref>
* killing a person
* committing adultery
* divorcing one's wife without a just reason
* stealing
* backbiting/gossiping
Most Alevi activity takes place in the context of the second gate ''(spiritual brotherhood)'', during which one submits to a living spiritual guide ''([[dedes|dede]], [[Pir (Sufism)|pir]], [[Murshid|mürşid]])''. The existence of the third and fourth gates is mostly theoretical, though some older Alevis have apparently received initiation into the third.<ref>Kristina Kehl-Bordrogi reports this among the {{lang|tr|Tahtacı}}. See her article "The significance of ''[[müsahiplik]]'' among the Alevis" in ''Synchronistic Religious Communities in the Near East'' (co-edited by her, with B. Kellner-Heinkele & A. Otter-Beaujean), Brill 1997, p. 131 ff.</ref>
[[Rakia]], a [[fruit brandy]], is used as a sacramental element by the [[Bektashi Order]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/society/1225686/the-bektashis-have-stopped-hiding/ |title=The Bektashis have stopped hiding |first=Iliana |last=Magra |date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130212417/https://www.ekathimerini.com/society/1225686/the-bektashis-have-stopped-hiding/ |archive-date=2023-11-30 |website=Ekathimerini}}</ref> and [[Alevi]] [[Jem (Alevism)|Jem]] ceremonies, where it is not considered alcoholic and is referred to as "dem".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soileau |first=Mark |date=August 2012 |title=Spreading the ''Sofra'': Sharing and Partaking in the Bektashi Ritual Meal |journal=History of Religions |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/665961 |url-access=subscription |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=1–30 |access-date=June 5, 2021 |doi=10.1086/665961 |jstor=10.1086/665961}}</ref>
{{further|Pir (Sufism)|Dedes|Murshid}}
=== Dede ===
A Dede (literally meaning grandfather) is a traditional leader that is claimed to be from the lineage of Muhammad that performs ritual baptisms for newborns, officiates at funerals, and organises weekly gatherings at cemevis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/12/18/turkeys-alevis-beholden-to-politics|title=Turkey's Alevis beholden to politics|first=Umar|last=Farooq|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref>
=== Cem and Cemevi ===
{{main|Jem (Alevism)|Cemevi}}
[[File:Cem1.jpg|thumb|People performing Cem]]
[[File:Parts of the saz.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bağlama]]]]
Alevi religious, cultural and other social activities take place in assembly houses (''[[Cemevi]]''). The ceremony's prototype is the [[Isra and Mi'raj|Muhammad's nocturnal ascent into heaven]], where he beheld a gathering of forty saints (''Kırklar Meclisi''), and the Divine Reality made manifest in their leader, Ali.
The [[Jem (Alevism)|Cem]] ceremony features music, singing, and dancing (''[[:tr:Semah|Samāh]]'') in which both women and men participate. Rituals are performed in [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Zazaki language|Zazaki]], [[Kurmanji language|Kurmanji]] and other local languages.
;Bağlama
{{main|Bağlama}}
During the [[Jem (Alevism)|''Cem ceremony'']] the ''[[:tr:Halk ozanı|Âşık]]'' plays the [[Bağlama]] whilst singing spiritual songs, some of which are centuries old and well known amongst Alevis. Every song, called a ''Nefes,'' has spiritual meaning and aims to teach the participants important lessons.
;Samāh
A family of ritual dances characterized by turning and swirling, is an inseparable part of any ''cem''. ''Samāh'' is performed by men and women together, to the accompaniment of the [[Bağlama]]. The dances symbolize (for example) the revolution of the planets around the Sun (by man and woman turning in circles), and the putting off of one's self and uniting with God.
;Görgü Cemi
The Rite of Integration ''(görgü cemi)'' is a complex ritual occasion in which a variety of tasks are allotted to incumbents bound together by extrafamilial brotherhood (''müsahiplik''), who undertake a dramatization of unity and integration under the direction of the spiritual leader (''dede'').
;Dem
The love of the creator for the created and vice versa is symbolised in the [[Jem (Alevism)|''Cem ceremony'']] by the use of fruit juice and/or red wine{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} ''[Dem]'' which represents the intoxication of the lover in the beloved. During the ceremony ''Dem'' is one of the twelve duties of the participants. (see above)
;Sohbet
At the closing of the cem ceremony the [[Baba (Alevism)|Dede]] who leads the ceremony engages the participants in a discussion (''chat''), this discussion is called a ''sohbet''.
=== Twelve services ===
There are twelve services ({{lang-tr|On İki hizmet}}) performed by the twelve ministers of the cem.
# Dede: This is the leader of the Cem who represents Muhammad and Ali. The Dede receives confession from the attendees at the beginning of the ceremony. He also leads funerals, Müsahiplik, marriage ceremonies and circumcisions. The status of Dede is hereditary and he must be a descendant of Ali and Fatima.
# Rehber: This position represents [[Husayn]]. The Rehber is a guide to the faithful and works closely with the Dede in the community.
# Gözcü: This position represents [[Abu Dharr al-Ghifari]]. S/he is the assistant to the Rehber. S/he is the Cem keeper responsible for keeping the faithful calm.
# Çerağcı: This position represents [[Jabir ibn Abd-Allah]] and s/he is the light-keeper responsible for maintaining the light traditionally given by a lamp or candles.
# Zakir: This position represents [[Bilal ibn al-Harith]]. S/he plays the [[bağlama]] and recites songs and prayers.
# Süpürgeci: This position represents [[Salman the Persian]]. S/he is responsible for cleaning the Cemevi hall and symbolically sweeping the carpets during the Cem.
# Meydancı: This position represents [[Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman]].
# Niyazcı: this position represents [[Muhammad ibn Maslamah]]. S/he is responsible for distributing the sacred meal.
# İbrikçi: this position represents Kamber. S/he is responsible for washing the hands of the attendees.
# Kapıcı: this position represents Ghulam Kaysan. S/he is responsible for calling the faithful to the Cem.
# Peyikçi: this position represents Amri Ayyari.
# Sakacı: represents [[Ammar ibn Yasir]]. Responsible for the distribution of water, [[Sharbat (beverage)|sherbet ''(sharbat)'']], milk etc..
=== Festivals ===
[[File:10 Muharram.jpg|thumb|10th of [[Muharrem]] – The [[Day of Ashura]]: [[Huseyn bin Ali]] was murdered at [[Kerbela]]. [[Mourning of Muharram]] and the remembrance of this event by [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafaris]], [[Alevi]]s and Bektashis together in [[Ottoman Empire]]. Painted by [[Fausto Zonaro]].]]
{{main|Day of Ashura}}
Alevis celebrate and commemorate the birth of Ali, his wedding with Fatima, the rescue of [[Joseph in Islam|Yusuf]] from the well, and the creation of the world on this day. Various cem ceremonies and special programs are held.
==== Mourning of Muharram ====
{{main|Mourning of Muharram}}
The Muslim month of [[Muharram]] begins 20 days after [[Eid ul-Adha]] ({{lang|tr|Kurban Bayramı}}). Alevis observe a fast for the first twelve days, known as the [[Mourning of Muharram]] ({{lang-tr|Muharrem Mâtemi}}, {{lang|tr|Yâs-ı Muharrem}}, or {{lang|tr|Mâtem Orucu}}; {{lang-ku|Rojîya Şînê}} or {{lang|ku|Rojîya Miherremê}}). This culminates in the festival of [[Day of Ashura|Ashura]] ({{lang|tr|Aşure}}), which commemorates the martyrdom of [[Husayn]] at [[Karbala]]. The fast is broken with a special dish (also called ''[[Ashure|aşure]]'') prepared from a variety (often twelve) of fruits, nuts, and grains. Many events are associated with this celebration, including the salvation of Husayn's son [[Ali ibn Husayn]] from the massacre at Karbala, thus allowing the bloodline of the family of Muhammad to continue.
==== Hıdırellez ====
[[File:Khidr and elijah.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Persian miniature]] depicting [[Elijah]] and [[Khidr|al-Khiḍr]] ''(A [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniature]] version of [[Stories of the Prophets]])'']]
{{main|Hıdırellez|Khidr}}
[[Hıdırellez]] honors the mysterious figure [[Khidr]] ({{lang-tr|Hızır}}) who is sometimes identified with [[Elijah in Islam|Elijah]] (''Ilyas''), and is said to have drunk of the water of life. Some hold that Khidr comes to the rescue of those in distress on land, while Elijah helps those at sea; and that they meet at a rose tree in the evening of every 6 May. The festival is also celebrated in parts of the Balkans by the name of "Erdelez," where it falls on the same day as [[George's Day in Spring]] or [[Saint George's Day]].
Khidr is also honored with a three-day fast in mid-February called ''Hızır Orucu''. In addition to avoiding any sort of comfort or enjoyment, Alevis also abstain from food and water for the entire day, though they do drink liquids other than water during the evening.
Note that the dates of the Khidr holidays can differ among Alevis, most of whom use a lunar calendar, but some a solar calendar.
==== Müsahiplik ====
{{main|Müsahiplik}}
''Müsahiplik'' (roughly, "Companionship") is a covenant relationship between two men of the same age, preferably along with their wives. In a ceremony in the presence of a dede the partners make a lifelong commitment to care for the spiritual, emotional, and physical needs of each other and their children. The ties between couples who have made this commitment is at least as strong as it is for blood relatives, so much so that müsahiplik is often called spiritual brotherhood ''(manevi kardeşlik).'' The children of covenanted couples may not marry.<ref>Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi. 1988. Die Kizilbash/Aleviten, pp. 182–204.</ref>
Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi reports that the {{lang|tr|Tahtacı}} identify ''müsahiplik'' with the first gate ''(şeriat),'' since they regard it as a precondition for the second ''(tarikat).'' Those who attain to the third gate ''(marifat'', "[[gnosis]]") must have been in a ''müsahiplik'' relationship for at least twelve years. Entry into the third gate dissolves the ''müsahiplik'' relationship (which otherwise persists unto death), in a ceremony called ''Öz Verme Âyini'' ("ceremony of giving up the self").
The value corresponding to the second gate (and necessary to enter the third) is ''âşinalık'' ("intimacy," perhaps with God). Its counterpart for the third gate is called ''peşinelik''; for the fourth gate ''(hâkikat'', Ultimate Truth), ''cıngıldaşlık'' or ''cengildeşlik'' (translations uncertain).<ref>See again "The significance of ''[[müsahiplik]]'' among the Alevis" in ''Synchronistic Religious Communities in the Near East'' (co-edited by her, with B. Kellner-Heinkele & A. Otter-Beaujean), Brill 1997, p. 131 ff.</ref>
=== Folk practices ===
{{multiple image
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|width=220
|image1=Sam'dan lokma tatlisi.jpg
|image2=Aşure.jpg
|caption2=It is a common Alevi-Sunni tradition to distribute [[lokma]] (top) and [[ashure]] (below) publicly in Turkey.
}}
{{main|Eyüp Sultan Mosque|Ziyarat|Dua}}
Many folk practices may be identified, though few of them are specific to the Alevis. In this connection, scholar Martin van Bruinessen notes a sign from Turkey's Ministry of Religion, attached to Istanbul's shrine of [[Eyüp Sultan Mosque|Eyüp Sultan]], which presents<blockquote>...a long list of ‘superstitious’ practices that are emphatically declared to be non-Islamic and objectionable, such as lighting candles or placing ‘wishing stones’ on the tomb, tying pieces of cloth to the shrine or to the trees in front of it, throwing money on the tomb, asking the dead directly for help, circling seven times around the trees in the courtyard or pressing one’s face against the walls of the türbe in the hope of a supernatural cure, tying beads to the shrine and expecting supernatural support from them, sacrificing roosters or turkeys as a vow to the shrine. The list is probably an inventory of common local practices the authorities wish to prevent from re-emerging.<ref>''Religious practices in the Turco-Iranian World'', 2005.</ref></blockquote>Other, similar practices include kissing door frames of holy rooms; not stepping on the threshold of holy buildings; seeking prayers from reputed healers; and making ''[[lokma]]'' and sharing it with others. Also, [[Ashure]] is made and shared with friends and family during the month of [[Muharram]] in which the [[Ashura|Day of Ashure]] takes place.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fieldhouse |first=P. |title=Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions [2 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-61069-412-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 |access-date=August 11, 2017 |page=42}}</ref>
==== Ziyarat to sacred places ====
{{multiple image
|align=right
|direction=vertical
|header=
|width=220
|image1=Pir Sultan istirahatgahı.jpg
|caption1=The [[tomb]] of [[Pir Sultan Abdal]] in [[Sivas]]
|image2=Karacaahmet cemetery (2023-10-21) 20.jpg
|caption2=Entrance of [[Karacaahmet Cemetery]] in [[Istanbul]], Turkey
}}
{{main|Hacıbektaş|Karacaahmet|Şahkulu}}
{{further|Pir (Sufism)}}
Performing [[ziyarat]] and [[dua|du'a]] at the tombs of Alevi-Bektashi saints or [[Pir (Sufism)|pirs]] is quite common. Some of the most frequently visited sites are the shrines of [[Şahkulu Rebellion|Şahkulu]] and [[Karacaahmet Cemetery|Karacaahmet]] (both in [[Istanbul]]), Abdal Musa ([[Antalya]]), [[Seyyid Battal Gazi Complex]] ([[Eskişehir]]), Hamza Baba ([[İzmir]]), Hasandede ([[Kırıkkale]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.balikligol.com/kultur-sanat/alevi-bektasilerin-kutsal-yerleri-turbeler-h3112.html | title=ALEVİ & BEKTAŞİLERİN KUTSAL YERLERİ-TÜRBELER haberleri}}</ref>
In contrast with the traditional secrecy of the [[Jem (Alevism)|''Cem ceremony'']] ritual, the events at these cultural centers and sites are open to the public. In the case of the [[Hacıbektaş|Hacibektaş celebration]], since 1990 the activities there have been taken over by Turkey's Ministry of Culture in the interest of promoting tourism and Turkish patriotism rather than Alevi spirituality. The annual celebrations held at [[Hacıbektaş]] ''(16 August)'' and [[Sivas]] (the [[Pir Sultan]] [[Abdal]] Kültür Etkinlikleri, 23–24 June).
Some Alevis make pilgrimages to mountains and other natural sites believed to be imbued with holiness.
==== Almsgiving ====
{{main|dargah|waqf|zakat}}
Alevis are expected to give [[zakat]], but there is no [[calculation of Zakāt|set formula or prescribed amount]] for annual charitable donation as there is in other forms of Islam (2.5% of possessions above a certain minimum). Rather, they are expected to give the "excess" according to Qur'an 2:219. A common method of Alevi almsgiving is through donating food (especially sacrificial animals) to be shared with worshippers and guests. Alevis also donate money to be used to help the poor, to support the religious, educational and cultural activities of Alevi centers and organizations ([[dargah]]s, [[waqf|awqaf]], and meetings), and to provide scholarships for students.
== History ==
{{Main|Alevi history}}
[[File:Hajji Bektash Wali.jpeg|thumb|[[Ottoman miniature]] of the founder of the [[Bektashiyyah]] Sufi order [[Haji Bektash Veli|Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli ''(Ḥājjī Baktāsh Walī)'']], a [[murid]] of [[Malamatiyya|Malāmatī]]-[[Qalandariyya|Qalāndārī]] [[Sheikh]] [[Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar]], who introduced the [[Ahmad Yasavi]]'s [[doctrine]] of ''"[[Four Doors|Four Doors and Forty Stending]]"'' into his [[tariqah]]]]
=== Seljuk period ===
{{further|Ak Koyunlu|Kara Koyunlu}}
During the great Turkish expansion from Central Asia into Iran and Anatolia in the Seljuk period (11–12th centuries), Turkmen and Kurdish nomad tribes accepted a Sufi and pro-Ali form of Islam that co-existed with some of their pre-Islamic customs. Their conversion to Islam in this period was achieved largely through the efforts not of textual scholars (ulema) expounding the finer points of Koranic exegesis and shari‘a law, but by charismatic [[Sufi]] dervishes a belief whose cult of Muslim saint worship, mystical divination and [[millenarianism]] spoke more directly to the steppe mindset. These tribes dominated Anatolia for centuries with their religious warriors (ghazi) spearheading the drive against Byzantines and Crusaders.<ref name="ebookshia.com">[https://ebookshia.com/upload/bookFiles/656/شيعه_لبنان_زير_سلطه_عثماني.PDF شيعه_لبنان_زير_سلطه_عثماني] ebookshia.com (in Arabic)</ref>{{page needed |date=September 2023}}{{verification needed |date=September 2023}}
=== Ottoman period ===
{{further|Ottoman persecution of Alevis|Qizilbash|Şahkulu|Şahkulu rebellion}}
As in Khorasan and West Asia before, the Turkmens who spearheaded the Ottomans’ drive into the Balkans and West Asia were more inspired by a vaguely Shiite folk Islam than by formal religion. Many times, Ottoman campaigns were accompanied or guided by Bektaşi dervishes, spiritual heirs of the 13th century Sufi saint [[Haji Bektash Veli]], himself a native of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]. After the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman state became increasingly determined to assert its fiscal but also its juridical and political control over the farthest reaches of the Empire.<ref name="ebookshia.com"/>
The resulting [[Qizilbash]] revolts, a series of millenarian anti-state uprisings by the heterodox [[Turkmens|Turkmen]] population of Anatolia that culminated in the establishment of a militantly Shiite rival state in neighbouring Iran.<ref name="ebookshia.com"/> The Ottoman Empire later proclaimed themselves its defenders against the [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|Safavid Shia state]] and related sects. This created a gap between the Sunni Ottoman ruling elite and the Alevi Anatolian population. Anatolia became a battlefield between Safavids and Ottomans, each determined to include it in their empire.
===Republic of Turkey===
According to Eren Sarı, Alevi saw Kemal Atatürk as a [[Mahdi]] "savior sent to save them from the Sunni Ottoman yoke".<ref name="Sarı-2017-26">{{cite book|last1=Sarı|first1=Eren|title=The Alevi Of Anatolia: During the great Turkish expansion from Central Asia .|date=2017|publisher=noktaekitap|page=16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0y1DgAAQBAJ&q=To+prevent+penetration+by+hostile+outsiders%2C+the+Alevis+insisted+on+strict+endogamy+which+eventually+made+them+into+a+quasi-ethnic+group&pg=PA16|access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref> However, pogroms against Alevi did not cease after the establishment of Atatürk's republic. In attacks against leftists in the 1970s, ultranationalists and reactionaries killed many Alevis. [[Malatya massacre|Malatya in 1978]], [[Maraş massacre|Maraş in 1979]], and [[Çorum massacre|Çorum in 1980]] witnessed the murder of hundreds of Alevis, the torching of hundreds of homes, and lootings.<ref name=memorializeturkey/><ref name=turkishpolicy/>
Alevis have been victims of [[pogroms]] during both Ottoman times and under the Turkish republic up until the [[Sivas massacre|1993 Sivas massacre]].<ref name="22-7-17-nyt"/><ref name=memorializeturkey>{{cite web|title=Pir Sultan Abdal Monument and Festival|url=http://www.memorializeturkey.com/en/memorial/pir-sultan-abdal-monument-and-festival/|website=memorializeturkey.com|access-date=27 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233448/http://www.memorializeturkey.com/en/memorial/pir-sultan-abdal-monument-and-festival/|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="turkishpolicy">{{cite web|last1=Rana Birden Çorbacıoğlu|first1=Zeynep Alemdar|title=ALEVIS AND THE TURKISH STATE|url=http://www.turkishpolicy.com/dosyalar/files/zeynep_alemdar-rana_birden_corbacioglu-10_4.pdf|website=turkishpolicy.com|access-date=27 June 2014}}</ref>
{{Chart top|The historical emergence of the [[Alevis|Alevī]] [[Ṭarīqah]]|collapse=yes}}
{| class="{{{class|navbox}}}" style="float:{{{1|center}}}; margin: 2ex 0 0.6em 0.5em; width: 8em; line-height:111%;"
!<small>The schematic history of the development of the [[Imāmī]]-[[Schools of Islamic theology#Alevism|Alevism]] from other [[Shī‘ah]] [[Muslim sects]] </small>
|-
|
{{chart/start|align=right}}
{{chart|WAM|v|BAU| |FBA|v|AMJ|v|NBJ| |BAU=[[Barrah bint Abdul Uzza|Barrah]]|WAM=[[Wahb ibn Abd Manaf|Wahb]]|FBA=[[Fatimah bint Amr|Fatimah]]|AMJ=[[Abdul-Muttalib]]|NBJ=[[Natila bint Janab|Natīla]] |boxstyle_AMJ= background-color:Aquamarine; |boxstyle_FBA= background-color:Aquamarine; |boxstyle_WAM= background-color:MediumSpringGreen; |boxstyle_BAU= background-color:MediumSpringGreen; }}
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{{chart|ABW|v|ABM|!|ABH|v|FBQ| |ABB|ABW=[[Aminah bint Wahab]]|ABM=[[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|ʿAbd Allāh]] |HMZ=[[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|Hamza]]|ABB= [[‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|‘Abbas]]|FBQ=Fatimah bint Qays|ABH=[[Asad ibn Hashim|Asad]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd al-Manaf|Hashim]]|boxstyle_ABH= background-color:PaleGreen; |boxstyle_ABT= background-color:MediumSpringGreen; |boxstyle_ABW= background-color:MediumSpringGreen; |boxstyle_FBQ= background-color:PaleGreen; |boxstyle_ABM= background-color:Aquamarine; }}
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{{chart|HBH|v|MHD| |ABT|v|FBA| |ABA| | | | | | | |MHD= '''[[Muhammad]]'''<br /><small>([[Family tree of Muhammad|Family tree]])</small> |HBH=[[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]]|ABA=[[Abdullah ibn Abbas|ʿAbd Allāh]] |ABT=[[Abi Talib]]| FBA=[[Fatimah bint Asad]]|boxstyle_MHD= background-color:DeepSkyBlue; |boxstyle_HBH= background-color:Aqua; |boxstyle_ABH= background-color:MediumSpringGreen; |boxstyle_FBA= background-color:PaleGreen; |boxstyle_ABT= background-color:Aquamarine; }}
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{{chart|FAT|-|v|-|ALİ|-|v|-|KBJ| |AAA|FAT='''[[Fatima Zahra]]'''|AAA=<small>ʿAli bin [[Abdullah ibn Abbas|ʿAbd Allāh]] b. [[‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|‘Abbas]]</small>|KBJ=<small>[[Khawlah bint Ja'far|Khawlah b. Ja'far]] [[Banu Hanifah|al-Hanafiyyah]]</small>| ALİ='''[[Ali al Murtaza]]'''<br /><small>([[Family tree of Ali|Family tree]])</small> |boxstyle_ALİ= background-color:DodgerBlue; | boxstyle_FAT= background-color:SkyBlue; |boxstyle_KBJ= background-color:PowderBlue; }}
{{chart| | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |`|-|-|-|.| | |!| | | |}}
{{chart| |HAS| |HUS|v|SBN| |MBH|7|`|.|SBN=[[Shahr Banu]]|MBH='''[[Ibn al hanifiyyah|Ibn al-Hanifiyyah]]'''|HAS='''[[Hasan al Mujtaba]]'''|HUS='''[[Husayn ibn Ali]]''' <small>([[Family tree of Husayn ibn Ali|Family]])</small>|boxstyle_HAS= background-color:LightSkyBlue; |boxstyle_HUS= background-color:LightSkyBlue; |boxstyle_MBH= background-color:LightSteelBlue; }}
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{{chart| |FTM|-|v|-|ZAYN|v|JSN|!|KAY|!| | | | | |ZAYN=[[Ali al-Sajjad|Zayn al-'Abidin]]|FTM=[[Fatimah bint Hasan]]|JSN=Jayda al-Sindhi|KAY=[[Kaysanites]]<br /><small>([[Al-Mukhtar]])</small>|boxstyle_KAY= background-color:Thistle;|boxstyle_ZAYN= background-color:Turquoise;|boxstyle_FTM= background-color:Turquoise; }}
{{chart | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | |!| |:| |!| }}
{{chart|UFQ|v|BAQ| | |ZAY| |AHS|J| |!|BAQ=[[Muhammad al-Baqir]]|UFQ=[[Farwah bint al-Qasim|Farwah]] bint<br /><small>[[Al-Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr|Al-Qasim]] ibn [[Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr|Muhammad]]</small>|ZAY=[[Zayd ibn Ali|Zayd ash-Shahīd]] <small>([[Zaydiyyah]])</small>||AHS= <small>First [[Sufism|Sufi]]</small><br /> [[Abu Hashim]] <small>([[Hashimiyya]])</small>|boxstyle_HUS1= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_AHS= background-color:Lavender; |boxstyle_UFQ= background-color:Azure; |boxstyle_ZAY= background-color:PaleTurquoise;|boxstyle_BAQ= background-color:Turquoise; }}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | | |:| | | |L|~|~|T2|'|}}
{{chart| | |AMJ| | AMJ=[[Ja'far al-Sadiq]]| boxstyle_AMJ= background-color:LightCyan;| |YEM|A|ZYD| | |MAI| |MAI=[[Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah|Muhammad "al-Imām"]]|ZYD=[[Zaydi]]-[[Alavids]]|boxstyle_ZYD= background-color:AliceBlue;|YEM=[[Imams of Yemen|Yemen]]-[[Fiver (sect)|Fivers]] |boxstyle_YEM= background-color:AliceBlue; |boxstyle_MAI= background-color:Plum;}}
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{{Tree chart|İBJ| |FAT| |ALD|,|KAD| |IAI| |İBJ= [[Isma'il ibn Jafar]]|IAI=Ibrāhim<br /> [[Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah|"al-Imām"]]| |FAT=[[Abdullah al-Aftah ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq|Al-Aftah]]<br /><small>([[Aftahiyya]])</small>|ALD=[[Muhammad ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq (Al-Dibaj)|Al-Dibaj]] <br /><small>(Sumaytiyya)</small>|KAD= [[Musa al-Kadhim]]|boxstyle_FAT= background-color:LemonChiffon; |boxstyle_İBJ= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_KAD= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_ALD= background-color:Ivory;}}
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{{chart|İSM|7|AAA| |İBR|!|İSN| |MUS| |İSM=[[Imamah (Ismaili doctrine)|Imāmī]] [[Ismā'īlī]]sm|MUS=[[Abu Muslim Khorasani|Muslim’īyyah]] <small>([[Sinbad the Magean|Sīnbād]])</small>|boxstyle_İSM= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_İSN= background-color:#FFFFCC;|İSN=[[Imāmī]] [[Athnā‘ashariyyah]]|AAA=[[Muhammad ibn Abdullah al-Aftah|Muhammad al-Aftah]]|İBR=[[Ibrahim ibn Musa al-Kazim|Ibrāhim ibn Mūsā]]|boxstyle_MUS= background-color:LightPink; }}
{{Tree chart| |F|~|A|~|7| | | |,|-|'| |!| |,|-|(| | }}
{{chart|MBİ| |SEV| |FTM|F|ARD|!|TUR|TUR=[[Ishaq al-Turk]]|MBİ= [[Muhammad ibn Isma'il|Al-Maktūm]] <br /><small>(Mubārakʾiyya)</small>| |SEV=[[Seveners]]|FTM=[[Fatima bint Musa|Fātimā al-Ma‘sūmah]] | |ARD= [[Ali al-Rida]]| |boxstyle_MBİ= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_SEV= background-color:PeachPuff;}}
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{{Tree chart|WAF| |QAR|D|TUS|,|JAW| |MUH|QAR=<small>[[Hamdan Qarmat|Ḥamdān Qarmaṭ'l-ʾAšʿaṯ]]</small>| | |WAF= [[Ahmad al-Wafi|ʿAbadullāh<small> ''(Wafī Aḥmad)''</small>]]|TUS=[[Al-Tustari]]<br /><small>([[Taṣawwuf]])</small>|JAW= [[Muhammad al-Jawad|Muhammad al-Taqī ''(Jawad)'']]|MUH=[[Muḥammirah|Muhammerah]] <small>([[Muqanna]])</small>|boxstyle_MUH= background-color:HotPink; |boxstyle_TUS= background-color:Linen;}}
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{{chart|HAS1132| |SAD|:|MUS|,|HAD|7|KHR|HAD= [[Ali al Hadi]]|SAD=[[Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi|Abū Sa'id]]|HAS1132= [[Muhammad at-Taqi (Ahmed ibn Abadullah)|Aḥmad <small> ''(Taqī Muhammad)'' </small>]]|MUS=[[Musa al-Mubarraqa|Mūsā al-Mūbārraqā]]|KHR=[[Khurramites|Khurrāmīyah]] <small>([[Babak Khorramdin|Pāpak]], Maziar)</small>| boxstyle_KHR= background-color:Coral; }}
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{{chart|HAS2132| |TAH|:|MAH| |HAS|:|KIZ| |HAS2132= [[Radi Abdullah|Ḥusayn<small><br /> ''(Raḍī ʿAbdillāh)''</small>]]| |HAS=[[Hasan al-Askari]]| TAH=[[Abū-Tāhir Al-Jannābī|Abū-Tāhir]]|KIZ=[[Kızılbaş]]|MAH=[[Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi|Muhammad]] ibn [[Ali al-Hadi|Ali]] |boxstyle_KIZ= background-color:LightCoral; }}
{{Tree chart|boxstyle=background:LightBlue;| |!| | | |!| |L|~|~|7| | |!| |:| |:| | | | }}
{{Tree chart|UAM| |QAR| | |NAM| |!|NUS|:|NUS=[[Ibn Nusayr]] <small>([[Namiriya|‘Ulyāʾiyya]])</small>|UAM= [[Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah|Ubayd Allāh]] <small>([[Fatimids]])</small>|NAM=[[Fazlallah Astarabadi (Naimi)|Nāimī]]-[[Hurufi|Ḥurūfīs]]|QAR=[[Qarmati]]s| |boxstyle_QAR= background-color:PeachPuff; |boxstyle_UAM= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_NUS= background-color:Moccasin; |boxstyle_NAM= background-color:Linen;}}
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{{chart|HAS223|HAS223= [[Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)|al-Qāʾim]]| |AAA|!| | |MAH|^|ALK|:| |AAA=ʿAlī Al-Aʿlā <small>([[Bektashiyyah|Baktāsh’īyyah]])</small>|MAH=[[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Muhammad]] <br /><small>([[Imam e Zamana|Imām Zāmān]])</small>|ALK=[[Al-Khaṣībī]] <small>([[Nusairi]]s)</small>|boxstyle_NAM= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_MAH= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_ALK= background-color:Moccasin;|boxstyle_AAA= background-color:Linen; }}
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{{chart|HAS224| | |:|MPS| |TWE| |SAR|:|HAS224= [[al-Mansur Billah|al-Manṣūr]]|MPS=[[Mahmoud Pasikhani|Pasīkhānī]] <small>([[Nuktawiyya]])</small>|NUS=[[Nusairi]]s| |TWE=[[Imamiyyah]] <small>([[Theology of Twelvers|Twelvers]])</small>|SAR=[[Sarı Saltuk]] <small>([[Bektaşi|Baktāshī]]s)</small>|boxstyle_NUS= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_TWE= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_MPS= background-color:Linen; |boxstyle_SAR= background-color:MistyRose; }}
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{{Tree chart|HAS225| |NES| |JAF| |ALE|X|OTM|OTM=[[Otman Baba]]|HAS225= [[Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah|al-Muʿizz]]|NES=[[Nesîmî|Nasīmī]]|JAF=[[Ja'fari]]s|ALE=[[Alevi]]s| boxstyle_JAF= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_ALE= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_NES= background-color:Linen;|boxstyle_OTM= background-color:MistyRose;}}
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{{chart|ALA| |AKH| |SHY| |USL|:|BAL|BAL=[[Balım Sultan]]| |ALA= [[Al-Aziz Billah|al-ʿAzīz]]|AKH=[[Akhbari]]s|SHY=[[Shaykhi]]s|USL=[[Usuli]]s | | | boxstyle_QAR= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_AKH= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_SHY= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_USL= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_BAL= background-color:MistyRose;}}
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{{chart|HAS234|7|SAF| |BAB|.|VEF|:|HAS234=[[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|al-Ḥākim]]|BAB=[[Nuqta-yi Ula]] <small>([[Bábis]])</small>| VEF=[[Velayat-e-faqih]] <small>([[Iran, Islamic Rep.]])</small>|GÜL|GÜL=[[Gül Baba]] <small>([[Hurufi]]-[[Bektaşi]])</small>|SAF=[[Safavids]] <small>([[Safaviyya|Safavī]] [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|Iran]])</small>| | | |boxstyle_GÜL= background-color:MistyRose;}}
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{{chart|HAS312|HAS312=[[Ali az-Zahir|al-Ẓāhir]]| |DRZ| |AZL| |BHI|F|OAL|DRZ=[[Durzi]]s <br /><small>([[Al-Muqtana]]) </small>|OAL=[[Aleviler|Other Alevis]] <small>([[Schools of Islamic theology#Baktāshism (Bektaşilik)|Bektashism]])</small>|AZL=[[Mirza Yahya|Mírzá Yaḥyá]] <small>([[Azalis]])</small>|BHI=[[Mírzá Ḥusayn-`Alí Núrí|Mírzá Ḥusayn]] <small>([[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼís]])</small>|boxstyle_OAL= background-color:Pink; }}
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{{chart| | |ALM|~|NKH|-|BAP|F|YAR|!|YAR=[[Yarsani]]s <br /><small>([[Sultan Sahak]])</small>|ALM=[[Al-Mustansir Billah|Al-Mustanṣir bi-Llāh]]|NKH=[[Dā'ī al-Mutlaq|Dā'ī]] [[Nasir Khusraw]]| | | | | |BAP=[[Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region|Badakhshan]] & [[Badakhshan Province|Afgan]] [[Pamiris]] | boxstyle_NKH= background-color:Seashell; | boxstyle_BAP= background-color:Seashell;}}
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{{Tree chart|HAS3112|HAS3112=[[Al-Musta'li]] <small>([[Musta'li]]s)</small>| |MBM| |NIZ|!|NIZ=[[Nizār ibn al-Mustanṣir billāh|Al-Nizār]] <br /><small>([[Nizārī]]s)</small>|YEZ|:| |!|YEZ=[[Ostad Elahi]] <br /><small>([[‘Ali-Ilahis]])</small>| |BAM=[[Baha'uddin al-Muqtana|Baha'uddin Muqtana]]|ADD=<small>[[Nashtakin al-Darazi|Nashtakin<br />al-Darazi]]</small>|MBM=<small>Muḥammad ibn [[Abū Tamīm Ma'add al-Mustanṣir bi-llāh|Abū Tamīm]] </small>| boxstyle_HAS3112= background-color:#FFFFCC;| boxstyle_ADD= background-color:#FFFFCC;| boxstyle_NIZ= background-color:PapayaWhip; }}
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{{Tree chart| |,|AMR|AMR=[[Al-Amir|Al-Āmir]]|l4| | |SAB|!| | |BFR|!|BFR=[[Ishikism|Işık Alevis]]|SAB=[[Hashshashins]] <small>([[Hassan Sabbah|Ḥ. bin Sabbah]]) </small>| |boxstyle_SAB= background-color:PapayaWhip; }}
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{{chart|TAQ|TAQ=[[At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim|At-Tayyib]] <small>([[Tayyibi]]s)</small>|:|HAF|HAF=[[Al-Hafiz|Al-Ḥāfīz]] <small>([[Hafizi]]s)</small>| |HAS|!|HAS=[[Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam|Ḥasan ʿAlā]] <small>([[Alamut Castle|Alamūt]] [[Nizārī Ismā'īlī state|Nizārī]]s) </small>| | |ALN|!|HAR|HAR=[[Harabati baba tekke|Harabatis]] <br /><small>([[Baba Rexheb]]) </small>|ALN=[[Alians]]<br /> <small>([[Demir Baba Teke|Demir Baba]]) </small>| | |boxstyle_HAR= background-color:LavenderBlush; |boxstyle_HAF= background-color:LightYellow; | boxstyle_HAS= background-color:PapayaWhip; |boxstyle_TAQ= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_ALN= background-color:LavenderBlush; }}
{{Tree chart| |G2|~|J| | | | | |!| |`|-|.| | | |!|}}
{{chart|ARW|ARW=[[Arwa al-Sulayhi|Arwa <br />al-Sulayhi]]|-|DAW|.|AGA| |PAM| |CEP| |CEP=[[Chepni]]s|DAW=[[Zoeb bin musa|Zoeb Musa]] <small>([[Dawoodi Bohra|Dawoodis]])</small>|AGA=[[Aga Khan|Agha Khans]] <small>([[Imamate in Nizari doctrine|Nizārī Ismā'īlī]]s)</small>|boxstyle_DRZ= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_DAW= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_AGA= background-color:PapayaWhip; |HUS2232=[[Dawoodi Bohra#Intra-Bohra schisms|Other Bohra]]s |PAM=[[Pamir Mountains|Pamir]] [[Imamah (Ismaili doctrine)|Ismāʿīlīsm]] | boxstyle_CEP= background-color:LavenderBlush; | boxstyle_PAM= background-color:Seashell;}}
{{chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|+|-|v|-|-|-|.|}}
{{chart|SUL| |ALA|!|HEB|,|ATB| |SUL=[[Sulayman bin Hassan|Sulayman]] <small>([[Sulaymanis]])</small> |HEB=<small>[[Hebtiahs Bohra]]</small>|ALA=<small>Ali bin Ibrāhim<br />([[Alavi Bohra]])</small> |PDB=[[Progressive Dawoodi Bohra|Progressive Dawoodis]] |boxstyle_HEB= background-color:#FFFFCC;|ATB=<small>[[Abdul Hussain Jivaji|A . Hussain Jivaji]]<br /> ([[Atba-i-Malak]])</small> | boxstyle_SUL= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_ALA= background-color:#FFFFCC;| boxstyle_ATB= background-color:#FFFFCC;| }}
{{chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|'| |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{chart|JAF| |PDB| |AMV| |AMB| |JAF=<small>[[Jafari Bohras]] ([[Syed Jafar Ahmad Shirazi]])</small>|PDB=<small>[[Progressive Dawoodi Bohra|Progressive Dawoodis]] ([[Asghar Ali Engineer|Asghar Ali]])</small>|AMB=<small>[[Atba-e-Malak Badar|Atba-i-Malak Badar]] ([[Badruddin Ghulam Hussain Miya Khan Saheb|Ghulam Hussain Miya Khan]])</small>|AMV=<small>[[Atba-i-Malak Vakil]] ([[Abdul Qadir Ebrahimji|A. Qadir Ebrahimji]])</small>| boxstyle_PDB= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_AMB= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_AMV= background-color:#FFFFCC;| }}
{{chart/end}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}
==Organization==
{{Sufism|collapsed=1}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| header = [[Ali]], [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]] in [[Hagia Sophia]]
| width = 220
| image1 = 01HSI1 (2099855672).jpg
| caption1 = [[Ali]] (right) and [[Husayn ibn Ali]] (left) medallions in the [[Hagia Sophia]]
| image2 = Name of Prophet Muhammad in Arabic in Hagia Sophia, April 2013.JPG
| caption2 = [[Hasan ibn Ali]] medallion in Hagia Sophia
}}
In contrast to the [[Bektashi order]]{{Snd}}''tariqa'', which like other Sufi orders is based on a [[silsila]] "initiatory chain or lineage" of teachers and their students, Alevi leaders succeed to their role on the basis of family descent. Perhaps ten percent of Alevis belong to a religious elite called ''ocak'' "hearth", indicating descent from Ali and/or various other saints and heroes. ''Ocak'' members are called ''ocakzade''s or "sons of the hearth". This system apparently originated in the Safavid state.
Alevi leaders are variously called ''[[murshid]], [[Pir (Sufism)|pir]], [[Rehber (Alevism)|rehber]]'' or ''[[Dede (religious figure)|dede]].'' Groups that conceive of these as ranks of a hierarchy (as in the [[Bektashi Order]]) disagree as to the order. The last of these, ''dede'' "grandfather", is the term preferred by the scholarly literature. ''Ocakzade''s may attain to the position of ''dede'' on the basis of selection (by a father from among several sons), character, and learning. In contrast to Alevi rhetoric on the equality of the sexes, it is generally assumed that only males may fill such leadership roles.
Traditionally, ''dedes'' did not merely lead rituals, but led their communities, often in conjunction with local notables such as the [[agha (title)|ağas]] (large landowners) of the [[Tunceli Province|Dersim Region]]. They also acted as judges or arbiters, presiding over village courts called ''[[Düşkünlük Meydanı]]''.
Ordinary Alevi would owe allegiance to a particular ''dede'' lineage (but not others) on the basis of pre-existing family or village relations. Some fall instead under the authority of Bektashi dargahs.
In the wake of 20th century urbanization (which removed young laborers from the villages) and socialist influence (which looked upon the dedes with suspicion), the old hierarchy has largely broken down. Many dedes now receive salaries from Alevi cultural centers, which arguably subordinates their role. Such centers no longer feature community business or deliberation, such as the old ritual of reconciliation, but emphasize musical and dance performance to the exclusion of these.<ref>See Martin Stokes' study.</ref> Dedes are now approached on a voluntary basis, and their role has become more circumscribed – limited to religious rituals, research, and giving advice.
According to John Shindeldecker "Alevis are proud to point out that they are [[monogamy|monogamous]], Alevi women are encouraged to get the best education they can, and Alevi women are free to go into any occupation they choose."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2017/02/10/religious-diversity-and-the-alevi-struggle-for-equality-in-turkey/|title=Religious Diversity And The Alevi Struggle For Equality In Turkey|last=Flows|first=Capital|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
=== Relationship with Shia Islam ===
Alevis are classified as a sect of Shia Islam,<ref>{{cite web|editor=Miller, Tracy |date=October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population, Pew Research Center |url=http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf |access-date=2009-10-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010050756/http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf |archive-date=2009-10-10 }}</ref> and Ayatollah [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] decreed Alevis to be part of the Shia fold in the 1970s.<ref name="Nasr, V page 1">Nasr, V: "The Shia Revival," page 1. Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc, 2006</ref> However, Alevi philosophies, customs, and rituals are appreciably different from those of mainstream, orthodox [[Usuli]]s. According to Alevis{{Which|date=August 2023}}, Ali and Muhammad are likened to the two sides of a coin, or the two halves of an apple.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}
====Relationship with Alawites====
Similarities with the [[Alawites]] of [[Syria]] exist.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} Both are viewed as [[heterodox]]{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}, [[syncretic]] Islamic minorities, whose names both mean "devoted to [[Ali]]," (the son-in-law and cousin of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, and fourth [[caliph]] following Muhammad as leader of the Muslims), and are located primarily in the Eastern Mediterranean. Like mainstream Shia they are known as "Twelvers" as they both recognize the Twelve Imams.
How the two minorities relate is disputed. According to scholar Marianne Aringberg-Laanatza, "the Turkish Alevis... do not relate themselves in any way to the Alawites in Syria."<ref>{ Aringberg-Laanatza, Marianne. [https://www.iberlibro.com/9780700710881/Alevi-Identity-Cultural-Religious-Social-0700710884/plp “Alevis in Turkey–Alawites in Syria: Similarities and Differences.” In Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives.] Edited by Tord Olsson, Elisabeth Özdalga, and Catharina Raudvere, 181–199. Richmond, UK: Curzon, 1998.}</ref> However journalist [[Jeffrey Gettleman]]d claims that both Alevi and the less than one million Alawite minority in Turkey "seem to be solidly behind Syria’s embattled strongman, [[Bashar al-Assad]]" and leery of Syrian Sunni rebels.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/05/world/middleeast/turkish-alawites-fear-spillover-of-violence-from-syria.html|title=Turkish Alawites Fear Spillover of Violence From Syria|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2012-08-04|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-07-28|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ''[[Deutsche Welle]]'' journalist Dorian Jones states that Turkish Alevis are suspicious of the anti-Assad uprising in Syria. "They are worried of the repercussions for Alawites there, as well as for themselves."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/alevi-turks-concerned-for-alawi-cousins-in-syria/a-15823670|title=Alevi Turks concerned for Alawi 'cousins' in Syria {{!}} Globalization {{!}} DW {{!}}|last=Jones|first=Dorian|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=22 March 2012|language=en|access-date=2017-07-28|agency=Deutsche Welle}}</ref>
Some sources (Martin van Bruinessen and Jamal Shah) mistake Alawites living in Turkey to be Alevis (calling Alevis "a blanket term for a large number of different heterodox communities"),<ref name=Bruinessen>{{cite web|url=http://islam.uga.edu/alevivanb.html|title=Kurds, Turks, and the Alevi Revival in Turkey|last=van Bruinessen|first=Martin|date=c. 1995|website=islam.uga.edu|access-date=2017-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512072504/http://islam.uga.edu/alevivanb.html|archive-date=2014-05-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> but others do not, giving a list of the differences between the two groups. These include their liturgical languages (Turkish or Kurdish for Alevi, Arabic for Alawites). Opposing political nationalism, with Alawites supporting their ruling dictatorship and considering Turks (including Alevis) an "opponent" of its Arab "historic interests".{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} (Even Kurdish and Balkan Alevi populations pray in Turkish.)<ref name=Cagaptay-2012>{{cite web|url=http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/17/are-syrian-alawites-and-turkish-alevis-the-same/|title=Are Syrian Alawites and Turkish Alevis the same?|last=Cagaptay|first=Soner|date=17 April 2012|website=CNN|access-date=2017-07-28|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107162959/https://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/17/are-syrian-alawites-and-turkish-alevis-the-same/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Unlike Alevis, Alawites not only traditionally lack mosques but do not maintain their own places for worship, except for shrines to their leaders.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} Alevi "possess an extensive and widely-read religious literature, mainly composed of spiritual songs, poems, and epic verse." Their origins are also different: The Alawite faith was founded in the ninth century by Abu Shuayb Muhammad [[ibn Nusayr]]. Alevism started in the 14th century by mystical Islamic dissenters in Central Asia, and represent more of a movement rather than a sect.
=== Relationship with Sunnis ===
The relationship between Alevis and Sunnis is one of mutual suspicion and prejudice dating back to the Ottoman period. Hundreds of Alevis were murdered in sectarian violence in the years that preceded the [[1980 Turkish coup d'état|1980 coup]], and as late as the 1990s dozens were killed with impunity.<ref name="22-7-17-nyt" /> While pogroms have not occurred since then, Erdogan has declared "a [[cemevi]] is not a place of worship, it is a center for cultural activities. Muslims should only have one place of worship."<ref name="22-7-17-nyt" />
Alevis{{Which?|date=August 2023}} claim that they have been subject to [[Religious intolerance|intolerant]] Sunni "nationalism" that has been unwilling to recognize Alevi "uniqueness".<ref>Karin Vorhoff. 1995. Zwischen Glaube, Nation und neuer Gemeinschaft: Alevitische Identitat in der Türkei der Gegenwart, pp. 95–96.</ref>
== Demographics ==
{{see also|Kurdish Alevism}}
[[File:Alevis_in_Turkey.png|thumb|upright 1.2|Distribution of Alevi population in Turkey. Red = Anatolian Alevis (Turks and Kurds). Dark red = Alawites (Arabs) in Southern Turkey.]]
[[File:1 - Hamburg 1. Mai 2014 03.JPG|thumb|upright 1.2|Alevis in a demonstration in [[Hamburg]]]]
Most Alevi live in Turkey, where they are a minority and Sunni Muslims the majority. The size of the Alevi population is likewise disputed, but most estimates place them somewhere between 5 and 10 million people or about 10% of the population.<ref name=usstate>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90204.htm|title=Turkey: International Religious Freedom Report 2007|date=14 September 2007|publisher=State.gov|access-date=9 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Daan Bauwens|date=18 February 2010 |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/LB18Ak04.html |title=Turkey's Alevi strive for recognition |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222035039/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/LB18Ak04.html |archive-date=22 February 2010 |work=Asia Times Online|access-date=9 August 2011}}</ref> Estimates of the percentage of Turkey's population that are Alevi range between 4% and 15%.<ref name=minorityrights/><ref name="TR100"/> Scattered minorities live in the [[Balkans]], [[the Caucasus]], [[Cyprus]], [[Greece]], [[Iran]] and the diaspora such as Germany and France.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Massicard |first1=Elise |title=The Alevis in Turkey and Europe: Identity and Managing Territorial Diversity |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kv6d_yXa7iUC&q=alevis+worldwide&pg=PA38 |via=googlebooks.com |access-date=5 June 2014 |isbn=9781136277986 |date=2012-10-12}}</ref> In the [[2021 United Kingdom census]], Alevism was discovered to be the eighth largest religion in England and Wales, after Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism, Judaism and Paganism.<ref name="Religion, England and Wales">{{Cite web |title=Religion, England and Wales |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021 |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Office of National Statistics}}</ref>
Different estimations exist on the ethnic composition of the Alevi population. Although Turks are probably the largest ethnic group among Alevis considering their historical towns and cities.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} While Dressler stated in 2008 that about a third of the Alevi population is Kurdish,<ref name="referenceworks.brillonline.com"/> Hamza Aksüt argued that the majority is Kurdish<ref>{{cite book|last=Gezik|first=Erdal|title=The Cambridge History of the Kurds|year=2021|editor-last=Bozarslan|editor-first=Hamit|chapter=The Kurdish Alevis: The Followers of the Path of Truth|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=562|doi=10.1017/9781108623711.026|s2cid=235541104}}</ref> when all groups he considers as Alevis, such as the [[Yarsanism|Yarsanis]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aksüt |first1=Hamza |title=Aleviler: Türkiye, İran, İrak, Suriye, Bulgaristan : araştırma-inceleme |date=2009 |publisher=Yurt Kitap-Yayın |page=319 |isbn=9789759025618 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d2FPAQAAIAAJ |access-date=31 July 2022}}</ref> are counted.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Hamza Aksüt |title=Hamza Aksüt ile Alevi Ocakları Üzerine - Aleviliğin Kökleri |language=Turkish |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L3is6Fi3iqI&t=13m8s |access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref>
Most Alevis are probably of Kizilbash or Bektashi origin.<ref name=minorityrights/> The Alevis (Kizilbash) are traditionally predominantly rural and acquire identity by parentage. Bektashis, however, are predominantly urban, and formally claim that membership is open to any Muslim. The groups are separately organized, but subscribe to "virtually the same system of beliefs".<ref name=minorityrights/>
===Population estimates===
The Alevi population has been estimated as follows:
* Approximately 20 million according to [[Daily Sabah]], a newspaper close to the government in 2021.<ref name="dailysabah">{{cite web |date=31 December 2021 |title=Govt signals action for Turkey's Alevi community amid obstacles |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/news-analysis/govt-signals-action-for-turkeys-alevi-community-amid-obstacles |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=www.dailysabah.com}}</ref>
* 12,521,000 according to [[Sabahat Akkiraz]], an MP from [[Republican People's Party|CHP]].<ref name=habersol>{{cite web|title=Sabahat Akkiraz'dan Alevi raporu|url=http://haber.sol.org.tr/devlet-ve-siyaset/sabahat-akkirazdan-alevi-raporu-haberi-64266 |website=haber.sol.org.tr|date=14 December 2012|access-date=25 June 2014}}</ref>
* "approx. 15 million..."{{Snd}}Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi.<ref name="Near East' 1997">From the introduction of ''Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East'' edited by her, B. Kellner-Heinkele, & A. Otter-Beaujean. Leiden: Brill, 1997.</ref>
* 4% of total population of Turkey{{Snd}}[[KONDA Research and Consultancy|KONDA Research]] (2021).<ref name="TR100"/>
* In Turkey, 15% of Turkey's population (approx. 10.6 million){{Snd}}Shankland (2006).<ref>''Structure and Function in Turkish Society.'' Isis Press, 2006, p. 81.</ref>
*20 to 25 million according to Minority Rights Group.<ref name=minorityrights/>
* There is a native 3,000 Alevi community in [[Western Thrace]], Greece.<ref>{{cite web|author =Μποζανίνου Τάνια |url=http://www.tovima.gr/world/article/?aid=379767 |title=ΤΟ ΒΗΜΑ – Αλεβίτες, οι άγνωστοι "συγγενείς" μας – κόσμος |date=23 January 2011 |publisher=Tovima.gr |access-date=2012-11-22}}</ref>
* The predominant religion of the [[Äynu people]] of western China is Alevism.<ref name="KAM">{{cite book |last = Louie |first =Kam |title = The Cambridge Companion to Modern Chinese Culture |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn = 978-0521863223 |page = 114 |year = 2008}}</ref><ref name="XIN">{{cite book |last = Starr |first =S. Frederick |title = Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland: China's Muslim Borderland |publisher = [[Routledge]] |isbn = 978-0765613189 |page = 303 |year = 2004}}</ref><ref name="WHIT">{{cite web |url=https://arminda.whitman.edu/theses/240 |title=Mummy dearest : questions of identity in modern and ancient Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region |date=9 May 2012 |publisher=Alyssa Christine Bader [[Whitman College]] p31 |access-date=19 November 2020|last1=Bader |first1=Alyssa Christine}}</ref> There are estimated to be around 30–50 thousand Äynu, mostly located on the fringe of the [[Taklamakan Desert]].<ref name="Johanson">{{cite web
| last = Johanson
| first = Lars
| year = 2001
| title = Discoveries on the Turkic Linguistic Map
| publisher = Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul
| volume = 5
| location = Stockholm
| pages = 21–22
| url = http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/DILBILIM/johanson_01.pdf
}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ&q=aynu+people&pg=PA15|title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia|last=Minahan|first=James B.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2014|isbn=9781610690188|pages=14–15}}</ref>
* 25,672 Alevi live in England and Wales.<ref name="Religion, England and Wales"/>
* 600k to 700k Alevi live in Germany.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kassel.de/buerger/stadtgesellschaft/rat-der-religionen/alevitische-gemeinde.php|title=Alevitische Gemeinde|website=Stadt Kassel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://fowid.de/meldung/aleviten-deutschland |title=Aleviten in Deutschland |date=16 September 2021}}</ref>
* 100k to 200k Alevi live in France.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Yaman | first1=Ali | last2=Dönmez| first2=Rasim Özgür | title=Creating cohesion from diversity through mobilization: Locating the place of Alevi federations in Alevi collective identity in Europe | journal=Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi | publisher=Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University | issue=77 |year=2016| pages=13–36 | url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tkhcbva/issue/71962/1157641}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Koşulu | first=Deniz | title=Muslim Political Participation in Europe | chapter=The Alevi quest in Europe through the redefinition of the Alevi movement: recognition and political participation, a case study of the Fuaf in France | publisher=Edinburgh University Press | year=2013| isbn=978-0-7486-4694-4 | doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9780748646944.003.0013 | pages=255–276}}</ref>
=== Social groups ===
[[File:Alevisme.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Calligraphic]] hat in Alevi-[[Bektashism]]]]
A Turkish scholar working in France has distinguished four main groups among contemporary Alevis in Turkey.<ref name=":2" />
The first group, who form a majority of the Alevi population, regard themselves as true Muslims and are prepared to cooperate with the state. It adheres to the way of [[Jafar as-Sadiq]], the Sixth Imam of Shia Islam. This group's concept of ''[[God in Islam|God]]'' is the same as Orthodox Islam, and like their Shia counterparts they reject the first three chosen [[Caliph]]s, whom Sunni accept as legitimate, and accept only [[Ali]] as the actual and true Caliph.<ref name=":2" />
The second group, which has the second most following among Alevis, are said to be under the active influence of the official Iranian Shia and to be confirmed adherents of the [[Twelver]] branch of Shia Islam and they reject the teachings of Bektashism Tariqa. They follow the [[Ja'fari jurisprudence]] and oppose secular state power.<ref name=":2">Bilici, F: "The Function of Alevi-Bektashi Theology in Modern Turkey", seminar. Swedish Research Institute, 1996</ref>
The third group, a minority belief held by the Alevis, is mainly represented by people who belong to the political left and presumed ''the Aleviness'' just as an outlook on the individual human life rather than a religious conviction by persistently renouncing the ties of Alevism with Twelver political branch of Shia Islam. The followers of this congregation, who later turned out to be the very stern defenders of ''[[Ishikism|Erdoğan Çınar]],'' hold ritual unions of a religious character and have established cultural associations named after [[Pir Sultan Abdal]] as well. According to their philosophy, human being should enjoy a central role reminiscent of the doctrine of ''[[Khurramites]],'' and as illustrated by [[Hurufism|Hurufi]] phrase of ''God is Man'' quoted above in the context of the [[Trinity]].<ref name=":2" />
The fourth{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} who adopted some aspirations of ''[[Christian mysticism]],'' is more directed towards heterodox [[mysticism]] and stands closer to the [[Hajji Bektash]]i Brotherhood. According to the philosophy developed by this congregation, [[Christianity|Christian]] [[mysticism|mystic]] [[St Francis of Assisi]] and [[Hindu]] [[Mahatma Gandhi]] are supposedly considered better believers of [[God]] than many [[Muslims]].<ref name=":2" />
{{further|Ja'fari|Nusayrism|Hurufism| Chinarism}}
== Influences of other beliefs and sects on Alevism ==
{{see also|Ishikism}}
{{Bektashi}}
[[File:Syariah-thariqah-hakikah2.jpg|thumb|'''[[Four Doors|Four Spiritual Stations]] in Bektashiyyah:''' Sharia, tariqa, [[haqiqa]], and the fourth station, [[marifa]], which is considered "unseen", is actually ''the center'' of the ''[[haqiqa]]'' region. [[Marifa]] is the essence of all four stations.]]
=== Sufi elements in Alevism ===
{{Further|Qalandariyya|Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar|Sufi metaphysics}}
Despite this essentially Shi‘i orientation, much of Aleviness' mystical language is inspired by Sufi traditions. For example, the Alevi concept of God is derived from the philosophy of [[Ibn Arabi]] and involves a chain of [[Emanationism|emanation]] from God, to spiritual man, earthly man, animals, plants, and minerals. The goal of spiritual life is to follow this path in the reverse direction, to unity with God, or [[al-Haqq]] (Reality, Truth). From the highest perspective, all is God (see [[Sufi metaphysics]]). Alevis admire [[al-Hallaj]], a 10th-century Sufi who was accused of blasphemy and subsequently executed in [[Baghdad]] for saying "I am the Truth" ''([[Anal Haq|Ana al-Haqq]]).''
There is some tension between folk tradition Aleviness and the Bektashi Order, which is a Sufi order founded on Alevi beliefs.<ref>Ataseven, I: "The Alevi-Bektasi Legacy: Problems of Acquisition and Explanation", page 1. Coronet Books Inc, 1997</ref> In certain Turkish communities other Sufi orders (the [[Khalwati order|Halveti]]-[[Jerrahi]] and some of the [[Rifaʽi]]) have incorporated significant Alevi influence.
==== Wahdat al-Mawjud ====
{{main|Wahdat al-mawjud}}
Bektashism places much emphasis on the concept of [[Sufi metaphysics|Wahdat al-Mawjud]] وحدة الوجود, the "Unity of Being" that was formulated by [[Ibn Arabi]]. Bektashism is also heavily permeated with Shiite concepts, such as the marked veneration of Ali, the Twelve Imams, and the ritual commemoration of [[Day of Ashura|Ashurah]] marking the Battle of Karbala. The old [[Iran|Persian]] holiday of [[Nowruz]] is celebrated by Bektashis as [[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|Imam]] Ali's birthday.
In keeping with the central belief of ''[[Wahdat al-mawjud|Wahdat Al-Mawjud]]'' the Bektashi see reality contained in [[Haqq-Muhammad-Ali]], a single unified entity. Bektashi do not consider this a form of [[trinity]]. There are many other practices and ceremonies that share similarity with other faiths, such as a ritual meal (''muhabbet'') and yearly confession of sins to a ''baba'' (''magfirat-i zunub'' مغفرة الذنوب).
Bektashis base their practices and rituals on their non-orthodox and [[Esoteric interpretation of the Quran|mystical interpretation]] and understanding of the [[Qur'an]] and the prophetic practice ([[Sunnah]]). They have no written doctrine specific to them, thus rules and rituals may differ depending on under whose influence one has been taught. Bektashis generally revere Sufi mystics outside of their own order, such as [[Ibn Arabi]], [[Al-Ghazali]] and [[Rumi|Jelalludin Rumi]] who are close in spirit to them.
=== Mysticism ===
{{further|Bektashism|Hurufism}}
Bektashism is [[Initiation|initiatic]] and members must traverse various levels or ranks as they progress along the spiritual path to the [[Reality]]. First level members are called ''aşıks'' عاشق. They are those who, while not having taken initiation into the order, are nevertheless drawn to it. Following initiation (called ''nasip'') one becomes a ''mühip'' محب. After some time as a ''mühip'', one can take further vows and become a ''[[dervish]]''.
The next level above dervish is that of ''baba''. The ''baba'' (lit. father) is considered to be the head of a ''[[Khanqah|tekke]]'' and qualified to give spiritual guidance (''irshad'' إرشاد). Above the ''[[Baba (Alevism)|baba]]'' is the rank of ''halife-baba'' (or ''[[Dedes|dede]]'', grandfather). Traditionally there were twelve of these, the most senior being the "''[[:tr:Dedebabalık|dedebaba]]''" (''great-grandfather'')''.''
The ''dedebaba'' was considered to be the highest ranking authority in the Bektashi Order. Traditionally the residence of the ''dedebaba'' was the Pir Evi (The Saint's Home) which was located in the shrine of [[Hajji Bektash Wali]] in the central Anatolian town of [[Hacıbektaş|Hacıbektaş ''(Solucakarahüyük)'']].
=== Non-Islamic elements ===
{{further|Tengrism|Turkic mythology}}
Alevism is indeed heavily influenced by old [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[shamanistic]] beliefs. Concepts such as [[Ocak (Alevism)|Odjak]], inclusive social roles for women, musical performances, various rituals celebrating the nature or the seasons (like [[Hıdırellez]]) and some customs like the cult of ancestors, trees and rocks are both observed in Alevism and [[Tengrism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://core.ac.uk/reader/52940240 | title=The formation of Alevi syncretism}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/14492756 |title=The Discovery of the Alevis' Shamanism and the Need for Scholarly Accuracy |last1=Dressler |first1=Markus}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Ashura]]
* [[Duzgin Bawo]]
* [[Religious humanism]]
* [[Shi'a view of Ali]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|2}}
;General introductions
* {{EI3|title=Alevīs|year=2008|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/alevis-COM_0167?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=Alevīs|last=Dressler|first=Markus}}
* Engin, Ismail & Franz, Erhard (2000). ''Aleviler / Alewiten. Cilt 1 Band: Kimlik ve Tarih / Identität und Geschichte.'' Hamburg: Deutsches Orient Institut (Mitteilungen Band 59/2000). {{ISBN|3-89173-059-4}}
* Engin, Ismail & Franz, Erhard (2001). ''Aleviler / Alewiten. Cilt 2 Band: İnanç ve Gelenekler / Glaube und Traditionen.'' Hamburg: Deutsches Orient Institut (Mitteilungen Band 60/2001). {{ISBN|3-89173-061-6}}
* Engin, Ismail & Franz, Erhard (2001). ''Aleviler / Alewiten. Cilt 3 Band: Siyaset ve Örgütler / Politik und Organisationen.'' Hamburg: Deutsches Orient Institut (Mitteilungen Band 61/2001). {{ISBN|3-89173-062-4}}
* Kehl-Bodrogi, Krisztina (1992). ''Die Kizilbas/Aleviten. Untersuchungen über eine esoterische Glaubensgemeinschaft in Anatolien. Die Welt des Islams,'' (New Series), Vol. 32, No. 1.
* [[Dimitri Kitsikis|Kitsikis, Dimitri]] (1999). Multiculturalism in the Ottoman Empire : The Alevi Religious and Cultural Community, in P. Savard & B. Vigezzi eds. ''Multiculturalism and the History of International Relations'' Milano: Edizioni Unicopli.
* Kjeilen, Tore (undated). "[http://lexicorient.com/e.o/alevi.htm Alevism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604000908/http://lexicorient.com/e.o/alevi.htm |date=4 June 2012 }}," in the (online) ''Encyclopedia of the Orient.''
* Shankland, David (2003). ''The Alevis in Turkey: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition.'' Curzon Press.
* Shindeldecker, John (1996). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070607084524/http://www.alevibektasi.org/xalevis1.htm ''Turkish Alevis Today.''] Istanbul: Sahkulu.
* White, Paul J., & Joost Jongerden (eds.) (2003). ''Turkey’s Alevi Enigma: A Comprehensive Overview.'' Leiden: Brill.
* Yaman, Ali & Aykan Erdemir (2006). ''Alevism-Bektashism: A Brief Introduction'', London: England Alevi Cultural Centre & Cem Evi. {{ISBN|975-98065-3-3}}
* Zeidan, David (1999) "[https://web.archive.org/web/20071203091752/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/1999/issue4/zeidan.pdf The Alevi of Anatolia.]" Middle East Review of International Affairs 3/4.
;Kurdish Alevis
* Bumke, Peter (1979). "Kizilbaş-Kurden in Dersim (Tunceli, Türkei). Marginalität und Häresie." ''Anthropos'' 74, 530–548.
* Gezik, Erdal (2000), Etnik Politik Dinsel Sorunlar Baglaminda Alevi Kurtler, Ankara.
* Van Bruinessen, Martin (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20071128150650/http://www.let.uu.nl/~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/publications/Alevikurds.htm "Aslını inkar eden haramzadedir! The Debate on the Kurdish Ethnic Identity of the Kurdish Alevis."] In K. Kehl-Bodrogi, B. Kellner-Heinkele, & A. Otter-Beaujean (eds), ''Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East'' (Leiden: Brill).
* Van Bruinessen, Martin (1996). [http://www.uga.edu/islam/alevivanb.html Kurds, Turks, and the Alevi revival in Turkey.] ''Middle East Report,'' No. 200, pp. 7–10. (NB: The online version is expanded from its original publication.)
* White, Paul J. (2003), "The Debate on the Identity of ‘Alevi Kurds’." In: Paul J. White/Joost Jongerden (eds.) ''Turkey’s Alevi Enigma: A Comprehensive Overview.'' Leiden: Brill, pp. 17–32.
;Alevi / Bektashi history
* Birge, John Kingsley (1937). [http://www.hermetics.org/bektashi.html ''The Bektashi order of dervishes''], London and Hartford.
* Brown, John P. (1868), [https://books.google.com/books?id=FNUOAAAAQAAJ&q=darvishes+john+brown ''The Dervishes; or, Oriental Spiritualism.'']
* Küçük, Hülya (2002) ''The Roles of the Bektashis in Turkey’s National Struggle.'' Leiden: Brill.
* Mélikoff, Irène (1998). ''Hadji Bektach: Un mythe et ses avatars. Genèse et évolution du soufisme populaire en Turquie.'' Leiden: Islamic History and Civilization, Studies and Texts, volume 20, {{ISBN|90-04-10954-4}}.
* Shankland, David (1994). "Social Change and Culture: Responses to Modernization in an Alevi Village in Anatolia."In C.N. Hann, ed., ''When History Accelerates: Essays on Rapid Social Change, Complexity, and Creativity.'' London: Athlone Press.
* Yaman, Ali (undated). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20131022200049/http://www.alevibektasi.org/dedes.htm Kizilbash Alevi Dedes]." (Based on his MA thesis for [[Istanbul University]].)
;Ghulat sects in general
* Halm, H. (1982). ''Die Islamische [[gnosis]]: Die extreme Schia und die Alawiten.'' Zürich.
* Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi, Krisztina, & Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, Anke Otter-Beaujean, eds. (1997) ''Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East.'' Leiden: Brill, pp. 11–18.
* Moosa, Matti (1988). ''Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects,'' [[Syracuse University Press]].
* Van Bruinessen, Martin (2005). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20071127103907/http://www.let.uu.nl/~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/publications/religious_practices_in_the_turco.htm Religious practices in the Turco-Iranian world: continuity and change]." French translation published as: "Les pratiques religieuses dans le monde turco-iranien: changements et continuités", ''Cahiers d'Études sur la Méditerranée Orientale et le Monde Turco-Iranien,'' no. 39–40, 101–121.
;Alevi Identity
* Erdemir, Aykan (2005). "Tradition and Modernity: Alevis' Ambiguous Terms and Turkey's Ambivalent Subjects", ''Middle Eastern Studies'', 2005, vol.41, no.6, pp. 937–951.
* Greve, Martin and Ulas Özdemir and Raoul Motika, eds. 2020. ''Aesthetic and Performative Dimensions of Alevi Cultural Heritage''. Ergon Verlag. 215 pages. {{ISBN|978-3956506406}}
* Koçan, Gürcan/Öncü, Ahmet (2004) "Citizen Alevi in Turkey: Beyond Confirmation and Denial." ''Journal of Historical Sociology,'' 17/4, pp. 464–489.
* Olsson, Tord & Elizabeth Özdalga/Catharina Raudvere, eds. (1998). ''Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives.'' Istanbul: Swedish Research Institute.
* Stokes, Martin (1996). "Ritual, Identity and the State: An Alevi (Shi’a) Cem Ceremony."In Kirsten E. Schulze et al. (eds.), ''Nationalism, Minorities and Diasporas: Identities and Rights in the Middle East,'', pp. 194–196.
* Vorhoff, Karin (1995). ''Zwischen Glaube, Nation und neuer Gemeinschaft: Alevitische Identität in der Türkei der Gegenwart.'' Berlin.
;Alevism in Europe
* Geaves, Ron (2003) "Religion and Ethnicity: Community Formation in the British Alevi Community." Koninklijke Brill NV 50, pp. 52– 70.
* Kosnick, Kira (2004) "‘Speaking in One’s Own Voice’: Representational Strategies of Alevi Turkish Migrants on Open-Access Television in Berlin." ''Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,'' 30/5, pp. 979–994.
* Massicard, Elise (2003) "Alevist Movements at Home and Abroad: Mobilization Spaces and Disjunction." ''New Perspective on Turkey,'' 28, pp. 163–188.
* Rigoni, Isabelle (2003) "Alevis in Europe: A Narrow Path towards Visibility." In: Paul J. White/Joost Jongerden (eds.) Turkey's Alevi Enigma: A Comprehensive Overview, Leiden: Brill, pp. 159–173.
* Sökefeld, Martin (2002) "Alevi Dedes in the German Diaspora: The Transformation of a Religious Institution." ''Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,'' 127, pp. 163–189.
* Sökefeld, Martin (2004) "Alevis in Germany and the Question of Integration" paper presented at the Conference on the Integration of Immigrants from Turkey in Austria, Germany and Holland, [[Boğaziçi University]], Istanbul, February 27–28, 2004.
* Sökefeld, Martin & Suzanne Schwalgin (2000). "Institutions and their Agents in Diaspora: A Comparison of Armenians in Athens and Alevis in Germany." Paper presented at the sixth European Association of Social Anthropologist Conference, Krakau.
* Thomä-Venske, Hanns (1990). "The Religious Life of Muslim in Berlin." In: Thomas Gerholm/Yngve Georg Lithman (eds.) ''The New Islamic Presence in Western Europe,'' New York: Mansell, pp. 78–87.
* Wilpert, Czarina (1990) "Religion and Ethnicity: Orientations, Perceptions and Strategies among Turkish Alevi and Sunni Migrants in Berlin." In: Thomas Gerholm/Yngve Georg Lithman (eds.) ''The New Islamic Presence in Western Europe.'' New York: Mansell, pp. 88–106.
* Zirh, Besim Can (2008) "Euro-Alevis: From Gastarbeiter to Transnational Community." In: Anghel, Gerharz, Rescher and Salzbrunn (eds.) The Making of World Society: Perspectives from Transnational Research. Transcript; 103–130.
;Bibliographies
* Vorhoff, Karin. (1998), "Academic and Journalistic Publications on the Alevi and Bektashi of Turkey." In: Tord Olsson/Elizabeth Özdalga/Catharina Raudvere (eds.) Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives, Istanbul: Swedish Research Institute, pp. 23–50.
;Turkish-language works
* Ata, Kelime. (2007), Alevilerin İlk Siyasal Denemesi: (Türkiye Birlik Partisi) (1966–1980). Ankara: Kelime Yayınevi.
* Aydın, Ayhan. (2008), Abidin Özgünay: Yazar Yayıncı ve Cem Dergisi Kurucusu. İstanbul: Niyaz Yayınları.
* Balkız, Ali. (1999), Sivas’tan Sydney’e Pir Sultan. Ankara: İtalik.
* Balkız, Ali. (2002), Pir Sultan’da Birlik Mücadelesi (Hızır Paşalar’a Yanıt). Ankara: İtalik.
* Bilgöl, Hıdır Ali. (1996), Aleviler ve Canlı Fotoğraflar, Alev Yayınları.
* Coşkun, Zeki (1995) Aleviler, Sünniler ve ... Öteki Sivas, Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
* Dumont, Paul. (1997), "Günümüz Türkiye’sinde Aleviliğin Önemi" içinde Aynayı Yüzüme Ali Göründü Gözüme: Yabancı Araştırmacıların Gözüyle Alevilik, editör: İlhan Cem Erseven. İsntabul: Ant, 141–161.
* Engin, Havva ve Engin, Ismail (2004). Alevilik. Istanbul: Kitap Yayınevi.
* Gül, Zeynel. (1995), Yol muyuz Yolcu muyuz? İstanbul: Can Yayınları.
* Gül, Zeynel. (1999), Dernekten Partiye: Avrupa Alevi Örgütlenmesi. Ankara: İtalik.
* Güler, Sabır. (2008), Aleviliğin Siyasal Örgütlenmesi: Modernleşme, Çözülme ve Türkiye Birlik Partisi. Ankara: Dipnot.
* İrat, Ali Murat. (2008), Devletin Bektaşi Hırkası / Devlet, Aleviler ve Ötekiler. İstanbul: Chiviyazıları.
* Kaleli, Lütfü. (2000), "1964–1997 Yılları Arasında Alevi Örgütleri" içinde Aleviler/Alewiten: Kimlik ve Tarih/ Indentität und Geschichte, editörler: İsmail Engin ve Erhard Franz. Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut, 223–241.
* Kaleli, Lütfü. (2000), Alevi Kimliği ve Alevi Örgütlenmeri. İstanbul: Can Yayınları.
* Kaplan, İsmail. (2000), "Avrupa’daki Alevi Örgütlenmesine Bakış" içinde Aleviler/Alewiten: Kimlik ve Tarih/ Indentität und Geschichte, editörler: İsmail Engin ve Erhard Franz. Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut, 241–260.
* Kaplan, İsmail. (2009), Alevice: İnancımız ve Direncimiz. Köln: AABF Yayınları.
* Kocadağ, Burhan. (1996), Alevi Bektaşi Tarihi. İstanbul: Can Yayınları.
* Massicard, Elise. (2007), Alevi Hareketinin Siyasallaşması. İstanbul: İletişim.
* Melikoff, Irene. (1993), Uyur İdik Uyardılar. İstanbul: Cem Yayınevi.
* Okan, Murat. (2004), Türkiye’de Alevilik / Antropolojik Bir Yaklaşım. Ankara: İmge.
* Özerol, Süleyman. (2009), Hasan Nedim Şahhüseyinoğlu. Ankara: Ürün.
* Şahhüseyinoğlu, H. Nedim. (2001), Hızır Paşalar: Bir İhracın Perde Arkası. Ankara: İtalik.
* Şahhüseyinoğlu, Nedim. (1997), Pir Sultan Kültür Derneği’nin Demokrasi Laiklik ve Özgürlük Mücadelesi. Ankara: PSAKD Yayınları.
* Şahhüseyinoğlu, Nedim. (2001), Alevi Örgütlerinin Tarihsel Süreci. Ankara: İtalik.
* Salman, Meral. 2006, Müze Duvarlarına Sığmayan Dergah: Alevi – Bektaşi Kimliğinin Kuruluş Sürecinde Hacı Bektaş Veli Anma Görenleri. Ankara: Kalan.
* Saraç, Necdet. (2010), Alevilerin Siyasal Tarihi. İstanbul: Cem.
* Şener, Cemal ve Miyase İlknur. (1995), Şeriat ve Alevilik: Kırklar Meclisi’nden Günümüze Alevi Örgütlenmesi. İstanbul: Ant.
* Tosun, Halis. (2002), Alevi Kimliğiyle Yaşamak. İstanbul: Can Yayınları.
* Vergin, Nur (2000, [1981]), Din, Toplum ve Siyasal Sistem, İstanbul: Bağlam.
* Yaman, Ali (2000) "[https://archive.today/20010305125355/http://www.alevibektasi.com/dedelik.htm Anadolu Aleviliği’nde Ocak Sistemi Ve Dedelik Kurumu]." Alevi Bektaşi.
* Zırh, Besim Can. (2005), "Avro-Aleviler: Ziyaretçi İşçilikten Ulus-aşırı Topluluğa" Kırkbudak 2: 31–58.
* Zırh, Besim Can. (2006), "Avrupa Alevi Konfederasyonu Turgut Öker ile Görüşme" Kırkbudak 2: 51–71.
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Alevism}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140515074713/http://bektashiorder.com/love-of-the-prophets-family Official Alevi-Bektashi Order of Derwishes website] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://zoya-thewayofasufi.blogspot.nl/2011/08/imam-ali.html A Sufi Metamorphosis: Imam Ali]
* [http://www.rifai.org/sufism/english/what-is-sufism/a-brief-history-of-sufism History of Sufism / Islamic Mysticism and the importance of Ali]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090105104034/http://www.shaikhsiddiqui.com/alevi.html Alevis] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.alevibektasi.org Alevi Bektaşi Research Site] {{in lang|tr}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lh7nmVoq1TU Semah from a TV show] (YouTube)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDpbQJ7EP9k Semah – several samples] (YouTube)
{{Islamic Theology|state=expanded|schools}}
{{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Portal bar|Turkey|Religion|Islam}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Alevism| ]]
[[Category:Alevis]]
[[Category:Shia Islam in Turkey]]
[[Category:Liberal and progressive movements within Islam]]
[[Category:Religion and alcohol]]
[[Category:Religion in Turkey| ]]
[[Category:Shia Sufi orders]]
[[Category:Shia Islamic branches]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Turkish Islamic tradition}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{About|the religious group, mainly in Turkey|the religious beliefs pertaining specifically to Kurds|Kurdish Alevism|the Arab [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslim]] group|Alawites|the descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib|Alids|non-Muslim Alevi religion|Ishikism}}
{{Infobox religion
|image = Turkey-1683 (2215851579).jpg
|name = Alevism
|native_name=Alevilik|scripture = [[Quran]], [[Nahj al-Balagha]], [[:tr:Makalat|Makalat]] and [[Buyruks]]
|separated_from = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and [[Principles of Islamic jurisprudence|Usuli Twelver theology]]
|leader_name1 = [[Dede (religious figure)|Dede]]
|leader_title2 =Teachings of
|leader_name2 = {{hlist |[[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophets and Messengers]] |[[Twelve Imams]] |[[Seven Great Poets]] |[[Safavid order]] |[[Haji Bektash Veli]] |[[Ahmad Yasawi]] |[[Yunus Emre]] |[[Ahi Evran]] |[[Balım Sultan]] |[[Sarı Saltık]]}}{{refn|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oxfordre.com/religion/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-101 |title=The Alevis |first=Gisela |last=Procházka-Eisl |date=5 April 2016 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |access-date=14 April 2023 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.101 |isbn=978-0-19-934037-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328735279 |title=Alevism-Bektashism From Seljuks to Ottomans and Safavids; A Historical Study |access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/40926169 |title=The Safavid-Qizilbash Ecumene and the Formation of the Qizilbash-Alevi Community in the Ottoman Empire, c. 1500–c. 1700 |first=Riza |last=Yildirim |date=2019 |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=52 |issue=3–4 |pages=449–483 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2019.1646120 |s2cid=204476564 |access-date=14 April 2023 |via=www.academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mete |first=Levent |date=2019 |title=Buyruk und al Jafr Das Esoterische Wissen Alis |trans-title=Buyruk and al Jafr The esoteric knowledge of Ali |language=de |journal=Alevilik-Bektaşilik Araştırmaları Dergisi: Forschungszeitschrift über das Alevitentum und das Bektaschitentum |trans-journal=Alevilik-Bektaşilik Araştırmaları Dergisi: Research journal on Alevism and Bektashism |volume=19 |pages=313–350 |url=https://abked.de/index.php/abked/article/download/236/215/ |access-date=2024-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Karakaya-Stump |first=Ayfer |doi=10.1515/9781474432702-012 |chapter=5 Mysticism and Imperial Politics: The Safavids and the Making of the Kizilbash Milieu |title=The Kizilbash-Alevis in Ottoman Anatolia: Sufism, Politics and Community |year=2019 |pages=220–255 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=9781474432702}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110741124-023 |doi-access=free |chapter=Adaptation of Buyruk Manuscripts to Impart Alevi Teachings: Mehmet Yaman Dede and the Arapgir-Çimen Buyruğu |title=Education Materialised |year=2021 |last1=Karolewski |first1=Janina |pages=465–496 |isbn=9783110741124 |s2cid=237904256}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |jstor=23077031 |title=Documents and "Buyruk" Manuscripts in the Private Archives of Alevi Dede Families: An Overview |last1=Karakaya-Stump |first1=Ayfer |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |year=2010 |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=273–286 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2010.524437 |s2cid=161466774}}</ref>}}
|leader_title3 = [[Theology]]
|leader_name3 = [[Haqq–Muhammad–Ali]]
|founder = [[Haji Bektash Veli]]
|founded_date = 13th-century
|founded_place = [[Haji Bektash Veli Complex|Sulucakarahöyük]]
|area = [[Turkey]]
|language = [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], and [[Zaza language|Zazaki]]<ref name=minorityrights>{{Cite web |title=Alevis |date=19 June 2015 |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/alevis/ |website= World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples |publisher=[[Minority Rights Group]] |access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref>
|headquarters = [[Haji Bektash Veli Complex]], [[Nevşehir Province|Nevşehir]], [[Turkey]]
|other_names = [[Qizilbash|Kızılbaşlık]]
|liturgy = [[Cem (Alevism)|Cem]], [[Sama (Sufism)|Sema]]
|native_name_lang=tr
}}
{{Alevism}}
[[File:Hacibektas-02-superchango.jpg|thumb|[[Haji Bektash Veli Complex]]]]
'''Alevism''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|ˈ|l|ɛ|v|ɪ|z|ə|m}}; {{lang-tr|Alevilik}}, {{Lang-ku|Elewîtî}};<ref>{{Citation|last=Gültekin|first=Ahmet Kerim|title=Kurdish Alevism: Creating New Ways of Practicing the Religion|date=2019|url=https://www.multiple-secularities.de/media/wps_18_gueltekin_alevikurds.pdf|page=10|publisher=[[University of Leipzig]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au/the-alevis.html|title=The Alevis|website=www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325175829/http://www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au/the-alevis.html|archive-date=2017-03-25|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=elewîtî |date=2020-09-07 |url=https://ku.wiktionary.org/?title=elewîtî&oldid=4100998 |work=Wîkîferheng |access-date=2023-03-12 |language=ku}}</ref> {{lang-az|Ələvilik}}) is a [[heterodox]]<ref name="22-7-17-nyt">{{cite news|last1=KINGSLEY|first1=PATRICK|date=22 July 2017|title=Turkey's Alevis, a Muslim Minority, Fear a Policy of Denying Their Existence|work=The New York Times |agency=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/22/world/europe/alevi-minority-turkey-recep-tayyip-erdogan.html?_r=0|access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref> and [[syncretic]]<ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/items/7d34f8f6-3ac7-4dca-930e-7cb15ba96388 | title=The formation of Alevi syncretism | date=11 February 2024 | publisher=Bilkent University | last1=Selmanpakoğlu | first1=Ceren }}</ref> [[Islam]]ic tradition, whose adherents follow the [[mystical]] Islamic teachings of [[Haji Bektash Veli]], who is supposed to have taught the teachings of the [[Twelve Imams]] whilst incorporating some traditions from [[Tengrism|Turkish Shamanism]].<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463225728-006/html | doi=10.31826/9781463225728-006 | chapter=Alevi Theology from Shamanism to Humanism | title=Alevis and Alevism | date=2010 | last1=Markussen | first1=Hege Irene | pages=65–90 | isbn=978-1-4632-2572-8 }}</ref> Differing from [[Sunni Islam]] and [[Usuli]] [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shia Islam]], Alevis have no binding religious [[dogma]]s, and teachings are passed on by a [[dede (religious figure)|spiritual leader]] as with [[Sufi orders]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tee |first=Caroline |date=2013-01-29 |title=The Sufi Mystical Idiom in Alevi Aşık Poetry: Flexibility, Adaptation and Meaning |url=https://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4683 |journal=European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey |language=en |doi=10.4000/ejts.4683 |issn=1773-0546|doi-access=free }}</ref> They acknowledge the [[Iman (Islam)|six articles of faith of Islam]], but may differ regarding their interpretation.<ref name=minorityrights/>
Originally one of many Sufi approaches within Sunni Islam; by the 16th century the order adopted some tenets of the Shia Islam, including a veneration of ʿAlī and the twelve imams, as well as a variety of syncretic beliefs. The Alevis acquired political importance in the 15th century, when the order dominated the [[Janissaries]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bektashi | title=Bektashiyyah | Religion, Order, Beliefs, & Community | Britannica }}</ref>
The term “Alevi-Bektashi” is currently a widely and frequently used expression in the religious discourse of Turkey as an umbrella term for the two religious groups of Alevism and [[Bektashism]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://events.ceu.edu/2022-05-12/amalgamation-two-religious-cultures-conceptual-and-social-history-alevi-bektashism | title=The Amalgamation of Two Religious Cultures: The Conceptual and Social History of Alevi-Bektashism | date=12 May 2022 }}</ref> Adherents of Alevism are found primarily in Turkey and estimates of the percentage of Turkey's population that are Alevi include between 4% and 25%.<ref name=minorityrights/><ref name="TR100">{{Cite web |title=TR100 |url=https://interaktif.konda.com.tr/turkiye-100-kisi-olsaydi |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=interaktif.konda.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kızıl |first=Nurbanu |date=2021-12-31 |title=Govt signals action for Turkey's Alevi community amid obstacles |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/news-analysis/govt-signals-action-for-turkeys-alevi-community-amid-obstacles |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Daily Sabah |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Etymology ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
"Alevi" ({{IPAc-en|æ|ˈ|l|ɛ|v|i}}) is generally explained as referring to [[Ali]], the cousin and son-in-law of [[Muhammad]]. The name represents a Turkish form of the word ''ʻAlawiyy'' ({{lang-ar|علوي}}) "of or pertaining to Ali".
A minority viewpoint is that of the [[Ishikism|Ishikists]], who assert, "Alevi" was derived from "Alev" ("[[flame]]" in Turkish) in reference to fire which is extensively used in Alevi rituals. According to them the use of candles is based on [[Quran]], surah [[an-Nur]], verses 35–36:
{{quote|God is the Light of the heavens and the earth. The example of His light is like a niche within which there is a lamp, the lamp is encased in a glass, the glass is like a radiant planet, which is lit from a blessed olive tree that is neither of the east nor of the west, its oil nearly gives off light even if not touched by fire. Light upon light, God guides to His light whom He pleases. And God sets forth examples for the people, and God is aware of all things. (Lit is such a Light) in houses, which God has permitted to be raised to honor; for the celebration, in them, of His name: In them is He glorified in the mornings and in the evenings, (again and again).}}
== Beliefs ==
{{main|Faith|Iman (concept)}}
According to scholar [[Soner Cagaptay|Soner Çağaptay]], Alevism is a "relatively unstructured interpretation of Islam".<ref name=Cagaptay-2012/> Journalist Patrick Kingsley states that for some self-described Alevi, their religion is "simply a [[cultural identity]], rather than a form of worship".<ref name="22-7-17-nyt" />
Many teachings are based on an orally transmitted tradition, traditionally kept secret from outsiders (but now widely accessible). Alevis commonly profess the Islamic [[shahada]], but adding "Ali is the [[Wali|''friend'' of God"]].
The basis for Alevis' most distinctive beliefs is found in the [[Buyruks]] (compiled writings and dialogues of [[Sheikh]] [[Safi-ad-din Ardabili]], and other worthies). Also included are hymns ''(nefes)'' by figures such as [[Shah Ismail]] or [[Pir Sultan Abdal]], stories of [[Hajji Bektash]] and other lore.
The Alevi beliefs among Turkish Alevis and Kurdish Alevis diverge as Kurdish Alevis put more emphasis on [[Pir Sultan Abdal]] than Haji Bektash Veli, and Kurdish Alevism is rooted more in [[Nature worship|nature veneration]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wakamatsu|first=Hiroki|title=Veneration of the Sacred or Regeneration of the Religious: An Analysis of Saints and the Popular Beliefs of Kurdish Alevis|journal=上智アジア学|volume=31|year=2013|publisher=[[Sophia University]]|page=12}}</ref><ref name="referenceworks.brillonline.com">{{EI3|title=Alevīs|year=2008|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/alevis-COM_0167?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=Alevīs|last=Dressler|first=Markus}}</ref>
=== God ===
{{Main|Allah|Muhammad-Ali|Haqq–Muhammad–Ali}}
In Alevi [[cosmology]], God is also called [[Al-Haqq]] (the Truth)<ref name="ReferenceD">Hande Sözer ''Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks'' BRILL 2014 {{ISBN|978-9-004-27919-3}} page 114</ref> or referred to as [[Allah]]. God created life, so the created world can reflect His Being.<ref name="ReferenceE">Tord Olsson, Elisabeth Ozdalga, Catharina Raudvere ''Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives'' Tord Olsson, Elisabeth Ozdalga, Catharina Raudvere {{ISBN|978-1-135-79725-6}} page 25</ref> Alevis believe in the unity of [[Haqq–Muhammad–Ali|Allah, Muhammad, and Ali]], but this is not a [[trinity]] composed of [[God in Islam|God]] and the historical figures of Muhammad and Ali. Rather, [[Muhammad-Ali|Muhammad and Ali]] are representations of Allah's light (and not of Allah himself), being neither independent from God, nor separate characteristics of Him.<ref name="ReferenceD"/>
In Alevi writings are many references to [[Muhammad-Ali|the unity of Muhammad and Ali]], such as:
[[File:Türkei Seidenfahne makffm.jpg|thumb|A representation of the sword of [[Ali]], the [[Zulfiqar]] in an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] emblem]]
{{Quotation|Ali Muhammed'dir uh dur fah'ad, Muhammad Ali, ("Ali is Muhammad, Muhammad is Ali")
Gördüm bir [[apple|elma]]dır, el-[[Hamd]]û'li[[Allah|Llâh]]. ("I've seen an apple, all praise is for God")<ref>These and many other quotations may be found in {{cite book | author = John Shindeldecker | date = 1998 | title = Turkish Alevis Today | publisher = Sahkulu Sultan Külliyesi Vakfı | isbn = 9789759444105 | oclc = 1055857045 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ha2SAAAACAAJ}}</ref>}}
The phrase "For the love of [[Haqq–Muhammad–Ali]]" (''Hakk–Muhammad–Ali aşkına'') is common to several Alevi prayers.
=== Spirits and afterlife ===
Alevis believe in the immortality of the soul,<ref name="ReferenceD"/> the literal existence of supernatural beings, including [[Angel in Islam|good angels]] (''melekler'') and [[Shaitan|bad angels]] (''şeytanlar''),<ref>Özbakir, Akin. Malatya Kale yöresi Alevi-Bektaşi inançlarının tespit ve değerlendirilmesi. MS thesis. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2010.</ref> bad ones as encourager of human's evil desires (''[[Nafs|nefs]]''), and [[jinn]] (''cinler''), as well as the [[evil eye]].<ref name="academia.edu">{{cite journal|title=Differences & Similarities Between Anatolian Alevis & Arab Alawites: Comparative Study on Beliefs and Practices|url=https://www.academia.edu/6854190|last1=Aksu|first1=İbrahim|website=www.academia.edu|language=en}}</ref>
Angels feature in Alevi cosmogony. Although there is no fixed creation narrative among Alevis, it is generally accepted that God created five archangels, who have been invited to the chamber of God. Inside they found a light representing the light of Muhammad and Ali. A recount of the Quranic story, one of the archangels refused to prostrate before the light, arguing, that the light is a created body just like him and therefore inappropriate to worship. He remains at God's service, but rejects the final test and turns back to darkness. From this primordial decline, the devil's enmity towards Adam emerged. (The archangels constitute of the same four archangels as within orthodox Islam. The fifth archangel namely [[Azazil]] fell from grace, thus not included among the canonical archangels apart from this story).<ref name="auto">Alevi Hafızasını Tanımlamak: Geçmiş ve Tarih Arasında. (2016). (n.p.): İletişim Yayınları.</ref>
Another story features the archangel [[Gabriel]] (''Cebrail''), who is asked by God, who they are. Gabriel answers: "I am I and you are you". Gabriel gets punished for his haughty answer and is sent away, until Ali reveals a secret to him. When God asks him again, he answers: "You are the creator and I am your creation". Afterwards, Gabriel was accepted and introduced to Muhammad and Ali.<ref name="auto"/>
=== Scriptures and prophets ===
Alevis acknowledge the four revealed scriptures also recognized in Islam: the [[Torah in Islam|Tawrat]] (Torah), the [[Zabur]] (Psalms), the [[Injil]] (Gospel), and the [[Quran]].<ref>Tord Olsson, Elisabeth Ozdalga, Catharina Raudvere ''Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives'' Tord Olsson, Elisabeth Ozdalga, Catharina Raudvere {{ISBN|978-1-135-79725-6}} page 72</ref> Additionally, Alevis are not opposed to looking to other religious books outside the four major ones as sources for their beliefs including Hadiths, Nahjul Balagha and Buyruks. Alevism also acknowledges the Islamic prophet Mohammed. Unlike the vast majority of Muslims, Alevis do not regard interpretations of the Quran today as binding or infallible, since the true meaning the Quran is considered to be taken as a secret by Ali and must be taught by a teacher, who transmits the teachings of Ali (''Buyruk'') to his disciple.<ref>Handan Aksünger Jenseits des Schweigegebots: Alevitische Migrantenselbstorganisationen und zivilgesellschaftliche Integration in Deutschland und den Niederlanden Waxmann Verlag 2013 {{ISBN|978-3-830-97883-1}} page 83-84 (German)</ref>
=== Twelve Imams ===
{{main|Twelve Imams}}
The Twelve Imams are part of another common Alevi belief. Each Imam represents a different aspect of the world. They are realized as twelve services or ''On İki Hizmet'' which are performed by members of the Alevi community. Each Imam is believed to be a reflection of [[Ali|Ali ibn Abu Talib]], the first Imam of the Shi'ites, and there are references to the "First Ali" ''(Birinci Ali)'', [[Hassan ibn Ali|Imam Hasan]] the "Second 'Ali" ''(İkinci Ali)'', and so on up to the "Twelfth 'Ali" ''(Onikinci Ali)'', [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Imam Mehdi]]. The Twelfth Imam is hidden and represents the [[Messianic Age]].
=== Plurality ===
The plurality in nature is attributed to the infinite potential energy of Kull-i Nafs when it takes corporeal form as it descends into being from Allah. During the Cem ceremony, the cantor or ''aşık'' sings:
:"All of us alive or lifeless are from one, this is ineffable, Sultan.
:For to love and to fall in love has been my fate from time immemorial."
This is sung as a reminder that the reason for creation is love, so that the followers may know themselves and each other and that they may love that which they know.
=== Creed and jurisprudence ===
{{see also|Kaysanites|Khurramites|Qarmatians|Hurufism}}
[[File:Ahi Evran Mosque - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tomb of Ahi Evren]]; founder and leader of the [[Ahis|Ahi Brotherhood]], which evolved into a [[Anatolian beyliks|Beylik]] later on.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Darke |first=Diana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsGHEAAAQBAJ |title=The Ottomans: A Cultural Legacy |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-500-77753-4 |pages=86, 88 |language=en}}</ref> ]]
Sources differ on how important formal doctrine is among contemporary Alevi. According to scholar Russell Powell, there is a tradition of informal "Dede" courts within the Alevi society, but regarding Islamic jurisprudence or ''[[fiqh]]'' there has been "little scholarship on Alevi influences" in it.<ref name="Powell-2016-35">{{cite book |last1=Powell |first1=Russell |title=Shariʿa in the Secular State: Evolving Meanings of Islamic Jurisprudence in .. |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqRTDAAAQBAJ&q=Alevism+fiqh&pg=PA35 |access-date=27 July 2017 |isbn=9781317055693}}</ref> ''Alevism'' has a unique belief system tracing back to [[Kaysanites]] and [[Khurramites|Khurramites.]]<ref>Roger M. Savory (ref. Abdülbaki Gölpinarli), [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], "Kizil-Bash", Online Edition 2005</ref>
== Practices ==
{{main|Four Doors}}
The Alevi spiritual path (''yol'') is commonly understood to take place through four major life-stages, or "gates".
These may be further subdivided into "[[Four Doors|four gates]], forty levels" (''[[Four Doors|Dört Kapı Kırk Makam]]''). The first gate (religious law) is considered elementary (and this may be perceived as subtle criticism of other Muslim traditions).
The following are major crimes that cause an Alevi to be declared ''düşkün'' (shunned):<ref>Also see, Öztürk, ibid, pp. 78–81. In the old days, marrying a Sunni [Yezide kuşak çözmek] was also accepted as an offense that led to the state of düşkün. See Alevi Buyruks</ref>
* killing a person
* committing adultery
* divorcing one's wife without a just reason
* stealing
* backbiting/gossiping
Most Alevi activity takes place in the context of the second gate ''(spiritual brotherhood)'', during which one submits to a living spiritual guide ''([[dedes|dede]], [[Pir (Sufism)|pir]], [[Murshid|mürşid]])''. The existence of the third and fourth gates is mostly theoretical, though some older Alevis have apparently received initiation into the third.<ref>Kristina Kehl-Bordrogi reports this among the {{lang|tr|Tahtacı}}. See her article "The significance of ''[[müsahiplik]]'' among the Alevis" in ''Synchronistic Religious Communities in the Near East'' (co-edited by her, with B. Kellner-Heinkele & A. Otter-Beaujean), Brill 1997, p. 131 ff.</ref>
[[Rakia]], a [[fruit brandy]], is used as a sacramental element by the [[Bektashi Order]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/society/1225686/the-bektashis-have-stopped-hiding/ |title=The Bektashis have stopped hiding |first=Iliana |last=Magra |date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130212417/https://www.ekathimerini.com/society/1225686/the-bektashis-have-stopped-hiding/ |archive-date=2023-11-30 |website=Ekathimerini}}</ref> and [[Alevi]] [[Jem (Alevism)|Jem]] ceremonies, where it is not considered alcoholic and is referred to as "dem".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soileau |first=Mark |date=August 2012 |title=Spreading the ''Sofra'': Sharing and Partaking in the Bektashi Ritual Meal |journal=History of Religions |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/665961 |url-access=subscription |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=1–30 |access-date=June 5, 2021 |doi=10.1086/665961 |jstor=10.1086/665961}}</ref>
{{further|Pir (Sufism)|Dedes|Murshid}}
=== Dede ===
A Dede (literally meaning grandfather) is a traditional leader that is claimed to be from the lineage of Muhammad that performs ritual baptisms for newborns, officiates at funerals, and organises weekly gatherings at cemevis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/12/18/turkeys-alevis-beholden-to-politics|title=Turkey's Alevis beholden to politics|first=Umar|last=Farooq|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref>
=== Cem and Cemevi ===
{{main|Jem (Alevism)|Cemevi}}
[[File:Cem1.jpg|thumb|People performing Cem]]
[[File:Parts of the saz.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bağlama]]]]
Alevi religious, cultural and other social activities take place in assembly houses (''[[Cemevi]]''). The ceremony's prototype is the [[Isra and Mi'raj|Muhammad's nocturnal ascent into heaven]], where he beheld a gathering of forty saints (''Kırklar Meclisi''), and the Divine Reality made manifest in their leader, Ali.
The [[Jem (Alevism)|Cem]] ceremony features music, singing, and dancing (''[[:tr:Semah|Samāh]]'') in which both women and men participate. Rituals are performed in [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Zazaki language|Zazaki]], [[Kurmanji language|Kurmanji]] and other local languages.
;Bağlama
{{main|Bağlama}}
During the [[Jem (Alevism)|''Cem ceremony'']] the ''[[:tr:Halk ozanı|Âşık]]'' plays the [[Bağlama]] whilst singing spiritual songs, some of which are centuries old and well known amongst Alevis. Every song, called a ''Nefes,'' has spiritual meaning and aims to teach the participants important lessons.
;Samāh
A family of ritual dances characterized by turning and swirling, is an inseparable part of any ''cem''. ''Samāh'' is performed by men and women together, to the accompaniment of the [[Bağlama]]. The dances symbolize (for example) the revolution of the planets around the Sun (by man and woman turning in circles), and the putting off of one's self and uniting with God.
;Görgü Cemi
The Rite of Integration ''(görgü cemi)'' is a complex ritual occasion in which a variety of tasks are allotted to incumbents bound together by extrafamilial brotherhood (''müsahiplik''), who undertake a dramatization of unity and integration under the direction of the spiritual leader (''dede'').
;Dem
The love of the creator for the created and vice versa is symbolised in the [[Jem (Alevism)|''Cem ceremony'']] by the use of fruit juice and/or red wine{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} ''[Dem]'' which represents the intoxication of the lover in the beloved. During the ceremony ''Dem'' is one of the twelve duties of the participants. (see above)
;Sohbet
At the closing of the cem ceremony the [[Baba (Alevism)|Dede]] who leads the ceremony engages the participants in a discussion (''chat''), this discussion is called a ''sohbet''.
=== Twelve services ===
There are twelve services ({{lang-tr|On İki hizmet}}) performed by the twelve ministers of the cem.
# Dede: This is the leader of the Cem who represents Muhammad and Ali. The Dede receives confession from the attendees at the beginning of the ceremony. He also leads funerals, Müsahiplik, marriage ceremonies and circumcisions. The status of Dede is hereditary and he must be a descendant of Ali and Fatima.
# Rehber: This position represents [[Husayn]]. The Rehber is a guide to the faithful and works closely with the Dede in the community.
# Gözcü: This position represents [[Abu Dharr al-Ghifari]]. S/he is the assistant to the Rehber. S/he is the Cem keeper responsible for keeping the faithful calm.
# Çerağcı: This position represents [[Jabir ibn Abd-Allah]] and s/he is the light-keeper responsible for maintaining the light traditionally given by a lamp or candles.
# Zakir: This position represents [[Bilal ibn al-Harith]]. S/he plays the [[bağlama]] and recites songs and prayers.
# Süpürgeci: This position represents [[Salman the Persian]]. S/he is responsible for cleaning the Cemevi hall and symbolically sweeping the carpets during the Cem.
# Meydancı: This position represents [[Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman]].
# Niyazcı: this position represents [[Muhammad ibn Maslamah]]. S/he is responsible for distributing the sacred meal.
# İbrikçi: this position represents Kamber. S/he is responsible for washing the hands of the attendees.
# Kapıcı: this position represents Ghulam Kaysan. S/he is responsible for calling the faithful to the Cem.
# Peyikçi: this position represents Amri Ayyari.
# Sakacı: represents [[Ammar ibn Yasir]]. Responsible for the distribution of water, [[Sharbat (beverage)|sherbet ''(sharbat)'']], milk etc..
=== Festivals ===
[[File:10 Muharram.jpg|thumb|10th of [[Muharrem]] – The [[Day of Ashura]]: [[Huseyn bin Ali]] was murdered at [[Kerbela]]. [[Mourning of Muharram]] and the remembrance of this event by [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafaris]], [[Alevi]]s and Bektashis together in [[Ottoman Empire]]. Painted by [[Fausto Zonaro]].]]
{{main|Day of Ashura}}
Alevis celebrate and commemorate the birth of Ali, his wedding with Fatima, the rescue of [[Joseph in Islam|Yusuf]] from the well, and the creation of the world on this day. Various cem ceremonies and special programs are held.
==== Mourning of Muharram ====
{{main|Mourning of Muharram}}
The Muslim month of [[Muharram]] begins 20 days after [[Eid ul-Adha]] ({{lang|tr|Kurban Bayramı}}). Alevis observe a fast for the first twelve days, known as the [[Mourning of Muharram]] ({{lang-tr|Muharrem Mâtemi}}, {{lang|tr|Yâs-ı Muharrem}}, or {{lang|tr|Mâtem Orucu}}; {{lang-ku|Rojîya Şînê}} or {{lang|ku|Rojîya Miherremê}}). This culminates in the festival of [[Day of Ashura|Ashura]] ({{lang|tr|Aşure}}), which commemorates the martyrdom of [[Husayn]] at [[Karbala]]. The fast is broken with a special dish (also called ''[[Ashure|aşure]]'') prepared from a variety (often twelve) of fruits, nuts, and grains. Many events are associated with this celebration, including the salvation of Husayn's son [[Ali ibn Husayn]] from the massacre at Karbala, thus allowing the bloodline of the family of Muhammad to continue.
==== Hıdırellez ====
[[File:Khidr and elijah.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Persian miniature]] depicting [[Elijah]] and [[Khidr|al-Khiḍr]] ''(A [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniature]] version of [[Stories of the Prophets]])'']]
{{main|Hıdırellez|Khidr}}
[[Hıdırellez]] honors the mysterious figure [[Khidr]] ({{lang-tr|Hızır}}) who is sometimes identified with [[Elijah in Islam|Elijah]] (''Ilyas''), and is said to have drunk of the water of life. Some hold that Khidr comes to the rescue of those in distress on land, while Elijah helps those at sea; and that they meet at a rose tree in the evening of every 6 May. The festival is also celebrated in parts of the Balkans by the name of "Erdelez," where it falls on the same day as [[George's Day in Spring]] or [[Saint George's Day]].
Khidr is also honored with a three-day fast in mid-February called ''Hızır Orucu''. In addition to avoiding any sort of comfort or enjoyment, Alevis also abstain from food and water for the entire day, though they do drink liquids other than water during the evening.
Note that the dates of the Khidr holidays can differ among Alevis, most of whom use a lunar calendar, but some a solar calendar.
==== Müsahiplik ====
{{main|Müsahiplik}}
''Müsahiplik'' (roughly, "Companionship") is a covenant relationship between two men of the same age, preferably along with their wives. In a ceremony in the presence of a dede the partners make a lifelong commitment to care for the spiritual, emotional, and physical needs of each other and their children. The ties between couples who have made this commitment is at least as strong as it is for blood relatives, so much so that müsahiplik is often called spiritual brotherhood ''(manevi kardeşlik).'' The children of covenanted couples may not marry.<ref>Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi. 1988. Die Kizilbash/Aleviten, pp. 182–204.</ref>
Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi reports that the {{lang|tr|Tahtacı}} identify ''müsahiplik'' with the first gate ''(şeriat),'' since they regard it as a precondition for the second ''(tarikat).'' Those who attain to the third gate ''(marifat'', "[[gnosis]]") must have been in a ''müsahiplik'' relationship for at least twelve years. Entry into the third gate dissolves the ''müsahiplik'' relationship (which otherwise persists unto death), in a ceremony called ''Öz Verme Âyini'' ("ceremony of giving up the self").
The value corresponding to the second gate (and necessary to enter the third) is ''âşinalık'' ("intimacy," perhaps with God). Its counterpart for the third gate is called ''peşinelik''; for the fourth gate ''(hâkikat'', Ultimate Truth), ''cıngıldaşlık'' or ''cengildeşlik'' (translations uncertain).<ref>See again "The significance of ''[[müsahiplik]]'' among the Alevis" in ''Synchronistic Religious Communities in the Near East'' (co-edited by her, with B. Kellner-Heinkele & A. Otter-Beaujean), Brill 1997, p. 131 ff.</ref>
=== Folk practices ===
{{multiple image
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|image1=Sam'dan lokma tatlisi.jpg
|image2=Aşure.jpg
|caption2=It is a common Alevi-Sunni tradition to distribute [[lokma]] (top) and [[ashure]] (below) publicly in Turkey.
}}
{{main|Eyüp Sultan Mosque|Ziyarat|Dua}}
Many folk practices may be identified, though few of them are specific to the Alevis. In this connection, scholar Martin van Bruinessen notes a sign from Turkey's Ministry of Religion, attached to Istanbul's shrine of [[Eyüp Sultan Mosque|Eyüp Sultan]], which presents<blockquote>...a long list of ‘superstitious’ practices that are emphatically declared to be non-Islamic and objectionable, such as lighting candles or placing ‘wishing stones’ on the tomb, tying pieces of cloth to the shrine or to the trees in front of it, throwing money on the tomb, asking the dead directly for help, circling seven times around the trees in the courtyard or pressing one’s face against the walls of the türbe in the hope of a supernatural cure, tying beads to the shrine and expecting supernatural support from them, sacrificing roosters or turkeys as a vow to the shrine. The list is probably an inventory of common local practices the authorities wish to prevent from re-emerging.<ref>''Religious practices in the Turco-Iranian World'', 2005.</ref></blockquote>Other, similar practices include kissing door frames of holy rooms; not stepping on the threshold of holy buildings; seeking prayers from reputed healers; and making ''[[lokma]]'' and sharing it with others. Also, [[Ashure]] is made and shared with friends and family during the month of [[Muharram]] in which the [[Ashura|Day of Ashure]] takes place.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fieldhouse |first=P. |title=Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions [2 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-61069-412-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 |access-date=August 11, 2017 |page=42}}</ref>
==== Ziyarat to sacred places ====
{{multiple image
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|image1=Pir Sultan istirahatgahı.jpg
|caption1=The [[tomb]] of [[Pir Sultan Abdal]] in [[Sivas]]
|image2=Karacaahmet cemetery (2023-10-21) 20.jpg
|caption2=Entrance of [[Karacaahmet Cemetery]] in [[Istanbul]], Turkey
}}
{{main|Hacıbektaş|Karacaahmet|Şahkulu}}
{{further|Pir (Sufism)}}
Performing [[ziyarat]] and [[dua|du'a]] at the tombs of Alevi-Bektashi saints or [[Pir (Sufism)|pirs]] is quite common. Some of the most frequently visited sites are the shrines of [[Şahkulu Rebellion|Şahkulu]] and [[Karacaahmet Cemetery|Karacaahmet]] (both in [[Istanbul]]), Abdal Musa ([[Antalya]]), [[Seyyid Battal Gazi Complex]] ([[Eskişehir]]), Hamza Baba ([[İzmir]]), Hasandede ([[Kırıkkale]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.balikligol.com/kultur-sanat/alevi-bektasilerin-kutsal-yerleri-turbeler-h3112.html | title=ALEVİ & BEKTAŞİLERİN KUTSAL YERLERİ-TÜRBELER haberleri}}</ref>
In contrast with the traditional secrecy of the [[Jem (Alevism)|''Cem ceremony'']] ritual, the events at these cultural centers and sites are open to the public. In the case of the [[Hacıbektaş|Hacibektaş celebration]], since 1990 the activities there have been taken over by Turkey's Ministry of Culture in the interest of promoting tourism and Turkish patriotism rather than Alevi spirituality. The annual celebrations held at [[Hacıbektaş]] ''(16 August)'' and [[Sivas]] (the [[Pir Sultan]] [[Abdal]] Kültür Etkinlikleri, 23–24 June).
Some Alevis make pilgrimages to mountains and other natural sites believed to be imbued with holiness.
==== Almsgiving ====
{{main|dargah|waqf|zakat}}
Alevis are expected to give [[zakat]], but there is no [[calculation of Zakāt|set formula or prescribed amount]] for annual charitable donation as there is in other forms of Islam (2.5% of possessions above a certain minimum). Rather, they are expected to give the "excess" according to Qur'an 2:219. A common method of Alevi almsgiving is through donating food (especially sacrificial animals) to be shared with worshippers and guests. Alevis also donate money to be used to help the poor, to support the religious, educational and cultural activities of Alevi centers and organizations ([[dargah]]s, [[waqf|awqaf]], and meetings), and to provide scholarships for students.
== History ==
{{Main|Alevi history}}
[[File:Hajji Bektash Wali.jpeg|thumb|[[Ottoman miniature]] of the founder of the [[Bektashiyyah]] Sufi order [[Haji Bektash Veli|Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli ''(Ḥājjī Baktāsh Walī)'']], a [[murid]] of [[Malamatiyya|Malāmatī]]-[[Qalandariyya|Qalāndārī]] [[Sheikh]] [[Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar]], who introduced the [[Ahmad Yasavi]]'s [[doctrine]] of ''"[[Four Doors|Four Doors and Forty Stending]]"'' into his [[tariqah]]]]
=== Seljuk period ===
{{further|Ak Koyunlu|Kara Koyunlu}}
During the great Turkish expansion from Central Asia into Iran and Anatolia in the Seljuk period (11–12th centuries), Turkmen and Kurdish nomad tribes accepted a Sufi and pro-Ali form of Islam that co-existed with some of their pre-Islamic customs. Their conversion to Islam in this period was achieved largely through the efforts not of textual scholars (ulema) expounding the finer points of Koranic exegesis and shari‘a law, but by charismatic [[Sufi]] dervishes a belief whose cult of Muslim saint worship, mystical divination and [[millenarianism]] spoke more directly to the steppe mindset. These tribes dominated Anatolia for centuries with their religious warriors (ghazi) spearheading the drive against Byzantines and Crusaders.<ref name="ebookshia.com">[https://ebookshia.com/upload/bookFiles/656/شيعه_لبنان_زير_سلطه_عثماني.PDF شيعه_لبنان_زير_سلطه_عثماني] ebookshia.com (in Arabic)</ref>{{page needed |date=September 2023}}{{verification needed |date=September 2023}}
=== Ottoman period ===
{{further|Ottoman persecution of Alevis|Babai revolt|Şahkulu|Şahkulu rebellion}}
As in Khorasan and West Asia before, the Turkmens who spearheaded the Ottomans’ drive into the Balkans and West Asia were more inspired by a vaguely Shiite folk Islam than by formal religion. Many times, Ottoman campaigns were accompanied or guided by Bektaşi dervishes, spiritual heirs of the 13th century Sufi saint [[Haji Bektash Veli]], himself a native of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]. After the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman state became increasingly determined to assert its fiscal but also its juridical and political control over the farthest reaches of the Empire.<ref name="ebookshia.com"/>
The resulting Alevi revolts, a series of millenarian anti-state uprisings by the heterodox [[Turkmens|Turkmen]] population of Anatolia that culminated in the establishment of a militantly Shiite rival state in neighbouring Iran.<ref name="ebookshia.com"/> The Ottoman Empire later proclaimed themselves its defenders against the [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|Safavid Shia state]] and related sects. This created a gap between the Sunni Ottoman ruling elite and the Alevi Anatolian population. Anatolia became a battlefield between Safavids and Ottomans, each determined to include it in their empire.
===Republic of Turkey===
According to Eren Sarı, Alevi saw Kemal Atatürk as a [[Mahdi]] "savior sent to save them from the Sunni Ottoman yoke".<ref name="Sarı-2017-26">{{cite book|last1=Sarı|first1=Eren|title=The Alevi Of Anatolia: During the great Turkish expansion from Central Asia .|date=2017|publisher=noktaekitap|page=16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0y1DgAAQBAJ&q=To+prevent+penetration+by+hostile+outsiders%2C+the+Alevis+insisted+on+strict+endogamy+which+eventually+made+them+into+a+quasi-ethnic+group&pg=PA16|access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref> However, pogroms against Alevi did not cease after the establishment of Atatürk's republic. In attacks against leftists in the 1970s, ultranationalists and reactionaries killed many Alevis. [[Malatya massacre|Malatya in 1978]], [[Maraş massacre|Maraş in 1979]], and [[Çorum massacre|Çorum in 1980]] witnessed the murder of hundreds of Alevis, the torching of hundreds of homes, and lootings.<ref name=memorializeturkey/><ref name=turkishpolicy/>
Alevis have been victims of [[pogroms]] during both Ottoman times and under the Turkish republic up until the [[Sivas massacre|1993 Sivas massacre]].<ref name="22-7-17-nyt"/><ref name=memorializeturkey>{{cite web|title=Pir Sultan Abdal Monument and Festival|url=http://www.memorializeturkey.com/en/memorial/pir-sultan-abdal-monument-and-festival/|website=memorializeturkey.com|access-date=27 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233448/http://www.memorializeturkey.com/en/memorial/pir-sultan-abdal-monument-and-festival/|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="turkishpolicy">{{cite web|last1=Rana Birden Çorbacıoğlu|first1=Zeynep Alemdar|title=ALEVIS AND THE TURKISH STATE|url=http://www.turkishpolicy.com/dosyalar/files/zeynep_alemdar-rana_birden_corbacioglu-10_4.pdf|website=turkishpolicy.com|access-date=27 June 2014}}</ref>
{{Chart top|The historical emergence of the [[Alevis|Alevī]] [[Ṭarīqah]]|collapse=yes}}
{| class="{{{class|navbox}}}" style="float:{{{1|center}}}; margin: 2ex 0 0.6em 0.5em; width: 8em; line-height:111%;"
!<small>The schematic history of the development of the [[Imāmī]]-[[Schools of Islamic theology#Alevism|Alevism]] from other [[Shī‘ah]] [[Muslim sects]] </small>
|-
|
{{chart/start|align=right}}
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{{chart| | |AMJ| | AMJ=[[Ja'far al-Sadiq]]| boxstyle_AMJ= background-color:LightCyan;| |YEM|A|ZYD| | |MAI| |MAI=[[Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah|Muhammad "al-Imām"]]|ZYD=[[Zaydi]]-[[Alavids]]|boxstyle_ZYD= background-color:AliceBlue;|YEM=[[Imams of Yemen|Yemen]]-[[Fiver (sect)|Fivers]] |boxstyle_YEM= background-color:AliceBlue; |boxstyle_MAI= background-color:Plum;}}
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{{Tree chart|İBJ| |FAT| |ALD|,|KAD| |IAI| |İBJ= [[Isma'il ibn Jafar]]|IAI=Ibrāhim<br /> [[Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah|"al-Imām"]]| |FAT=[[Abdullah al-Aftah ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq|Al-Aftah]]<br /><small>([[Aftahiyya]])</small>|ALD=[[Muhammad ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq (Al-Dibaj)|Al-Dibaj]] <br /><small>(Sumaytiyya)</small>|KAD= [[Musa al-Kadhim]]|boxstyle_FAT= background-color:LemonChiffon; |boxstyle_İBJ= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_KAD= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_ALD= background-color:Ivory;}}
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{{chart|İSM|7|AAA| |İBR|!|İSN| |MUS| |İSM=[[Imamah (Ismaili doctrine)|Imāmī]] [[Ismā'īlī]]sm|MUS=[[Abu Muslim Khorasani|Muslim’īyyah]] <small>([[Sinbad the Magean|Sīnbād]])</small>|boxstyle_İSM= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_İSN= background-color:#FFFFCC;|İSN=[[Imāmī]] [[Athnā‘ashariyyah]]|AAA=[[Muhammad ibn Abdullah al-Aftah|Muhammad al-Aftah]]|İBR=[[Ibrahim ibn Musa al-Kazim|Ibrāhim ibn Mūsā]]|boxstyle_MUS= background-color:LightPink; }}
{{Tree chart| |F|~|A|~|7| | | |,|-|'| |!| |,|-|(| | }}
{{chart|MBİ| |SEV| |FTM|F|ARD|!|TUR|TUR=[[Ishaq al-Turk]]|MBİ= [[Muhammad ibn Isma'il|Al-Maktūm]] <br /><small>(Mubārakʾiyya)</small>| |SEV=[[Seveners]]|FTM=[[Fatima bint Musa|Fātimā al-Ma‘sūmah]] | |ARD= [[Ali al-Rida]]| |boxstyle_MBİ= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_SEV= background-color:PeachPuff;}}
{{chart| |!| | | |:| |F|~|~|~|J| |!| |`|-|.| | }}
{{Tree chart|WAF| |QAR|D|TUS|,|JAW| |MUH|QAR=<small>[[Hamdan Qarmat|Ḥamdān Qarmaṭ'l-ʾAšʿaṯ]]</small>| | |WAF= [[Ahmad al-Wafi|ʿAbadullāh<small> ''(Wafī Aḥmad)''</small>]]|TUS=[[Al-Tustari]]<br /><small>([[Taṣawwuf]])</small>|JAW= [[Muhammad al-Jawad|Muhammad al-Taqī ''(Jawad)'']]|MUH=[[Muḥammirah|Muhammerah]] <small>([[Muqanna]])</small>|boxstyle_MUH= background-color:HotPink; |boxstyle_TUS= background-color:Linen;}}
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{{chart|HAS1132| |SAD|:|MUS|,|HAD|7|KHR|HAD= [[Ali al Hadi]]|SAD=[[Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi|Abū Sa'id]]|HAS1132= [[Muhammad at-Taqi (Ahmed ibn Abadullah)|Aḥmad <small> ''(Taqī Muhammad)'' </small>]]|MUS=[[Musa al-Mubarraqa|Mūsā al-Mūbārraqā]]|KHR=[[Khurramites|Khurrāmīyah]] <small>([[Babak Khorramdin|Pāpak]], Maziar)</small>| boxstyle_KHR= background-color:Coral; }}
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{{chart|HAS2132| |TAH|:|MAH| |HAS|:|KIZ| |HAS2132= [[Radi Abdullah|Ḥusayn<small><br /> ''(Raḍī ʿAbdillāh)''</small>]]| |HAS=[[Hasan al-Askari]]| TAH=[[Abū-Tāhir Al-Jannābī|Abū-Tāhir]]|KIZ=[[Kızılbaş]]|MAH=[[Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi|Muhammad]] ibn [[Ali al-Hadi|Ali]] |boxstyle_KIZ= background-color:LightCoral; }}
{{Tree chart|boxstyle=background:LightBlue;| |!| | | |!| |L|~|~|7| | |!| |:| |:| | | | }}
{{Tree chart|UAM| |QAR| | |NAM| |!|NUS|:|NUS=[[Ibn Nusayr]] <small>([[Namiriya|‘Ulyāʾiyya]])</small>|UAM= [[Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah|Ubayd Allāh]] <small>([[Fatimids]])</small>|NAM=[[Fazlallah Astarabadi (Naimi)|Nāimī]]-[[Hurufi|Ḥurūfīs]]|QAR=[[Qarmati]]s| |boxstyle_QAR= background-color:PeachPuff; |boxstyle_UAM= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_NUS= background-color:Moccasin; |boxstyle_NAM= background-color:Linen;}}
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{{chart|HAS223|HAS223= [[Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)|al-Qāʾim]]| |AAA|!| | |MAH|^|ALK|:| |AAA=ʿAlī Al-Aʿlā <small>([[Bektashiyyah|Baktāsh’īyyah]])</small>|MAH=[[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Muhammad]] <br /><small>([[Imam e Zamana|Imām Zāmān]])</small>|ALK=[[Al-Khaṣībī]] <small>([[Nusairi]]s)</small>|boxstyle_NAM= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_MAH= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_ALK= background-color:Moccasin;|boxstyle_AAA= background-color:Linen; }}
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{{chart|HAS224| | |:|MPS| |TWE| |SAR|:|HAS224= [[al-Mansur Billah|al-Manṣūr]]|MPS=[[Mahmoud Pasikhani|Pasīkhānī]] <small>([[Nuktawiyya]])</small>|NUS=[[Nusairi]]s| |TWE=[[Imamiyyah]] <small>([[Theology of Twelvers|Twelvers]])</small>|SAR=[[Sarı Saltuk]] <small>([[Bektaşi|Baktāshī]]s)</small>|boxstyle_NUS= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_TWE= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_MPS= background-color:Linen; |boxstyle_SAR= background-color:MistyRose; }}
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{{Tree chart|HAS225| |NES| |JAF| |ALE|X|OTM|OTM=[[Otman Baba]]|HAS225= [[Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah|al-Muʿizz]]|NES=[[Nesîmî|Nasīmī]]|JAF=[[Ja'fari]]s|ALE=[[Alevi]]s| boxstyle_JAF= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_ALE= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_NES= background-color:Linen;|boxstyle_OTM= background-color:MistyRose;}}
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{{chart|ALA| |AKH| |SHY| |USL|:|BAL|BAL=[[Balım Sultan]]| |ALA= [[Al-Aziz Billah|al-ʿAzīz]]|AKH=[[Akhbari]]s|SHY=[[Shaykhi]]s|USL=[[Usuli]]s | | | boxstyle_QAR= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_AKH= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_SHY= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_USL= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_BAL= background-color:MistyRose;}}
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{{chart|HAS234|7|SAF| |BAB|.|VEF|:|HAS234=[[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|al-Ḥākim]]|BAB=[[Nuqta-yi Ula]] <small>([[Bábis]])</small>| VEF=[[Velayat-e-faqih]] <small>([[Iran, Islamic Rep.]])</small>|GÜL|GÜL=[[Gül Baba]] <small>([[Hurufi]]-[[Bektaşi]])</small>|SAF=[[Safavids]] <small>([[Safaviyya|Safavī]] [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|Iran]])</small>| | | |boxstyle_GÜL= background-color:MistyRose;}}
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{{chart|HAS312|HAS312=[[Ali az-Zahir|al-Ẓāhir]]| |DRZ| |AZL| |BHI|F|OAL|DRZ=[[Durzi]]s <br /><small>([[Al-Muqtana]]) </small>|OAL=[[Aleviler|Other Alevis]] <small>([[Schools of Islamic theology#Baktāshism (Bektaşilik)|Bektashism]])</small>|AZL=[[Mirza Yahya|Mírzá Yaḥyá]] <small>([[Azalis]])</small>|BHI=[[Mírzá Ḥusayn-`Alí Núrí|Mírzá Ḥusayn]] <small>([[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼís]])</small>|boxstyle_OAL= background-color:Pink; }}
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{{chart| | |ALM|~|NKH|-|BAP|F|YAR|!|YAR=[[Yarsani]]s <br /><small>([[Sultan Sahak]])</small>|ALM=[[Al-Mustansir Billah|Al-Mustanṣir bi-Llāh]]|NKH=[[Dā'ī al-Mutlaq|Dā'ī]] [[Nasir Khusraw]]| | | | | |BAP=[[Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region|Badakhshan]] & [[Badakhshan Province|Afgan]] [[Pamiris]] | boxstyle_NKH= background-color:Seashell; | boxstyle_BAP= background-color:Seashell;}}
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{{Tree chart|HAS3112|HAS3112=[[Al-Musta'li]] <small>([[Musta'li]]s)</small>| |MBM| |NIZ|!|NIZ=[[Nizār ibn al-Mustanṣir billāh|Al-Nizār]] <br /><small>([[Nizārī]]s)</small>|YEZ|:| |!|YEZ=[[Ostad Elahi]] <br /><small>([[‘Ali-Ilahis]])</small>| |BAM=[[Baha'uddin al-Muqtana|Baha'uddin Muqtana]]|ADD=<small>[[Nashtakin al-Darazi|Nashtakin<br />al-Darazi]]</small>|MBM=<small>Muḥammad ibn [[Abū Tamīm Ma'add al-Mustanṣir bi-llāh|Abū Tamīm]] </small>| boxstyle_HAS3112= background-color:#FFFFCC;| boxstyle_ADD= background-color:#FFFFCC;| boxstyle_NIZ= background-color:PapayaWhip; }}
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{{Tree chart| |,|AMR|AMR=[[Al-Amir|Al-Āmir]]|l4| | |SAB|!| | |BFR|!|BFR=[[Ishikism|Işık Alevis]]|SAB=[[Hashshashins]] <small>([[Hassan Sabbah|Ḥ. bin Sabbah]]) </small>| |boxstyle_SAB= background-color:PapayaWhip; }}
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{{chart|TAQ|TAQ=[[At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim|At-Tayyib]] <small>([[Tayyibi]]s)</small>|:|HAF|HAF=[[Al-Hafiz|Al-Ḥāfīz]] <small>([[Hafizi]]s)</small>| |HAS|!|HAS=[[Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam|Ḥasan ʿAlā]] <small>([[Alamut Castle|Alamūt]] [[Nizārī Ismā'īlī state|Nizārī]]s) </small>| | |ALN|!|HAR|HAR=[[Harabati baba tekke|Harabatis]] <br /><small>([[Baba Rexheb]]) </small>|ALN=[[Alians]]<br /> <small>([[Demir Baba Teke|Demir Baba]]) </small>| | |boxstyle_HAR= background-color:LavenderBlush; |boxstyle_HAF= background-color:LightYellow; | boxstyle_HAS= background-color:PapayaWhip; |boxstyle_TAQ= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_ALN= background-color:LavenderBlush; }}
{{Tree chart| |G2|~|J| | | | | |!| |`|-|.| | | |!|}}
{{chart|ARW|ARW=[[Arwa al-Sulayhi|Arwa <br />al-Sulayhi]]|-|DAW|.|AGA| |PAM| |CEP| |CEP=[[Chepni]]s|DAW=[[Zoeb bin musa|Zoeb Musa]] <small>([[Dawoodi Bohra|Dawoodis]])</small>|AGA=[[Aga Khan|Agha Khans]] <small>([[Imamate in Nizari doctrine|Nizārī Ismā'īlī]]s)</small>|boxstyle_DRZ= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_DAW= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_AGA= background-color:PapayaWhip; |HUS2232=[[Dawoodi Bohra#Intra-Bohra schisms|Other Bohra]]s |PAM=[[Pamir Mountains|Pamir]] [[Imamah (Ismaili doctrine)|Ismāʿīlīsm]] | boxstyle_CEP= background-color:LavenderBlush; | boxstyle_PAM= background-color:Seashell;}}
{{chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|+|-|v|-|-|-|.|}}
{{chart|SUL| |ALA|!|HEB|,|ATB| |SUL=[[Sulayman bin Hassan|Sulayman]] <small>([[Sulaymanis]])</small> |HEB=<small>[[Hebtiahs Bohra]]</small>|ALA=<small>Ali bin Ibrāhim<br />([[Alavi Bohra]])</small> |PDB=[[Progressive Dawoodi Bohra|Progressive Dawoodis]] |boxstyle_HEB= background-color:#FFFFCC;|ATB=<small>[[Abdul Hussain Jivaji|A . Hussain Jivaji]]<br /> ([[Atba-i-Malak]])</small> | boxstyle_SUL= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_ALA= background-color:#FFFFCC;| boxstyle_ATB= background-color:#FFFFCC;| }}
{{chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|'| |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{chart|JAF| |PDB| |AMV| |AMB| |JAF=<small>[[Jafari Bohras]] ([[Syed Jafar Ahmad Shirazi]])</small>|PDB=<small>[[Progressive Dawoodi Bohra|Progressive Dawoodis]] ([[Asghar Ali Engineer|Asghar Ali]])</small>|AMB=<small>[[Atba-e-Malak Badar|Atba-i-Malak Badar]] ([[Badruddin Ghulam Hussain Miya Khan Saheb|Ghulam Hussain Miya Khan]])</small>|AMV=<small>[[Atba-i-Malak Vakil]] ([[Abdul Qadir Ebrahimji|A. Qadir Ebrahimji]])</small>| boxstyle_PDB= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_AMB= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_AMV= background-color:#FFFFCC;| }}
{{chart/end}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}
==Organization==
{{Sufism|collapsed=1}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| header = [[Ali]], [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]] in [[Hagia Sophia]]
| width = 220
| image1 = 01HSI1 (2099855672).jpg
| caption1 = [[Ali]] (right) and [[Husayn ibn Ali]] (left) medallions in the [[Hagia Sophia]]
| image2 = Name of Prophet Muhammad in Arabic in Hagia Sophia, April 2013.JPG
| caption2 = [[Hasan ibn Ali]] medallion in Hagia Sophia
}}
In contrast to the [[Bektashi order]]{{Snd}}''tariqa'', which like other Sufi orders is based on a [[silsila]] "initiatory chain or lineage" of teachers and their students, Alevi leaders succeed to their role on the basis of family descent. Perhaps ten percent of Alevis belong to a religious elite called ''ocak'' "hearth", indicating descent from Ali and/or various other saints and heroes. ''Ocak'' members are called ''ocakzade''s or "sons of the hearth". This system apparently originated in the Safavid state.
Alevi leaders are variously called ''[[murshid]], [[Pir (Sufism)|pir]], [[Rehber (Alevism)|rehber]]'' or ''[[Dede (religious figure)|dede]].'' Groups that conceive of these as ranks of a hierarchy (as in the [[Bektashi Order]]) disagree as to the order. The last of these, ''dede'' "grandfather", is the term preferred by the scholarly literature. ''Ocakzade''s may attain to the position of ''dede'' on the basis of selection (by a father from among several sons), character, and learning. In contrast to Alevi rhetoric on the equality of the sexes, it is generally assumed that only males may fill such leadership roles.
Traditionally, ''dedes'' did not merely lead rituals, but led their communities, often in conjunction with local notables such as the [[agha (title)|ağas]] (large landowners) of the [[Tunceli Province|Dersim Region]]. They also acted as judges or arbiters, presiding over village courts called ''[[Düşkünlük Meydanı]]''.
Ordinary Alevi would owe allegiance to a particular ''dede'' lineage (but not others) on the basis of pre-existing family or village relations. Some fall instead under the authority of Bektashi dargahs.
In the wake of 20th century urbanization (which removed young laborers from the villages) and socialist influence (which looked upon the dedes with suspicion), the old hierarchy has largely broken down. Many dedes now receive salaries from Alevi cultural centers, which arguably subordinates their role. Such centers no longer feature community business or deliberation, such as the old ritual of reconciliation, but emphasize musical and dance performance to the exclusion of these.<ref>See Martin Stokes' study.</ref> Dedes are now approached on a voluntary basis, and their role has become more circumscribed – limited to religious rituals, research, and giving advice.
According to John Shindeldecker "Alevis are proud to point out that they are [[monogamy|monogamous]], Alevi women are encouraged to get the best education they can, and Alevi women are free to go into any occupation they choose."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2017/02/10/religious-diversity-and-the-alevi-struggle-for-equality-in-turkey/|title=Religious Diversity And The Alevi Struggle For Equality In Turkey|last=Flows|first=Capital|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
=== Relationship with Shia Islam ===
Alevis are classified as a sect of Shia Islam,<ref>{{cite web|editor=Miller, Tracy |date=October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population, Pew Research Center |url=http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf |access-date=2009-10-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010050756/http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf |archive-date=2009-10-10 }}</ref> and Ayatollah [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] decreed Alevis to be part of the Shia fold in the 1970s.<ref name="Nasr, V page 1">Nasr, V: "The Shia Revival," page 1. Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc, 2006</ref> However, Alevi philosophies, customs, and rituals are appreciably different from those of mainstream, orthodox [[Usuli]]s. According to Alevis{{Which|date=August 2023}}, Ali and Muhammad are likened to the two sides of a coin, or the two halves of an apple.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}
====Relationship with Alawites====
Similarities with the [[Alawites]] of [[Syria]] exist.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} Both are viewed as [[heterodox]]{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}, [[syncretic]] Islamic minorities, whose names both mean "devoted to [[Ali]]," (the son-in-law and cousin of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, and fourth [[caliph]] following Muhammad as leader of the Muslims), and are located primarily in the Eastern Mediterranean. Like mainstream Shia they are known as "Twelvers" as they both recognize the Twelve Imams.
How the two minorities relate is disputed. According to scholar Marianne Aringberg-Laanatza, "the Turkish Alevis... do not relate themselves in any way to the Alawites in Syria."<ref>{ Aringberg-Laanatza, Marianne. [https://www.iberlibro.com/9780700710881/Alevi-Identity-Cultural-Religious-Social-0700710884/plp “Alevis in Turkey–Alawites in Syria: Similarities and Differences.” In Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives.] Edited by Tord Olsson, Elisabeth Özdalga, and Catharina Raudvere, 181–199. Richmond, UK: Curzon, 1998.}</ref> However journalist [[Jeffrey Gettleman]]d claims that both Alevi and the less than one million Alawite minority in Turkey "seem to be solidly behind Syria’s embattled strongman, [[Bashar al-Assad]]" and leery of Syrian Sunni rebels.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/05/world/middleeast/turkish-alawites-fear-spillover-of-violence-from-syria.html|title=Turkish Alawites Fear Spillover of Violence From Syria|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2012-08-04|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-07-28|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ''[[Deutsche Welle]]'' journalist Dorian Jones states that Turkish Alevis are suspicious of the anti-Assad uprising in Syria. "They are worried of the repercussions for Alawites there, as well as for themselves."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/alevi-turks-concerned-for-alawi-cousins-in-syria/a-15823670|title=Alevi Turks concerned for Alawi 'cousins' in Syria {{!}} Globalization {{!}} DW {{!}}|last=Jones|first=Dorian|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=22 March 2012|language=en|access-date=2017-07-28|agency=Deutsche Welle}}</ref>
Some sources (Martin van Bruinessen and Jamal Shah) mistake Alawites living in Turkey to be Alevis (calling Alevis "a blanket term for a large number of different heterodox communities"),<ref name=Bruinessen>{{cite web|url=http://islam.uga.edu/alevivanb.html|title=Kurds, Turks, and the Alevi Revival in Turkey|last=van Bruinessen|first=Martin|date=c. 1995|website=islam.uga.edu|access-date=2017-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512072504/http://islam.uga.edu/alevivanb.html|archive-date=2014-05-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> but others do not, giving a list of the differences between the two groups. These include their liturgical languages (Turkish or Kurdish for Alevi, Arabic for Alawites). Opposing political nationalism, with Alawites supporting their ruling dictatorship and considering Turks (including Alevis) an "opponent" of its Arab "historic interests".{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} (Even Kurdish and Balkan Alevi populations pray in Turkish.)<ref name=Cagaptay-2012>{{cite web|url=http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/17/are-syrian-alawites-and-turkish-alevis-the-same/|title=Are Syrian Alawites and Turkish Alevis the same?|last=Cagaptay|first=Soner|date=17 April 2012|website=CNN|access-date=2017-07-28|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107162959/https://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/17/are-syrian-alawites-and-turkish-alevis-the-same/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Unlike Alevis, Alawites not only traditionally lack mosques but do not maintain their own places for worship, except for shrines to their leaders.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} Alevi "possess an extensive and widely-read religious literature, mainly composed of spiritual songs, poems, and epic verse." Their origins are also different: The Alawite faith was founded in the ninth century by Abu Shuayb Muhammad [[ibn Nusayr]]. Alevism started in the 14th century by mystical Islamic dissenters in Central Asia, and represent more of a movement rather than a sect.
=== Relationship with Sunnis ===
The relationship between Alevis and Sunnis is one of mutual suspicion and prejudice dating back to the Ottoman period. Hundreds of Alevis were murdered in sectarian violence in the years that preceded the [[1980 Turkish coup d'état|1980 coup]], and as late as the 1990s dozens were killed with impunity.<ref name="22-7-17-nyt" /> While pogroms have not occurred since then, Erdogan has declared "a [[cemevi]] is not a place of worship, it is a center for cultural activities. Muslims should only have one place of worship."<ref name="22-7-17-nyt" />
Alevis{{Which?|date=August 2023}} claim that they have been subject to [[Religious intolerance|intolerant]] Sunni "nationalism" that has been unwilling to recognize Alevi "uniqueness".<ref>Karin Vorhoff. 1995. Zwischen Glaube, Nation und neuer Gemeinschaft: Alevitische Identitat in der Türkei der Gegenwart, pp. 95–96.</ref>
== Demographics ==
{{see also|Kurdish Alevism}}
[[File:Alevis_in_Turkey.png|thumb|upright 1.2|Distribution of Alevi population in Turkey. Red = Anatolian Alevis (Turks and Kurds). Dark red = Alawites (Arabs) in Southern Turkey.]]
[[File:1 - Hamburg 1. Mai 2014 03.JPG|thumb|upright 1.2|Alevis in a demonstration in [[Hamburg]]]]
Most Alevi live in Turkey, where they are a minority and Sunni Muslims the majority. The size of the Alevi population is likewise disputed, but most estimates place them somewhere between 5 and 10 million people or about 10% of the population.<ref name=usstate>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90204.htm|title=Turkey: International Religious Freedom Report 2007|date=14 September 2007|publisher=State.gov|access-date=9 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Daan Bauwens|date=18 February 2010 |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/LB18Ak04.html |title=Turkey's Alevi strive for recognition |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222035039/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/LB18Ak04.html |archive-date=22 February 2010 |work=Asia Times Online|access-date=9 August 2011}}</ref> Estimates of the percentage of Turkey's population that are Alevi range between 4% and 15%.<ref name=minorityrights/><ref name="TR100"/> Scattered minorities live in the [[Balkans]], [[the Caucasus]], [[Cyprus]], [[Greece]], [[Iran]] and the diaspora such as Germany and France.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Massicard |first1=Elise |title=The Alevis in Turkey and Europe: Identity and Managing Territorial Diversity |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kv6d_yXa7iUC&q=alevis+worldwide&pg=PA38 |via=googlebooks.com |access-date=5 June 2014 |isbn=9781136277986 |date=2012-10-12}}</ref> In the [[2021 United Kingdom census]], Alevism was discovered to be the eighth largest religion in England and Wales, after Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism, Judaism and Paganism.<ref name="Religion, England and Wales">{{Cite web |title=Religion, England and Wales |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021 |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Office of National Statistics}}</ref>
Different estimations exist on the ethnic composition of the Alevi population. Although Turks are probably the largest ethnic group among Alevis considering their historical towns and cities.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} While Dressler stated in 2008 that about a third of the Alevi population is Kurdish,<ref name="referenceworks.brillonline.com"/> Hamza Aksüt argued that the majority is Kurdish<ref>{{cite book|last=Gezik|first=Erdal|title=The Cambridge History of the Kurds|year=2021|editor-last=Bozarslan|editor-first=Hamit|chapter=The Kurdish Alevis: The Followers of the Path of Truth|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=562|doi=10.1017/9781108623711.026|s2cid=235541104}}</ref> when all groups he considers as Alevis, such as the [[Yarsanism|Yarsanis]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aksüt |first1=Hamza |title=Aleviler: Türkiye, İran, İrak, Suriye, Bulgaristan : araştırma-inceleme |date=2009 |publisher=Yurt Kitap-Yayın |page=319 |isbn=9789759025618 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d2FPAQAAIAAJ |access-date=31 July 2022}}</ref> are counted.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Hamza Aksüt |title=Hamza Aksüt ile Alevi Ocakları Üzerine - Aleviliğin Kökleri |language=Turkish |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L3is6Fi3iqI&t=13m8s |access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref>
Most Alevis are probably of Kizilbash or Bektashi origin.<ref name=minorityrights/> The Alevis (Kizilbash) are traditionally predominantly rural and acquire identity by parentage. Bektashis, however, are predominantly urban, and formally claim that membership is open to any Muslim. The groups are separately organized, but subscribe to "virtually the same system of beliefs".<ref name=minorityrights/>
===Population estimates===
The Alevi population has been estimated as follows:
* Approximately 20 million according to [[Daily Sabah]], a newspaper close to the government in 2021.<ref name="dailysabah">{{cite web |date=31 December 2021 |title=Govt signals action for Turkey's Alevi community amid obstacles |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/news-analysis/govt-signals-action-for-turkeys-alevi-community-amid-obstacles |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=www.dailysabah.com}}</ref>
* 12,521,000 according to [[Sabahat Akkiraz]], an MP from [[Republican People's Party|CHP]].<ref name=habersol>{{cite web|title=Sabahat Akkiraz'dan Alevi raporu|url=http://haber.sol.org.tr/devlet-ve-siyaset/sabahat-akkirazdan-alevi-raporu-haberi-64266 |website=haber.sol.org.tr|date=14 December 2012|access-date=25 June 2014}}</ref>
* "approx. 15 million..."{{Snd}}Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi.<ref name="Near East' 1997">From the introduction of ''Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East'' edited by her, B. Kellner-Heinkele, & A. Otter-Beaujean. Leiden: Brill, 1997.</ref>
* 4% of total population of Turkey{{Snd}}[[KONDA Research and Consultancy|KONDA Research]] (2021).<ref name="TR100"/>
* In Turkey, 15% of Turkey's population (approx. 10.6 million){{Snd}}Shankland (2006).<ref>''Structure and Function in Turkish Society.'' Isis Press, 2006, p. 81.</ref>
*20 to 25 million according to Minority Rights Group.<ref name=minorityrights/>
* There is a native 3,000 Alevi community in [[Western Thrace]], Greece.<ref>{{cite web|author =Μποζανίνου Τάνια |url=http://www.tovima.gr/world/article/?aid=379767 |title=ΤΟ ΒΗΜΑ – Αλεβίτες, οι άγνωστοι "συγγενείς" μας – κόσμος |date=23 January 2011 |publisher=Tovima.gr |access-date=2012-11-22}}</ref>
* The predominant religion of the [[Äynu people]] of western China is Alevism.<ref name="KAM">{{cite book |last = Louie |first =Kam |title = The Cambridge Companion to Modern Chinese Culture |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn = 978-0521863223 |page = 114 |year = 2008}}</ref><ref name="XIN">{{cite book |last = Starr |first =S. Frederick |title = Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland: China's Muslim Borderland |publisher = [[Routledge]] |isbn = 978-0765613189 |page = 303 |year = 2004}}</ref><ref name="WHIT">{{cite web |url=https://arminda.whitman.edu/theses/240 |title=Mummy dearest : questions of identity in modern and ancient Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region |date=9 May 2012 |publisher=Alyssa Christine Bader [[Whitman College]] p31 |access-date=19 November 2020|last1=Bader |first1=Alyssa Christine}}</ref> There are estimated to be around 30–50 thousand Äynu, mostly located on the fringe of the [[Taklamakan Desert]].<ref name="Johanson">{{cite web
| last = Johanson
| first = Lars
| year = 2001
| title = Discoveries on the Turkic Linguistic Map
| publisher = Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul
| volume = 5
| location = Stockholm
| pages = 21–22
| url = http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/DILBILIM/johanson_01.pdf
}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ&q=aynu+people&pg=PA15|title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia|last=Minahan|first=James B.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2014|isbn=9781610690188|pages=14–15}}</ref>
* 25,672 Alevi live in England and Wales.<ref name="Religion, England and Wales"/>
* 600k to 700k Alevi live in Germany.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kassel.de/buerger/stadtgesellschaft/rat-der-religionen/alevitische-gemeinde.php|title=Alevitische Gemeinde|website=Stadt Kassel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://fowid.de/meldung/aleviten-deutschland |title=Aleviten in Deutschland |date=16 September 2021}}</ref>
* 100k to 200k Alevi live in France.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Yaman | first1=Ali | last2=Dönmez| first2=Rasim Özgür | title=Creating cohesion from diversity through mobilization: Locating the place of Alevi federations in Alevi collective identity in Europe | journal=Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi | publisher=Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University | issue=77 |year=2016| pages=13–36 | url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tkhcbva/issue/71962/1157641}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Koşulu | first=Deniz | title=Muslim Political Participation in Europe | chapter=The Alevi quest in Europe through the redefinition of the Alevi movement: recognition and political participation, a case study of the Fuaf in France | publisher=Edinburgh University Press | year=2013| isbn=978-0-7486-4694-4 | doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9780748646944.003.0013 | pages=255–276}}</ref>
=== Social groups ===
[[File:Alevisme.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Calligraphic]] hat in Alevi-[[Bektashism]]]]
A Turkish scholar working in France has distinguished four main groups among contemporary Alevis in Turkey.<ref name=":2" />
The first group, who form a majority of the Alevi population, regard themselves as true Muslims and are prepared to cooperate with the state. It adheres to the way of [[Jafar as-Sadiq]], the Sixth Imam of Shia Islam. This group's concept of ''[[God in Islam|God]]'' is the same as Orthodox Islam, and like their Shia counterparts they reject the first three chosen [[Caliph]]s, whom Sunni accept as legitimate, and accept only [[Ali]] as the actual and true Caliph.<ref name=":2" />
The second group, which has the second most following among Alevis, are said to be under the active influence of the official Iranian Shia and to be confirmed adherents of the [[Twelver]] branch of Shia Islam and they reject the teachings of Bektashism Tariqa. They follow the [[Ja'fari jurisprudence]] and oppose secular state power.<ref name=":2">Bilici, F: "The Function of Alevi-Bektashi Theology in Modern Turkey", seminar. Swedish Research Institute, 1996</ref>
The third group, a minority belief held by the Alevis, is mainly represented by people who belong to the political left and presumed ''the Aleviness'' just as an outlook on the individual human life rather than a religious conviction by persistently renouncing the ties of Alevism with Twelver political branch of Shia Islam. The followers of this congregation, who later turned out to be the very stern defenders of ''[[Ishikism|Erdoğan Çınar]],'' hold ritual unions of a religious character and have established cultural associations named after [[Pir Sultan Abdal]] as well. According to their philosophy, human being should enjoy a central role reminiscent of the doctrine of ''[[Khurramites]],'' and as illustrated by [[Hurufism|Hurufi]] phrase of ''God is Man'' quoted above in the context of the [[Trinity]].<ref name=":2" />
The fourth{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} who adopted some aspirations of ''[[Christian mysticism]],'' is more directed towards heterodox [[mysticism]] and stands closer to the [[Hajji Bektash]]i Brotherhood. According to the philosophy developed by this congregation, [[Christianity|Christian]] [[mysticism|mystic]] [[St Francis of Assisi]] and [[Hindu]] [[Mahatma Gandhi]] are supposedly considered better believers of [[God]] than many [[Muslims]].<ref name=":2" />
{{further|Ja'fari|Nusayrism|Hurufism| Chinarism}}
== Influences of other beliefs and sects on Alevism ==
{{see also|Ishikism}}
{{Bektashi}}
[[File:Syariah-thariqah-hakikah2.jpg|thumb|'''[[Four Doors|Four Spiritual Stations]] in Bektashiyyah:''' Sharia, tariqa, [[haqiqa]], and the fourth station, [[marifa]], which is considered "unseen", is actually ''the center'' of the ''[[haqiqa]]'' region. [[Marifa]] is the essence of all four stations.]]
=== Sufi elements in Alevism ===
{{Further|Qalandariyya|Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar|Sufi metaphysics}}
Despite this essentially Shi‘i orientation, much of Aleviness' mystical language is inspired by Sufi traditions. For example, the Alevi concept of God is derived from the philosophy of [[Ibn Arabi]] and involves a chain of [[Emanationism|emanation]] from God, to spiritual man, earthly man, animals, plants, and minerals. The goal of spiritual life is to follow this path in the reverse direction, to unity with God, or [[al-Haqq]] (Reality, Truth). From the highest perspective, all is God (see [[Sufi metaphysics]]). Alevis admire [[al-Hallaj]], a 10th-century Sufi who was accused of blasphemy and subsequently executed in [[Baghdad]] for saying "I am the Truth" ''([[Anal Haq|Ana al-Haqq]]).''
There is some tension between folk tradition Aleviness and the Bektashi Order, which is a Sufi order founded on Alevi beliefs.<ref>Ataseven, I: "The Alevi-Bektasi Legacy: Problems of Acquisition and Explanation", page 1. Coronet Books Inc, 1997</ref> In certain Turkish communities other Sufi orders (the [[Khalwati order|Halveti]]-[[Jerrahi]] and some of the [[Rifaʽi]]) have incorporated significant Alevi influence.
==== Wahdat al-Mawjud ====
{{main|Wahdat al-mawjud}}
Bektashism places much emphasis on the concept of [[Sufi metaphysics|Wahdat al-Mawjud]] وحدة الوجود, the "Unity of Being" that was formulated by [[Ibn Arabi]]. Bektashism is also heavily permeated with Shiite concepts, such as the marked veneration of Ali, the Twelve Imams, and the ritual commemoration of [[Day of Ashura|Ashurah]] marking the Battle of Karbala. The old [[Iran|Persian]] holiday of [[Nowruz]] is celebrated by Bektashis as [[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|Imam]] Ali's birthday.
In keeping with the central belief of ''[[Wahdat al-mawjud|Wahdat Al-Mawjud]]'' the Bektashi see reality contained in [[Haqq-Muhammad-Ali]], a single unified entity. Bektashi do not consider this a form of [[trinity]]. There are many other practices and ceremonies that share similarity with other faiths, such as a ritual meal (''muhabbet'') and yearly confession of sins to a ''baba'' (''magfirat-i zunub'' مغفرة الذنوب).
Bektashis base their practices and rituals on their non-orthodox and [[Esoteric interpretation of the Quran|mystical interpretation]] and understanding of the [[Qur'an]] and the prophetic practice ([[Sunnah]]). They have no written doctrine specific to them, thus rules and rituals may differ depending on under whose influence one has been taught. Bektashis generally revere Sufi mystics outside of their own order, such as [[Ibn Arabi]], [[Al-Ghazali]] and [[Rumi|Jelalludin Rumi]] who are close in spirit to them.
=== Mysticism ===
{{further|Bektashism|Hurufism}}
Bektashism is [[Initiation|initiatic]] and members must traverse various levels or ranks as they progress along the spiritual path to the [[Reality]]. First level members are called ''aşıks'' عاشق. They are those who, while not having taken initiation into the order, are nevertheless drawn to it. Following initiation (called ''nasip'') one becomes a ''mühip'' محب. After some time as a ''mühip'', one can take further vows and become a ''[[dervish]]''.
The next level above dervish is that of ''baba''. The ''baba'' (lit. father) is considered to be the head of a ''[[Khanqah|tekke]]'' and qualified to give spiritual guidance (''irshad'' إرشاد). Above the ''[[Baba (Alevism)|baba]]'' is the rank of ''halife-baba'' (or ''[[Dedes|dede]]'', grandfather). Traditionally there were twelve of these, the most senior being the "''[[:tr:Dedebabalık|dedebaba]]''" (''great-grandfather'')''.''
The ''dedebaba'' was considered to be the highest ranking authority in the Bektashi Order. Traditionally the residence of the ''dedebaba'' was the Pir Evi (The Saint's Home) which was located in the shrine of [[Hajji Bektash Wali]] in the central Anatolian town of [[Hacıbektaş|Hacıbektaş ''(Solucakarahüyük)'']].
=== Non-Islamic elements ===
{{further|Tengrism|Turkic mythology}}
Alevism is indeed heavily influenced by old [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[shamanistic]] beliefs. Concepts such as [[Ocak (Alevism)|Odjak]], inclusive social roles for women, musical performances, various rituals celebrating the nature or the seasons (like [[Hıdırellez]]) and some customs like the cult of ancestors, trees and rocks are both observed in Alevism and [[Tengrism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://core.ac.uk/reader/52940240 | title=The formation of Alevi syncretism}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/14492756 |title=The Discovery of the Alevis' Shamanism and the Need for Scholarly Accuracy |last1=Dressler |first1=Markus}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Ashura]]
* [[Duzgin Bawo]]
* [[Religious humanism]]
* [[Shi'a view of Ali]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|2}}
;General introductions
* {{EI3|title=Alevīs|year=2008|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/alevis-COM_0167?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=Alevīs|last=Dressler|first=Markus}}
* Engin, Ismail & Franz, Erhard (2000). ''Aleviler / Alewiten. Cilt 1 Band: Kimlik ve Tarih / Identität und Geschichte.'' Hamburg: Deutsches Orient Institut (Mitteilungen Band 59/2000). {{ISBN|3-89173-059-4}}
* Engin, Ismail & Franz, Erhard (2001). ''Aleviler / Alewiten. Cilt 2 Band: İnanç ve Gelenekler / Glaube und Traditionen.'' Hamburg: Deutsches Orient Institut (Mitteilungen Band 60/2001). {{ISBN|3-89173-061-6}}
* Engin, Ismail & Franz, Erhard (2001). ''Aleviler / Alewiten. Cilt 3 Band: Siyaset ve Örgütler / Politik und Organisationen.'' Hamburg: Deutsches Orient Institut (Mitteilungen Band 61/2001). {{ISBN|3-89173-062-4}}
* Kehl-Bodrogi, Krisztina (1992). ''Die Kizilbas/Aleviten. Untersuchungen über eine esoterische Glaubensgemeinschaft in Anatolien. Die Welt des Islams,'' (New Series), Vol. 32, No. 1.
* [[Dimitri Kitsikis|Kitsikis, Dimitri]] (1999). Multiculturalism in the Ottoman Empire : The Alevi Religious and Cultural Community, in P. Savard & B. Vigezzi eds. ''Multiculturalism and the History of International Relations'' Milano: Edizioni Unicopli.
* Kjeilen, Tore (undated). "[http://lexicorient.com/e.o/alevi.htm Alevism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604000908/http://lexicorient.com/e.o/alevi.htm |date=4 June 2012 }}," in the (online) ''Encyclopedia of the Orient.''
* Shankland, David (2003). ''The Alevis in Turkey: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition.'' Curzon Press.
* Shindeldecker, John (1996). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070607084524/http://www.alevibektasi.org/xalevis1.htm ''Turkish Alevis Today.''] Istanbul: Sahkulu.
* White, Paul J., & Joost Jongerden (eds.) (2003). ''Turkey’s Alevi Enigma: A Comprehensive Overview.'' Leiden: Brill.
* Yaman, Ali & Aykan Erdemir (2006). ''Alevism-Bektashism: A Brief Introduction'', London: England Alevi Cultural Centre & Cem Evi. {{ISBN|975-98065-3-3}}
* Zeidan, David (1999) "[https://web.archive.org/web/20071203091752/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/1999/issue4/zeidan.pdf The Alevi of Anatolia.]" Middle East Review of International Affairs 3/4.
;Kurdish Alevis
* Bumke, Peter (1979). "Kizilbaş-Kurden in Dersim (Tunceli, Türkei). Marginalität und Häresie." ''Anthropos'' 74, 530–548.
* Gezik, Erdal (2000), Etnik Politik Dinsel Sorunlar Baglaminda Alevi Kurtler, Ankara.
* Van Bruinessen, Martin (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20071128150650/http://www.let.uu.nl/~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/publications/Alevikurds.htm "Aslını inkar eden haramzadedir! The Debate on the Kurdish Ethnic Identity of the Kurdish Alevis."] In K. Kehl-Bodrogi, B. Kellner-Heinkele, & A. Otter-Beaujean (eds), ''Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East'' (Leiden: Brill).
* Van Bruinessen, Martin (1996). [http://www.uga.edu/islam/alevivanb.html Kurds, Turks, and the Alevi revival in Turkey.] ''Middle East Report,'' No. 200, pp. 7–10. (NB: The online version is expanded from its original publication.)
* White, Paul J. (2003), "The Debate on the Identity of ‘Alevi Kurds’." In: Paul J. White/Joost Jongerden (eds.) ''Turkey’s Alevi Enigma: A Comprehensive Overview.'' Leiden: Brill, pp. 17–32.
;Alevi / Bektashi history
* Birge, John Kingsley (1937). [http://www.hermetics.org/bektashi.html ''The Bektashi order of dervishes''], London and Hartford.
* Brown, John P. (1868), [https://books.google.com/books?id=FNUOAAAAQAAJ&q=darvishes+john+brown ''The Dervishes; or, Oriental Spiritualism.'']
* Küçük, Hülya (2002) ''The Roles of the Bektashis in Turkey’s National Struggle.'' Leiden: Brill.
* Mélikoff, Irène (1998). ''Hadji Bektach: Un mythe et ses avatars. Genèse et évolution du soufisme populaire en Turquie.'' Leiden: Islamic History and Civilization, Studies and Texts, volume 20, {{ISBN|90-04-10954-4}}.
* Shankland, David (1994). "Social Change and Culture: Responses to Modernization in an Alevi Village in Anatolia."In C.N. Hann, ed., ''When History Accelerates: Essays on Rapid Social Change, Complexity, and Creativity.'' London: Athlone Press.
* Yaman, Ali (undated). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20131022200049/http://www.alevibektasi.org/dedes.htm Kizilbash Alevi Dedes]." (Based on his MA thesis for [[Istanbul University]].)
;Ghulat sects in general
* Halm, H. (1982). ''Die Islamische [[gnosis]]: Die extreme Schia und die Alawiten.'' Zürich.
* Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi, Krisztina, & Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, Anke Otter-Beaujean, eds. (1997) ''Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East.'' Leiden: Brill, pp. 11–18.
* Moosa, Matti (1988). ''Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects,'' [[Syracuse University Press]].
* Van Bruinessen, Martin (2005). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20071127103907/http://www.let.uu.nl/~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/publications/religious_practices_in_the_turco.htm Religious practices in the Turco-Iranian world: continuity and change]." French translation published as: "Les pratiques religieuses dans le monde turco-iranien: changements et continuités", ''Cahiers d'Études sur la Méditerranée Orientale et le Monde Turco-Iranien,'' no. 39–40, 101–121.
;Alevi Identity
* Erdemir, Aykan (2005). "Tradition and Modernity: Alevis' Ambiguous Terms and Turkey's Ambivalent Subjects", ''Middle Eastern Studies'', 2005, vol.41, no.6, pp. 937–951.
* Greve, Martin and Ulas Özdemir and Raoul Motika, eds. 2020. ''Aesthetic and Performative Dimensions of Alevi Cultural Heritage''. Ergon Verlag. 215 pages. {{ISBN|978-3956506406}}
* Koçan, Gürcan/Öncü, Ahmet (2004) "Citizen Alevi in Turkey: Beyond Confirmation and Denial." ''Journal of Historical Sociology,'' 17/4, pp. 464–489.
* Olsson, Tord & Elizabeth Özdalga/Catharina Raudvere, eds. (1998). ''Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives.'' Istanbul: Swedish Research Institute.
* Stokes, Martin (1996). "Ritual, Identity and the State: An Alevi (Shi’a) Cem Ceremony."In Kirsten E. Schulze et al. (eds.), ''Nationalism, Minorities and Diasporas: Identities and Rights in the Middle East,'', pp. 194–196.
* Vorhoff, Karin (1995). ''Zwischen Glaube, Nation und neuer Gemeinschaft: Alevitische Identität in der Türkei der Gegenwart.'' Berlin.
;Alevism in Europe
* Geaves, Ron (2003) "Religion and Ethnicity: Community Formation in the British Alevi Community." Koninklijke Brill NV 50, pp. 52– 70.
* Kosnick, Kira (2004) "‘Speaking in One’s Own Voice’: Representational Strategies of Alevi Turkish Migrants on Open-Access Television in Berlin." ''Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,'' 30/5, pp. 979–994.
* Massicard, Elise (2003) "Alevist Movements at Home and Abroad: Mobilization Spaces and Disjunction." ''New Perspective on Turkey,'' 28, pp. 163–188.
* Rigoni, Isabelle (2003) "Alevis in Europe: A Narrow Path towards Visibility." In: Paul J. White/Joost Jongerden (eds.) Turkey's Alevi Enigma: A Comprehensive Overview, Leiden: Brill, pp. 159–173.
* Sökefeld, Martin (2002) "Alevi Dedes in the German Diaspora: The Transformation of a Religious Institution." ''Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,'' 127, pp. 163–189.
* Sökefeld, Martin (2004) "Alevis in Germany and the Question of Integration" paper presented at the Conference on the Integration of Immigrants from Turkey in Austria, Germany and Holland, [[Boğaziçi University]], Istanbul, February 27–28, 2004.
* Sökefeld, Martin & Suzanne Schwalgin (2000). "Institutions and their Agents in Diaspora: A Comparison of Armenians in Athens and Alevis in Germany." Paper presented at the sixth European Association of Social Anthropologist Conference, Krakau.
* Thomä-Venske, Hanns (1990). "The Religious Life of Muslim in Berlin." In: Thomas Gerholm/Yngve Georg Lithman (eds.) ''The New Islamic Presence in Western Europe,'' New York: Mansell, pp. 78–87.
* Wilpert, Czarina (1990) "Religion and Ethnicity: Orientations, Perceptions and Strategies among Turkish Alevi and Sunni Migrants in Berlin." In: Thomas Gerholm/Yngve Georg Lithman (eds.) ''The New Islamic Presence in Western Europe.'' New York: Mansell, pp. 88–106.
* Zirh, Besim Can (2008) "Euro-Alevis: From Gastarbeiter to Transnational Community." In: Anghel, Gerharz, Rescher and Salzbrunn (eds.) The Making of World Society: Perspectives from Transnational Research. Transcript; 103–130.
;Bibliographies
* Vorhoff, Karin. (1998), "Academic and Journalistic Publications on the Alevi and Bektashi of Turkey." In: Tord Olsson/Elizabeth Özdalga/Catharina Raudvere (eds.) Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives, Istanbul: Swedish Research Institute, pp. 23–50.
;Turkish-language works
* Ata, Kelime. (2007), Alevilerin İlk Siyasal Denemesi: (Türkiye Birlik Partisi) (1966–1980). Ankara: Kelime Yayınevi.
* Aydın, Ayhan. (2008), Abidin Özgünay: Yazar Yayıncı ve Cem Dergisi Kurucusu. İstanbul: Niyaz Yayınları.
* Balkız, Ali. (1999), Sivas’tan Sydney’e Pir Sultan. Ankara: İtalik.
* Balkız, Ali. (2002), Pir Sultan’da Birlik Mücadelesi (Hızır Paşalar’a Yanıt). Ankara: İtalik.
* Bilgöl, Hıdır Ali. (1996), Aleviler ve Canlı Fotoğraflar, Alev Yayınları.
* Coşkun, Zeki (1995) Aleviler, Sünniler ve ... Öteki Sivas, Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
* Dumont, Paul. (1997), "Günümüz Türkiye’sinde Aleviliğin Önemi" içinde Aynayı Yüzüme Ali Göründü Gözüme: Yabancı Araştırmacıların Gözüyle Alevilik, editör: İlhan Cem Erseven. İsntabul: Ant, 141–161.
* Engin, Havva ve Engin, Ismail (2004). Alevilik. Istanbul: Kitap Yayınevi.
* Gül, Zeynel. (1995), Yol muyuz Yolcu muyuz? İstanbul: Can Yayınları.
* Gül, Zeynel. (1999), Dernekten Partiye: Avrupa Alevi Örgütlenmesi. Ankara: İtalik.
* Güler, Sabır. (2008), Aleviliğin Siyasal Örgütlenmesi: Modernleşme, Çözülme ve Türkiye Birlik Partisi. Ankara: Dipnot.
* İrat, Ali Murat. (2008), Devletin Bektaşi Hırkası / Devlet, Aleviler ve Ötekiler. İstanbul: Chiviyazıları.
* Kaleli, Lütfü. (2000), "1964–1997 Yılları Arasında Alevi Örgütleri" içinde Aleviler/Alewiten: Kimlik ve Tarih/ Indentität und Geschichte, editörler: İsmail Engin ve Erhard Franz. Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut, 223–241.
* Kaleli, Lütfü. (2000), Alevi Kimliği ve Alevi Örgütlenmeri. İstanbul: Can Yayınları.
* Kaplan, İsmail. (2000), "Avrupa’daki Alevi Örgütlenmesine Bakış" içinde Aleviler/Alewiten: Kimlik ve Tarih/ Indentität und Geschichte, editörler: İsmail Engin ve Erhard Franz. Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut, 241–260.
* Kaplan, İsmail. (2009), Alevice: İnancımız ve Direncimiz. Köln: AABF Yayınları.
* Kocadağ, Burhan. (1996), Alevi Bektaşi Tarihi. İstanbul: Can Yayınları.
* Massicard, Elise. (2007), Alevi Hareketinin Siyasallaşması. İstanbul: İletişim.
* Melikoff, Irene. (1993), Uyur İdik Uyardılar. İstanbul: Cem Yayınevi.
* Okan, Murat. (2004), Türkiye’de Alevilik / Antropolojik Bir Yaklaşım. Ankara: İmge.
* Özerol, Süleyman. (2009), Hasan Nedim Şahhüseyinoğlu. Ankara: Ürün.
* Şahhüseyinoğlu, H. Nedim. (2001), Hızır Paşalar: Bir İhracın Perde Arkası. Ankara: İtalik.
* Şahhüseyinoğlu, Nedim. (1997), Pir Sultan Kültür Derneği’nin Demokrasi Laiklik ve Özgürlük Mücadelesi. Ankara: PSAKD Yayınları.
* Şahhüseyinoğlu, Nedim. (2001), Alevi Örgütlerinin Tarihsel Süreci. Ankara: İtalik.
* Salman, Meral. 2006, Müze Duvarlarına Sığmayan Dergah: Alevi – Bektaşi Kimliğinin Kuruluş Sürecinde Hacı Bektaş Veli Anma Görenleri. Ankara: Kalan.
* Saraç, Necdet. (2010), Alevilerin Siyasal Tarihi. İstanbul: Cem.
* Şener, Cemal ve Miyase İlknur. (1995), Şeriat ve Alevilik: Kırklar Meclisi’nden Günümüze Alevi Örgütlenmesi. İstanbul: Ant.
* Tosun, Halis. (2002), Alevi Kimliğiyle Yaşamak. İstanbul: Can Yayınları.
* Vergin, Nur (2000, [1981]), Din, Toplum ve Siyasal Sistem, İstanbul: Bağlam.
* Yaman, Ali (2000) "[https://archive.today/20010305125355/http://www.alevibektasi.com/dedelik.htm Anadolu Aleviliği’nde Ocak Sistemi Ve Dedelik Kurumu]." Alevi Bektaşi.
* Zırh, Besim Can. (2005), "Avro-Aleviler: Ziyaretçi İşçilikten Ulus-aşırı Topluluğa" Kırkbudak 2: 31–58.
* Zırh, Besim Can. (2006), "Avrupa Alevi Konfederasyonu Turgut Öker ile Görüşme" Kırkbudak 2: 51–71.
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Alevism}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140515074713/http://bektashiorder.com/love-of-the-prophets-family Official Alevi-Bektashi Order of Derwishes website] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://zoya-thewayofasufi.blogspot.nl/2011/08/imam-ali.html A Sufi Metamorphosis: Imam Ali]
* [http://www.rifai.org/sufism/english/what-is-sufism/a-brief-history-of-sufism History of Sufism / Islamic Mysticism and the importance of Ali]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090105104034/http://www.shaikhsiddiqui.com/alevi.html Alevis] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.alevibektasi.org Alevi Bektaşi Research Site] {{in lang|tr}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lh7nmVoq1TU Semah from a TV show] (YouTube)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDpbQJ7EP9k Semah – several samples] (YouTube)
{{Islamic Theology|state=expanded|schools}}
{{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Portal bar|Turkey|Religion|Islam}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Alevism| ]]
[[Category:Alevis]]
[[Category:Shia Islam in Turkey]]
[[Category:Liberal and progressive movements within Islam]]
[[Category:Religion and alcohol]]
[[Category:Religion in Turkey| ]]
[[Category:Shia Sufi orders]]
[[Category:Shia Islamic branches]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@
{{Alevism}}
[[File:Hacibektas-02-superchango.jpg|thumb|[[Haji Bektash Veli Complex]]]]
-'''Alevism''', '''Anatolian Alevism''' or '''Qizilbashism'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karakaya-Stump |first=Ayfer |url=https://academic.oup.com/edinburgh-scholarship-online/book/37745 |title=The Kizilbash-Alevis in Ottoman Anatolia: Sufism, Politics and Community |date=2019-12-01 |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9781474432689.001.0001 |isbn=978-1-4744-3268-9 |s2cid=243158402 |language=en}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|æ|ˈ|l|ɛ|v|ɪ|z|ə|m}}; {{lang-tr|Alevilik}}, ''Anadolu Aleviliği'' or ''Kızılbaşlık''; {{Lang-ku|Elewîtî, Rêya Heqî}};<ref>{{Citation|last=Gültekin|first=Ahmet Kerim|title=Kurdish Alevism: Creating New Ways of Practicing the Religion|date=2019|url=https://www.multiple-secularities.de/media/wps_18_gueltekin_alevikurds.pdf|page=10|publisher=[[University of Leipzig]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au/the-alevis.html|title=The Alevis|website=www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325175829/http://www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au/the-alevis.html|archive-date=2017-03-25|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=elewîtî |date=2020-09-07 |url=https://ku.wiktionary.org/?title=elewîtî&oldid=4100998 |work=Wîkîferheng |access-date=2023-03-12 |language=ku}}</ref> {{lang-az|Ələvilik, Qızılbaşlıq}}) is a [[heterodox]]<ref name="22-7-17-nyt">{{cite news|last1=KINGSLEY|first1=PATRICK|date=22 July 2017|title=Turkey's Alevis, a Muslim Minority, Fear a Policy of Denying Their Existence|work=The New York Times |agency=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/22/world/europe/alevi-minority-turkey-recep-tayyip-erdogan.html?_r=0|access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref> and [[syncretic]]<ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/items/7d34f8f6-3ac7-4dca-930e-7cb15ba96388 | title=The formation of Alevi syncretism | date=11 February 2024 | publisher=Bilkent University | last1=Selmanpakoğlu | first1=Ceren }}</ref> [[Islam]]ic tradition, whose adherents follow the [[mystical]] Islamic teachings of [[Haji Bektash Veli]], who is supposed to have taught the teachings of the [[Twelve Imams]] whilst incorporating some traditions from [[Tengrism|Turkish Shamanism]].<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463225728-006/html | doi=10.31826/9781463225728-006 | chapter=Alevi Theology from Shamanism to Humanism | title=Alevis and Alevism | date=2010 | last1=Markussen | first1=Hege Irene | pages=65–90 | isbn=978-1-4632-2572-8 }}</ref> Differing from [[Sunni Islam]] and [[Usuli]] [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shia Islam]], Alevis have no binding religious [[dogma]]s, and teachings are passed on by a [[dede (religious figure)|spiritual leader]] as with [[Sufi orders]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tee |first=Caroline |date=2013-01-29 |title=The Sufi Mystical Idiom in Alevi Aşık Poetry: Flexibility, Adaptation and Meaning |url=https://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4683 |journal=European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey |language=en |doi=10.4000/ejts.4683 |issn=1773-0546|doi-access=free }}</ref> They acknowledge the [[Iman (Islam)|six articles of faith of Islam]], but may differ regarding their interpretation.<ref name=minorityrights/>
+'''Alevism''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|ˈ|l|ɛ|v|ɪ|z|ə|m}}; {{lang-tr|Alevilik}}, {{Lang-ku|Elewîtî}};<ref>{{Citation|last=Gültekin|first=Ahmet Kerim|title=Kurdish Alevism: Creating New Ways of Practicing the Religion|date=2019|url=https://www.multiple-secularities.de/media/wps_18_gueltekin_alevikurds.pdf|page=10|publisher=[[University of Leipzig]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au/the-alevis.html|title=The Alevis|website=www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325175829/http://www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au/the-alevis.html|archive-date=2017-03-25|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=elewîtî |date=2020-09-07 |url=https://ku.wiktionary.org/?title=elewîtî&oldid=4100998 |work=Wîkîferheng |access-date=2023-03-12 |language=ku}}</ref> {{lang-az|Ələvilik}}) is a [[heterodox]]<ref name="22-7-17-nyt">{{cite news|last1=KINGSLEY|first1=PATRICK|date=22 July 2017|title=Turkey's Alevis, a Muslim Minority, Fear a Policy of Denying Their Existence|work=The New York Times |agency=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/22/world/europe/alevi-minority-turkey-recep-tayyip-erdogan.html?_r=0|access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref> and [[syncretic]]<ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/items/7d34f8f6-3ac7-4dca-930e-7cb15ba96388 | title=The formation of Alevi syncretism | date=11 February 2024 | publisher=Bilkent University | last1=Selmanpakoğlu | first1=Ceren }}</ref> [[Islam]]ic tradition, whose adherents follow the [[mystical]] Islamic teachings of [[Haji Bektash Veli]], who is supposed to have taught the teachings of the [[Twelve Imams]] whilst incorporating some traditions from [[Tengrism|Turkish Shamanism]].<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463225728-006/html | doi=10.31826/9781463225728-006 | chapter=Alevi Theology from Shamanism to Humanism | title=Alevis and Alevism | date=2010 | last1=Markussen | first1=Hege Irene | pages=65–90 | isbn=978-1-4632-2572-8 }}</ref> Differing from [[Sunni Islam]] and [[Usuli]] [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shia Islam]], Alevis have no binding religious [[dogma]]s, and teachings are passed on by a [[dede (religious figure)|spiritual leader]] as with [[Sufi orders]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tee |first=Caroline |date=2013-01-29 |title=The Sufi Mystical Idiom in Alevi Aşık Poetry: Flexibility, Adaptation and Meaning |url=https://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4683 |journal=European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey |language=en |doi=10.4000/ejts.4683 |issn=1773-0546|doi-access=free }}</ref> They acknowledge the [[Iman (Islam)|six articles of faith of Islam]], but may differ regarding their interpretation.<ref name=minorityrights/>
Originally one of many Sufi approaches within Sunni Islam; by the 16th century the order adopted some tenets of the Shia Islam, including a veneration of ʿAlī and the twelve imams, as well as a variety of syncretic beliefs. The Alevis acquired political importance in the 15th century, when the order dominated the [[Janissaries]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bektashi | title=Bektashiyyah | Religion, Order, Beliefs, & Community | Britannica }}</ref>
@@ -81,19 +81,9 @@
This is sung as a reminder that the reason for creation is love, so that the followers may know themselves and each other and that they may love that which they know.
-
-=== Perfect human being ===
-{{main|Al-Insān al-Kāmil}}
-[[File:Karaman Yunus Emre monument 4725.jpg|thumb|upright|A statue of [[Yunus Emre]], who codified the theory of 'Insan-i Kamil'.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ausbd/issue/36574/415629 | doi=10.18037/ausbd.415629 | title=Yunus Emre Düşüncesinde Bir Eğitim Modeli Olarak "İnsân-ı Kâmil": Konuya Öğretim Programlarının Kültürel ve Felsefi Temelleri Bağlamında Bir Yaklaşım | date=2017 | last1=Polat | first1=Doç. Dr. Mizrap | journal=Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi | volume=17 | pages=29–42 }}</ref>]]
-Linked to the concept of the Prototypical Human is that of the [[al-Insān al-Kāmil]] "Perfect Human Being". Although it is common to refer to Ali and [[Haji Bektash Veli]] or the other Alevi saints as manifestations of the perfect human being, the Perfect Human Being is also identified with our true identity as pure consciousness, hence the Qur'anic concept of human beings not having original sin, consciousness being pure and perfect. {{citation needed|date=February 2016}} The human task is to fully realize this state while still in material human form.
-
-The perfect human being is also defined in practical terms, as one who is in full moral control of his or her hands, tongue and loins (''eline diline beline sahip''); treats all kinds of people equally (''yetmiş iki millete aynı gözle bakar''); and serves the interests of others. One who has achieved this kind of enlightenment is also called ''eren'' or ''münevver'' "enlightened".{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}
=== Creed and jurisprudence ===
{{see also|Kaysanites|Khurramites|Qarmatians|Hurufism}}
[[File:Ahi Evran Mosque - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tomb of Ahi Evren]]; founder and leader of the [[Ahis|Ahi Brotherhood]], which evolved into a [[Anatolian beyliks|Beylik]] later on.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Darke |first=Diana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsGHEAAAQBAJ |title=The Ottomans: A Cultural Legacy |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-500-77753-4 |pages=86, 88 |language=en}}</ref> ]]
-Sources differ on how important formal doctrine is among contemporary Alevi. According to scholar Russell Powell, there is a tradition of informal "Dede" courts within the Alevi society, but regarding Islamic jurisprudence or ''[[fiqh]]'' there has been "little scholarship on Alevi influences" in it.<ref name="Powell-2016-35">{{cite book |last1=Powell |first1=Russell |title=Shariʿa in the Secular State: Evolving Meanings of Islamic Jurisprudence in .. |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqRTDAAAQBAJ&q=Alevism+fiqh&pg=PA35 |access-date=27 July 2017 |isbn=9781317055693}}</ref>
-
-* ''"The Alevi-Turks"'' has a unique belief system tracing back to [[Kaysanites]] and [[Khurramites]], which are considered [[ghulat]] Shi'ism. According to Turkish scholar Abdülbaki Gölpinarli, the [[Qizilbash]] "Red Heads" of the 16th century, a religious and political movement in Azerbaijan that helped to establish the [[Safavid dynasty]], were spiritual descendants of the Khurramites.<ref>Roger M. Savory (ref. Abdülbaki Gölpinarli), [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], "Kizil-Bash", Online Edition 2005</ref>
-* Among the members of the Qizilbash order, who are a subsect of the Alevis, [[Abu Muslim]] (who assisted [[Abbasid Caliphate]] to beat the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], but who was later eliminated and murdered by Caliph [[al-Mansur]]) and [[Babak Khorramdin]] (who incited a rebellion against Abbasid Caliphate and consequently was killed by Caliph [[al-Mu'tasim]]) are highly respected. This belief provides strong clues about Kaysanite and Khurramite origins. In addition, [[Safavid order]] leader [[Ismail I]] is a highly regarded individual in Alevism associating them with the theology of Twelver Shia Islam.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
+Sources differ on how important formal doctrine is among contemporary Alevi. According to scholar Russell Powell, there is a tradition of informal "Dede" courts within the Alevi society, but regarding Islamic jurisprudence or ''[[fiqh]]'' there has been "little scholarship on Alevi influences" in it.<ref name="Powell-2016-35">{{cite book |last1=Powell |first1=Russell |title=Shariʿa in the Secular State: Evolving Meanings of Islamic Jurisprudence in .. |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqRTDAAAQBAJ&q=Alevism+fiqh&pg=PA35 |access-date=27 July 2017 |isbn=9781317055693}}</ref> ''Alevism'' has a unique belief system tracing back to [[Kaysanites]] and [[Khurramites|Khurramites.]]<ref>Roger M. Savory (ref. Abdülbaki Gölpinarli), [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], "Kizil-Bash", Online Edition 2005</ref>
== Practices ==
@@ -229,8 +219,9 @@
=== Ottoman period ===
-{{further|Ottoman persecution of Alevis|Qizilbash|Şahkulu|Şahkulu rebellion}}
+{{further|Ottoman persecution of Alevis|Babai revolt|Şahkulu|Şahkulu rebellion}}
+
As in Khorasan and West Asia before, the Turkmens who spearheaded the Ottomans’ drive into the Balkans and West Asia were more inspired by a vaguely Shiite folk Islam than by formal religion. Many times, Ottoman campaigns were accompanied or guided by Bektaşi dervishes, spiritual heirs of the 13th century Sufi saint [[Haji Bektash Veli]], himself a native of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]. After the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman state became increasingly determined to assert its fiscal but also its juridical and political control over the farthest reaches of the Empire.<ref name="ebookshia.com"/>
-The resulting [[Qizilbash]] revolts, a series of millenarian anti-state uprisings by the heterodox [[Turkmens|Turkmen]] population of Anatolia that culminated in the establishment of a militantly Shiite rival state in neighbouring Iran.<ref name="ebookshia.com"/> The Ottoman Empire later proclaimed themselves its defenders against the [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|Safavid Shia state]] and related sects. This created a gap between the Sunni Ottoman ruling elite and the Alevi Anatolian population. Anatolia became a battlefield between Safavids and Ottomans, each determined to include it in their empire.
+The resulting Alevi revolts, a series of millenarian anti-state uprisings by the heterodox [[Turkmens|Turkmen]] population of Anatolia that culminated in the establishment of a militantly Shiite rival state in neighbouring Iran.<ref name="ebookshia.com"/> The Ottoman Empire later proclaimed themselves its defenders against the [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|Safavid Shia state]] and related sects. This created a gap between the Sunni Ottoman ruling elite and the Alevi Anatolian population. Anatolia became a battlefield between Safavids and Ottomans, each determined to include it in their empire.
===Republic of Turkey===
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0 => ''''Alevism''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|ˈ|l|ɛ|v|ɪ|z|ə|m}}; {{lang-tr|Alevilik}}, {{Lang-ku|Elewîtî}};<ref>{{Citation|last=Gültekin|first=Ahmet Kerim|title=Kurdish Alevism: Creating New Ways of Practicing the Religion|date=2019|url=https://www.multiple-secularities.de/media/wps_18_gueltekin_alevikurds.pdf|page=10|publisher=[[University of Leipzig]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au/the-alevis.html|title=The Alevis|website=www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325175829/http://www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au/the-alevis.html|archive-date=2017-03-25|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=elewîtî |date=2020-09-07 |url=https://ku.wiktionary.org/?title=elewîtî&oldid=4100998 |work=Wîkîferheng |access-date=2023-03-12 |language=ku}}</ref> {{lang-az|Ələvilik}}) is a [[heterodox]]<ref name="22-7-17-nyt">{{cite news|last1=KINGSLEY|first1=PATRICK|date=22 July 2017|title=Turkey's Alevis, a Muslim Minority, Fear a Policy of Denying Their Existence|work=The New York Times |agency=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/22/world/europe/alevi-minority-turkey-recep-tayyip-erdogan.html?_r=0|access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref> and [[syncretic]]<ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/items/7d34f8f6-3ac7-4dca-930e-7cb15ba96388 | title=The formation of Alevi syncretism | date=11 February 2024 | publisher=Bilkent University | last1=Selmanpakoğlu | first1=Ceren }}</ref> [[Islam]]ic tradition, whose adherents follow the [[mystical]] Islamic teachings of [[Haji Bektash Veli]], who is supposed to have taught the teachings of the [[Twelve Imams]] whilst incorporating some traditions from [[Tengrism|Turkish Shamanism]].<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463225728-006/html | doi=10.31826/9781463225728-006 | chapter=Alevi Theology from Shamanism to Humanism | title=Alevis and Alevism | date=2010 | last1=Markussen | first1=Hege Irene | pages=65–90 | isbn=978-1-4632-2572-8 }}</ref> Differing from [[Sunni Islam]] and [[Usuli]] [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shia Islam]], Alevis have no binding religious [[dogma]]s, and teachings are passed on by a [[dede (religious figure)|spiritual leader]] as with [[Sufi orders]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tee |first=Caroline |date=2013-01-29 |title=The Sufi Mystical Idiom in Alevi Aşık Poetry: Flexibility, Adaptation and Meaning |url=https://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4683 |journal=European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey |language=en |doi=10.4000/ejts.4683 |issn=1773-0546|doi-access=free }}</ref> They acknowledge the [[Iman (Islam)|six articles of faith of Islam]], but may differ regarding their interpretation.<ref name=minorityrights/>',
1 => 'Sources differ on how important formal doctrine is among contemporary Alevi. According to scholar Russell Powell, there is a tradition of informal "Dede" courts within the Alevi society, but regarding Islamic jurisprudence or ''[[fiqh]]'' there has been "little scholarship on Alevi influences" in it.<ref name="Powell-2016-35">{{cite book |last1=Powell |first1=Russell |title=Shariʿa in the Secular State: Evolving Meanings of Islamic Jurisprudence in .. |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqRTDAAAQBAJ&q=Alevism+fiqh&pg=PA35 |access-date=27 July 2017 |isbn=9781317055693}}</ref> ''Alevism'' has a unique belief system tracing back to [[Kaysanites]] and [[Khurramites|Khurramites.]]<ref>Roger M. Savory (ref. Abdülbaki Gölpinarli), [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], "Kizil-Bash", Online Edition 2005</ref>',
2 => '{{further|Ottoman persecution of Alevis|Babai revolt|Şahkulu|Şahkulu rebellion}}',
3 => '',
4 => 'The resulting Alevi revolts, a series of millenarian anti-state uprisings by the heterodox [[Turkmens|Turkmen]] population of Anatolia that culminated in the establishment of a militantly Shiite rival state in neighbouring Iran.<ref name="ebookshia.com"/> The Ottoman Empire later proclaimed themselves its defenders against the [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|Safavid Shia state]] and related sects. This created a gap between the Sunni Ottoman ruling elite and the Alevi Anatolian population. Anatolia became a battlefield between Safavids and Ottomans, each determined to include it in their empire.'
] |
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0 => ''''Alevism''', '''Anatolian Alevism''' or '''Qizilbashism'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karakaya-Stump |first=Ayfer |url=https://academic.oup.com/edinburgh-scholarship-online/book/37745 |title=The Kizilbash-Alevis in Ottoman Anatolia: Sufism, Politics and Community |date=2019-12-01 |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9781474432689.001.0001 |isbn=978-1-4744-3268-9 |s2cid=243158402 |language=en}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|æ|ˈ|l|ɛ|v|ɪ|z|ə|m}}; {{lang-tr|Alevilik}}, ''Anadolu Aleviliği'' or ''Kızılbaşlık''; {{Lang-ku|Elewîtî, Rêya Heqî}};<ref>{{Citation|last=Gültekin|first=Ahmet Kerim|title=Kurdish Alevism: Creating New Ways of Practicing the Religion|date=2019|url=https://www.multiple-secularities.de/media/wps_18_gueltekin_alevikurds.pdf|page=10|publisher=[[University of Leipzig]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au/the-alevis.html|title=The Alevis|website=www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325175829/http://www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au/the-alevis.html|archive-date=2017-03-25|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=elewîtî |date=2020-09-07 |url=https://ku.wiktionary.org/?title=elewîtî&oldid=4100998 |work=Wîkîferheng |access-date=2023-03-12 |language=ku}}</ref> {{lang-az|Ələvilik, Qızılbaşlıq}}) is a [[heterodox]]<ref name="22-7-17-nyt">{{cite news|last1=KINGSLEY|first1=PATRICK|date=22 July 2017|title=Turkey's Alevis, a Muslim Minority, Fear a Policy of Denying Their Existence|work=The New York Times |agency=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/22/world/europe/alevi-minority-turkey-recep-tayyip-erdogan.html?_r=0|access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref> and [[syncretic]]<ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/items/7d34f8f6-3ac7-4dca-930e-7cb15ba96388 | title=The formation of Alevi syncretism | date=11 February 2024 | publisher=Bilkent University | last1=Selmanpakoğlu | first1=Ceren }}</ref> [[Islam]]ic tradition, whose adherents follow the [[mystical]] Islamic teachings of [[Haji Bektash Veli]], who is supposed to have taught the teachings of the [[Twelve Imams]] whilst incorporating some traditions from [[Tengrism|Turkish Shamanism]].<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463225728-006/html | doi=10.31826/9781463225728-006 | chapter=Alevi Theology from Shamanism to Humanism | title=Alevis and Alevism | date=2010 | last1=Markussen | first1=Hege Irene | pages=65–90 | isbn=978-1-4632-2572-8 }}</ref> Differing from [[Sunni Islam]] and [[Usuli]] [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shia Islam]], Alevis have no binding religious [[dogma]]s, and teachings are passed on by a [[dede (religious figure)|spiritual leader]] as with [[Sufi orders]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tee |first=Caroline |date=2013-01-29 |title=The Sufi Mystical Idiom in Alevi Aşık Poetry: Flexibility, Adaptation and Meaning |url=https://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4683 |journal=European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey |language=en |doi=10.4000/ejts.4683 |issn=1773-0546|doi-access=free }}</ref> They acknowledge the [[Iman (Islam)|six articles of faith of Islam]], but may differ regarding their interpretation.<ref name=minorityrights/>',
1 => '',
2 => '=== Perfect human being ===',
3 => '{{main|Al-Insān al-Kāmil}}',
4 => '[[File:Karaman Yunus Emre monument 4725.jpg|thumb|upright|A statue of [[Yunus Emre]], who codified the theory of 'Insan-i Kamil'.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ausbd/issue/36574/415629 | doi=10.18037/ausbd.415629 | title=Yunus Emre Düşüncesinde Bir Eğitim Modeli Olarak "İnsân-ı Kâmil": Konuya Öğretim Programlarının Kültürel ve Felsefi Temelleri Bağlamında Bir Yaklaşım | date=2017 | last1=Polat | first1=Doç. Dr. Mizrap | journal=Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi | volume=17 | pages=29–42 }}</ref>]]',
5 => 'Linked to the concept of the Prototypical Human is that of the [[al-Insān al-Kāmil]] "Perfect Human Being". Although it is common to refer to Ali and [[Haji Bektash Veli]] or the other Alevi saints as manifestations of the perfect human being, the Perfect Human Being is also identified with our true identity as pure consciousness, hence the Qur'anic concept of human beings not having original sin, consciousness being pure and perfect. {{citation needed|date=February 2016}} The human task is to fully realize this state while still in material human form.',
6 => '',
7 => 'The perfect human being is also defined in practical terms, as one who is in full moral control of his or her hands, tongue and loins (''eline diline beline sahip''); treats all kinds of people equally (''yetmiş iki millete aynı gözle bakar''); and serves the interests of others. One who has achieved this kind of enlightenment is also called ''eren'' or ''münevver'' "enlightened".{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}',
8 => 'Sources differ on how important formal doctrine is among contemporary Alevi. According to scholar Russell Powell, there is a tradition of informal "Dede" courts within the Alevi society, but regarding Islamic jurisprudence or ''[[fiqh]]'' there has been "little scholarship on Alevi influences" in it.<ref name="Powell-2016-35">{{cite book |last1=Powell |first1=Russell |title=Shariʿa in the Secular State: Evolving Meanings of Islamic Jurisprudence in .. |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqRTDAAAQBAJ&q=Alevism+fiqh&pg=PA35 |access-date=27 July 2017 |isbn=9781317055693}}</ref>',
9 => '',
10 => '* ''"The Alevi-Turks"'' has a unique belief system tracing back to [[Kaysanites]] and [[Khurramites]], which are considered [[ghulat]] Shi'ism. According to Turkish scholar Abdülbaki Gölpinarli, the [[Qizilbash]] "Red Heads" of the 16th century, a religious and political movement in Azerbaijan that helped to establish the [[Safavid dynasty]], were spiritual descendants of the Khurramites.<ref>Roger M. Savory (ref. Abdülbaki Gölpinarli), [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], "Kizil-Bash", Online Edition 2005</ref>',
11 => '* Among the members of the Qizilbash order, who are a subsect of the Alevis, [[Abu Muslim]] (who assisted [[Abbasid Caliphate]] to beat the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], but who was later eliminated and murdered by Caliph [[al-Mansur]]) and [[Babak Khorramdin]] (who incited a rebellion against Abbasid Caliphate and consequently was killed by Caliph [[al-Mu'tasim]]) are highly respected. This belief provides strong clues about Kaysanite and Khurramite origins. In addition, [[Safavid order]] leader [[Ismail I]] is a highly regarded individual in Alevism associating them with the theology of Twelver Shia Islam.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}',
12 => '{{further|Ottoman persecution of Alevis|Qizilbash|Şahkulu|Şahkulu rebellion}}',
13 => 'The resulting [[Qizilbash]] revolts, a series of millenarian anti-state uprisings by the heterodox [[Turkmens|Turkmen]] population of Anatolia that culminated in the establishment of a militantly Shiite rival state in neighbouring Iran.<ref name="ebookshia.com"/> The Ottoman Empire later proclaimed themselves its defenders against the [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|Safavid Shia state]] and related sects. This created a gap between the Sunni Ottoman ruling elite and the Alevi Anatolian population. Anatolia became a battlefield between Safavids and Ottomans, each determined to include it in their empire.'
] |
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47 => 'http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/DILBILIM/johanson_01.pdf',
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49 => 'https://ebookshia.com/upload/bookFiles/656/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%87_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.PDF',
50 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140515074713/http://bektashiorder.com/love-of-the-prophets-family',
51 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090105104034/http://www.shaikhsiddiqui.com/alevi.html',
52 => 'https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021',
53 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Ha2SAAAACAAJ',
54 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830',
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57 => 'https://www.multiple-secularities.de/media/wps_18_gueltekin_alevikurds.pdf',
58 => 'https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2017/02/10/religious-diversity-and-the-alevi-struggle-for-equality-in-turkey/',
59 => 'https://academic.oup.com/edinburgh-scholarship-online/book/37745',
60 => 'https://ku.wiktionary.org/?title=elew%C3%AEt%C3%AE&oldid=4100998',
61 => 'https://abked.de/index.php/abked/article/download/236/215/',
62 => 'https://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4683',
63 => 'https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fejts.4683',
64 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1773-0546',
65 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/23077031',
66 => 'https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781474432702-012',
67 => 'https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110741124-023',
68 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237904256',
69 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530194.2010.524437',
70 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161466774',
71 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=FNUOAAAAQAAJ&q=darvishes+john+brown',
72 => 'https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108623711.026',
73 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235541104',
74 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=d2FPAQAAIAAJ',
75 => 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L3is6Fi3iqI&t=13m8s',
76 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2014001240',
77 => 'https://www.iberlibro.com/9780700710881/Alevi-Identity-Cultural-Religious-Social-0700710884/plp',
78 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20091010050756/http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf',
79 => 'http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf',
80 => 'https://oxfordre.com/religion/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-101',
81 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.101',
82 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328735279',
83 => 'https://www.academia.edu/40926169',
84 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220107162959/https://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/17/are-syrian-alawites-and-turkish-alevis-the-same/',
85 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120604000908/http://lexicorient.com/e.o/alevi.htm',
86 => 'https://archive.today/20010305125355/http://www.alevibektasi.com/dedelik.htm',
87 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/22/world/europe/alevi-minority-turkey-recep-tayyip-erdogan.html?_r=0',
88 => 'https://events.ceu.edu/2022-05-12/amalgamation-two-religious-cultures-conceptual-and-social-history-alevi-bektashism',
89 => 'https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463225728-006/html',
90 => 'https://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/items/7d34f8f6-3ac7-4dca-930e-7cb15ba96388',
91 => 'https://core.ac.uk/reader/52940240',
92 => 'https://www.kassel.de/buerger/stadtgesellschaft/rat-der-religionen/alevitische-gemeinde.php',
93 => 'https://fowid.de/meldung/aleviten-deutschland',
94 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=zsGHEAAAQBAJ',
95 => 'https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ausbd/issue/36574/415629',
96 => 'https://www.balikligol.com/kultur-sanat/alevi-bektasilerin-kutsal-yerleri-turbeler-h3112.html',
97 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012440951105171',
98 => 'https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9781474432689.001.0001',
99 => 'https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463225728-006',
100 => 'https://doi.org/10.18037%2Fausbd.415629',
101 => 'https://www.academia.edu/14492756',
102 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243158402',
103 => 'https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bektashi',
104 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2019.1646120',
105 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42',
106 => 'http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/LB18Ak04.html',
107 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204476564',
108 => 'https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9780748646944.003.0013',
109 => 'https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tkhcbva/issue/71962/1157641',
110 => 'https://doi.org/10.1086%2F665961',
111 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/665961',
112 => 'https://www.ekathimerini.com/society/1225686/the-bektashis-have-stopped-hiding/',
113 => 'https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/665961',
114 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20231130212417/https://www.ekathimerini.com/society/1225686/the-bektashis-have-stopped-hiding/'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Turkish Islamic tradition</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the religious group, mainly in Turkey. For the religious beliefs pertaining specifically to Kurds, see <a href="/info/en/?search=Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a>. For the Arab <a href="/info/en/?search=Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Muslim</a> group, see <a href="/info/en/?search=Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a>. For the descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib, see <a href="/info/en/?search=Alids" title="Alids">Alids</a>. For non-Muslim Alevi religion, see <a href="/info/en/?search=Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a>.</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1229112069">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Alevism</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname"><b><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Alevilik</i></span></b></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Turkey-1683_(2215851579).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Turkey-1683_%282215851579%29.jpg/200px-Turkey-1683_%282215851579%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Turkey-1683_%282215851579%29.jpg/300px-Turkey-1683_%282215851579%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Turkey-1683_%282215851579%29.jpg/400px-Turkey-1683_%282215851579%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_text" title="Religious text">Scripture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Nahj_al-Balagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahj al-Balagha">Nahj al-Balagha</a>, <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makalat" class="extiw" title="tr:Makalat">Makalat</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Buyruks" title="Buyruks">Buyruks</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Dede_(religious_figure)" title="Dede (religious figure)">Dede</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Teachings of</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets and Messengers</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Seven_Great_Poets" title="Seven Great Poets">Seven Great Poets</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safavid order</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Haji Bektash Veli</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahmad_Yasawi" title="Ahmad Yasawi">Ahmad Yasawi</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Yunus_Emre" title="Yunus Emre">Yunus Emre</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahi_Evran" title="Ahi Evran">Ahi Evran</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bal%C4%B1m_Sultan" title="Balım Sultan">Balım Sultan</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sar%C4%B1_Salt%C4%B1k" title="Sarı Saltık">Sarı Saltık</a></li></ul></div><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Haqq%E2%80%93Muhammad%E2%80%93Ali" title="Haqq–Muhammad–Ali">Haqq–Muhammad–Ali</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zazaki</a><sup id="cite_ref-minorityrights_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minorityrights-9">[9]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Liturgy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Cem_(Alevism)" title="Cem (Alevism)">Cem</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sema</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Haji_Bektash_Veli_Complex" title="Haji Bektash Veli Complex">Haji Bektash Veli Complex</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Nev%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Nevşehir Province">Nevşehir</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Haji Bektash Veli</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">13th-century <br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Haji_Bektash_Veli_Complex" title="Haji Bektash Veli Complex">Sulucakarahöyük</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Schism" title="Schism">Separated from</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">Usuli Twelver theology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Other name(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Kızılbaşlık</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1234103998">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible" style="font-size:84%;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><span style="font-size:65%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/info/en/?search=Category:Alevism" title="Category:Alevism">a series</a> on the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alevis</a></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:150%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alevism</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.25em 0;font-size:105%;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Haqq%E2%80%93Muhammad%E2%80%93Ali" title="Haqq–Muhammad–Ali">Haqq–Muhammad–Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Prophet Muḥammad ibn `Abd Allāh</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad-Ali" title="Muhammad-Ali">Muhammad-Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">Zahir</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">Batin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sharia" title="Sharia">Shariat</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqat</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Marifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Marifa">Marifat</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">Haqiqat</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Wahdat al-wujud</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wahdat_al-mawjud" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahdat al-mawjud">Wahdat al-mawjud</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Baqaa" title="Baqaa">Baqaa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fana_(Sufism)" title="Fana (Sufism)">Fana</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Hal</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kashf" title="Kashf">Kashf</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Keramat" class="mw-redirect" title="Keramat">Keramat</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">Al-Insān al-Kāmil</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lataif-e-sitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lataif-e-sitta">Lataif</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Four_Doors" title="Four Doors">Four Doors</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Manzil" title="Manzil">Manzil</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">Nûr</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Salik" title="Salik">Sulook</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/info/en/?search=Spiritual_practice" title="Spiritual practice">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Zeyārat</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Taqiyya" title="Taqiyya">Taqiyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Day_of_Ashura" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Ashura">Ashura</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=H%C4%B1d%C4%B1rellez" title="Hıdırellez">Hıdırellez</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Saya_(folklore)" title="Saya (folklore)">Saya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Music">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=D%C3%BC%C5%9Fk%C3%BCnl%C3%BCk_Meydan%C4%B1" title="Düşkünlük Meydanı">Düşkünlük Meydanı</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=M%C3%BCsahiplik" title="Müsahiplik">Müsahiplik</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Buyruks" title="Buyruks">Buyruks</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">The Twelve Imams</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">al-Abidin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">al-Baqir</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">al-Sadiq</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">al-Kazim</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">ar-Rida</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad">al-Taqi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">al-Naqi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">al-Askari</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Leadership</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Prophets_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets in Islam">Nabi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dede_(religious_figure)" title="Dede (religious figure)">Dede</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Murshid_(Alevism)" title="Murshid (Alevism)">Murshid</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pir_(Alevism)" title="Pir (Alevism)">Pir</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rehber_(Alevism)" title="Rehber (Alevism)">Rehber</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Baba_(Alevism)" title="Baba (Alevism)">Baba</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jem_(Alevism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jem (Alevism)">Jem</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cemevi" title="Cemevi">Cemevi</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Important figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahi_Evren" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahi Evren">Ahi Evren</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Haji Bektash Veli</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sari_Saltik" class="mw-redirect" title="Sari Saltik">Sari Saltik</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Demir_Baba_Teke" title="Demir Baba Teke">Demir Baba</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Arabati_Baba_Te%E1%B8%B1e" title="Arabati Baba Teḱe">Arabati Baba</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pir_Sultan_Abdal" title="Pir Sultan Abdal">Pir Sultan Abdal</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kul_Nes%C3%AEm%C3%AE" title="Kul Nesîmî">Kul Nesîmî</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sheikh_Bedreddin" title="Sheikh Bedreddin">Sheikh Bedreddin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=B%C3%B6rkl%C3%BCce_Mustafa" title="Börklüce Mustafa">Börklüce Mustafa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Torlak_Kemal" title="Torlak Kemal">Torlak Kemal</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Baba_Ishak" title="Baba Ishak">Baba Ishak</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Seyid_Riza" title="Seyid Riza">Seyid Riza</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/info/en/?search=Alevi_history" title="Alevi history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Babak_Khorramdin" title="Babak Khorramdin">Babak Khorramdin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mazyar" title="Mazyar">Maziar</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Babai_revolt" title="Babai revolt">Babai revolt</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Celali_rebellions" title="Celali rebellions">Celali rebellions</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ottoman_persecution_of_Alevis" title="Ottoman persecution of Alevis">Ottoman persecution of Alevis</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Baba_Z%C3%BCnnun_Rebellion" title="Baba Zünnun Rebellion">Baba Zünnun Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kalender_%C3%87elebi_rebellion" title="Kalender Çelebi rebellion">Kalender Çelebi rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nur_Ali_Halife_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur Ali Halife rebellion">Nur Ali Halife rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=%C5%9Eahkulu_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Şahkulu Rebellion">Şahkulu Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Chaldiran" title="Battle of Chaldiran">Battle of Chaldiran</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abaza_rebellion" title="Abaza rebellion">Abaza rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ko%C3%A7giri_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Koçgiri Rebellion">Koçgiri Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dersim_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim Rebellion">Dersim Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mara%C5%9F_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Maraş Massacre">Maraş Massacre</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=%C3%87orum_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Çorum Massacre">Çorum Massacre</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sivas_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivas Massacre">Sivas Massacre</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Gazi_Quarter_riots" title="Gazi Quarter riots">Gazi Quarter riots</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:none;">
<span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/info/en/?search=Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1234101897">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Alevism" title="Template:Alevism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:Alevism" title="Template talk:Alevism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:Alevism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alevism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Hacibektas-02-superchango.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hacibektas-02-superchango.jpg/220px-Hacibektas-02-superchango.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hacibektas-02-superchango.jpg/330px-Hacibektas-02-superchango.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hacibektas-02-superchango.jpg/440px-Hacibektas-02-superchango.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/info/en/?search=Haji_Bektash_Veli_Complex" title="Haji Bektash Veli Complex">Haji Bektash Veli Complex</a></figcaption></figure>
<p><b>Alevism</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/info/en/?search=Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Alevilik</i>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <span lang="ku" dir="rtl">Elewîtî</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: <i lang="az">Ələvilik</i>) is a <a href="/info/en/?search=Heterodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterodox">heterodox</a><sup id="cite_ref-22-7-17-nyt_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22-7-17-nyt-13">[13]</a></sup> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">syncretic</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> tradition, whose adherents follow the <a href="/info/en/?search=Mystical" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical">mystical</a> Islamic teachings of <a href="/info/en/?search=Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Haji Bektash Veli</a>, who is supposed to have taught the teachings of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a> whilst incorporating some traditions from <a href="/info/en/?search=Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Turkish Shamanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Differing from <a href="/info/en/?search=Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Usuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Usuli">Usuli</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shia Islam</a>, Alevis have no binding religious <a href="/info/en/?search=Dogma" title="Dogma">dogmas</a>, and teachings are passed on by a <a href="/info/en/?search=Dede_(religious_figure)" title="Dede (religious figure)">spiritual leader</a> as with <a href="/info/en/?search=Sufi_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi orders">Sufi orders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> They acknowledge the <a href="/info/en/?search=Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">six articles of faith of Islam</a>, but may differ regarding their interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-minorityrights_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minorityrights-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>Originally one of many Sufi approaches within Sunni Islam; by the 16th century the order adopted some tenets of the Shia Islam, including a veneration of ʿAlī and the twelve imams, as well as a variety of syncretic beliefs. The Alevis acquired political importance in the 15th century, when the order dominated the <a href="/info/en/?search=Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>The term “Alevi-Bektashi” is currently a widely and frequently used expression in the religious discourse of Turkey as an umbrella term for the two religious groups of Alevism and <a href="/info/en/?search=Bektashism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashism">Bektashism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Adherents of Alevism are found primarily in Turkey and estimates of the percentage of Turkey's population that are Alevi include between 4% and 25%.<sup id="cite_ref-minorityrights_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minorityrights-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TR100_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TR100-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Beliefs"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Beliefs</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#God"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">God</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Spirits_and_afterlife"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Spirits and afterlife</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Scriptures_and_prophets"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Scriptures and prophets</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Twelve_Imams"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Twelve Imams</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Plurality"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Plurality</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Creed_and_jurisprudence"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Creed and jurisprudence</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Practices"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Practices</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Dede"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Dede</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Cem_and_Cemevi"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cem and Cemevi</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Twelve_services"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Twelve services</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Festivals"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Festivals</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Mourning_of_Muharram"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Mourning of Muharram</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Hıdırellez"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Hıdırellez</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Müsahiplik"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Müsahiplik</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Folk_practices"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Folk practices</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Ziyarat_to_sacred_places"><span class="tocnumber">3.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ziyarat to sacred places</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Almsgiving"><span class="tocnumber">3.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Almsgiving</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Seljuk_period"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Seljuk period</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Ottoman_period"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ottoman period</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Republic_of_Turkey"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Republic of Turkey</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Organization"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Organization</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Relationship_with_Shia_Islam"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Relationship with Shia Islam</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Relationship_with_Alawites"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Relationship with Alawites</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Relationship_with_Sunnis"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Relationship with Sunnis</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Population_estimates"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Population estimates</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Social_groups"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Social groups</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Influences_of_other_beliefs_and_sects_on_Alevism"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Influences of other beliefs and sects on Alevism</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Sufi_elements_in_Alevism"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sufi elements in Alevism</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Wahdat_al-Mawjud"><span class="tocnumber">7.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Wahdat al-Mawjud</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Mysticism"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mysticism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Non-Islamic_elements"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Non-Islamic elements</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Alevism" title="Special:EditPage/Alevism">improve this section</a> by <a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>"Alevi" (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is generally explained as referring to <a href="/info/en/?search=Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, the cousin and son-in-law of <a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. The name represents a Turkish form of the word <i>ʻAlawiyy</i> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">علوي</span>) "of or pertaining to Ali".
</p><p>A minority viewpoint is that of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikists</a>, who assert, "Alevi" was derived from "Alev" ("<a href="/info/en/?search=Flame" title="Flame">flame</a>" in Turkish) in reference to fire which is extensively used in Alevi rituals. According to them the use of candles is based on <a href="/info/en/?search=Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, surah <a href="/info/en/?search=An-Nur" title="An-Nur">an-Nur</a>, verses 35–36:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>God is the Light of the heavens and the earth. The example of His light is like a niche within which there is a lamp, the lamp is encased in a glass, the glass is like a radiant planet, which is lit from a blessed olive tree that is neither of the east nor of the west, its oil nearly gives off light even if not touched by fire. Light upon light, God guides to His light whom He pleases. And God sets forth examples for the people, and God is aware of all things. (Lit is such a Light) in houses, which God has permitted to be raised to honor; for the celebration, in them, of His name: In them is He glorified in the mornings and in the evenings, (again and again).</p></blockquote>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Beliefs">Beliefs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/info/en/?search=Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Iman_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iman (concept)">Iman (concept)</a></div>
<p>According to scholar <a href="/info/en/?search=Soner_Cagaptay" title="Soner Cagaptay">Soner Çağaptay</a>, Alevism is a "relatively unstructured interpretation of Islam".<sup id="cite_ref-Cagaptay-2012_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cagaptay-2012-21">[21]</a></sup> Journalist Patrick Kingsley states that for some self-described Alevi, their religion is "simply a <a href="/info/en/?search=Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identity</a>, rather than a form of worship".<sup id="cite_ref-22-7-17-nyt_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22-7-17-nyt-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>Many teachings are based on an orally transmitted tradition, traditionally kept secret from outsiders (but now widely accessible). Alevis commonly profess the Islamic <a href="/info/en/?search=Shahada" title="Shahada">shahada</a>, but adding "Ali is the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wali" title="Wali"><i>friend</i> of God"</a>.
</p><p>The basis for Alevis' most distinctive beliefs is found in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Buyruks" title="Buyruks">Buyruks</a> (compiled writings and dialogues of <a href="/info/en/?search=Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Safi-ad-din_Ardabili" class="mw-redirect" title="Safi-ad-din Ardabili">Safi-ad-din Ardabili</a>, and other worthies). Also included are hymns <i>(nefes)</i> by figures such as <a href="/info/en/?search=Shah_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ismail">Shah Ismail</a> or <a href="/info/en/?search=Pir_Sultan_Abdal" title="Pir Sultan Abdal">Pir Sultan Abdal</a>, stories of <a href="/info/en/?search=Hajji_Bektash" class="mw-redirect" title="Hajji Bektash">Hajji Bektash</a> and other lore.
</p><p>The Alevi beliefs among Turkish Alevis and Kurdish Alevis diverge as Kurdish Alevis put more emphasis on <a href="/info/en/?search=Pir_Sultan_Abdal" title="Pir Sultan Abdal">Pir Sultan Abdal</a> than Haji Bektash Veli, and Kurdish Alevism is rooted more in <a href="/info/en/?search=Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">nature veneration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-referenceworks.brillonline.com_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-referenceworks.brillonline.com-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="God">God</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/info/en/?search=Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad-Ali" title="Muhammad-Ali">Muhammad-Ali</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Haqq%E2%80%93Muhammad%E2%80%93Ali" title="Haqq–Muhammad–Ali">Haqq–Muhammad–Ali</a></div>
<p>In Alevi <a href="/info/en/?search=Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, God is also called <a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Haqq" title="Al-Haqq">Al-Haqq</a> (the Truth)<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-24">[24]</a></sup> or referred to as <a href="/info/en/?search=Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>. God created life, so the created world can reflect His Being.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceE_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-25">[25]</a></sup> Alevis believe in the unity of <a href="/info/en/?search=Haqq%E2%80%93Muhammad%E2%80%93Ali" title="Haqq–Muhammad–Ali">Allah, Muhammad, and Ali</a>, but this is not a <a href="/info/en/?search=Trinity" title="Trinity">trinity</a> composed of <a href="/info/en/?search=God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> and the historical figures of Muhammad and Ali. Rather, <a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad-Ali" title="Muhammad-Ali">Muhammad and Ali</a> are representations of Allah's light (and not of Allah himself), being neither independent from God, nor separate characteristics of Him.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>In Alevi writings are many references to <a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad-Ali" title="Muhammad-Ali">the unity of Muhammad and Ali</a>, such as:
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:T%C3%BCrkei_Seidenfahne_makffm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/T%C3%BCrkei_Seidenfahne_makffm.jpg/220px-T%C3%BCrkei_Seidenfahne_makffm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/T%C3%BCrkei_Seidenfahne_makffm.jpg/330px-T%C3%BCrkei_Seidenfahne_makffm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/T%C3%BCrkei_Seidenfahne_makffm.jpg/440px-T%C3%BCrkei_Seidenfahne_makffm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3416" data-file-height="2241" /></a><figcaption>A representation of the sword of <a href="/info/en/?search=Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Zulfiqar" title="Zulfiqar">Zulfiqar</a> in an <a href="/info/en/?search=Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> emblem</figcaption></figure>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ali Muhammed'dir uh dur fah'ad, Muhammad Ali, ("Ali is Muhammad, Muhammad is Ali")
Gördüm bir <a href="/info/en/?search=Apple" title="Apple">elmad</a>ır, el-<a href="/info/en/?search=Hamd" title="Hamd">Hamd</a>û'li<a href="/info/en/?search=Allah" title="Allah">Llâh</a>. ("I've seen an apple, all praise is for God")<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>The phrase "For the love of <a href="/info/en/?search=Haqq%E2%80%93Muhammad%E2%80%93Ali" title="Haqq–Muhammad–Ali">Haqq–Muhammad–Ali</a>" (<i>Hakk–Muhammad–Ali aşkına</i>) is common to several Alevi prayers.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Spirits_and_afterlife">Spirits and afterlife</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spirits and afterlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Alevis believe in the immortality of the soul,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-24">[24]</a></sup> the literal existence of supernatural beings, including <a href="/info/en/?search=Angel_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Angel in Islam">good angels</a> (<i>melekler</i>) and <a href="/info/en/?search=Shaitan" title="Shaitan">bad angels</a> (<i>şeytanlar</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> bad ones as encourager of human's evil desires (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Nafs" title="Nafs">nefs</a></i>), and <a href="/info/en/?search=Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a> (<i>cinler</i>), as well as the <a href="/info/en/?search=Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">evil eye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>Angels feature in Alevi cosmogony. Although there is no fixed creation narrative among Alevis, it is generally accepted that God created five archangels, who have been invited to the chamber of God. Inside they found a light representing the light of Muhammad and Ali. A recount of the Quranic story, one of the archangels refused to prostrate before the light, arguing, that the light is a created body just like him and therefore inappropriate to worship. He remains at God's service, but rejects the final test and turns back to darkness. From this primordial decline, the devil's enmity towards Adam emerged. (The archangels constitute of the same four archangels as within orthodox Islam. The fifth archangel namely <a href="/info/en/?search=Azazil" title="Azazil">Azazil</a> fell from grace, thus not included among the canonical archangels apart from this story).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>Another story features the archangel <a href="/info/en/?search=Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> (<i>Cebrail</i>), who is asked by God, who they are. Gabriel answers: "I am I and you are you". Gabriel gets punished for his haughty answer and is sent away, until Ali reveals a secret to him. When God asks him again, he answers: "You are the creator and I am your creation". Afterwards, Gabriel was accepted and introduced to Muhammad and Ali.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Scriptures_and_prophets">Scriptures and prophets</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scriptures and prophets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Alevis acknowledge the four revealed scriptures also recognized in Islam: the <a href="/info/en/?search=Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrat</a> (Torah), the <a href="/info/en/?search=Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabur</a> (Psalms), the <a href="/info/en/?search=Injil" class="mw-redirect" title="Injil">Injil</a> (Gospel), and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> Additionally, Alevis are not opposed to looking to other religious books outside the four major ones as sources for their beliefs including Hadiths, Nahjul Balagha and Buyruks. Alevism also acknowledges the Islamic prophet Mohammed. Unlike the vast majority of Muslims, Alevis do not regard interpretations of the Quran today as binding or infallible, since the true meaning the Quran is considered to be taken as a secret by Ali and must be taught by a teacher, who transmits the teachings of Ali (<i>Buyruk</i>) to his disciple.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Twelve_Imams">Twelve Imams</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Twelve Imams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a></div>
<p>The Twelve Imams are part of another common Alevi belief. Each Imam represents a different aspect of the world. They are realized as twelve services or <i>On İki Hizmet</i> which are performed by members of the Alevi community. Each Imam is believed to be a reflection of <a href="/info/en/?search=Ali" title="Ali">Ali ibn Abu Talib</a>, the first Imam of the Shi'ites, and there are references to the "First Ali" <i>(Birinci Ali)</i>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Hassan_ibn_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan ibn Ali">Imam Hasan</a> the "Second 'Ali" <i>(İkinci Ali)</i>, and so on up to the "Twelfth 'Ali" <i>(Onikinci Ali)</i>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Imam Mehdi</a>. The Twelfth Imam is hidden and represents the <a href="/info/en/?search=Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Plurality">Plurality</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Plurality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The plurality in nature is attributed to the infinite potential energy of Kull-i Nafs when it takes corporeal form as it descends into being from Allah. During the Cem ceremony, the cantor or <i>aşık</i> sings:
</p>
<dl><dd>"All of us alive or lifeless are from one, this is ineffable, Sultan.</dd>
<dd>For to love and to fall in love has been my fate from time immemorial."</dd></dl>
<p>This is sung as a reminder that the reason for creation is love, so that the followers may know themselves and each other and that they may love that which they know.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Creed_and_jurisprudence">Creed and jurisprudence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Creed and jurisprudence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/info/en/?search=Kaysanites" title="Kaysanites">Kaysanites</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Ahi_Evran_Mosque_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ahi_Evran_Mosque_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/170px-Ahi_Evran_Mosque_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ahi_Evran_Mosque_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/255px-Ahi_Evran_Mosque_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ahi_Evran_Mosque_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/340px-Ahi_Evran_Mosque_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/info/en/?search=Tomb_of_Ahi_Evren" title="Tomb of Ahi Evren">Tomb of Ahi Evren</a>; founder and leader of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Ahis" title="Ahis">Ahi Brotherhood</a>, which evolved into a <a href="/info/en/?search=Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Beylik</a> later on.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> </figcaption></figure>
<p>Sources differ on how important formal doctrine is among contemporary Alevi. According to scholar Russell Powell, there is a tradition of informal "Dede" courts within the Alevi society, but regarding Islamic jurisprudence or <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a></i> there has been "little scholarship on Alevi influences" in it.<sup id="cite_ref-Powell-2016-35_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell-2016-35-33">[33]</a></sup> <i>Alevism</i> has a unique belief system tracing back to <a href="/info/en/?search=Kaysanites" title="Kaysanites">Kaysanites</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites.</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Practices">Practices</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Four_Doors" title="Four Doors">Four Doors</a></div>
<p>The Alevi spiritual path (<i>yol</i>) is commonly understood to take place through four major life-stages, or "gates".
These may be further subdivided into "<a href="/info/en/?search=Four_Doors" title="Four Doors">four gates</a>, forty levels" (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Four_Doors" title="Four Doors">Dört Kapı Kırk Makam</a></i>). The first gate (religious law) is considered elementary (and this may be perceived as subtle criticism of other Muslim traditions).
</p><p>The following are major crimes that cause an Alevi to be declared <i>düşkün</i> (shunned):<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>killing a person</li>
<li>committing adultery</li>
<li>divorcing one's wife without a just reason</li>
<li>stealing</li>
<li>backbiting/gossiping</li></ul>
<p>Most Alevi activity takes place in the context of the second gate <i>(spiritual brotherhood)</i>, during which one submits to a living spiritual guide <i>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Dedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dedes">dede</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">pir</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Murshid" title="Murshid">mürşid</a>)</i>. The existence of the third and fourth gates is mostly theoretical, though some older Alevis have apparently received initiation into the third.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/info/en/?search=Rakia" title="Rakia">Rakia</a>, a <a href="/info/en/?search=Fruit_brandy" title="Fruit brandy">fruit brandy</a>, is used as a sacramental element by the <a href="/info/en/?search=Bektashi_Order" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevi</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Jem_(Alevism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jem (Alevism)">Jem</a> ceremonies, where it is not considered alcoholic and is referred to as "dem".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/info/en/?search=Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">Pir (Sufism)</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Dedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dedes">Dedes</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Murshid" title="Murshid">Murshid</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Dede">Dede</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dede"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>A Dede (literally meaning grandfather) is a traditional leader that is claimed to be from the lineage of Muhammad that performs ritual baptisms for newborns, officiates at funerals, and organises weekly gatherings at cemevis.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cem_and_Cemevi">Cem and Cemevi</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cem and Cemevi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/info/en/?search=Jem_(Alevism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jem (Alevism)">Jem (Alevism)</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Cemevi" title="Cemevi">Cemevi</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Cem1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cem1.jpg/220px-Cem1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cem1.jpg/330px-Cem1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cem1.jpg/440px-Cem1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>People performing Cem</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Parts_of_the_saz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Parts_of_the_saz.jpg/170px-Parts_of_the_saz.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Parts_of_the_saz.jpg/255px-Parts_of_the_saz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Parts_of_the_saz.jpg/340px-Parts_of_the_saz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/info/en/?search=Ba%C4%9Flama" title="Bağlama">Bağlama</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Alevi religious, cultural and other social activities take place in assembly houses (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Cemevi" title="Cemevi">Cemevi</a></i>). The ceremony's prototype is the <a href="/info/en/?search=Isra_and_Mi%27raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Muhammad's nocturnal ascent into heaven</a>, where he beheld a gathering of forty saints (<i>Kırklar Meclisi</i>), and the Divine Reality made manifest in their leader, Ali.
</p><p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Jem_(Alevism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jem (Alevism)">Cem</a> ceremony features music, singing, and dancing (<i><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semah" class="extiw" title="tr:Semah">Samāh</a></i>) in which both women and men participate. Rituals are performed in <a href="/info/en/?search=Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Zazaki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zazaki language">Zazaki</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Kurmanji_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurmanji language">Kurmanji</a> and other local languages.
</p>
<dl><dt>Bağlama</dt></dl>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Ba%C4%9Flama" title="Bağlama">Bağlama</a></div>
<p>During the <a href="/info/en/?search=Jem_(Alevism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jem (Alevism)"><i>Cem ceremony</i></a> the <i><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halk_ozan%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:Halk ozanı">Âşık</a></i> plays the <a href="/info/en/?search=Ba%C4%9Flama" title="Bağlama">Bağlama</a> whilst singing spiritual songs, some of which are centuries old and well known amongst Alevis. Every song, called a <i>Nefes,</i> has spiritual meaning and aims to teach the participants important lessons.
</p>
<dl><dt>Samāh</dt></dl>
<p>A family of ritual dances characterized by turning and swirling, is an inseparable part of any <i>cem</i>. <i>Samāh</i> is performed by men and women together, to the accompaniment of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Ba%C4%9Flama" title="Bağlama">Bağlama</a>. The dances symbolize (for example) the revolution of the planets around the Sun (by man and woman turning in circles), and the putting off of one's self and uniting with God.
</p>
<dl><dt>Görgü Cemi</dt></dl>
<p>The Rite of Integration <i>(görgü cemi)</i> is a complex ritual occasion in which a variety of tasks are allotted to incumbents bound together by extrafamilial brotherhood (<i>müsahiplik</i>), who undertake a dramatization of unity and integration under the direction of the spiritual leader (<i>dede</i>).
</p>
<dl><dt>Dem</dt></dl>
<p>The love of the creator for the created and vice versa is symbolised in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Jem_(Alevism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jem (Alevism)"><i>Cem ceremony</i></a> by the use of fruit juice and/or red wine<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>[Dem]</i> which represents the intoxication of the lover in the beloved. During the ceremony <i>Dem</i> is one of the twelve duties of the participants. (see above)
</p>
<dl><dt>Sohbet</dt></dl>
<p>At the closing of the cem ceremony the <a href="/info/en/?search=Baba_(Alevism)" title="Baba (Alevism)">Dede</a> who leads the ceremony engages the participants in a discussion (<i>chat</i>), this discussion is called a <i>sohbet</i>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Twelve_services">Twelve services</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Twelve services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>There are twelve services (<a href="/info/en/?search=Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">On İki hizmet</i>) performed by the twelve ministers of the cem.
</p>
<ol><li>Dede: This is the leader of the Cem who represents Muhammad and Ali. The Dede receives confession from the attendees at the beginning of the ceremony. He also leads funerals, Müsahiplik, marriage ceremonies and circumcisions. The status of Dede is hereditary and he must be a descendant of Ali and Fatima.</li>
<li>Rehber: This position represents <a href="/info/en/?search=Husayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Husayn">Husayn</a>. The Rehber is a guide to the faithful and works closely with the Dede in the community.</li>
<li>Gözcü: This position represents <a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_Dharr_al-Ghifari" title="Abu Dharr al-Ghifari">Abu Dharr al-Ghifari</a>. S/he is the assistant to the Rehber. S/he is the Cem keeper responsible for keeping the faithful calm.</li>
<li>Çerağcı: This position represents <a href="/info/en/?search=Jabir_ibn_Abd-Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabir ibn Abd-Allah">Jabir ibn Abd-Allah</a> and s/he is the light-keeper responsible for maintaining the light traditionally given by a lamp or candles.</li>
<li>Zakir: This position represents <a href="/info/en/?search=Bilal_ibn_al-Harith" title="Bilal ibn al-Harith">Bilal ibn al-Harith</a>. S/he plays the <a href="/info/en/?search=Ba%C4%9Flama" title="Bağlama">bağlama</a> and recites songs and prayers.</li>
<li>Süpürgeci: This position represents <a href="/info/en/?search=Salman_the_Persian" title="Salman the Persian">Salman the Persian</a>. S/he is responsible for cleaning the Cemevi hall and symbolically sweeping the carpets during the Cem.</li>
<li>Meydancı: This position represents <a href="/info/en/?search=Hudhayfah_ibn_al-Yaman" title="Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman">Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman</a>.</li>
<li>Niyazcı: this position represents <a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_ibn_Maslamah" title="Muhammad ibn Maslamah">Muhammad ibn Maslamah</a>. S/he is responsible for distributing the sacred meal.</li>
<li>İbrikçi: this position represents Kamber. S/he is responsible for washing the hands of the attendees.</li>
<li>Kapıcı: this position represents Ghulam Kaysan. S/he is responsible for calling the faithful to the Cem.</li>
<li>Peyikçi: this position represents Amri Ayyari.</li>
<li>Sakacı: represents <a href="/info/en/?search=Ammar_ibn_Yasir" title="Ammar ibn Yasir">Ammar ibn Yasir</a>. Responsible for the distribution of water, <a href="/info/en/?search=Sharbat_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharbat (beverage)">sherbet <i>(sharbat)</i></a>, milk etc..</li></ol>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Festivals">Festivals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:10_Muharram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/10_Muharram.jpg/220px-10_Muharram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/10_Muharram.jpg/330px-10_Muharram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/10_Muharram.jpg/440px-10_Muharram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>10th of <a href="/info/en/?search=Muharrem" class="mw-redirect" title="Muharrem">Muharrem</a> – The <a href="/info/en/?search=Day_of_Ashura" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Ashura">Day of Ashura</a>: <a href="/info/en/?search=Huseyn_bin_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Huseyn bin Ali">Huseyn bin Ali</a> was murdered at <a href="/info/en/?search=Kerbela" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerbela">Kerbela</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a> and the remembrance of this event by <a href="/info/en/?search=Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Jafaris</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevis</a> and Bektashis together in <a href="/info/en/?search=Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Painted by <a href="/info/en/?search=Fausto_Zonaro" title="Fausto Zonaro">Fausto Zonaro</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Day_of_Ashura" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Ashura">Day of Ashura</a></div>
<p>Alevis celebrate and commemorate the birth of Ali, his wedding with Fatima, the rescue of <a href="/info/en/?search=Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yusuf</a> from the well, and the creation of the world on this day. Various cem ceremonies and special programs are held.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Mourning_of_Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mourning of Muharram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></div>
<p>The Muslim month of <a href="/info/en/?search=Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a> begins 20 days after <a href="/info/en/?search=Eid_ul-Adha" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Adha">Eid ul-Adha</a> (<span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Kurban Bayramı</i></span>). Alevis observe a fast for the first twelve days, known as the <a href="/info/en/?search=Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Muharrem Mâtemi</i>, <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Yâs-ı Muharrem</i></span>, or <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Mâtem Orucu</i></span>; <a href="/info/en/?search=Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <span lang="ku" dir="rtl">Rojîya Şînê</span> or <span title="Kurdish-language text"><i lang="ku">Rojîya Miherremê</i></span>). This culminates in the festival of <a href="/info/en/?search=Day_of_Ashura" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Ashura">Ashura</a> (<span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Aşure</i></span>), which commemorates the martyrdom of <a href="/info/en/?search=Husayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Husayn">Husayn</a> at <a href="/info/en/?search=Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>. The fast is broken with a special dish (also called <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Ashure" title="Ashure">aşure</a></i>) prepared from a variety (often twelve) of fruits, nuts, and grains. Many events are associated with this celebration, including the salvation of Husayn's son <a href="/info/en/?search=Ali_ibn_Husayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn">Ali ibn Husayn</a> from the massacre at Karbala, thus allowing the bloodline of the family of Muhammad to continue.
</p>
<h4><span id="H.C4.B1d.C4.B1rellez"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Hıdırellez">Hıdırellez</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hıdırellez"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Khidr_and_elijah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Khidr_and_elijah.jpg/170px-Khidr_and_elijah.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Khidr_and_elijah.jpg/255px-Khidr_and_elijah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Khidr_and_elijah.jpg/340px-Khidr_and_elijah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/info/en/?search=Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a> depicting <a href="/info/en/?search=Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Khidr" title="Khidr">al-Khiḍr</a> <i>(A <a href="/info/en/?search=Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniature</a> version of <a href="/info/en/?search=Stories_of_the_Prophets" class="mw-redirect" title="Stories of the Prophets">Stories of the Prophets</a>)</i></figcaption></figure>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/info/en/?search=H%C4%B1d%C4%B1rellez" title="Hıdırellez">Hıdırellez</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Khidr" title="Khidr">Khidr</a></div>
<p><a href="/info/en/?search=H%C4%B1d%C4%B1rellez" title="Hıdırellez">Hıdırellez</a> honors the mysterious figure <a href="/info/en/?search=Khidr" title="Khidr">Khidr</a> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Hızır</i>) who is sometimes identified with <a href="/info/en/?search=Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah in Islam">Elijah</a> (<i>Ilyas</i>), and is said to have drunk of the water of life. Some hold that Khidr comes to the rescue of those in distress on land, while Elijah helps those at sea; and that they meet at a rose tree in the evening of every 6 May. The festival is also celebrated in parts of the Balkans by the name of "Erdelez," where it falls on the same day as <a href="/info/en/?search=George%27s_Day_in_Spring" title="George's Day in Spring">George's Day in Spring</a> or <a href="/info/en/?search=Saint_George%27s_Day" title="Saint George's Day">Saint George's Day</a>.
</p><p>Khidr is also honored with a three-day fast in mid-February called <i>Hızır Orucu</i>. In addition to avoiding any sort of comfort or enjoyment, Alevis also abstain from food and water for the entire day, though they do drink liquids other than water during the evening.
</p><p>Note that the dates of the Khidr holidays can differ among Alevis, most of whom use a lunar calendar, but some a solar calendar.
</p>
<h4><span id="M.C3.BCsahiplik"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Müsahiplik">Müsahiplik</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Müsahiplik"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=M%C3%BCsahiplik" title="Müsahiplik">Müsahiplik</a></div>
<p><i>Müsahiplik</i> (roughly, "Companionship") is a covenant relationship between two men of the same age, preferably along with their wives. In a ceremony in the presence of a dede the partners make a lifelong commitment to care for the spiritual, emotional, and physical needs of each other and their children. The ties between couples who have made this commitment is at least as strong as it is for blood relatives, so much so that müsahiplik is often called spiritual brotherhood <i>(manevi kardeşlik).</i> The children of covenanted couples may not marry.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi reports that the <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Tahtacı</i></span> identify <i>müsahiplik</i> with the first gate <i>(şeriat),</i> since they regard it as a precondition for the second <i>(tarikat).</i> Those who attain to the third gate <i>(marifat</i>, "<a href="/info/en/?search=Gnosis" title="Gnosis">gnosis</a>") must have been in a <i>müsahiplik</i> relationship for at least twelve years. Entry into the third gate dissolves the <i>müsahiplik</i> relationship (which otherwise persists unto death), in a ceremony called <i>Öz Verme Âyini</i> ("ceremony of giving up the self").
</p><p>The value corresponding to the second gate (and necessary to enter the third) is <i>âşinalık</i> ("intimacy," perhaps with God). Its counterpart for the third gate is called <i>peşinelik</i>; for the fourth gate <i>(hâkikat</i>, Ultimate Truth), <i>cıngıldaşlık</i> or <i>cengildeşlik</i> (translations uncertain).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Folk_practices">Folk practices</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Folk practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Sam%27dan_lokma_tatlisi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sam%27dan_lokma_tatlisi.jpg/220px-Sam%27dan_lokma_tatlisi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sam%27dan_lokma_tatlisi.jpg/330px-Sam%27dan_lokma_tatlisi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sam%27dan_lokma_tatlisi.jpg/440px-Sam%27dan_lokma_tatlisi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="646" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:A%C5%9Fure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/A%C5%9Fure.jpg/220px-A%C5%9Fure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/A%C5%9Fure.jpg/330px-A%C5%9Fure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/A%C5%9Fure.jpg/440px-A%C5%9Fure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">It is a common Alevi-Sunni tradition to distribute <a href="/info/en/?search=Lokma" title="Lokma">lokma</a> (top) and <a href="/info/en/?search=Ashure" title="Ashure">ashure</a> (below) publicly in Turkey.</div></div></div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/info/en/?search=Ey%C3%BCp_Sultan_Mosque" title="Eyüp Sultan Mosque">Eyüp Sultan Mosque</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Dua" title="Dua">Dua</a></div><p>
Many folk practices may be identified, though few of them are specific to the Alevis. In this connection, scholar Martin van Bruinessen notes a sign from Turkey's Ministry of Religion, attached to Istanbul's shrine of <a href="/info/en/?search=Ey%C3%BCp_Sultan_Mosque" title="Eyüp Sultan Mosque">Eyüp Sultan</a>, which presents</p><blockquote><p>...a long list of ‘superstitious’ practices that are emphatically declared to be non-Islamic and objectionable, such as lighting candles or placing ‘wishing stones’ on the tomb, tying pieces of cloth to the shrine or to the trees in front of it, throwing money on the tomb, asking the dead directly for help, circling seven times around the trees in the courtyard or pressing one’s face against the walls of the türbe in the hope of a supernatural cure, tying beads to the shrine and expecting supernatural support from them, sacrificing roosters or turkeys as a vow to the shrine. The list is probably an inventory of common local practices the authorities wish to prevent from re-emerging.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Other, similar practices include kissing door frames of holy rooms; not stepping on the threshold of holy buildings; seeking prayers from reputed healers; and making <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Lokma" title="Lokma">lokma</a></i> and sharing it with others. Also, <a href="/info/en/?search=Ashure" title="Ashure">Ashure</a> is made and shared with friends and family during the month of <a href="/info/en/?search=Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a> in which the <a href="/info/en/?search=Ashura" title="Ashura">Day of Ashure</a> takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup>
</p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Ziyarat_to_sacred_places">Ziyarat to sacred places</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ziyarat to sacred places"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Pir_Sultan_istirahatgah%C4%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pir_Sultan_istirahatgah%C4%B1.jpg/220px-Pir_Sultan_istirahatgah%C4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pir_Sultan_istirahatgah%C4%B1.jpg/330px-Pir_Sultan_istirahatgah%C4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pir_Sultan_istirahatgah%C4%B1.jpg/440px-Pir_Sultan_istirahatgah%C4%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/info/en/?search=Tomb" title="Tomb">tomb</a> of <a href="/info/en/?search=Pir_Sultan_Abdal" title="Pir Sultan Abdal">Pir Sultan Abdal</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Karacaahmet_cemetery_(2023-10-21)_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Karacaahmet_cemetery_%282023-10-21%29_20.jpg/220px-Karacaahmet_cemetery_%282023-10-21%29_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Karacaahmet_cemetery_%282023-10-21%29_20.jpg/330px-Karacaahmet_cemetery_%282023-10-21%29_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Karacaahmet_cemetery_%282023-10-21%29_20.jpg/440px-Karacaahmet_cemetery_%282023-10-21%29_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Entrance of <a href="/info/en/?search=Karacaahmet_Cemetery" title="Karacaahmet Cemetery">Karacaahmet Cemetery</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey</div></div></div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/info/en/?search=Hac%C4%B1bekta%C5%9F" title="Hacıbektaş">Hacıbektaş</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Karacaahmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Karacaahmet">Karacaahmet</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=%C5%9Eahkulu" title="Şahkulu">Şahkulu</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/info/en/?search=Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">Pir (Sufism)</a></div>
<p>Performing <a href="/info/en/?search=Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">ziyarat</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Dua" title="Dua">du'a</a> at the tombs of Alevi-Bektashi saints or <a href="/info/en/?search=Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">pirs</a> is quite common. Some of the most frequently visited sites are the shrines of <a href="/info/en/?search=%C5%9Eahkulu_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Şahkulu Rebellion">Şahkulu</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Karacaahmet_Cemetery" title="Karacaahmet Cemetery">Karacaahmet</a> (both in <a href="/info/en/?search=Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>), Abdal Musa (<a href="/info/en/?search=Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a>), <a href="/info/en/?search=Seyyid_Battal_Gazi_Complex" title="Seyyid Battal Gazi Complex">Seyyid Battal Gazi Complex</a> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a>), Hamza Baba (<a href="/info/en/?search=%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>), Hasandede (<a href="/info/en/?search=K%C4%B1r%C4%B1kkale" title="Kırıkkale">Kırıkkale</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p>In contrast with the traditional secrecy of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Jem_(Alevism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jem (Alevism)"><i>Cem ceremony</i></a> ritual, the events at these cultural centers and sites are open to the public. In the case of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Hac%C4%B1bekta%C5%9F" title="Hacıbektaş">Hacibektaş celebration</a>, since 1990 the activities there have been taken over by Turkey's Ministry of Culture in the interest of promoting tourism and Turkish patriotism rather than Alevi spirituality. The annual celebrations held at <a href="/info/en/?search=Hac%C4%B1bekta%C5%9F" title="Hacıbektaş">Hacıbektaş</a> <i>(16 August)</i> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a> (the <a href="/info/en/?search=Pir_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pir Sultan">Pir Sultan</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Abdal" title="Abdal">Abdal</a> Kültür Etkinlikleri, 23–24 June).
</p><p>Some Alevis make pilgrimages to mountains and other natural sites believed to be imbued with holiness.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Almsgiving">Almsgiving</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Almsgiving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/info/en/?search=Dargah" title="Dargah">dargah</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a></div>
<p>Alevis are expected to give <a href="/info/en/?search=Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a>, but there is no <a href="/info/en/?search=Calculation_of_Zak%C4%81t" title="Calculation of Zakāt">set formula or prescribed amount</a> for annual charitable donation as there is in other forms of Islam (2.5% of possessions above a certain minimum). Rather, they are expected to give the "excess" according to Qur'an 2:219. A common method of Alevi almsgiving is through donating food (especially sacrificial animals) to be shared with worshippers and guests. Alevis also donate money to be used to help the poor, to support the religious, educational and cultural activities of Alevi centers and organizations (<a href="/info/en/?search=Dargah" title="Dargah">dargahs</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Waqf" title="Waqf">awqaf</a>, and meetings), and to provide scholarships for students.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Alevi_history" title="Alevi history">Alevi history</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Hajji_Bektash_Wali.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hajji_Bektash_Wali.jpeg/220px-Hajji_Bektash_Wali.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hajji_Bektash_Wali.jpeg/330px-Hajji_Bektash_Wali.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hajji_Bektash_Wali.jpeg/440px-Hajji_Bektash_Wali.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/info/en/?search=Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman miniature</a> of the founder of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Bektashiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashiyyah">Bektashiyyah</a> Sufi order <a href="/info/en/?search=Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli <i>(Ḥājjī Baktāsh Walī)</i></a>, a <a href="/info/en/?search=Murid" title="Murid">murid</a> of <a href="/info/en/?search=Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malāmatī</a>-<a href="/info/en/?search=Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalāndārī</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Qutb_ad-D%C4%ABn_Haydar" title="Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar">Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar</a>, who introduced the <a href="/info/en/?search=Ahmad_Yasavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Yasavi">Ahmad Yasavi</a>'s <a href="/info/en/?search=Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> of <i>"<a href="/info/en/?search=Four_Doors" title="Four Doors">Four Doors and Forty Stending</a>"</i> into his <a href="/info/en/?search=Tariqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqah">tariqah</a></figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Seljuk_period">Seljuk period</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Seljuk period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/info/en/?search=Ak_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ak Koyunlu">Ak Koyunlu</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a></div>
<p>During the great Turkish expansion from Central Asia into Iran and Anatolia in the Seljuk period (11–12th centuries), Turkmen and Kurdish nomad tribes accepted a Sufi and pro-Ali form of Islam that co-existed with some of their pre-Islamic customs. Their conversion to Islam in this period was achieved largely through the efforts not of textual scholars (ulema) expounding the finer points of Koranic exegesis and shari‘a law, but by charismatic <a href="/info/en/?search=Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> dervishes a belief whose cult of Muslim saint worship, mystical divination and <a href="/info/en/?search=Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarianism</a> spoke more directly to the steppe mindset. These tribes dominated Anatolia for centuries with their religious warriors (ghazi) spearheading the drive against Byzantines and Crusaders.<sup id="cite_ref-ebookshia.com_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebookshia.com-45">[45]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (September 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ottoman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/info/en/?search=Ottoman_persecution_of_Alevis" title="Ottoman persecution of Alevis">Ottoman persecution of Alevis</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Babai_revolt" title="Babai revolt">Babai revolt</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=%C5%9Eahkulu" title="Şahkulu">Şahkulu</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=%C5%9Eahkulu_rebellion" title="Şahkulu rebellion">Şahkulu rebellion</a></div>
<p>As in Khorasan and West Asia before, the Turkmens who spearheaded the Ottomans’ drive into the Balkans and West Asia were more inspired by a vaguely Shiite folk Islam than by formal religion. Many times, Ottoman campaigns were accompanied or guided by Bektaşi dervishes, spiritual heirs of the 13th century Sufi saint <a href="/info/en/?search=Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Haji Bektash Veli</a>, himself a native of <a href="/info/en/?search=Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>. After the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman state became increasingly determined to assert its fiscal but also its juridical and political control over the farthest reaches of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-ebookshia.com_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebookshia.com-45">[45]</a></sup>
</p><p>The resulting Alevi revolts, a series of millenarian anti-state uprisings by the heterodox <a href="/info/en/?search=Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmen</a> population of Anatolia that culminated in the establishment of a militantly Shiite rival state in neighbouring Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-ebookshia.com_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebookshia.com-45">[45]</a></sup> The Ottoman Empire later proclaimed themselves its defenders against the <a href="/info/en/?search=Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid Shia state</a> and related sects. This created a gap between the Sunni Ottoman ruling elite and the Alevi Anatolian population. Anatolia became a battlefield between Safavids and Ottomans, each determined to include it in their empire.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Republic_of_Turkey">Republic of Turkey</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Republic of Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>According to Eren Sarı, Alevi saw Kemal Atatürk as a <a href="/info/en/?search=Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a> "savior sent to save them from the Sunni Ottoman yoke".<sup id="cite_ref-Sarı-2017-26_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarı-2017-26-46">[46]</a></sup> However, pogroms against Alevi did not cease after the establishment of Atatürk's republic. In attacks against leftists in the 1970s, ultranationalists and reactionaries killed many Alevis. <a href="/info/en/?search=Malatya_massacre" title="Malatya massacre">Malatya in 1978</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Mara%C5%9F_massacre" title="Maraş massacre">Maraş in 1979</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=%C3%87orum_massacre" title="Çorum massacre">Çorum in 1980</a> witnessed the murder of hundreds of Alevis, the torching of hundreds of homes, and lootings.<sup id="cite_ref-memorializeturkey_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memorializeturkey-47">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-turkishpolicy_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turkishpolicy-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>Alevis have been victims of <a href="/info/en/?search=Pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms">pogroms</a> during both Ottoman times and under the Turkish republic up until the <a href="/info/en/?search=Sivas_massacre" title="Sivas massacre">1993 Sivas massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22-7-17-nyt_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22-7-17-nyt-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-memorializeturkey_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memorializeturkey-47">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-turkishpolicy_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turkishpolicy-48">[48]</a></sup>
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<th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; width:auto">The historical emergence of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Alevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevis">Alevī</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=%E1%B9%ACar%C4%ABqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṭarīqah">Ṭarīqah</a>
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<th><small>The schematic history of the development of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Im%C4%81m%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Imāmī">Imāmī</a>-<a href="/info/en/?search=Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Alevism" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Alevism</a> from other <a href="/info/en/?search=Sh%C4%AB%E2%80%98ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shī‘ah">Shī‘ah</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Muslim_sects" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim sects">Muslim sects</a> </small>
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<tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:MediumSpringGreen;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Wahb_ibn_Abd_Manaf" title="Wahb ibn Abd Manaf">Wahb</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:MediumSpringGreen;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Barrah_bint_Abdul_Uzza" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrah bint Abdul Uzza">Barrah</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Aquamarine;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Fatimah_bint_Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah bint Amr">Fatimah</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Aquamarine;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Abdul-Muttalib" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Muttalib">Abdul-Muttalib</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Natila_bint_Janab" class="mw-redirect" title="Natila bint Janab">Natīla</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:MediumSpringGreen;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Aminah_bint_Wahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Aminah bint Wahab">Aminah bint Wahab</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Aquamarine;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Abdullah_ibn_Abdul-Muttalib" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib">ʿAbd Allāh</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:PaleGreen;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Asad_ibn_Hashim" title="Asad ibn Hashim">Asad</a> ibn <a href="/info/en/?search=Hashim_ibn_Abd_al-Manaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashim ibn Abd al-Manaf">Hashim</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:PaleGreen;">Fatimah bint Qays</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=%E2%80%98Abbas_ibn_%E2%80%98Abd_al-Muttalib" class="mw-redirect" title="‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib">‘Abbas</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Aqua;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid" title="Khadija bint Khuwaylid">Khadija bint Khuwaylid</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:DeepSkyBlue;"><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></b><br /><small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Family_tree_of_Muhammad" title="Family tree of Muhammad">Family tree</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Aquamarine;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi Talib">Abi Talib</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:PaleGreen;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Fatimah_bint_Asad" title="Fatimah bint Asad">Fatimah bint Asad</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Abdullah_ibn_Abbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Abbas">ʿAbd Allāh</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:SkyBlue;"><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Fatima_Zahra" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatima Zahra">Fatima Zahra</a></b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:DodgerBlue;"><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Ali_al_Murtaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali al Murtaza">Ali al Murtaza</a></b><br /><small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Family_tree_of_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Ali">Family tree</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:PowderBlue;"><small><a href="/info/en/?search=Khawlah_bint_Ja%27far" class="mw-redirect" title="Khawlah bint Ja'far">Khawlah b. Ja'far</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Banu_Hanifah" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Hanifah">al-Hanafiyyah</a></small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><small>ʿAli bin <a href="/info/en/?search=Abdullah_ibn_Abbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Abbas">ʿAbd Allāh</a> b. <a href="/info/en/?search=%E2%80%98Abbas_ibn_%E2%80%98Abd_al-Muttalib" class="mw-redirect" title="‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib">‘Abbas</a></small></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:LightSkyBlue;"><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Hasan_al_Mujtaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan al Mujtaba">Hasan al Mujtaba</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:LightSkyBlue;"><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></b> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Family_tree_of_Husayn_ibn_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Husayn ibn Ali">Family</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Shahr_Banu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahr Banu">Shahr Banu</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:LightSteelBlue;"><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_al_hanifiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al hanifiyyah">Ibn al-Hanifiyyah</a></b></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Turquoise;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Fatimah_bint_Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah bint Hasan">Fatimah bint Hasan</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Turquoise;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">Zayn al-'Abidin</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Jayda al-Sindhi</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Thistle;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Kaysanites" title="Kaysanites">Kaysanites</a><br /><small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Mukhtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mukhtar">Al-Mukhtar</a>)</small></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Azure;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Farwah_bint_al-Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Farwah bint al-Qasim">Farwah</a> bint<br /><small><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Qasim_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Abi_Bakr" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr">Al-Qasim</a> ibn <a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_ibn_Abu_Bakr" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr">Muhammad</a></small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Turquoise;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:PaleTurquoise;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ash-Shahīd</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Zaydiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaydiyyah">Zaydiyyah</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Lavender;"><small>First <a href="/info/en/?search=Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></small><br /> <a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_Hashim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hashim">Abu Hashim</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Hashimiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashimiyya">Hashimiyya</a>)</small></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:LightCyan;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:AliceBlue;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">Yemen</a>-<a href="/info/en/?search=Fiver_(sect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiver (sect)">Fivers</a></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:AliceBlue;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Zaydi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaydi">Zaydi</a>-<a href="/info/en/?search=Alavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavids">Alavids</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Plum;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_ibn_Ali_ibn_Abdallah" title="Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah">Muhammad "al-Imām"</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Isma%27il_ibn_Jafar" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il ibn Jafar">Isma'il ibn Jafar</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:LemonChiffon;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Abdullah_al-Aftah_ibn_Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah al-Aftah ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq">Al-Aftah</a><br /><small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Aftahiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftahiyya">Aftahiyya</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Ivory;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_ibn_Ja%27far_al-Sadiq_(Al-Dibaj)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq (Al-Dibaj)">Al-Dibaj</a> <br /><small>(Sumaytiyya)</small></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Musa_al-Kadhim" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa al-Kadhim">Musa al-Kadhim</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Ibrāhim<br /> <a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_ibn_Ali_ibn_Abdallah" title="Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah">"al-Imām"</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Imamah_(Ismaili_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Ismaili doctrine)">Imāmī</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Ism%C4%81%27%C4%ABl%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismā'īlī">Ismā'īlīsm</a></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_ibn_Abdullah_al-Aftah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Abdullah al-Aftah">Muhammad al-Aftah</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibrahim_ibn_Musa_al-Kazim" title="Ibrahim ibn Musa al-Kazim">Ibrāhim ibn Mūsā</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Im%C4%81m%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Imāmī">Imāmī</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Athn%C4%81%E2%80%98ashariyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Athnā‘ashariyyah">Athnā‘ashariyyah</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:LightPink;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_Muslim_Khorasani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Muslim Khorasani">Muslim’īyyah</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Sinbad_the_Magean" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinbad the Magean">Sīnbād</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Al-Maktūm</a> <br /><small>(Mubārakʾiyya)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:PeachPuff;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Seveners" class="mw-redirect" title="Seveners">Seveners</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Fatima_bint_Musa" title="Fatima bint Musa">Fātimā al-Ma‘sūmah</a></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ishaq_al-Turk" title="Ishaq al-Turk">Ishaq al-Turk</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahmad_al-Wafi" title="Ahmad al-Wafi">ʿAbadullāh<small> <i>(Wafī Aḥmad)</i></small></a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><small><a href="/info/en/?search=Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Ḥamdān Qarmaṭ'l-ʾAšʿaṯ</a></small></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Linen;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Tustari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tustari">Al-Tustari</a><br /><small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Ta%E1%B9%A3awwuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Taṣawwuf">Taṣawwuf</a>)</small></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad">Muhammad al-Taqī <i>(Jawad)</i></a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:HotPink;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muḥammirah">Muhammerah</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Muqanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Muqanna">Muqanna</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Ahmed_ibn_Abadullah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Ahmed ibn Abadullah)">Aḥmad <small> <i>(Taqī Muhammad)</i> </small></a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_Sa%27id_al-Jannabi" title="Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi">Abū Sa'id</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Musa_al-Mubarraqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa al-Mubarraqa">Mūsā al-Mūbārraqā</a></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ali_al_Hadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali al Hadi">Ali al Hadi</a></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Coral;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurrāmīyah</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Babak_Khorramdin" title="Babak Khorramdin">Pāpak</a>, Maziar)</small></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Radi_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Radi Abdullah">Ḥusayn<small><br /> <i>(Raḍī ʿAbdillāh)</i></small></a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ab%C5%AB-T%C4%81hir_Al-Jann%C4%81b%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū-Tāhir Al-Jannābī">Abū-Tāhir</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_ibn_Ali_al-Hadi" title="Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi">Muhammad</a> ibn <a href="/info/en/?search=Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:LightCoral;"><a href="/info/en/?search=K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lba%C5%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Kızılbaş">Kızılbaş</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ubayd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah">Ubayd Allāh</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:PeachPuff;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Qarmati" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarmati">Qarmatis</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Linen;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Fazlallah_Astarabadi_(Naimi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazlallah Astarabadi (Naimi)">Nāimī</a>-<a href="/info/en/?search=Hurufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurufi">Ḥurūfīs</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Moccasin;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Nusayr" title="Ibn Nusayr">Ibn Nusayr</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Namiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Namiriya">‘Ulyāʾiyya</a>)</small></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qāʾim</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Linen;">ʿAlī Al-Aʿlā <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Bektashiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashiyyah">Baktāsh’īyyah</a>)</small></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad</a> <br /><small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Imam_e_Zamana" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam e Zamana">Imām Zāmān</a>)</small></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Moccasin;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Kha%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABb%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khaṣībī">Al-Khaṣībī</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Nusairi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusairi">Nusairis</a>)</small></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Mansur_Billah" title="Al-Mansur Billah">al-Manṣūr</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Linen;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Mahmoud_Pasikhani" title="Mahmoud Pasikhani">Pasīkhānī</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Nuktawiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuktawiyya">Nuktawiyya</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Imamiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamiyyah">Imamiyyah</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Twelvers</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:MistyRose;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Sar%C4%B1_Saltuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarı Saltuk">Sarı Saltuk</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Bekta%C5%9Fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektaşi">Baktāshīs</a>)</small></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">al-Muʿizz</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Linen;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Nes%C3%AEm%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Nesîmî">Nasīmī</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ja%27fari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari">Ja'faris</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevis</a></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:MistyRose;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Otman_Baba" title="Otman Baba">Otman Baba</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">al-ʿAzīz</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbaris</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Shaykhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaykhi">Shaykhis</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Usuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Usuli">Usulis</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:MistyRose;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Bal%C4%B1m_Sultan" title="Balım Sultan">Balım Sultan</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Ḥākim</a></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Safaviyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Safaviyya">Safavī</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Iran</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Nuqta-yi_Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuqta-yi Ula">Nuqta-yi Ula</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=B%C3%A1bis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bábis">Bábis</a>)</small></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Velayat-e-faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Velayat-e-faqih">Velayat-e-faqih</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Iran,_Islamic_Rep." class="mw-redirect" title="Iran, Islamic Rep.">Iran, Islamic Rep.</a>)</small></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:MistyRose;"><a href="/info/en/?search=G%C3%BCl_Baba" title="Gül Baba">Gül Baba</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Hurufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurufi">Hurufi</a>-<a href="/info/en/?search=Bekta%C5%9Fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektaşi">Bektaşi</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ali_az-Zahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali az-Zahir">al-Ẓāhir</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Durzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Durzi">Durzis</a> <br /><small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Muqtana" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqtana">Al-Muqtana</a>) </small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Mirza_Yahya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Yahya">Mírzá Yaḥyá</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Azalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Azalis">Azalis</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=M%C3%ADrz%C3%A1_%E1%B8%A4usayn-%60Al%C3%AD_N%C3%BAr%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Mírzá Ḥusayn-`Alí Núrí">Mírzá Ḥusayn</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼís</a>)</small></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Pink;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Aleviler" title="Aleviler">Other Alevis</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Baktāshism_(Bektaşilik)" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Bektashism</a>)</small></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Al-Mustanṣir bi-Llāh</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Seashell;"><a href="/info/en/?search=D%C4%81%27%C4%AB_al-Mutlaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dā'ī al-Mutlaq">Dā'ī</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Seashell;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Gorno-Badakhshan_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region">Badakhshan</a> & <a href="/info/en/?search=Badakhshan_Province" title="Badakhshan Province">Afgan</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Yarsani" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarsani">Yarsanis</a> <br /><small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Sultan_Sahak" title="Sultan Sahak">Sultan Sahak</a>)</small></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">Al-Musta'li</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Musta%27li" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li">Musta'lis</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><small>Muḥammad ibn <a href="/info/en/?search=Ab%C5%AB_Tam%C4%ABm_Ma%27add_al-Mustan%E1%B9%A3ir_bi-ll%C4%81h" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Tamīm Ma'add al-Mustanṣir bi-llāh">Abū Tamīm</a> </small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:PapayaWhip;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Niz%C4%81r_ibn_al-Mustan%E1%B9%A3ir_bill%C4%81h" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizār ibn al-Mustanṣir billāh">Al-Nizār</a> <br /><small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Niz%C4%81r%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizārī">Nizārīs</a>)</small></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ostad_Elahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostad Elahi">Ostad Elahi</a> <br /><small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=%E2%80%98Ali-Ilahis" class="mw-redirect" title="‘Ali-Ilahis">‘Ali-Ilahis</a>)</small></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amir">Al-Āmir</a></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:PapayaWhip;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Hashshashins" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashshashins">Hashshashins</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Hassan_Sabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Sabbah">Ḥ. bin Sabbah</a>) </small></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Işık Alevis</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=At-Tayyib_Abu%27l-Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim">At-Tayyib</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Tayyibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tayyibi">Tayyibis</a>)</small></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:LightYellow;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">Al-Ḥāfīz</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Hafizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafizi">Hafizis</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:PapayaWhip;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Hassan_Ala_Dhikrihi%27s_Salam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam">Ḥasan ʿAlā</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Alamut_Castle" title="Alamut Castle">Alamūt</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Niz%C4%81r%C4%AB_Ism%C4%81%27%C4%ABl%C4%AB_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizārī Ismā'īlī state">Nizārīs</a>) </small></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:LavenderBlush;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Alians" title="Alians">Alians</a><br /> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Demir_Baba_Teke" title="Demir Baba Teke">Demir Baba</a>) </small></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:LavenderBlush;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Harabati_baba_tekke" class="mw-redirect" title="Harabati baba tekke">Harabatis</a> <br /><small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Baba_Rexheb" title="Baba Rexheb">Baba Rexheb</a>) </small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Arwa_al-Sulayhi" title="Arwa al-Sulayhi">Arwa <br />al-Sulayhi</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Zoeb_bin_musa" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoeb bin musa">Zoeb Musa</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodis</a>)</small></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:PapayaWhip;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Agha Khans</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Nizārī Ismā'īlīs</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Seashell;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Imamah_(Ismaili_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Ismaili doctrine)">Ismāʿīlīsm</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:LavenderBlush;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Chepni" class="mw-redirect" title="Chepni">Chepnis</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Sulayman_bin_Hassan" title="Sulayman bin Hassan">Sulayman</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Sulaymanis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymanis">Sulaymanis</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><small>Ali bin Ibrāhim<br />(<a href="/info/en/?search=Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a>)</small></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><small><a href="/info/en/?search=Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></small></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><small><a href="/info/en/?search=Abdul_Hussain_Jivaji" title="Abdul Hussain Jivaji">A . Hussain Jivaji</a><br /> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Atba-i-Malak" class="mw-redirect" title="Atba-i-Malak">Atba-i-Malak</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><small><a href="/info/en/?search=Jafari_Bohras" class="mw-redirect" title="Jafari Bohras">Jafari Bohras</a> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Syed_Jafar_Ahmad_Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed Jafar Ahmad Shirazi">Syed Jafar Ahmad Shirazi</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><small><a href="/info/en/?search=Progressive_Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Progressive Dawoodi Bohra">Progressive Dawoodis</a> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Asghar_Ali_Engineer" title="Asghar Ali Engineer">Asghar Ali</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><small><a href="/info/en/?search=Atba-i-Malak_Vakil" class="mw-redirect" title="Atba-i-Malak Vakil">Atba-i-Malak Vakil</a> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Abdul_Qadir_Ebrahimji" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Qadir Ebrahimji">A. Qadir Ebrahimji</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFFFCC;"><small><a href="/info/en/?search=Atba-e-Malak_Badar" title="Atba-e-Malak Badar">Atba-i-Malak Badar</a> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Badruddin_Ghulam_Hussain_Miya_Khan_Saheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Badruddin Ghulam Hussain Miya Khan Saheb">Ghulam Hussain Miya Khan</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Organization">Organization</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234103998"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible collapsed"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/info/en/?search=Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on <a href="/info/en/?search=Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:200%;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani,_Baghdad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg/200px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg/300px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg/400px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="sidebar-caption">Tomb of <a href="/info/en/?search=Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">Abdul Qadir Gilani</a>, Baghdad, Iraq</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abdal" title="Abdal">Abdal</a></li>
<li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar-Latn" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">Al-Insān al-Kāmil</a></span></span></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Baqaa" title="Baqaa">Baqaa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dervish" title="Dervish">Dervish</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dhawq" title="Dhawq">Dhawq</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fakir" title="Fakir">Fakir</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fana_(Sufism)" title="Fana (Sufism)">Fana</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Hal</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">Haqiqa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Karamat" title="Karamat">Karamat</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kashf" title="Kashf">Kashf</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lataif-e-Sitta" title="Lataif-e-Sitta">Lataif</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Manzil" title="Manzil">Manzil</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ma%27rifa" title="Ma'rifa">Ma'rifa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Maqam_(Sufism)" title="Maqam (Sufism)">Maqam</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Murid" title="Murid">Murid</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Murshid" title="Murshid">Murshid</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">Nūr</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Qalandar_(title)" title="Qalandar (title)">Qalandar</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Qutb" title="Qutb">Qutb</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Silsila" title="Silsila">Silsila</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Sufi cosmology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sufi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi poetry">Sufi poetry</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sufi_psychology" title="Sufi psychology">Sufi psychology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Salik" title="Salik">Salik</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tazkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazkiah">Tazkiah</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Yaqeen" title="Yaqeen">Yaqeen</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nasheed" title="Nasheed">Anasheed</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ha%E1%B8%8Dra" title="Haḍra">Haḍra</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muraqabah" title="Muraqabah">Muraqabah</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sama</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">Whirling</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/info/en/?search=Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Sufi orders</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alians" title="Alians">Alians</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ba_%27Alawiyya" title="Ba 'Alawiyya">Ba 'Alawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bektashi_Order" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiri</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Chishti_Order" title="Chishti Order">Chishti</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a></li>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">List of sufis</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Sufi_saints" title="List of Sufi saints">Notable early</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Sufis" title="List of Sufis">Notable modern</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Sufi_singers" title="List of Sufi singers">Singers</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics in Sufism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">Haqiqa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ma%27rifa" title="Ma'rifa">Ma'rifa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Category:Sufi_art" title="Category:Sufi art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=History_of_Sufism" title="History of Sufism">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sufi_music" title="Sufi music">Sufi music</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Persecution</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/info/en/?search=Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234101897"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Sufism" title="Template:Sufism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:Sufism" title="Template talk:Sufism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:Sufism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sufism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:01HSI1_(2099855672).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/01HSI1_%282099855672%29.jpg/220px-01HSI1_%282099855672%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/01HSI1_%282099855672%29.jpg/330px-01HSI1_%282099855672%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/01HSI1_%282099855672%29.jpg/440px-01HSI1_%282099855672%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2184" data-file-height="2912" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> (right) and <a href="/info/en/?search=Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a> (left) medallions in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Name_of_Hasan_in_Arabic_in_Hagia_Sophia,_April_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Name_of_Hasan_in_Arabic_in_Hagia_Sophia%2C_April_2013.jpg/220px-Name_of_Hasan_in_Arabic_in_Hagia_Sophia%2C_April_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Name_of_Hasan_in_Arabic_in_Hagia_Sophia%2C_April_2013.jpg/330px-Name_of_Hasan_in_Arabic_in_Hagia_Sophia%2C_April_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Name_of_Hasan_in_Arabic_in_Hagia_Sophia%2C_April_2013.jpg/440px-Name_of_Hasan_in_Arabic_in_Hagia_Sophia%2C_April_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="1856" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/info/en/?search=Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a> medallion in Hagia Sophia</div></div></div></div></div>
<p>In contrast to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Bektashi_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi order">Bektashi order</a> – <i>tariqa</i>, which like other Sufi orders is based on a <a href="/info/en/?search=Silsila" title="Silsila">silsila</a> "initiatory chain or lineage" of teachers and their students, Alevi leaders succeed to their role on the basis of family descent. Perhaps ten percent of Alevis belong to a religious elite called <i>ocak</i> "hearth", indicating descent from Ali and/or various other saints and heroes. <i>Ocak</i> members are called <i>ocakzade</i>s or "sons of the hearth". This system apparently originated in the Safavid state.
</p><p>Alevi leaders are variously called <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Murshid" title="Murshid">murshid</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">pir</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Rehber_(Alevism)" title="Rehber (Alevism)">rehber</a></i> or <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Dede_(religious_figure)" title="Dede (religious figure)">dede</a>.</i> Groups that conceive of these as ranks of a hierarchy (as in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Bektashi_Order" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a>) disagree as to the order. The last of these, <i>dede</i> "grandfather", is the term preferred by the scholarly literature. <i>Ocakzade</i>s may attain to the position of <i>dede</i> on the basis of selection (by a father from among several sons), character, and learning. In contrast to Alevi rhetoric on the equality of the sexes, it is generally assumed that only males may fill such leadership roles.
</p><p>Traditionally, <i>dedes</i> did not merely lead rituals, but led their communities, often in conjunction with local notables such as the <a href="/info/en/?search=Agha_(title)" title="Agha (title)">ağas</a> (large landowners) of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Tunceli_Province" title="Tunceli Province">Dersim Region</a>. They also acted as judges or arbiters, presiding over village courts called <i><a href="/info/en/?search=D%C3%BC%C5%9Fk%C3%BCnl%C3%BCk_Meydan%C4%B1" title="Düşkünlük Meydanı">Düşkünlük Meydanı</a></i>.
</p><p>Ordinary Alevi would owe allegiance to a particular <i>dede</i> lineage (but not others) on the basis of pre-existing family or village relations. Some fall instead under the authority of Bektashi dargahs.
</p><p>In the wake of 20th century urbanization (which removed young laborers from the villages) and socialist influence (which looked upon the dedes with suspicion), the old hierarchy has largely broken down. Many dedes now receive salaries from Alevi cultural centers, which arguably subordinates their role. Such centers no longer feature community business or deliberation, such as the old ritual of reconciliation, but emphasize musical and dance performance to the exclusion of these.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> Dedes are now approached on a voluntary basis, and their role has become more circumscribed – limited to religious rituals, research, and giving advice.
</p><p>According to John Shindeldecker "Alevis are proud to point out that they are <a href="/info/en/?search=Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a>, Alevi women are encouraged to get the best education they can, and Alevi women are free to go into any occupation they choose."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Relationship_with_Shia_Islam">Relationship with Shia Islam</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Relationship with Shia Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Alevis are classified as a sect of Shia Islam,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> and Ayatollah <a href="/info/en/?search=Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> decreed Alevis to be part of the Shia fold in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr,_V_page_1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr,_V_page_1-52">[52]</a></sup> However, Alevi philosophies, customs, and rituals are appreciably different from those of mainstream, orthodox <a href="/info/en/?search=Usuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Usuli">Usulis</a>. According to Alevis<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>, Ali and Muhammad are likened to the two sides of a coin, or the two halves of an apple.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Relationship_with_Alawites">Relationship with Alawites</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Relationship with Alawites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Similarities with the <a href="/info/en/?search=Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> of <a href="/info/en/?search=Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> exist.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Both are viewed as <a href="/info/en/?search=Heterodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterodox">heterodox</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">syncretic</a> Islamic minorities, whose names both mean "devoted to <a href="/info/en/?search=Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>," (the son-in-law and cousin of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, and fourth <a href="/info/en/?search=Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> following Muhammad as leader of the Muslims), and are located primarily in the Eastern Mediterranean. Like mainstream Shia they are known as "Twelvers" as they both recognize the Twelve Imams.
</p><p>How the two minorities relate is disputed. According to scholar Marianne Aringberg-Laanatza, "the Turkish Alevis... do not relate themselves in any way to the Alawites in Syria."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> However journalist <a href="/info/en/?search=Jeffrey_Gettleman" title="Jeffrey Gettleman">Jeffrey Gettlemand</a> claims that both Alevi and the less than one million Alawite minority in Turkey "seem to be solidly behind Syria’s embattled strongman, <a href="/info/en/?search=Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>" and leery of Syrian Sunni rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i> journalist Dorian Jones states that Turkish Alevis are suspicious of the anti-Assad uprising in Syria. "They are worried of the repercussions for Alawites there, as well as for themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some sources (Martin van Bruinessen and Jamal Shah) mistake Alawites living in Turkey to be Alevis (calling Alevis "a blanket term for a large number of different heterodox communities"),<sup id="cite_ref-Bruinessen_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruinessen-56">[56]</a></sup> but others do not, giving a list of the differences between the two groups. These include their liturgical languages (Turkish or Kurdish for Alevi, Arabic for Alawites). Opposing political nationalism, with Alawites supporting their ruling dictatorship and considering Turks (including Alevis) an "opponent" of its Arab "historic interests".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (Even Kurdish and Balkan Alevi populations pray in Turkish.)<sup id="cite_ref-Cagaptay-2012_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cagaptay-2012-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>Unlike Alevis, Alawites not only traditionally lack mosques but do not maintain their own places for worship, except for shrines to their leaders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Alevi "possess an extensive and widely-read religious literature, mainly composed of spiritual songs, poems, and epic verse." Their origins are also different: The Alawite faith was founded in the ninth century by Abu Shuayb Muhammad <a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Nusayr" title="Ibn Nusayr">ibn Nusayr</a>. Alevism started in the 14th century by mystical Islamic dissenters in Central Asia, and represent more of a movement rather than a sect.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Relationship_with_Sunnis">Relationship with Sunnis</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Relationship with Sunnis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The relationship between Alevis and Sunnis is one of mutual suspicion and prejudice dating back to the Ottoman period. Hundreds of Alevis were murdered in sectarian violence in the years that preceded the <a href="/info/en/?search=1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 coup</a>, and as late as the 1990s dozens were killed with impunity.<sup id="cite_ref-22-7-17-nyt_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22-7-17-nyt-13">[13]</a></sup> While pogroms have not occurred since then, Erdogan has declared "a <a href="/info/en/?search=Cemevi" title="Cemevi">cemevi</a> is not a place of worship, it is a center for cultural activities. Muslims should only have one place of worship."<sup id="cite_ref-22-7-17-nyt_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22-7-17-nyt-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>Alevis<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> claim that they have been subject to <a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">intolerant</a> Sunni "nationalism" that has been unwilling to recognize Alevi "uniqueness".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/info/en/?search=Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Alevis_in_Turkey.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Alevis_in_Turkey.png/260px-Alevis_in_Turkey.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Alevis_in_Turkey.png/390px-Alevis_in_Turkey.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Alevis_in_Turkey.png/520px-Alevis_in_Turkey.png 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Alevi population in Turkey. Red = Anatolian Alevis (Turks and Kurds). Dark red = Alawites (Arabs) in Southern Turkey.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:1_-_Hamburg_1._Mai_2014_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/1_-_Hamburg_1._Mai_2014_03.JPG/260px-1_-_Hamburg_1._Mai_2014_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/1_-_Hamburg_1._Mai_2014_03.JPG/390px-1_-_Hamburg_1._Mai_2014_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/1_-_Hamburg_1._Mai_2014_03.JPG/520px-1_-_Hamburg_1._Mai_2014_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>Alevis in a demonstration in <a href="/info/en/?search=Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Most Alevi live in Turkey, where they are a minority and Sunni Muslims the majority. The size of the Alevi population is likewise disputed, but most estimates place them somewhere between 5 and 10 million people or about 10% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-usstate_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usstate-58">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup> Estimates of the percentage of Turkey's population that are Alevi range between 4% and 15%.<sup id="cite_ref-minorityrights_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minorityrights-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TR100_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TR100-19">[19]</a></sup> Scattered minorities live in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=The_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Caucasus">the Caucasus</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and the diaspora such as Germany and France.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> In the <a href="/info/en/?search=2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021 United Kingdom census</a>, Alevism was discovered to be the eighth largest religion in England and Wales, after Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism, Judaism and Paganism.<sup id="cite_ref-Religion,_England_and_Wales_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religion,_England_and_Wales-61">[61]</a></sup>
</p><p>Different estimations exist on the ethnic composition of the Alevi population. Although Turks are probably the largest ethnic group among Alevis considering their historical towns and cities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While Dressler stated in 2008 that about a third of the Alevi population is Kurdish,<sup id="cite_ref-referenceworks.brillonline.com_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-referenceworks.brillonline.com-23">[23]</a></sup> Hamza Aksüt argued that the majority is Kurdish<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> when all groups he considers as Alevis, such as the <a href="/info/en/?search=Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> are counted.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup>
</p><p>Most Alevis are probably of Kizilbash or Bektashi origin.<sup id="cite_ref-minorityrights_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minorityrights-9">[9]</a></sup> The Alevis (Kizilbash) are traditionally predominantly rural and acquire identity by parentage. Bektashis, however, are predominantly urban, and formally claim that membership is open to any Muslim. The groups are separately organized, but subscribe to "virtually the same system of beliefs".<sup id="cite_ref-minorityrights_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minorityrights-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Population_estimates">Population estimates</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Population estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The Alevi population has been estimated as follows:
</p>
<ul><li>Approximately 20 million according to <a href="/info/en/?search=Daily_Sabah" title="Daily Sabah">Daily Sabah</a>, a newspaper close to the government in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-dailysabah_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailysabah-65">[65]</a></sup></li>
<li>12,521,000 according to <a href="/info/en/?search=Sabahat_Akkiraz" title="Sabahat Akkiraz">Sabahat Akkiraz</a>, an MP from <a href="/info/en/?search=Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">CHP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-habersol_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-habersol-66">[66]</a></sup></li>
<li>"approx. 15 million..." – Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi.<sup id="cite_ref-Near_East'_1997_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Near_East'_1997-67">[67]</a></sup></li>
<li>4% of total population of Turkey – <a href="/info/en/?search=KONDA_Research_and_Consultancy" title="KONDA Research and Consultancy">KONDA Research</a> (2021).<sup id="cite_ref-TR100_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TR100-19">[19]</a></sup></li>
<li>In Turkey, 15% of Turkey's population (approx. 10.6 million) – Shankland (2006).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup></li>
<li>20 to 25 million according to Minority Rights Group.<sup id="cite_ref-minorityrights_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minorityrights-9">[9]</a></sup></li>
<li>There is a native 3,000 Alevi community in <a href="/info/en/?search=Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a>, Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup></li></ul>
<ul><li>The predominant religion of the <a href="/info/en/?search=%C3%84ynu_people" title="Äynu people">Äynu people</a> of western China is Alevism.<sup id="cite_ref-KAM_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KAM-70">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-XIN_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XIN-71">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHIT_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHIT-72">[72]</a></sup> There are estimated to be around 30–50 thousand Äynu, mostly located on the fringe of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johanson_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johanson-73">[73]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74">[74]</a></sup></li>
<li>25,672 Alevi live in England and Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-Religion,_England_and_Wales_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religion,_England_and_Wales-61">[61]</a></sup></li>
<li>600k to 700k Alevi live in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup></li>
<li>100k to 200k Alevi live in France.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Social_groups">Social groups</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Social groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Alevisme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Alevisme.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption><a href="/info/en/?search=Calligraphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a> hat in Alevi-<a href="/info/en/?search=Bektashism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashism">Bektashism</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>A Turkish scholar working in France has distinguished four main groups among contemporary Alevis in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-79">[79]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first group, who form a majority of the Alevi population, regard themselves as true Muslims and are prepared to cooperate with the state. It adheres to the way of <a href="/info/en/?search=Jafar_as-Sadiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Jafar as-Sadiq">Jafar as-Sadiq</a>, the Sixth Imam of Shia Islam. This group's concept of <i><a href="/info/en/?search=God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></i> is the same as Orthodox Islam, and like their Shia counterparts they reject the first three chosen <a href="/info/en/?search=Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliphs</a>, whom Sunni accept as legitimate, and accept only <a href="/info/en/?search=Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> as the actual and true Caliph.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-79">[79]</a></sup>
</p><p>The second group, which has the second most following among Alevis, are said to be under the active influence of the official Iranian Shia and to be confirmed adherents of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> branch of Shia Islam and they reject the teachings of Bektashism Tariqa. They follow the <a href="/info/en/?search=Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Ja'fari jurisprudence</a> and oppose secular state power.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-79">[79]</a></sup>
</p><p>The third group, a minority belief held by the Alevis, is mainly represented by people who belong to the political left and presumed <i>the Aleviness</i> just as an outlook on the individual human life rather than a religious conviction by persistently renouncing the ties of Alevism with Twelver political branch of Shia Islam. The followers of this congregation, who later turned out to be the very stern defenders of <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Erdoğan Çınar</a>,</i> hold ritual unions of a religious character and have established cultural associations named after <a href="/info/en/?search=Pir_Sultan_Abdal" title="Pir Sultan Abdal">Pir Sultan Abdal</a> as well. According to their philosophy, human being should enjoy a central role reminiscent of the doctrine of <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a>,</i> and as illustrated by <a href="/info/en/?search=Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufi</a> phrase of <i>God is Man</i> quoted above in the context of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-79">[79]</a></sup>
</p><p>The fourth<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> who adopted some aspirations of <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a>,</i> is more directed towards heterodox <a href="/info/en/?search=Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> and stands closer to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Hajji_Bektash" class="mw-redirect" title="Hajji Bektash">Hajji Bektashi</a> Brotherhood. According to the philosophy developed by this congregation, <a href="/info/en/?search=Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=St_Francis_of_Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="St Francis of Assisi">St Francis of Assisi</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> are supposedly considered better believers of <a href="/info/en/?search=God" title="God">God</a> than many <a href="/info/en/?search=Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_79-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-79">[79]</a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/info/en/?search=Ja%27fari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari">Ja'fari</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Nusayrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusayrism">Nusayrism</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Chinarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinarism">Chinarism</a></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Influences_of_other_beliefs_and_sects_on_Alevism">Influences of other beliefs and sects on Alevism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Influences of other beliefs and sects on Alevism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/info/en/?search=Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234103998"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/info/en/?search=Category:Bektashi_Order" title="Category:Bektashi Order">a series</a> on <a href="/info/en/?search=Bektashi_Order" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Bektashi_Order" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Kryegjyshata_Bot%C3%ABrore_Bektashiane.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kryegjyshata_Bot%C3%ABrore_Bektashiane.svg/110px-Kryegjyshata_Bot%C3%ABrore_Bektashiane.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kryegjyshata_Bot%C3%ABrore_Bektashiane.svg/165px-Kryegjyshata_Bot%C3%ABrore_Bektashiane.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kryegjyshata_Bot%C3%ABrore_Bektashiane.svg/220px-Kryegjyshata_Bot%C3%ABrore_Bektashiane.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Historical figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Haji Bektash Veli</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Imadaddin_Nasimi" title="Imadaddin Nasimi">Nesimi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bal%C4%B1m_Sultan" title="Balım Sultan">Balım Sultan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=G%C3%BCl_Baba" title="Gül Baba">Gül Baba</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/info/en/?search=Bektashi_Dedebabate" title="Bektashi Dedebabate">Bektashi Dedebabate</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sali_Njazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sali Njazi">Sali Njazi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ali_Riza_Dede" title="Ali Riza Dede">Ali Riza Dede</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kamber_Ali" title="Kamber Ali">Kamber Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Xhafer_Sadik" title="Xhafer Sadik">Xhafer Sadik</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abaz_Hilmi" title="Abaz Hilmi">Abaz Hilmi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahmet_Myftar" title="Ahmet Myftar">Ahmet Myftar</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Baba_Reshat" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Reshat">Baba Reshat</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Baba_Mondi" title="Baba Mondi">Baba Mondi</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Bektashi_tekkes_and_shrines" title="List of Bektashi tekkes and shrines">Bektashi sites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=World_Headquarters_of_the_Bektashi" title="World Headquarters of the Bektashi">Kryegjyshata</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Haji_Bektash_Veli_Complex" title="Haji Bektash Veli Complex">Haji Bektash Veli Complex</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Arabati_Baba_Te%E1%B8%B1e" title="Arabati Baba Teḱe">Arabati Baba Teḱe</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Durbal%C4%B1_Sultan_Tekke" title="Durbalı Sultan Tekke">Durbalı Sultan Tekke</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hasan_Baba_Tekke" title="Hasan Baba Tekke">Hasan Baba Tekke</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tekke_of_Melan" title="Tekke of Melan">Tekke of Melan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tekke_of_Frash%C3%ABr" title="Tekke of Frashër">Tekke of Frashër</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Zall_Tekke" title="Zall Tekke">Zall Tekke</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abbas_Ali_T%C3%BCrbe" title="Abbas Ali Türbe">Abbas Ali Türbe</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tomb_of_G%C3%BCl_Baba" title="Tomb of Gül Baba">Tomb of Gül Baba</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nevruz_in_Albania" title="Nevruz in Albania">Nevruz</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=World_Bektashi_Congress" title="World Bektashi Congress">World Bektashi Congress</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Countries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bektashism_in_Albania" title="Bektashism in Albania">Bektashism in Albania</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234101897"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Bektashi_Order" title="Template:Bektashi Order"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:Bektashi_Order" title="Template talk:Bektashi Order"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:Bektashi_Order" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bektashi Order"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Syariah-thariqah-hakikah2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Syariah-thariqah-hakikah2.jpg/220px-Syariah-thariqah-hakikah2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Syariah-thariqah-hakikah2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Four_Doors" title="Four Doors">Four Spiritual Stations</a> in Bektashiyyah:</b> Sharia, tariqa, <a href="/info/en/?search=Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">haqiqa</a>, and the fourth station, <a href="/info/en/?search=Marifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Marifa">marifa</a>, which is considered "unseen", is actually <i>the center</i> of the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">haqiqa</a></i> region. <a href="/info/en/?search=Marifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Marifa">Marifa</a> is the essence of all four stations.</figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sufi_elements_in_Alevism">Sufi elements in Alevism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sufi elements in Alevism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/info/en/?search=Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Qutb_ad-D%C4%ABn_Haydar" title="Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar">Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></div>
<p>Despite this essentially Shi‘i orientation, much of Aleviness' mystical language is inspired by Sufi traditions. For example, the Alevi concept of God is derived from the philosophy of <a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a> and involves a chain of <a href="/info/en/?search=Emanationism" title="Emanationism">emanation</a> from God, to spiritual man, earthly man, animals, plants, and minerals. The goal of spiritual life is to follow this path in the reverse direction, to unity with God, or <a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Haqq" title="Al-Haqq">al-Haqq</a> (Reality, Truth). From the highest perspective, all is God (see <a href="/info/en/?search=Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a>). Alevis admire <a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Hallaj" title="Al-Hallaj">al-Hallaj</a>, a 10th-century Sufi who was accused of blasphemy and subsequently executed in <a href="/info/en/?search=Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> for saying "I am the Truth" <i>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Anal_Haq" title="Anal Haq">Ana al-Haqq</a>).</i>
</p><p>There is some tension between folk tradition Aleviness and the Bektashi Order, which is a Sufi order founded on Alevi beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> In certain Turkish communities other Sufi orders (the <a href="/info/en/?search=Khalwati_order" title="Khalwati order">Halveti</a>-<a href="/info/en/?search=Jerrahi" title="Jerrahi">Jerrahi</a> and some of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Rifa%CA%BDi" title="Rifaʽi">Rifaʽi</a>) have incorporated significant Alevi influence.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Wahdat_al-Mawjud">Wahdat al-Mawjud</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Wahdat al-Mawjud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Wahdat_al-mawjud" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahdat al-mawjud">Wahdat al-mawjud</a></div>
<p>Bektashism places much emphasis on the concept of <a href="/info/en/?search=Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Wahdat al-Mawjud</a> وحدة الوجود, the "Unity of Being" that was formulated by <a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a>. Bektashism is also heavily permeated with Shiite concepts, such as the marked veneration of Ali, the Twelve Imams, and the ritual commemoration of <a href="/info/en/?search=Day_of_Ashura" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Ashura">Ashurah</a> marking the Battle of Karbala. The old <a href="/info/en/?search=Iran" title="Iran">Persian</a> holiday of <a href="/info/en/?search=Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> is celebrated by Bektashis as <a href="/info/en/?search=Imamah_(Shi%27a_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)">Imam</a> Ali's birthday.
</p><p>In keeping with the central belief of <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wahdat_al-mawjud" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahdat al-mawjud">Wahdat Al-Mawjud</a></i> the Bektashi see reality contained in <a href="/info/en/?search=Haqq-Muhammad-Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Haqq-Muhammad-Ali">Haqq-Muhammad-Ali</a>, a single unified entity. Bektashi do not consider this a form of <a href="/info/en/?search=Trinity" title="Trinity">trinity</a>. There are many other practices and ceremonies that share similarity with other faiths, such as a ritual meal (<i>muhabbet</i>) and yearly confession of sins to a <i>baba</i> (<i>magfirat-i zunub</i> مغفرة الذنوب).
</p><p>Bektashis base their practices and rituals on their non-orthodox and <a href="/info/en/?search=Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">mystical interpretation</a> and understanding of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> and the prophetic practice (<a href="/info/en/?search=Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>). They have no written doctrine specific to them, thus rules and rituals may differ depending on under whose influence one has been taught. Bektashis generally revere Sufi mystics outside of their own order, such as <a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Rumi" title="Rumi">Jelalludin Rumi</a> who are close in spirit to them.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mysticism">Mysticism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Mysticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/info/en/?search=Bektashism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashism">Bektashism</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a></div>
<p>Bektashism is <a href="/info/en/?search=Initiation" title="Initiation">initiatic</a> and members must traverse various levels or ranks as they progress along the spiritual path to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a>. First level members are called <i>aşıks</i> عاشق. They are those who, while not having taken initiation into the order, are nevertheless drawn to it. Following initiation (called <i>nasip</i>) one becomes a <i>mühip</i> محب. After some time as a <i>mühip</i>, one can take further vows and become a <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Dervish" title="Dervish">dervish</a></i>.
</p><p>The next level above dervish is that of <i>baba</i>. The <i>baba</i> (lit. father) is considered to be the head of a <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">tekke</a></i> and qualified to give spiritual guidance (<i>irshad</i> إرشاد). Above the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Baba_(Alevism)" title="Baba (Alevism)">baba</a></i> is the rank of <i>halife-baba</i> (or <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Dedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dedes">dede</a></i>, grandfather). Traditionally there were twelve of these, the most senior being the "<i><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedebabal%C4%B1k" class="extiw" title="tr:Dedebabalık">dedebaba</a></i>" (<i>great-grandfather</i>)<i>.</i>
</p><p>The <i>dedebaba</i> was considered to be the highest ranking authority in the Bektashi Order. Traditionally the residence of the <i>dedebaba</i> was the Pir Evi (The Saint's Home) which was located in the shrine of <a href="/info/en/?search=Hajji_Bektash_Wali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hajji Bektash Wali">Hajji Bektash Wali</a> in the central Anatolian town of <a href="/info/en/?search=Hac%C4%B1bekta%C5%9F" title="Hacıbektaş">Hacıbektaş <i>(Solucakarahüyük)</i></a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-Islamic_elements">Non-Islamic elements</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Non-Islamic elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/info/en/?search=Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic mythology</a></div>
<p>Alevism is indeed heavily influenced by old <a href="/info/en/?search=Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Shamanistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamanistic">shamanistic</a> beliefs. Concepts such as <a href="/info/en/?search=Ocak_(Alevism)" title="Ocak (Alevism)">Odjak</a>, inclusive social roles for women, musical performances, various rituals celebrating the nature or the seasons (like <a href="/info/en/?search=H%C4%B1d%C4%B1rellez" title="Hıdırellez">Hıdırellez</a>) and some customs like the cult of ancestors, trees and rocks are both observed in Alevism and <a href="/info/en/?search=Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Duzgin_Bawo" title="Duzgin Bawo">Duzgin Bawo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious humanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shi%27a_view_of_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a view of Ali">Shi'a view of Ali</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKızıl2021" class="citation web cs1">Kızıl, Nurbanu (31 December 2021). <a class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/news-analysis/govt-signals-action-for-turkeys-alevi-community-amid-obstacles">"Govt signals action for Turkey's Alevi community amid obstacles"</a>. <i>Daily Sabah</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Sabah&rft.atitle=Govt+signals+action+for+Turkey%27s+Alevi+community+amid+obstacles&rft.date=2021-12-31&rft.aulast=K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l&rft.aufirst=Nurbanu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Fpolitics%2Fnews-analysis%2Fgovt-signals-action-for-turkeys-alevi-community-amid-obstacles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Cagaptay-2012-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cagaptay-2012_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cagaptay-2012_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCagaptay2012" class="citation web cs1">Cagaptay, Soner (17 April 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220107162959/https://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/17/are-syrian-alawites-and-turkish-alevis-the-same/">"Are Syrian Alawites and Turkish Alevis the same?"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/17/are-syrian-alawites-and-turkish-alevis-the-same/">the original</a> on 7 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Are+Syrian+Alawites+and+Turkish+Alevis+the+same%3F&rft.date=2012-04-17&rft.aulast=Cagaptay&rft.aufirst=Soner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com%2F2012%2F04%2F17%2Fare-syrian-alawites-and-turkish-alevis-the-same%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWakamatsu2013" class="citation journal cs1">Wakamatsu, Hiroki (2013). "Veneration of the Sacred or Regeneration of the Religious: An Analysis of Saints and the Popular Beliefs of Kurdish Alevis". <i>上智アジア学</i>. <b>31</b>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Sophia_University" title="Sophia University">Sophia University</a>: 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%8A%E6%99%BA%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Veneration+of+the+Sacred+or+Regeneration+of+the+Religious%3A+An+Analysis+of+Saints+and+the+Popular+Beliefs+of+Kurdish+Alevis&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Wakamatsu&rft.aufirst=Hiroki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-referenceworks.brillonline.com-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-referenceworks.brillonline.com_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-referenceworks.brillonline.com_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDressler2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dressler, Markus (2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/alevis-COM_0167?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=Alevīs">"Alevīs"</a></span>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/info/en/?search=Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/info/en/?search=Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alev%C4%ABs&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Dressler&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Falevis-COM_0167%3Fs.num%3D0%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3%26s.q%3DAlev%C4%ABs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ReferenceD-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hande Sözer <i>Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks</i> BRILL 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-9-004-27919-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-27919-3">978-9-004-27919-3</a> page 114</span>
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<li id="cite_note-ReferenceE-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceE_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tord Olsson, Elisabeth Ozdalga, Catharina Raudvere <i>Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives</i> Tord Olsson, Elisabeth Ozdalga, Catharina Raudvere <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79725-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79725-6">978-1-135-79725-6</a> page 25</span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These and many other quotations may be found in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Shindeldecker1998" class="citation book cs1">John Shindeldecker (1998). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ha2SAAAACAAJ"><i>Turkish Alevis Today</i></a>. Sahkulu Sultan Külliyesi Vakfı. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9789759444105" title="Special:BookSources/9789759444105"><bdi>9789759444105</bdi></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1055857045">1055857045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Alevis+Today&rft.pub=Sahkulu+Sultan+K%C3%BClliyesi+Vakf%C4%B1&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055857045&rft.isbn=9789759444105&rft.au=John+Shindeldecker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHa2SAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Özbakir, Akin. Malatya Kale yöresi Alevi-Bektaşi inançlarının tespit ve değerlendirilmesi. MS thesis. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2010.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-academia.edu-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAksu" class="citation journal cs1">Aksu, İbrahim. <a class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6854190">"Differences & Similarities Between Anatolian Alevis & Arab Alawites: Comparative Study on Beliefs and Practices"</a>. <i>www.academia.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.academia.edu&rft.atitle=Differences+%26+Similarities+Between+Anatolian+Alevis+%26+Arab+Alawites%3A+Comparative+Study+on+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.aulast=Aksu&rft.aufirst=%C4%B0brahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6854190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-auto-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alevi Hafızasını Tanımlamak: Geçmiş ve Tarih Arasında. (2016). (n.p.): İletişim Yayınları.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tord Olsson, Elisabeth Ozdalga, Catharina Raudvere <i>Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives</i> Tord Olsson, Elisabeth Ozdalga, Catharina Raudvere <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79725-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79725-6">978-1-135-79725-6</a> page 72</span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handan Aksünger Jenseits des Schweigegebots: Alevitische Migrantenselbstorganisationen und zivilgesellschaftliche Integration in Deutschland und den Niederlanden Waxmann Verlag 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-3-830-97883-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-830-97883-1">978-3-830-97883-1</a> page 83-84 (German)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDarke2022" class="citation book cs1">Darke, Diana (2022). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zsGHEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Ottomans: A Cultural Legacy</i></a>. Thames & Hudson. pp. 86, 88. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-500-77753-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-77753-4"><bdi>978-0-500-77753-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottomans%3A+A+Cultural+Legacy&rft.pages=86%2C+88&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-500-77753-4&rft.aulast=Darke&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzsGHEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Powell-2016-35-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Powell-2016-35_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2016" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Russell (2016). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RqRTDAAAQBAJ&q=Alevism+fiqh&pg=PA35"><i>Shariʿa in the Secular State: Evolving Meanings of Islamic Jurisprudence in .</i></a> Routledge. p. 35. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781317055693" title="Special:BookSources/9781317055693"><bdi>9781317055693</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shari%CA%BFa+in+the+Secular+State%3A+Evolving+Meanings+of+Islamic+Jurisprudence+in+..&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317055693&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRqRTDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DAlevism%2Bfiqh%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger M. Savory (ref. Abdülbaki Gölpinarli), <a href="/info/en/?search=Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>, "Kizil-Bash", Online Edition 2005</span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also see, Öztürk, ibid, pp. 78–81. In the old days, marrying a Sunni [Yezide kuşak çözmek] was also accepted as an offense that led to the state of düşkün. See Alevi Buyruks</span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kristina Kehl-Bordrogi reports this among the <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Tahtacı</i></span>. See her article "The significance of <i><a href="/info/en/?search=M%C3%BCsahiplik" title="Müsahiplik">müsahiplik</a></i> among the Alevis" in <i>Synchronistic Religious Communities in the Near East</i> (co-edited by her, with B. Kellner-Heinkele & A. Otter-Beaujean), Brill 1997, p. 131 ff.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMagra2023" class="citation web cs1">Magra, Iliana (26 November 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130212417/https://www.ekathimerini.com/society/1225686/the-bektashis-have-stopped-hiding/">"The Bektashis have stopped hiding"</a>. <i>Ekathimerini</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.ekathimerini.com/society/1225686/the-bektashis-have-stopped-hiding/">the original</a> on 30 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ekathimerini&rft.atitle=The+Bektashis+have+stopped+hiding&rft.date=2023-11-26&rft.aulast=Magra&rft.aufirst=Iliana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekathimerini.com%2Fsociety%2F1225686%2Fthe-bektashis-have-stopped-hiding%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSoileau2012" class="citation journal cs1">Soileau, Mark (August 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/665961">"Spreading the <i>Sofra</i>: Sharing and Partaking in the Bektashi Ritual Meal"</a></span>. <i>History of Religions</i>. <b>52</b> (1): 1–30. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F665961">10.1086/665961</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/665961">10.1086/665961</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Spreading+the+Sofra%3A+Sharing+and+Partaking+in+the+Bektashi+Ritual+Meal&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F665961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F665961%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Soileau&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F665961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFarooq" class="citation web cs1">Farooq, Umar. <a class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/12/18/turkeys-alevis-beholden-to-politics">"Turkey's Alevis beholden to politics"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Alevis+beholden+to+politics&rft.aulast=Farooq&rft.aufirst=Umar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F12%2F18%2Fturkeys-alevis-beholden-to-politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi. 1988. Die Kizilbash/Aleviten, pp. 182–204.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See again "The significance of <i><a href="/info/en/?search=M%C3%BCsahiplik" title="Müsahiplik">müsahiplik</a></i> among the Alevis" in <i>Synchronistic Religious Communities in the Near East</i> (co-edited by her, with B. Kellner-Heinkele & A. Otter-Beaujean), Brill 1997, p. 131 ff.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Religious practices in the Turco-Iranian World</i>, 2005.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFieldhouse2017" class="citation book cs1">Fieldhouse, P. (2017). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42"><i>Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions [2 volumes]</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 42. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-412-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-412-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food%2C+Feasts%2C+and+Faith%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Food+Culture+in+World+Religions+%26%2391%3B2+volumes%26%2393%3B&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-412-4&rft.aulast=Fieldhouse&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-FqDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.balikligol.com/kultur-sanat/alevi-bektasilerin-kutsal-yerleri-turbeler-h3112.html">"ALEVİ & BEKTAŞİLERİN KUTSAL YERLERİ-TÜRBELER haberleri"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ALEV%C4%B0+%26+BEKTA%C5%9E%C4%B0LER%C4%B0N+KUTSAL+YERLER%C4%B0-T%C3%9CRBELER+haberleri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.balikligol.com%2Fkultur-sanat%2Falevi-bektasilerin-kutsal-yerleri-turbeler-h3112.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ebookshia.com-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ebookshia.com_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebookshia.com_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebookshia.com_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://ebookshia.com/upload/bookFiles/656/شيعه_لبنان_زير_سلطه_عثماني.PDF">شيعه_لبنان_زير_سلطه_عثماني</a> ebookshia.com (in Arabic)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sarı-2017-26-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sarı-2017-26_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSarı2017" class="citation book cs1">Sarı, Eren (2017). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x0y1DgAAQBAJ&q=To+prevent+penetration+by+hostile+outsiders%2C+the+Alevis+insisted+on+strict+endogamy+which+eventually+made+them+into+a+quasi-ethnic+group&pg=PA16"><i>The Alevi Of Anatolia: During the great Turkish expansion from Central Asia </i></a>. noktaekitap. p. 16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alevi+Of+Anatolia%3A+During+the+great+Turkish+expansion+from+Central+Asia+.&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=noktaekitap&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Sar%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=Eren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx0y1DgAAQBAJ%26q%3DTo%2Bprevent%2Bpenetration%2Bby%2Bhostile%2Boutsiders%252C%2Bthe%2BAlevis%2Binsisted%2Bon%2Bstrict%2Bendogamy%2Bwhich%2Beventually%2Bmade%2Bthem%2Binto%2Ba%2Bquasi-ethnic%2Bgroup%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-memorializeturkey-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-memorializeturkey_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-memorializeturkey_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233448/http://www.memorializeturkey.com/en/memorial/pir-sultan-abdal-monument-and-festival/">"Pir Sultan Abdal Monument and Festival"</a>. <i>memorializeturkey.com</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.memorializeturkey.com/en/memorial/pir-sultan-abdal-monument-and-festival/">the original</a> on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=memorializeturkey.com&rft.atitle=Pir+Sultan+Abdal+Monument+and+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memorializeturkey.com%2Fen%2Fmemorial%2Fpir-sultan-abdal-monument-and-festival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-turkishpolicy-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turkishpolicy_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turkishpolicy_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRana_Birden_Çorbacıoğlu" class="citation web cs1">Rana Birden Çorbacıoğlu, Zeynep Alemdar. <a class="external text" href="https://www.turkishpolicy.com/dosyalar/files/zeynep_alemdar-rana_birden_corbacioglu-10_4.pdf">"ALEVIS AND THE TURKISH STATE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>turkishpolicy.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=turkishpolicy.com&rft.atitle=ALEVIS+AND+THE+TURKISH+STATE&rft.aulast=Rana+Birden+%C3%87orbac%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Zeynep+Alemdar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkishpolicy.com%2Fdosyalar%2Ffiles%2Fzeynep_alemdar-rana_birden_corbacioglu-10_4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Martin Stokes' study.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFlows" class="citation web cs1">Flows, Capital. <a class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2017/02/10/religious-diversity-and-the-alevi-struggle-for-equality-in-turkey/">"Religious Diversity And The Alevi Struggle For Equality In Turkey"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Religious+Diversity+And+The+Alevi+Struggle+For+Equality+In+Turkey&rft.aulast=Flows&rft.aufirst=Capital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Frealspin%2F2017%2F02%2F10%2Freligious-diversity-and-the-alevi-struggle-for-equality-in-turkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Tracy2009" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Tracy, ed. (October 2009). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091010050756/http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf">"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population, Pew Research Center"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+Global+Muslim+Population%3A+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Muslim+Population%2C+Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewforum.org%2Fnewassets%2Fimages%2Freports%2FMuslimpopulation%2FMuslimpopulation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Nasr,_V_page_1-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nasr,_V_page_1_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasr, V: "The Shia Revival," page 1. Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc, 2006</span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">{ Aringberg-Laanatza, Marianne. <a class="external text" href="https://www.iberlibro.com/9780700710881/Alevi-Identity-Cultural-Religious-Social-0700710884/plp">“Alevis in Turkey–Alawites in Syria: Similarities and Differences.” In Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives.</a> Edited by Tord Olsson, Elisabeth Özdalga, and Catharina Raudvere, 181–199. Richmond, UK: Curzon, 1998.}</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGettleman2012" class="citation news cs1">Gettleman, Jeffrey (4 August 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/05/world/middleeast/turkish-alawites-fear-spillover-of-violence-from-syria.html">"Turkish Alawites Fear Spillover of Violence From Syria"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Turkish+Alawites+Fear+Spillover+of+Violence+From+Syria&rft.date=2012-08-04&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Gettleman&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F08%2F05%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fturkish-alawites-fear-spillover-of-violence-from-syria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJones2012" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Dorian (22 March 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/alevi-turks-concerned-for-alawi-cousins-in-syria/a-15823670">"Alevi Turks concerned for Alawi 'cousins' in Syria | Globalization | DW |"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>. Deutsche Welle<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Alevi+Turks+concerned+for+Alawi+%27cousins%27+in+Syria+%7C+Globalization+%7C+DW+%7C&rft.date=2012-03-22&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Dorian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Falevi-turks-concerned-for-alawi-cousins-in-syria%2Fa-15823670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bruinessen-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bruinessen_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Bruinessenc._1995" class="citation web cs1">van Bruinessen, Martin (c. 1995). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512072504/http://islam.uga.edu/alevivanb.html">"Kurds, Turks, and the Alevi Revival in Turkey"</a>. <i>islam.uga.edu</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://islam.uga.edu/alevivanb.html">the original</a> on 12 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=islam.uga.edu&rft.atitle=Kurds%2C+Turks%2C+and+the+Alevi+Revival+in+Turkey&rft.aulast=van+Bruinessen&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislam.uga.edu%2Falevivanb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karin Vorhoff. 1995. Zwischen Glaube, Nation und neuer Gemeinschaft: Alevitische Identitat in der Türkei der Gegenwart, pp. 95–96.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-usstate-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usstate_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90204.htm">"Turkey: International Religious Freedom Report 2007"</a>. State.gov. 14 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey%3A+International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2007&rft.pub=State.gov&rft.date=2007-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2007%2F90204.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDaan_Bauwens2010" class="citation web cs1">Daan Bauwens (18 February 2010). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100222035039/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/LB18Ak04.html">"Turkey's Alevi strive for recognition"</a>. <i>Asia Times Online</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/LB18Ak04.html">the original</a> on 22 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times+Online&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Alevi+strive+for+recognition&rft.date=2010-02-18&rft.au=Daan+Bauwens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FMiddle_East%2FLB18Ak04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMassicard2012" class="citation book cs1">Massicard, Elise (12 October 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kv6d_yXa7iUC&q=alevis+worldwide&pg=PA38"><i>The Alevis in Turkey and Europe: Identity and Managing Territorial Diversity</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781136277986" title="Special:BookSources/9781136277986"><bdi>9781136277986</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2014</span> – via googlebooks.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alevis+in+Turkey+and+Europe%3A+Identity+and+Managing+Territorial+Diversity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft.isbn=9781136277986&rft.aulast=Massicard&rft.aufirst=Elise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKv6d_yXa7iUC%26q%3Dalevis%2Bworldwide%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Religion,_England_and_Wales-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Religion,_England_and_Wales_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Religion,_England_and_Wales_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021">"Religion, England and Wales"</a>. <i>Office of National Statistics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Religion%2C+England+and+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fculturalidentity%2Freligion%2Fbulletins%2Freligionenglandandwales%2Fcensus2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGezik2021" class="citation book cs1">Gezik, Erdal (2021). "The Kurdish Alevis: The Followers of the Path of Truth". In Bozarslan, Hamit (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of the Kurds</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 562. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108623711.026">10.1017/9781108623711.026</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235541104">235541104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kurdish+Alevis%3A+The+Followers+of+the+Path+of+Truth&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Kurds&rft.pages=562&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108623711.026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235541104%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gezik&rft.aufirst=Erdal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAksüt2009" class="citation book cs1">Aksüt, Hamza (2009). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d2FPAQAAIAAJ"><i>Aleviler: Türkiye, İran, İrak, Suriye, Bulgaristan : araştırma-inceleme</i></a>. Yurt Kitap-Yayın. p. 319. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9789759025618" title="Special:BookSources/9789759025618"><bdi>9789759025618</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aleviler%3A+T%C3%BCrkiye%2C+%C4%B0ran%2C+%C4%B0rak%2C+Suriye%2C+Bulgaristan+%3A+ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma-inceleme&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Yurt+Kitap-Yay%C4%B1n&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789759025618&rft.aulast=Aks%C3%BCt&rft.aufirst=Hamza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd2FPAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hamza Aksüt. <a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L3is6Fi3iqI&t=13m8s"><i>Hamza Aksüt ile Alevi Ocakları Üzerine - Aleviliğin Kökleri</i></a> (in Turkish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hamza+Aks%C3%BCt+ile+Alevi+Ocaklar%C4%B1+%C3%9Czerine+-+Alevili%C4%9Fin+K%C3%B6kleri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DL3is6Fi3iqI%26t%3D13m8s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-dailysabah-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dailysabah_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/news-analysis/govt-signals-action-for-turkeys-alevi-community-amid-obstacles">"Govt signals action for Turkey's Alevi community amid obstacles"</a>. <i>www.dailysabah.com</i>. 31 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dailysabah.com&rft.atitle=Govt+signals+action+for+Turkey%27s+Alevi+community+amid+obstacles&rft.date=2021-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Fpolitics%2Fnews-analysis%2Fgovt-signals-action-for-turkeys-alevi-community-amid-obstacles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-habersol-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-habersol_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://haber.sol.org.tr/devlet-ve-siyaset/sabahat-akkirazdan-alevi-raporu-haberi-64266">"Sabahat Akkiraz'dan Alevi raporu"</a>. <i>haber.sol.org.tr</i>. 14 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=haber.sol.org.tr&rft.atitle=Sabahat+Akkiraz%27dan+Alevi+raporu&rft.date=2012-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhaber.sol.org.tr%2Fdevlet-ve-siyaset%2Fsabahat-akkirazdan-alevi-raporu-haberi-64266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Near_East'_1997-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Near_East'_1997_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the introduction of <i>Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East</i> edited by her, B. Kellner-Heinkele, & A. Otter-Beaujean. Leiden: Brill, 1997.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFΜποζανίνου_Τάνια2011" class="citation web cs1">Μποζανίνου Τάνια (23 January 2011). <a class="external text" href="https://www.tovima.gr/world/article/?aid=379767">"ΤΟ ΒΗΜΑ – Αλεβίτες, οι άγνωστοι "συγγενείς" μας – κόσμος"</a>. Tovima.gr<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%A4%CE%9F+%CE%92%CE%97%CE%9C%CE%91+%E2%80%93+%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82%2C+%CE%BF%CE%B9+%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9+%22%CF%83%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%82%22+%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%82+%E2%80%93+%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82&rft.pub=Tovima.gr&rft.date=2011-01-23&rft.au=%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%A4%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tovima.gr%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F%3Faid%3D379767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-KAM-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KAM_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLouie2008" class="citation book cs1">Louie, Kam (2008). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Modern Chinese Culture</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 114. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0521863223" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521863223"><bdi>978-0521863223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Modern+Chinese+Culture&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0521863223&rft.aulast=Louie&rft.aufirst=Kam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WHIT-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHIT_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBader2012" class="citation web cs1">Bader, Alyssa Christine (9 May 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://arminda.whitman.edu/theses/240">"Mummy dearest : questions of identity in modern and ancient Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region"</a>. Alyssa Christine Bader <a href="/info/en/?search=Whitman_College" title="Whitman College">Whitman College</a> p31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mummy+dearest+%3A+questions+of+identity+in+modern+and+ancient+Xinjiang+Uyghur+Autonomous+Region&rft.pub=Alyssa+Christine+Bader+Whitman+College+p31&rft.date=2012-05-09&rft.aulast=Bader&rft.aufirst=Alyssa+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farminda.whitman.edu%2Ftheses%2F240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Johanson-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johanson_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJohanson2001" class="citation web cs1">Johanson, Lars (2001). <a class="external text" href="https://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/DILBILIM/johanson_01.pdf">"Discoveries on the Turkic Linguistic Map"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Stockholm: Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul. pp. 21–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discoveries+on+the+Turkic+Linguistic+Map&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Swedish+Research+Institute+in+Istanbul&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Johanson&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fturkoloji.cu.edu.tr%2FDILBILIM%2Fjohanson_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2014" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James B. (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ&q=aynu+people&pg=PA15"><i>Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 14–15. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781610690188" title="Special:BookSources/9781610690188"><bdi>9781610690188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+North%2C+East%2C+and+Central+Asia%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781610690188&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoZCOAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Daynu%2Bpeople%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.kassel.de/buerger/stadtgesellschaft/rat-der-religionen/alevitische-gemeinde.php">"Alevitische Gemeinde"</a>. <i>Stadt Kassel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stadt+Kassel&rft.atitle=Alevitische+Gemeinde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kassel.de%2Fbuerger%2Fstadtgesellschaft%2Frat-der-religionen%2Falevitische-gemeinde.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://fowid.de/meldung/aleviten-deutschland">"Aleviten in Deutschland"</a>. 16 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aleviten+in+Deutschland&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffowid.de%2Fmeldung%2Faleviten-deutschland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFYamanDönmez2016" class="citation journal cs1">Yaman, Ali; Dönmez, Rasim Özgür (2016). <a class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tkhcbva/issue/71962/1157641">"Creating cohesion from diversity through mobilization: Locating the place of Alevi federations in Alevi collective identity in Europe"</a>. <i>Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi</i> (77). Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University: 13–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%C3%BCrk+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BC+ve+Hac%C4%B1+Bekta%C5%9F+Veli+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma+Dergisi&rft.atitle=Creating+cohesion+from+diversity+through+mobilization%3A+Locating+the+place+of+Alevi+federations+in+Alevi+collective+identity+in+Europe&rft.issue=77&rft.pages=13-36&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Yaman&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=D%C3%B6nmez%2C+Rasim+%C3%96zg%C3%BCr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Fen%2Fpub%2Ftkhcbva%2Fissue%2F71962%2F1157641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKoşulu2013" class="citation book cs1">Koşulu, Deniz (2013). "The Alevi quest in Europe through the redefinition of the Alevi movement: recognition and political participation, a case study of the Fuaf in France". <i>Muslim Political Participation in Europe</i>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 255–276. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9780748646944.003.0013">10.3366/edinburgh/9780748646944.003.0013</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4694-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4694-4"><bdi>978-0-7486-4694-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Alevi+quest+in+Europe+through+the+redefinition+of+the+Alevi+movement%3A+recognition+and+political+participation%2C+a+case+study+of+the+Fuaf+in+France&rft.btitle=Muslim+Political+Participation+in+Europe&rft.pages=255-276&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9780748646944.003.0013&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-4694-4&rft.aulast=Ko%C5%9Fulu&rft.aufirst=Deniz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:2-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_79-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_79-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bilici, F: "The Function of Alevi-Bektashi Theology in Modern Turkey", seminar. Swedish Research Institute, 1996</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ataseven, I: "The Alevi-Bektasi Legacy: Problems of Acquisition and Explanation", page 1. Coronet Books Inc, 1997</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/reader/52940240">"The formation of Alevi syncretism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+formation+of+Alevi+syncretism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Freader%2F52940240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDressler" class="citation web cs1">Dressler, Markus. <a class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/14492756">"The Discovery of the Alevis' Shamanism and the Need for Scholarly Accuracy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+the+Alevis%27+Shamanism+and+the+Need+for+Scholarly+Accuracy&rft.aulast=Dressler&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F14492756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<dl><dt>General introductions</dt></dl>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDressler2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dressler, Markus (2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/alevis-COM_0167?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=Alevīs">"Alevīs"</a></span>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/info/en/?search=Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/info/en/?search=Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alev%C4%ABs&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Dressler&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Falevis-COM_0167%3Fs.num%3D0%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3%26s.q%3DAlev%C4%ABs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlevism" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Engin, Ismail & Franz, Erhard (2000). <i>Aleviler / Alewiten. Cilt 1 Band: Kimlik ve Tarih / Identität und Geschichte.</i> Hamburg: Deutsches Orient Institut (Mitteilungen Band 59/2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/3-89173-059-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-89173-059-4">3-89173-059-4</a></li>
<li>Engin, Ismail & Franz, Erhard (2001). <i>Aleviler / Alewiten. Cilt 2 Band: İnanç ve Gelenekler / Glaube und Traditionen.</i> Hamburg: Deutsches Orient Institut (Mitteilungen Band 60/2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/3-89173-061-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-89173-061-6">3-89173-061-6</a></li>
<li>Engin, Ismail & Franz, Erhard (2001). <i>Aleviler / Alewiten. Cilt 3 Band: Siyaset ve Örgütler / Politik und Organisationen.</i> Hamburg: Deutsches Orient Institut (Mitteilungen Band 61/2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/3-89173-062-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-89173-062-4">3-89173-062-4</a></li>
<li>Kehl-Bodrogi, Krisztina (1992). <i>Die Kizilbas/Aleviten. Untersuchungen über eine esoterische Glaubensgemeinschaft in Anatolien. Die Welt des Islams,</i> (New Series), Vol. 32, No. 1.</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dimitri_Kitsikis" title="Dimitri Kitsikis">Kitsikis, Dimitri</a> (1999). Multiculturalism in the Ottoman Empire : The Alevi Religious and Cultural Community, in P. Savard & B. Vigezzi eds. <i>Multiculturalism and the History of International Relations</i> Milano: Edizioni Unicopli.</li>
<li>Kjeilen, Tore (undated). "<a class="external text" href="https://lexicorient.com/e.o/alevi.htm">Alevism</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120604000908/http://lexicorient.com/e.o/alevi.htm">Archived</a> 4 June 2012 at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," in the (online) <i>Encyclopedia of the Orient.</i></li>
<li>Shankland, David (2003). <i>The Alevis in Turkey: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition.</i> Curzon Press.</li>
<li>Shindeldecker, John (1996). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607084524/http://www.alevibektasi.org/xalevis1.htm"><i>Turkish Alevis Today.</i></a> Istanbul: Sahkulu.</li>
<li>White, Paul J., & Joost Jongerden (eds.) (2003). <i>Turkey’s Alevi Enigma: A Comprehensive Overview.</i> Leiden: Brill.</li>
<li>Yaman, Ali & Aykan Erdemir (2006). <i>Alevism-Bektashism: A Brief Introduction</i>, London: England Alevi Cultural Centre & Cem Evi. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/975-98065-3-3" title="Special:BookSources/975-98065-3-3">975-98065-3-3</a></li>
<li>Zeidan, David (1999) "<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203091752/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/1999/issue4/zeidan.pdf">The Alevi of Anatolia.</a>" Middle East Review of International Affairs 3/4.</li></ul>
<dl><dt>Kurdish Alevis</dt></dl>
<ul><li>Bumke, Peter (1979). "Kizilbaş-Kurden in Dersim (Tunceli, Türkei). Marginalität und Häresie." <i>Anthropos</i> 74, 530–548.</li>
<li>Gezik, Erdal (2000), Etnik Politik Dinsel Sorunlar Baglaminda Alevi Kurtler, Ankara.</li>
<li>Van Bruinessen, Martin (1997). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128150650/http://www.let.uu.nl/~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/publications/Alevikurds.htm">"Aslını inkar eden haramzadedir! The Debate on the Kurdish Ethnic Identity of the Kurdish Alevis."</a> In K. Kehl-Bodrogi, B. Kellner-Heinkele, & A. Otter-Beaujean (eds), <i>Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East</i> (Leiden: Brill).</li>
<li>Van Bruinessen, Martin (1996). <a class="external text" href="https://www.uga.edu/islam/alevivanb.html">Kurds, Turks, and the Alevi revival in Turkey.</a> <i>Middle East Report,</i> No. 200, pp. 7–10. (NB: The online version is expanded from its original publication.)</li>
<li>White, Paul J. (2003), "The Debate on the Identity of ‘Alevi Kurds’." In: Paul J. White/Joost Jongerden (eds.) <i>Turkey’s Alevi Enigma: A Comprehensive Overview.</i> Leiden: Brill, pp. 17–32.</li></ul>
<dl><dt>Alevi / Bektashi history</dt></dl>
<ul><li>Birge, John Kingsley (1937). <a class="external text" href="https://www.hermetics.org/bektashi.html"><i>The Bektashi order of dervishes</i></a>, London and Hartford.</li>
<li>Brown, John P. (1868), <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FNUOAAAAQAAJ&q=darvishes+john+brown"><i>The Dervishes; or, Oriental Spiritualism.</i></a></li>
<li>Küçük, Hülya (2002) <i>The Roles of the Bektashis in Turkey’s National Struggle.</i> Leiden: Brill.</li>
<li>Mélikoff, Irène (1998). <i>Hadji Bektach: Un mythe et ses avatars. Genèse et évolution du soufisme populaire en Turquie.</i> Leiden: Islamic History and Civilization, Studies and Texts, volume 20, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/90-04-10954-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10954-4">90-04-10954-4</a>.</li>
<li>Shankland, David (1994). "Social Change and Culture: Responses to Modernization in an Alevi Village in Anatolia."In C.N. Hann, ed., <i>When History Accelerates: Essays on Rapid Social Change, Complexity, and Creativity.</i> London: Athlone Press.</li>
<li>Yaman, Ali (undated). "<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022200049/http://www.alevibektasi.org/dedes.htm">Kizilbash Alevi Dedes</a>." (Based on his MA thesis for <a href="/info/en/?search=Istanbul_University" title="Istanbul University">Istanbul University</a>.)</li></ul>
<dl><dt>Ghulat sects in general</dt></dl>
<ul><li>Halm, H. (1982). <i>Die Islamische <a href="/info/en/?search=Gnosis" title="Gnosis">gnosis</a>: Die extreme Schia und die Alawiten.</i> Zürich.</li>
<li>Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi, Krisztina, & Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, Anke Otter-Beaujean, eds. (1997) <i>Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East.</i> Leiden: Brill, pp. 11–18.</li>
<li>Moosa, Matti (1988). <i>Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects,</i> <a href="/info/en/?search=Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>.</li>
<li>Van Bruinessen, Martin (2005). "<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127103907/http://www.let.uu.nl/~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/publications/religious_practices_in_the_turco.htm">Religious practices in the Turco-Iranian world: continuity and change</a>." French translation published as: "Les pratiques religieuses dans le monde turco-iranien: changements et continuités", <i>Cahiers d'Études sur la Méditerranée Orientale et le Monde Turco-Iranien,</i> no. 39–40, 101–121.</li></ul>
<dl><dt>Alevi Identity</dt></dl>
<ul><li>Erdemir, Aykan (2005). "Tradition and Modernity: Alevis' Ambiguous Terms and Turkey's Ambivalent Subjects", <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>, 2005, vol.41, no.6, pp. 937–951.</li>
<li>Greve, Martin and Ulas Özdemir and Raoul Motika, eds. 2020. <i>Aesthetic and Performative Dimensions of Alevi Cultural Heritage</i>. Ergon Verlag. 215 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-3956506406" title="Special:BookSources/978-3956506406">978-3956506406</a></li>
<li>Koçan, Gürcan/Öncü, Ahmet (2004) "Citizen Alevi in Turkey: Beyond Confirmation and Denial." <i>Journal of Historical Sociology,</i> 17/4, pp. 464–489.</li>
<li>Olsson, Tord & Elizabeth Özdalga/Catharina Raudvere, eds. (1998). <i>Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives.</i> Istanbul: Swedish Research Institute.</li>
<li>Stokes, Martin (1996). "Ritual, Identity and the State: An Alevi (Shi’a) Cem Ceremony."In Kirsten E. Schulze et al. (eds.), <i>Nationalism, Minorities and Diasporas: Identities and Rights in the Middle East,</i>, pp. 194–196.</li>
<li>Vorhoff, Karin (1995). <i>Zwischen Glaube, Nation und neuer Gemeinschaft: Alevitische Identität in der Türkei der Gegenwart.</i> Berlin.</li></ul>
<dl><dt>Alevism in Europe</dt></dl>
<ul><li>Geaves, Ron (2003) "Religion and Ethnicity: Community Formation in the British Alevi Community." Koninklijke Brill NV 50, pp. 52– 70.</li>
<li>Kosnick, Kira (2004) "‘Speaking in One’s Own Voice’: Representational Strategies of Alevi Turkish Migrants on Open-Access Television in Berlin." <i>Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,</i> 30/5, pp. 979–994.</li>
<li>Massicard, Elise (2003) "Alevist Movements at Home and Abroad: Mobilization Spaces and Disjunction." <i>New Perspective on Turkey,</i> 28, pp. 163–188.</li>
<li>Rigoni, Isabelle (2003) "Alevis in Europe: A Narrow Path towards Visibility." In: Paul J. White/Joost Jongerden (eds.) Turkey's Alevi Enigma: A Comprehensive Overview, Leiden: Brill, pp. 159–173.</li>
<li>Sökefeld, Martin (2002) "Alevi Dedes in the German Diaspora: The Transformation of a Religious Institution." <i>Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,</i> 127, pp. 163–189.</li>
<li>Sökefeld, Martin (2004) "Alevis in Germany and the Question of Integration" paper presented at the Conference on the Integration of Immigrants from Turkey in Austria, Germany and Holland, <a href="/info/en/?search=Bo%C4%9Fazi%C3%A7i_University" title="Boğaziçi University">Boğaziçi University</a>, Istanbul, February 27–28, 2004.</li>
<li>Sökefeld, Martin & Suzanne Schwalgin (2000). "Institutions and their Agents in Diaspora: A Comparison of Armenians in Athens and Alevis in Germany." Paper presented at the sixth European Association of Social Anthropologist Conference, Krakau.</li>
<li>Thomä-Venske, Hanns (1990). "The Religious Life of Muslim in Berlin." In: Thomas Gerholm/Yngve Georg Lithman (eds.) <i>The New Islamic Presence in Western Europe,</i> New York: Mansell, pp. 78–87.</li>
<li>Wilpert, Czarina (1990) "Religion and Ethnicity: Orientations, Perceptions and Strategies among Turkish Alevi and Sunni Migrants in Berlin." In: Thomas Gerholm/Yngve Georg Lithman (eds.) <i>The New Islamic Presence in Western Europe.</i> New York: Mansell, pp. 88–106.</li>
<li>Zirh, Besim Can (2008) "Euro-Alevis: From Gastarbeiter to Transnational Community." In: Anghel, Gerharz, Rescher and Salzbrunn (eds.) The Making of World Society: Perspectives from Transnational Research. Transcript; 103–130.</li></ul>
<dl><dt>Bibliographies</dt></dl>
<ul><li>Vorhoff, Karin. (1998), "Academic and Journalistic Publications on the Alevi and Bektashi of Turkey." In: Tord Olsson/Elizabeth Özdalga/Catharina Raudvere (eds.) Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives, Istanbul: Swedish Research Institute, pp. 23–50.</li></ul>
<dl><dt>Turkish-language works</dt></dl>
<ul><li>Ata, Kelime. (2007), Alevilerin İlk Siyasal Denemesi: (Türkiye Birlik Partisi) (1966–1980). Ankara: Kelime Yayınevi.</li>
<li>Aydın, Ayhan. (2008), Abidin Özgünay: Yazar Yayıncı ve Cem Dergisi Kurucusu. İstanbul: Niyaz Yayınları.</li>
<li>Balkız, Ali. (1999), Sivas’tan Sydney’e Pir Sultan. Ankara: İtalik.</li>
<li>Balkız, Ali. (2002), Pir Sultan’da Birlik Mücadelesi (Hızır Paşalar’a Yanıt). Ankara: İtalik.</li>
<li>Bilgöl, Hıdır Ali. (1996), Aleviler ve Canlı Fotoğraflar, Alev Yayınları.</li>
<li>Coşkun, Zeki (1995) Aleviler, Sünniler ve ... Öteki Sivas, Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları.</li>
<li>Dumont, Paul. (1997), "Günümüz Türkiye’sinde Aleviliğin Önemi" içinde Aynayı Yüzüme Ali Göründü Gözüme: Yabancı Araştırmacıların Gözüyle Alevilik, editör: İlhan Cem Erseven. İsntabul: Ant, 141–161.</li>
<li>Engin, Havva ve Engin, Ismail (2004). Alevilik. Istanbul: Kitap Yayınevi.</li>
<li>Gül, Zeynel. (1995), Yol muyuz Yolcu muyuz? İstanbul: Can Yayınları.</li>
<li>Gül, Zeynel. (1999), Dernekten Partiye: Avrupa Alevi Örgütlenmesi. Ankara: İtalik.</li>
<li>Güler, Sabır. (2008), Aleviliğin Siyasal Örgütlenmesi: Modernleşme, Çözülme ve Türkiye Birlik Partisi. Ankara: Dipnot.</li>
<li>İrat, Ali Murat. (2008), Devletin Bektaşi Hırkası / Devlet, Aleviler ve Ötekiler. İstanbul: Chiviyazıları.</li>
<li>Kaleli, Lütfü. (2000), "1964–1997 Yılları Arasında Alevi Örgütleri" içinde Aleviler/Alewiten: Kimlik ve Tarih/ Indentität und Geschichte, editörler: İsmail Engin ve Erhard Franz. Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut, 223–241.</li>
<li>Kaleli, Lütfü. (2000), Alevi Kimliği ve Alevi Örgütlenmeri. İstanbul: Can Yayınları.</li>
<li>Kaplan, İsmail. (2000), "Avrupa’daki Alevi Örgütlenmesine Bakış" içinde Aleviler/Alewiten: Kimlik ve Tarih/ Indentität und Geschichte, editörler: İsmail Engin ve Erhard Franz. Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut, 241–260.</li>
<li>Kaplan, İsmail. (2009), Alevice: İnancımız ve Direncimiz. Köln: AABF Yayınları.</li>
<li>Kocadağ, Burhan. (1996), Alevi Bektaşi Tarihi. İstanbul: Can Yayınları.</li>
<li>Massicard, Elise. (2007), Alevi Hareketinin Siyasallaşması. İstanbul: İletişim.</li>
<li>Melikoff, Irene. (1993), Uyur İdik Uyardılar. İstanbul: Cem Yayınevi.</li>
<li>Okan, Murat. (2004), Türkiye’de Alevilik / Antropolojik Bir Yaklaşım. Ankara: İmge.</li>
<li>Özerol, Süleyman. (2009), Hasan Nedim Şahhüseyinoğlu. Ankara: Ürün.</li>
<li>Şahhüseyinoğlu, H. Nedim. (2001), Hızır Paşalar: Bir İhracın Perde Arkası. Ankara: İtalik.</li>
<li>Şahhüseyinoğlu, Nedim. (1997), Pir Sultan Kültür Derneği’nin Demokrasi Laiklik ve Özgürlük Mücadelesi. Ankara: PSAKD Yayınları.</li>
<li>Şahhüseyinoğlu, Nedim. (2001), Alevi Örgütlerinin Tarihsel Süreci. Ankara: İtalik.</li>
<li>Salman, Meral. 2006, Müze Duvarlarına Sığmayan Dergah: Alevi – Bektaşi Kimliğinin Kuruluş Sürecinde Hacı Bektaş Veli Anma Görenleri. Ankara: Kalan.</li>
<li>Saraç, Necdet. (2010), Alevilerin Siyasal Tarihi. İstanbul: Cem.</li>
<li>Şener, Cemal ve Miyase İlknur. (1995), Şeriat ve Alevilik: Kırklar Meclisi’nden Günümüze Alevi Örgütlenmesi. İstanbul: Ant.</li>
<li>Tosun, Halis. (2002), Alevi Kimliğiyle Yaşamak. İstanbul: Can Yayınları.</li>
<li>Vergin, Nur (2000, [1981]), Din, Toplum ve Siyasal Sistem, İstanbul: Bağlam.</li>
<li>Yaman, Ali (2000) "<a class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20010305125355/http://www.alevibektasi.com/dedelik.htm">Anadolu Aleviliği’nde Ocak Sistemi Ve Dedelik Kurumu</a>." Alevi Bektaşi.</li>
<li>Zırh, Besim Can. (2005), "Avro-Aleviler: Ziyaretçi İşçilikten Ulus-aşırı Topluluğa" Kırkbudak 2: 31–58.</li>
<li>Zırh, Besim Can. (2006), "Avrupa Alevi Konfederasyonu Turgut Öker ile Görüşme" Kırkbudak 2: 51–71.</li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Alevism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alevism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alevism">Alevism</a></span>.</div></div>
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<ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140515074713/http://bektashiorder.com/love-of-the-prophets-family">Official Alevi-Bektashi Order of Derwishes website</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://zoya-thewayofasufi.blogspot.nl/2011/08/imam-ali.html">A Sufi Metamorphosis: Imam Ali</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.rifai.org/sufism/english/what-is-sufism/a-brief-history-of-sufism">History of Sufism / Islamic Mysticism and the importance of Ali</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105104034/http://www.shaikhsiddiqui.com/alevi.html">Alevis</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.alevibektasi.org">Alevi Bektaşi Research Site</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lh7nmVoq1TU">Semah from a TV show</a> (YouTube)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDpbQJ7EP9k">Semah – several samples</a> (YouTube)</li></ul>
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Cosmology</a></li>
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</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> <br />(<a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" title="Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari">al-Ash'ari</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">Al-Bayhaqi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Baqillani" title="Al-Baqillani">Al-Baqillani</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Juwayni" title="Al-Juwayni">Al-Juwayni</a></li>
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<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Furak" title="Ibn Furak">Ibn Furak</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Abi_Zayd_al-Qayrawani" title="Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani">Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Zakariyya_al-Ansari" title="Zakariyya al-Ansari">Zakariyya al-Ansari</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_Mansur_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi">Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_Ishaq_al-Isfara%27ini" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini">Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Aqil" title="Ibn Aqil">Ibn Aqil</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">Abdul Qadir Gilani</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji" title="Abu al-Walid al-Baji">Abu al-Walid al-Baji</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_Bakr_ibn_al-Arabi" title="Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi">Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Qadi_Ayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Ayyad">Qadi Ayyad</a></li>
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<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sayf_al-Din_al-Amidi" title="Sayf al-Din al-Amidi">Sayf al-Din al-Amidi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Izz_al-Din_ibn_%27Abd_al-Salam" title="Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam">Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Taqi_al-Din_al-Subki" title="Taqi al-Din al-Subki">Taqi al-Din al-Subki</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shihab_al-Din_al-Qarafi" title="Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi">Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_Hayyan_al-Gharnati" title="Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati">Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">Al-Baydawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Arafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Arafa">Ibn Arafa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abd_al-Rahman_al-Tha%27alibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Hajar_al-Haytami" title="Ibn Hajar al-Haytami">Ibn Hajar al-Haytami</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Sha%27rani" title="Al-Sha'rani">Al-Sha'rani</a></li>
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<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Ashir" title="Ibn Ashir">Ibn Ashir</a></li>
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<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_Mayyara" title="Muhammad Mayyara">Muhammad Mayyara</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_Ali_al-Hassan_al-Yusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi">Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=%27Illish" class="mw-redirect" title="'Illish">'Illish</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibrahim_al-Bajuri" title="Ibrahim al-Bajuri">Ibrahim al-Bajuri</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abdullah_ibn_Alawi_al-Haddad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad">Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahmad_al-Dardir" title="Ahmad al-Dardir">Ahmad al-Dardir</a></li>
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<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahmad_Zayni_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Zayni Dahlan">Ahmad Zayni Dahlan</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit</a> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafiyah</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Al-Shafi'i</a> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi‘i</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> <br />(<a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Al-Maturidi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Hakim_al-Samarqandi" title="Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi">Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Sarakhsi" title="Al-Sarakhsi">Al-Sarakhsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Bazdawi" title="Al-Bazdawi">Al-Bazdawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_al-Yusr_al-Bazdawi" title="Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi">Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi</a></li>
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<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_Ishaq_al-Saffar_al-Bukhari" title="Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari">Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_al-Layth_al-Samarqandi" title="Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi">Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=%27Ala%27_al-Din_al-Bukhari" title="'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari">'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari</a></li>
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<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nur_al-Din_al-Sabuni" title="Nur al-Din al-Sabuni">Nur al-Din al-Sabuni</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Najm_al-Din_%27Umar_al-Nasafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi">Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Siraj_al-Din_al-Ushi" title="Siraj al-Din al-Ushi">Siraj al-Din al-Ushi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shams_al-Din_al-Samarqandi" title="Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi">Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Khidr_Bey" title="Khidr Bey">Khidr Bey</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Kemal" title="Ibn Kemal">Ibn Kemal</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">Ali Qushji</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ali_al-Qari" title="Ali al-Qari">Ali al-Qari</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abd_al-Ghani_al-Ghunaymi_al-Maydani" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Ghunaymi al-Maydani">Al-Maydani</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Ahmad Sirhindi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Anwar_Shah_Kashmiri" title="Anwar Shah Kashmiri">Anwar Shah Kashmiri</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shah_Abdul_Aziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abdul Aziz">Shah Abdul Aziz</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Khalil_Ahmad_Saharanpuri" title="Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri">Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_Zakariya_Kandhlawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi">Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rahmatullah_Kairanawi" title="Rahmatullah Kairanawi">Rahmatullah Kairanawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Murtada_al-Zabidi" title="Murtada al-Zabidi">Murtada al-Zabidi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi">Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_Abu_Zahra" title="Muhammad Abu Zahra">Muhammad Abu Zahra</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kanthapuram_A._P._Aboobacker_Musliyar" title="Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar">Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ta%27til" title="Ta'til">Mu'attila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Dscha%CA%BFd_ibn_Dirham" class="extiw" title="de:al-Dschaʿd ibn Dirham">Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jabriyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabriyah">Mu'jbira</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jahm_bin_Safwan" title="Jahm bin Safwan">Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahmi">Jahmīyya</a>
<ul><li>Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Tashbih" title="Tashbih">Mu'jassimā</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muqatil_ibn_Sulayman" title="Muqatil ibn Sulayman">Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī</a> al-<a href="/info/en/?search=Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>ī (Muqātilīyya)</li>
<li>Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-<a href="/info/en/?search=Juzjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juzjan">Juzjan</a>ī al-<a href="/info/en/?search=Kufa" title="Kufa">Kūf</a>ī
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Jawālikīyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)">Rum</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Abdal" title="Abdal">Abdals</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Karram" title="Ibn Karram">Ibn Karram</a> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karramiyya</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-<a href="/info/en/?search=Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī an-<a href="/info/en/?search=Nabati" title="Nabati">Nabati</a> al-Qībtī (<a href="/info/en/?search=Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murjī</a>-<a href="/info/en/?search=Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Mu%27tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazila">Mu'tazila</a> <br />(<a href="/info/en/?search=Wasil_ibn_%27Ata%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasil ibn 'Ata'">Wasil ibn 'Ata'</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām</a> (Nazzāmīyya)</li>
<li>Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm</li>
<li>Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)</li>
<li>Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)</li>
<li>Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Jubba%27i" title="Al-Jubba'i">Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī</a> (Jubbāīyya)</li>
<li>Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)</li>
<li>Ja'far ibn Harb</li>
<li>Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī</a> (Jāhizīyya)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abd_al-Jabbar_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad">Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_al-Husayn_al-Basri" title="Abu al-Husayn al-Basri">Abu al-Husayn al-Basri</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">Al-Zamakhshari</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Amr_ibn_Ubayd" title="Amr ibn Ubayd">Amr ibn Ubayd</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Abi%27l-Hadid" title="Ibn Abi'l-Hadid">Ibn Abi'l-Hadid</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sahib_ibn_Abbad" title="Sahib ibn Abbad">Sahib ibn Abbad</a></li>
<li>Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neccariyye" class="extiw" title="tr:Neccariyye">Najjārīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī
<ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard</li>
<li>Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)</li>
<li>Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)</li>
<li>Mustadrakīyya</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibnul_Qayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibnul Qayyim">Ibnul Qayyim</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkani</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Baz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Saleh Al-Fawzan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Zubair_Ali_Zai" title="Zubair Ali Zai">Zubair Ali Zai</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Safar_Al-Hawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Safar Al-Hawali">Safar Al-Hawali</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Salafi_Jihadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Jihadism">Salafi Jihadism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahmad_ibn_Umar_al-Hazimi" title="Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi">Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hazimism" title="Hazimism">Hazimism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Yasir_Qadhi" title="Yasir Qadhi">Yasir Qadhi</a>
<ul><li>Post-Salafism</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>-<a href="/info/en/?search=Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Imamiyyah</a><br />(<a href="/info/en/?search=Wilayat_al-faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayat al-faqih">Wilayat al-faqih</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad">Muhammad al-Jawad</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali al-Hadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Shaykh_Al-Mufid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid">Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sharif_al-Murtaza" title="Sharif al-Murtaza">Sharif al-Murtaza</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Shaykh Tusi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Allamah_Al-Hilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Allamah Al-Hilli">Allamah Al-Hilli</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mohammad-Baqer_Majlesi" title="Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi">Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Zurarah_ibn_A%27yan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurarah ibn A'yan">Zurarah ibn A'yan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hisham_ibn_Hakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisham ibn Hakam">Hisham ibn Hakam</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Agha_Zia_ol_Din_Araghi" title="Agha Zia ol Din Araghi">Agha Zia ol Din Araghi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ja%27far_Sobhani" title="Ja'far Sobhani">Ja'far Sobhani</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>-<a href="/info/en/?search=Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismailiyyah</a> <br />(<a href="/info/en/?search=Wafi_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wafi Ahmad">Ibn Maymūn</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Ibn Ismāʿīl</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Seven_pillars_of_Ismailism" title="Seven pillars of Ismailism">Maymūn al-Qaddāḥ's Ismā'īlī doctrine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">Al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_Yaqub_al-Sijistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani">Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Naysaburi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abu%27l-Fawaris_Ahmad_ibn_Ya%27qub" title="Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub">Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Arwa_al-Sulayhi" title="Arwa al-Sulayhi">Arwa al-Sulayhi</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dhu%27ayb_ibn_Musa" title="Dhu'ayb ibn Musa">Dhu'ayb ibn Musa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hassan_Ala_Dhikrihi%27s_Salam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam">Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Qiy%C4%81ma_(Niz%C4%81r%C4%AB_Ism%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%ABl%C4%AB_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiyāma (Nizārī Ismāʿīlī doctrine)">Nizārī Ismāʿīlī doctrine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Idris_Imad_al-Din" title="Idris Imad al-Din">Idris Imad al-Din</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ali_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Walid" title="Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid">Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Sunni_books" title="List of Sunni books">Sunni books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Asas_al-Taqdis" title="Asas al-Taqdis">Asas al-Taqdis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Baz_al-Ashhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baz al-Ashhab">Al-Baz al-Ashhab</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Farq_bayn_al-Firaq" title="Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq">Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Milal_wa_al-Nihal" title="Al-Milal wa al-Nihal">Al-Milal wa al-Nihal</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=A_Guide_to_Conclusive_Proofs_for_the_Principles_of_Belief" title="A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief">Al-Irshad</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Aqidah_al-Tahawiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah">Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Sawad_al-A%27zam" title="Al-Sawad al-A'zam">Al-Sawad al-A'zam</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Kitab_al-Tawhid" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitab al-Tawhid">Kitab al-Tawhid</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Tabsirat_al-Adilla" title="Tabsirat al-Adilla">Tabsirat al-Adilla</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Masnavi</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Fihi_Ma_Fihi" title="Fihi Ma Fihi">Fihi Ma Fihi</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Divan-i_Shams-i_Tabrizi" title="Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi">Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Moderation_in_Belief" title="The Moderation in Belief">The Moderation in Belief</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Shia_books" title="List of Shia books">Shia books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=E%CA%BFteq%C4%81d%C4%81tal-Em%C4%81m%C4%ABya" title="Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya">Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Amali_(of_Shaykh_Saduq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amali (of Shaykh Saduq)">Al-Amali</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Khisal" title="Al-Khisal">Al-Khisal</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Awail_Al_Maqalat" title="Awail Al Maqalat">Awail Al Maqalat</a></i></li>
<li><i>Tashih al-I'tiqad</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Tajrid_al-I%27tiqad" title="Tajrid al-I'tiqad">Tajrid al-I'tiqad</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Kitab_al-Majmu" title="Kitab al-Majmu">Kitab al-Majmu</a> of <a href="/info/en/?search=Alawis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawis">Alawis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Malf%C5%ABz%C4%81t" title="Malfūzāt">Malfūzāt</a> of <a href="/info/en/?search=Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Umm_al-kitab_(Shi%27i_book)" title="Umm al-kitab (Shi'i book)">Umm al-kitab</a> of <a href="/info/en/?search=Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li Isma'ilism</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early Muslim scholars</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_contemporary_Muslim_scholars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam">List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islamic_schools_and_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> <br />(<a href="/info/en/?search=Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Kullabiyya
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Kullab" title="Ibn Kullab">Ibn Kullab</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbalis</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Qadi_Abu_Ya%27la" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la">Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Khwaja_Abdullah_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiris</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Dawud al-Zahiri">Dawud al-Zahiri</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a> / <a href="/info/en/?search=Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Baz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Salafi_movement#Political_trends_within_Salafism" title="Salafi movement">Other Salafi trends</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Jihadism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Salafi_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Modernism">Salafi Modernism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_bin_Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri">Muhammad bin Dawud</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Maqrizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqrizi">Maqrizi</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahl_ar-Ra%27y" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl ar-Ra'y">Ahl ar-Ra'y</a> <br />(<a href="/info/en/?search=Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam">Ilm al-Kalam</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Malikis</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'is</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abdullah_al-Harari" title="Abdullah al-Harari">Abdullah al-Harari</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafis</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fazl-e-Haq_Khairabadi" title="Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi">Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi</a> / <a href="/info/en/?search=Ahmed_Raza_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Raza Khan">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_Qasim_Nanautavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi">Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi</a> / <a href="/info/en/?search=Rashid_Ahmad_Gangohi" title="Rashid Ahmad Gangohi">Rashid Ahmad Gangohi</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Zaydism" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn Ali</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jarudiyya" title="Jarudiyya">Jarudiyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Batriyya" title="Batriyya">Batriyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">Imamate</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alid dynasties of northern Iran</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hasan_al-Utrush" title="Hasan al-Utrush">Hasan al-Utrush</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Yahya_ibn_Umar" title="Yahya ibn Umar">Yahya ibn Umar</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">Imams of Yemen</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Zaydi_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dukayniyya_Shia" title="Dukayniyya Shia">Dukayniyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Khalafiyya_Shia" title="Khalafiyya Shia">Khalafiyya</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Imamah_(Shi%27a_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)">Imami</a><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdiist</a><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Sects_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sects in Islam">Sects in</a><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imami</a><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Theology of Twelvers</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sheikh_Haydar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Haydar">Sheikh Haydar</a> / <a href="/info/en/?search=Shah_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ismail">Shah Ismail</a> / <a href="/info/en/?search=Pir_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pir Sultan">Pir Sultan</a> / <a href="/info/en/?search=Kul_Nes%C3%AEm%C3%AE" title="Kul Nesîmî">Kul Nesîmî</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid Islam</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Kha%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABb%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khaṣībī">al-Khaṣībī</a> / <a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Nusayr" title="Ibn Nusayr">ibn Nusayr</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fazlallah_Astarabadi" title="Fazlallah Astarabadi">Astarabadi (Naimi)</a> / <a href="/info/en/?search=Imadaddin_Nasimi" title="Imadaddin Nasimi">Imadaddin Nasimi</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a> / <a href="/info/en/?search=Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Baktāshism_(Bektaşilik)" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Baktāshism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Demir_Baba_Teke" title="Demir Baba Teke">Demir Bābā</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Alians" title="Alians">Alians</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Baba_Rexheb" title="Baba Rexheb">Bābā Rexheb</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Arabati_Baba_Te%E1%B8%B1e" title="Arabati Baba Teḱe">Hārābātīs</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imami</a><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fathite" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathite">Fathite</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abdallah_al-Aftah" title="Abdallah al-Aftah">Abdallah al-Aftah</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Batiniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiniyyah">Batiniyyah</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Sevener" title="Sevener">Sevener</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza</a> / <a href="/info/en/?search=Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Baha al-Din al-Muqtana</a> / <a href="/info/en/?search=Ad-Darazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Darazi">ad-Darazi</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Druze" title="Druze">Druzes</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimids</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nasir_Khusraw_al-Qubadiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani">Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Pamiris#Religion" title="Pamiris">Alevism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Nizari</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hassan-i_Sabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan-i Sabbah">Hassan-i Sabbah</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khans</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Nizaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizaris">Nizaris</a> / <a href="/info/en/?search=Khojas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojas">Khojas</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pir_Sadardin" title="Pir Sadardin">Pir Sadardin</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Kaysanites_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaysanites Shia">Kaysanites<br />Shia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtār</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_Amra_Kaysan" title="Abu Amra Kaysan">Abū ʿAmra Kaysān</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abd_Allah_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Hashimiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashimiyya">Hashimiyya</a>
<ul><li>Hārbīyya
<ul><li>ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi</li>
<li>Janāhiyya
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abdallah_ibn_Mu%27awiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya">Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya</a></li>
<li>Hārithīyya</li></ul></li>
<li>Riyāhīyya</li></ul></li>
<li>Sam‘ānīyya
<ul><li>Bayān ibn Sam‘ān</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rawendis" title="Rawendis">Rawendis</a>
<ul><li>Rezāmīyya
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sunpadh" title="Sunpadh">Sunpadh</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muḥammirah">Muḥammirah</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Babak_Khorramdin" title="Babak Khorramdin">Babak</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mazyar" title="Mazyar">Mazyar</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Muqanna" title="Al-Muqanna">al-Muqanna</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ishaq_al-Turk" title="Ishaq al-Turk">Ishaq al-Turk</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Khashabiyya_Shia" title="Khashabiyya Shia">Khashabiyya Shia</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other <a href="/info/en/?search=Mahdiist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdiist">Mahdiists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=An-Nafs_Az-Zakiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah">An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hurufiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurufiyya">Hurufiyya</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mahmoud_Pasikhani" title="Mahmoud Pasikhani">Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Nuktawiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuktawiyya">Nuktawiyya</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shayki" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayki">Shayki</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nuqta-yi_Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuqta-yi Ula">Nuqta-yi Ula</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=B%C3%A1bis#Antecedents" class="mw-redirect" title="Bábis">Bábīyya</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tawussite_Shia" title="Tawussite Shia">Tawussite Shia</a>
<ul><li>ʿAjlan ibn Nawus</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Waqifite_Shia" title="Waqifite Shia">Waqifite Shia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a><br />(<a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Siffin#Arbitration" title="Battle of Siffin">Arbitration</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Ajardi
<ul><li>Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād</li>
<li>Maymunīyyah</li>
<li>Sa'labīyyah</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nafi_ibn_al-Azraq" title="Nafi ibn al-Azraq">Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Bayhasīyyah
<ul><li>Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Najdah_ibn_%27Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Najdah ibn 'Amir">Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_Qurra" title="Abu Qurra">Abu Qurra</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_Yazid" title="Abu Yazid">Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād</a> al-<a href="/info/en/?search=Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abdallah_ibn_Ibad" title="Abdallah ibn Ibad">'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=J%C4%81bir_ibn_Zayd" class="mw-redirect" title="Jābir ibn Zayd">Jābir ibn Zayd</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nakkariyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakkariyyah">Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin</a> al-<a href="/info/en/?search=Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Ifrani</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abd_Allah_ibn_Wahb_al-Rasibi" title="Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi">Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibadi#Wahbi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Wahbiyyah</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a><br />(<a href="/info/en/?search=Hasan_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Hasan ibn<br />Muḥāmmad</a><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">ibn al-<br />Hanafiyyah</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karrāmīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī
<ul><li>ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)</li>
<li>Dhīmmīyya</li>
<li>Hakāiqīyya</li>
<li>Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)</li>
<li>Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)</li>
<li>Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)</li>
<li>Maʿīyya</li>
<li>Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)</li>
<li>Nūnīyya</li>
<li>Razīnīyya</li>
<li>Sauwāqīyya</li>
<li>Sūramīyya</li>
<li>Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)</li>
<li>Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)</li>
<li>Wāhidīyya</li>
<li>Zarībīyya</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Gaylānīyya
<ul><li>Gaylān ibn Marwān</li></ul></li>
<li>Yūnusīyya
<ul><li>Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī</li></ul></li>
<li>Gassānīyya
<ul><li>Gassān al-Kūfī</li></ul></li>
<li>Tūmanīyya
<ul><li>Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī</li></ul></li>
<li>Sawbānīyya
<ul><li>Abū Sawbān al-Murjī</li></ul></li>
<li>Sālehīyya
<ul><li>Sāleh ibn Umar</li></ul></li>
<li>Shamrīyya
<ul><li>Abū Shamr</li></ul></li>
<li>Ubaydīyya
<ul><li>Ubayd al-Mūktaib</li></ul></li>
<li>Ziyādīyya
<ul><li>Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other Murjīs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Harith_ibn_Surayj" title="Al-Harith ibn Surayj">Al-Harith ibn Surayj</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sa%27id_ibn_Jubayr" title="Sa'id ibn Jubayr">Sa'id ibn Jubayr</a></li>
<li>Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān</li>
<li>Muhārīb ibn Dithār</li>
<li>Sābit Kutna</li>
<li>Awn ibn Abdullāh</li>
<li>Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr</li>
<li>Umar ibn Zar</li>
<li>Salm ibn Sālem</li>
<li>Hālaf ibn Ayyūb</li>
<li>Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf</li>
<li>Nusayr ibn Yahyā</li>
<li>Ahmad ibn Hārb</li>
<li>Amr ibn Murrah</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Tashbih" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Mu'shabbiha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Tamsīl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Jawārībīyya
<ul><li>Dāwūd al-Jawāribî</li></ul></li>
<li>Hāshwīyya</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tashbih" title="Tashbih">Hulmānīyya</a>
<ul><li>Abū Hulmān al-<a href="/info/en/?search=Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fāris</a>ī ad-<a href="/info/en/?search=Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kalandars" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalandars">Kalandars</a></li>
<li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Baba" class="extiw" title="tr:Barak Baba">Bārāq Bābā</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Anthropopathy_in_the_history_of_Ghulāt_Shīʿīsm" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Tajsīm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Khattabiyya" title="Khattabiyya">Khaṭṭābiyya</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_al-Khattab" title="Abu al-Khattab">Abu al-Khattab</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bazighiyya_Shia" title="Bazighiyya Shia">Bāzīghiyya</a>
<ul><li>Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā</li></ul></li>
<li>Muʿāmmarīyya
<ul><li>Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar</li></ul></li>
<li>ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya
<ul><li>Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mufaddaliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mufaddaliyya">Mufaḍḍaliyya</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi" title="Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi">al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ghurabiya" title="Ghurabiya">Ghurābīyya</a></li>
<li>Mānsūrīyya
<ul><li>Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Ghulat_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Mughīrīyya</a>
<ul><li>Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī</li></ul></li>
<li>Mukhāmmīsa</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Namiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Namiriya">Namiriya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dhammiyya_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammiyya Shia">‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya</a></li>
<li>Saba'īyya
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abdullah_ibn_Saba%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Saba'">Abdullah ibn Saba'</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a> <br />(<a href="/info/en/?search=Ma%27bad_al-Juhani" title="Ma'bad al-Juhani">Ma'bad<br />al-Juhani</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alevism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Qutb_ad-D%C4%ABn_Haydar" title="Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar">Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a> / <a href="/info/en/?search=Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Baba_Ishak" title="Baba Ishak">Baba Ishak</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Babai_revolt" title="Babai revolt">Babai revolt</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bal%C4%B1m_Sultan" title="Balım Sultan">Balım Sultan</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Bektashi_Order" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Galip_Hassan_Kuscuoglu" title="Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu">Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Rifa%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa`i">Rifa`i</a> / <a href="/info/en/?search=Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi Order</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazila</a><br />(<a href="/info/en/?search=Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Mā’marīyya
<ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bishriyya" title="Bishriyya">Bishriyya</a>
<ul><li>Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahmad_ibn_Abi_Du%27ad" title="Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad">Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bahshamiyya" title="Bahshamiyya">Bahshamiyya</a>
<ul><li>Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī</li></ul></li>
<li>Huzaylīyya
<ul><li>Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī
<ul><li>Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>Ikhshīdiyya</li>
<li>Nazzāmīyya
<ul><li>Ali al-Aswarī</li>
<li>Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī</li>
<li>Hābītīyya
<ul><li>Ahmad ibn Hābīt</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>Sumamīyya
<ul><li>Sumāma ibn Ashras</li></ul></li>
<li>Kā‘bīyya
<ul><li>Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Quranism" title="Quranism">Ahle Qur'an</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kala_Kato" title="Kala Kato">Kala Kato</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tolu-e-Islam_(organization)" title="Tolu-e-Islam (organization)">Tolu-e-Islam</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ghulam_Ahmed_Pervez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Ahmed Pervez">Ghulam Ahmed Pervez</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=United_Submitters_International" class="mw-redirect" title="United Submitters International">United Submitters International</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rashad_Khalifa" title="Rashad Khalifa">Rashad Khalifa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edip_Y%C3%BCksel" title="Edip Yüksel">Edip Yüksel</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Muslim<br />beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Messianism#Islam" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_bibliography" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad bibliography">Mirza Ghulam</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Qadiani" title="Qadiani">Qadiani</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kabbalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalist">Kabbalist</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=D%C3%B6nmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dönmes">Dönmes</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Sabbatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbatean">Sabbatean</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavīyya</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_Jaunpuri" title="Muhammad Jaunpuri">Muhammad Jaunpuri</a> / <a href="/info/en/?search=Syed_Khundmir" title="Syed Khundmir">Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Zikris" class="mw-redirect" title="Zikris">Zikris</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wallace_Fard_Muhammad" title="Wallace Fard Muhammad">Wallace Fard Muhammad</a>'s <a href="/info/en/?search=Beliefs_and_theology_of_the_Nation_of_Islam" title="Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam">doctrine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nur_movement" title="Nur movement">Nur movement</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Said_Nurs%C3%AE" title="Said Nursî">Said Nursî</a> / <a href="/info/en/?search=Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Hizmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizmet">Hizmet</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Modernist_Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist Salafism">Modernist Salafism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jamal_ad-Din_al-Afghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani">Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li>
<li>Other <a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic modernist">Islamic modernists</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ta%E1%B9%A3awwuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Taṣawwuf">Taṣawwuf</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=%E1%B9%ACar%C4%ABqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṭarīqah">Ṭarīqah</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi" title="Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=S%C3%BCleyman_Hilmi_Tunahan" title="Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan">Hilmi Tunahan</a> – <a href="/info/en/?search=S%C3%BCleymanc%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleymancı">Süleymancı</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Sufi_orders" title="List of Sufi orders">Other orders</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Tawassul</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Other beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tawakkul" title="Tawakkul">Tawakkul</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tewafuq" title="Tewafuq">Tewafuq</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Thawab" title="Thawab">Thawab</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li>Other scholars of <a href="/info/en/?search=Sunni_schools_of_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools of jurisprudence">Sunni schools of jurisprudence</a>:</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Hanafi_scholars" title="Template:Hanafi scholars">Hanafi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Hanbali_scholars" title="Template:Hanbali scholars">Hanbali</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Maliki_scholars" title="Template:Maliki scholars">Maliki</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Shafi%27i_scholars" title="Template:Shafi'i scholars">Shafi'i</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Zahiri_scholars" title="Template:Zahiri scholars">Zahiri</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228936124"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234101897"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Islam_topics" title="Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:Islam_topics" title="Template talk:Islam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate"><i>Rashidun</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alevism</a>
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_leadership" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Kalam" title="Kalam">kalam</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span>Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Islamophobic_incidents" title="List of Islamophobic incidents">Incidents</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/info/en/?search=Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/info/en/?search=Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/21px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/42px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/info/en/?search=Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/42px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/info/en/?search=Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/18px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/28px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/36px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/info/en/?search=Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228936124"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137097#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4232727-1">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012440951105171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2014001240">United States</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1721060405' |