Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|King of England from 1483 to 1485}}
{{Redirect|Richard III}}
{{Redirect|Richard of Gloucester}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Richard III
| image = Richard III earliest surviving portrait.jpg
| alt = Richard has pale skin, blue eyes, and wears a black hat
| caption = Earliest surviving portrait, {{circa|1520}}
| succession = [[King of England]]
| moretext = ([[Styles of English sovereigns|more...]])
| reign = 26 June 1483 – 22 August 1485
| coronation = 6 July 1483
| predecessor = [[Edward V of England|Edward V]]
| successor = [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]]
| birth_date = 2 October 1452
| birth_place = [[Fotheringhay Castle]], Northamptonshire, England
| death_date = 22 August 1485 (aged 32)
| death_place = [[Bosworth Field]], Leicestershire, England
| burial_date = 25 August 1485<ref name=Carson8>[[#Carson|Carson, Ashdown-Hill, Johnson, Johnson & Langley]], p. 8.</ref>
| burial_place = {{hanging indent|[[Greyfriars, Leicester]]}} {{Br separated entries|26 March 2015|{{hanging indent|[[Leicester Cathedral]]}}}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Anne Neville]]|1472|1485|end=d}}
| issue = {{plainlist|
* [[Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales|Edward, Prince of Wales]]
* [[John of Gloucester]] ({{abbr|ill.|illegitimate}})
* Katherine, Countess of Pembroke ({{abbr|ill.|illegitimate}})
}}
| issue-link = #Issue
| issue-pipe = Detail
| house = [[House of York|York]]
| father = [[Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York|Richard of York]]
| mother = [[Cecily Neville]]
| signature = Richard III signature 1.svg
}}
'''Richard III''' (2 October 1452{{snd}}22 August 1485) was [[King of England]] from 26 June 1483 until his death in 1485. He was the last king of the [[Plantagenet dynasty]] and its [[cadet branch]] the [[House of York]]. His defeat and death at the [[Battle of Bosworth Field]] marked the end of the [[Middle Ages in England]].
Richard was created [[Duke of Gloucester]] in 1461 after the accession of his brother [[Edward IV]]. In 1472, he married [[Anne Neville]], daughter of [[Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick]] and widow of [[Edward of Westminster]], son of [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]]. He governed northern England during Edward's reign, and played a role in the [[English invasion of Scotland (1482)|invasion of Scotland]] in 1482. When Edward IV died in April 1483, Richard was named [[Lord Protector]] of the realm for Edward's eldest son and successor, the 12-year-old [[Edward V]]. Before arrangements were complete for Edward V's coronation, scheduled for 22 June 1483, the marriage of his parents was declared [[bigamous]] and therefore invalid. Now officially illegitimate, Edward and his siblings were barred from inheriting the throne. On 25 June, an assembly of lords and commoners endorsed a declaration to this effect, and proclaimed Richard as the rightful king. He was crowned on 6 July 1483. Edward and his younger brother [[Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York]], called the "[[Princes in the Tower]]", disappeared from the [[Tower of London]] around August 1483.
There were two major rebellions against Richard during his reign. In October 1483, an unsuccessful revolt was led by staunch allies of Edward IV and Richard's former ally, [[Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham]]. Then, in August 1485, [[Henry VII of England|Henry Tudor]] and his uncle, [[Jasper Tudor]], landed in [[Wales]] with a contingent of French troops, and marched through [[Pembrokeshire]], recruiting soldiers. Henry's forces defeated Richard's army near the [[Leicestershire]] town of [[Market Bosworth]]. Richard was slain, making him the last English king to die in battle. Henry Tudor then ascended the throne as Henry VII.
Richard's corpse was taken to the nearby town of [[Leicester]] and buried without ceremony. His original tomb monument is believed to have been removed during the [[English Reformation]], and his remains were wrongly thought to have been thrown into the [[River Soar]]. In 2012, [[Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England|an archaeological excavation]] was commissioned by [[Philippa Langley]] with the assistance of the [[Richard III Society]] on the site previously occupied by [[Grey Friars Priory]]. The [[University of Leicester]] identified the human skeleton found at the site as that of Richard III as a result of [[radiocarbon dating]], comparison with contemporary reports of his appearance, identification of trauma sustained at Bosworth and comparison of his [[mitochondrial DNA]] with that of two [[matrilineal]] descendants of his sister [[Anne, Duchess of Exeter|Anne]]. He was reburied in [[Leicester Cathedral]] in 2015.
==Early life==
Richard was born on 2 October 1452, at [[Fotheringhay Castle]] in [[Northamptonshire]], the eleventh of the twelve children of [[Richard, 3rd Duke of York]], and [[Cecily Neville]], and the youngest to survive infancy.{{sfnp|Baldwin|2013|p=}} His childhood coincided with the beginning of what has traditionally been labelled the '[[Wars of the Roses]]', a period of political instability and periodic open civil war in [[England in the Middle Ages|England]] during the second half of the fifteenth century,{{sfnp|Pollard|2000|p=15}} between the [[Yorkists]], who supported Richard's father (a potential claimant to the throne of [[King Henry VI]] from birth),{{sfnp|Ross|1974|pp=3–5}} and opposed the regime of Henry VI and his wife, [[Margaret of Anjou]],{{sfnp|Pollard|2008}} and the [[House of Lancaster|Lancastrians]], who were loyal to the crown.{{sfnp|Griffiths|2008}} In 1459, his father and the Yorkists were forced to flee England, whereupon Richard and his older brother [[George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence|George]] were placed in the custody of their aunt [[Anne Neville, Duchess of Buckingham]], and possibly of [[Cardinal Thomas Bourchier]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]].{{sfnp|Horrox|2013}}
When their father and elder brother [[Edmund, Earl of Rutland]], were killed at the [[Battle of Wakefield]] on 30 December 1460, Richard and George were sent by their mother to the [[Low Countries]].{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=41–42}} They returned to England following the defeat of the Lancastrians at the [[Battle of Towton]]. They participated in the coronation of their eldest brother as [[King Edward IV]] on 28 June 1461, when Richard was named [[Duke of Gloucester]] and made both a [[Knight of the Garter]] and a [[Knight of the Bath]]. Edward appointed him the sole [[Commissioner of Array]] for the Western Counties in 1464 when he was 11. By the age of 17, he had an independent command.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=40}}
[[File:MiddlehamCJW.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The ruins of the twelfth-century castle at [[Middleham Castle|Middleham]] in [[Wensleydale]], North Yorkshire, where Richard was raised]]
Richard spent several years during his childhood at [[Middleham Castle]] in [[Wensleydale]], Yorkshire, under the tutelage of his cousin [[Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick]], later known as 'the Kingmaker' because of his role in the Wars of the Roses. Warwick supervised Richard's training as a [[knight]]; in the autumn of 1465, Edward IV granted Warwick 1,000 pounds for the expenses of his younger brother's tutelage.{{sfnp|Scofield|2016|loc=p. 216, n.6|ps=, quoting Tellers' Roll, Mich. 5 Edw. IV (no. 36), m. 2.}} With some interruptions, Richard stayed at Middleham either from late 1461 until early 1465, when he was 12{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=34–44, 74}} or from 1465 until his coming of age in 1468, when he turned 16.{{refn|"From November 1461 until 1465 all references to Richard place him in locations south of the river Trent. It may have been partly to appease Warwick's injured feelings towards the rising influence of the king's new Woodville in-laws that he was given the honour of taking Richard into his household to complete his education, probably at some time in 1465".{{sfnp|Baldwin|2013|pp=36–37, 240}}|group=note}} While at Warwick's estate, it is likely that he met both [[Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell|Francis Lovell]], who was his firm supporter later in his life, and Warwick's younger daughter, his future wife [[Anne Neville]].{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=9}}
It is possible that even at this early stage Warwick was considering the king's brothers as strategic matches for his daughters, [[Isabel Neville, Duchess of Clarence|Isabel]] and Anne: young aristocrats were often sent to be raised in the households of their intended future partners,{{sfnp|Licence|2013|p=63}} as had been the case for the young dukes' father, Richard of York.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=16–17}} As the relationship between the king and Warwick became strained, Edward IV opposed the match.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=68}} During Warwick's lifetime, George was the only royal brother to marry one of his daughters, the elder, Isabel, on 12 July 1469, without the king's permission. George joined his father-in-law's revolt against the king,{{sfnp|Hicks|1980|p=45}} while Richard remained loyal to Edward, even though he was rumoured to have been having an affair with Anne.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=522}}{{refn|1=As late as 1469 rumours were still linking Richard's name with Anne Neville's. In August of that year, by which time Clarence had married Isabel, an Italian observer in London mistakenly reported that Warwick had married his two daughters to the king's brothers (''Cal. Milanese Papers, I'', pp. 118–120).|group=note}}
Richard and Edward were forced to flee to [[Burgundy (region)|Burgundy]] in October 1470 after Warwick defected to the side of the former Lancastrian queen Margaret of Anjou. In 1468, Richard's sister [[Margaret of York|Margaret]] had married [[Charles the Bold]], the Duke of Burgundy, and the brothers could expect a welcome there. Edward was restored to the throne in the spring of 1471, following the battles of [[Battle of Barnet|Barnet]] and [[Battle of Tewkesbury|Tewkesbury]], in both of which the 18-year-old Richard played a crucial role.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=87–89}}
During his adolescence, and due to a cause that is unknown, Richard developed a sideways curvature of the spine ([[scoliosis]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Spine |url=http://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/spine.html |website=The Discovery of Richard III |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |access-date=5 February 2013 |quote=A very pronounced curve in the spine was visible when the body was first uncovered, evidence of scoliosis which may have meant that Richard's right shoulder was noticeably higher than his left....The type of scoliosis seen here is known as idiopathic adolescent onset scoliosis. The word idiopathic means that the reason for its development is not entirely clear, although there is probably a genetic component. The term adolescent onset indicates that the deformity wasn't present at birth, but developed after the age of ten. It is quite possible that the scoliosis was progressive...}}</ref> In 2014, after the discovery of Richard's remains, the [[osteoarchaeology|osteoarchaeologist]] Dr. Jo Appleby, of Leicester University's School of Archaeology and Ancient History, imaged the spinal column, and reconstructed a model using [[3D printing]], and concluded that though the spinal scoliosis looked dramatic, it probably did not cause any major physical deformity that could not be disguised by clothing.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leicestershire-27610788 |title=Richard III: Team rebuilds 'most famous spine' |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |date=29 May 2014 |access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Duffin |first=Claire |date=17 August 2014 |title=Richard III, the 'hunchback king', really could have been a formidable warrior... and his body double can prove it |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/11038600/Richard-III-the-hunchback-king-really-could-have-been-a-formidable-warrior-...-and-his-body-double-can-prove-it.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/11038600/Richard-III-the-hunchback-king-really-could-have-been-a-formidable-warrior-...-and-his-body-double-can-prove-it.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |publisher=<!--Telegraph Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |access-date=24 November 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
==Marriage and family relationships==
[[File:Rous Roll - Richard and family.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Contemporary illumination ([[John Rous (historian)|''Rous Roll'']], 1483) of Richard, his wife [[Anne Neville]], and their son Edward]]
Following a decisive Yorkist victory over the Lancastrians at the Battle of Tewkesbury, Richard married Anne Neville on 12 July 1472.<ref name="ipup-timeline">{{cite web |title=Timeline |url=http://richardiii-ipup.org.uk/timeline |website=Richard III: Rumour and Reality |publisher=[[Institute for the Public Understanding of the Past]], [[University of York]] |access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> Anne had previously been wedded to [[Edward of Westminster]], only son of Henry VI, to seal her father's allegiance to the Lancastrian party.{{sfnp|Hicks|2006}} Edward died at the Battle of Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471, while Warwick had died at the Battle of Barnet on 14 April 1471.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=21}} Richard's marriage plans brought him into conflict with his brother George.{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=27}} [[Paston Letters|John Paston's letter]] of 17 February 1472 makes it clear that George was not happy about the marriage but grudgingly accepted it on the basis that "he may well have my Lady his sister-in-law, but they shall part no livelihood".{{sfnp|Hicks|1980|p=115|ps=. The East Anglian Paston family have left historians a rich source of historical information for the lives of the English gentry of the period in a large collection of surviving letters.}} The reason was the inheritance Anne shared with her elder sister Isabel, whom George had married in 1469. It was not only the earldom that was at stake; Richard Neville had inherited it as a result of his marriage to [[Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick]]. The Countess, who was still alive, was technically the owner of the substantial Beauchamp estates, her father having left no male heirs.{{sfnp|Hicks|2009|pp=81–82}}
The [[Croyland Chronicle]] records that Richard agreed to a prenuptial contract in the following terms: "the marriage of the Duke of Gloucester with Anne before-named was to take place, and he was to have such and so much of the earl's lands as should be agreed upon between them through the mediation of arbitrators; while all the rest were to remain in the possession of the Duke of Clarence".{{sfnp|Riley|1908|p=470}} The date of Paston's letter suggests the marriage was still being negotiated in February 1472. In order to win George's final consent to the marriage, Richard renounced most of the Earl of Warwick's land and property including the earldoms of Warwick (which the Kingmaker had held in his wife's right) and Salisbury and surrendered to George the office of Great Chamberlain of England.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956}} Richard retained Neville's forfeit estates he had already been granted in the summer of 1471:{{sfnp|Baldwin|2013|p=58}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Northern Properties and Influence |url=http://richardiii-ipup.org.uk/riii/46 |website=Richard III: Rumour and Reality |publisher=[[Institute for the Public Understanding of the Past]], [[University of York]] |at=CPR 1467–77, p. 260|access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref> Penrith, Sheriff Hutton and Middleham, where he later established his marital household.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=128}}
[[File:King Richard III and Queen Anne.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Stained glass]] depiction of Richard and Anne Neville in [[Cardiff Castle]]]]
The requisite papal dispensation was obtained dated 22 April 1472.{{sfnp|Clarke|2005|p=1023|ps=. "In fact, [Richard and Anne] had sought a dispensation to marry from the penitentiary in early 1472, for it was granted on 22 April that year, and they probably married shortly afterwards."}} [[Michael Hicks (historian)|Michael Hicks]] has suggested that the terms of the dispensation deliberately understated the degrees of consanguinity between the couple, and the marriage was therefore illegal on the ground of first-degree consanguinity following George's marriage to Anne's sister Isabel.{{sfnp|Hicks|2006}} There would have been first-degree consanguinity if Richard had sought to marry Isabel (in case of widowhood) after she had married his brother George, but no such consanguinity applied for Anne and Richard. Richard's marriage to Anne was never declared null, and it was public to everyone including secular and canon lawyers for 13 years.{{sfnp|Barnfield|2007|p=85}}
In June 1473, Richard persuaded his mother-in-law to leave the sanctuary and come to live under his protection at Middleham. Later in the year, under the terms of the 1473 Act of Resumption,{{sfnp|Cobbett|1807|p=431}} George lost some of the property he held under royal grant and made no secret of his displeasure. John Paston's letter of November 1473 says that King Edward planned to put both his younger brothers in their place by acting as "a stifler atween them".{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=190}} Early in 1474, Parliament assembled and Edward attempted to reconcile his brothers by stating that both men, and their wives, would enjoy the Warwick inheritance just as if the Countess of Warwick "was naturally dead".{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=30}} The doubts cast by George on the validity of Richard and Anne's marriage were addressed by a clause protecting their rights in the event they were divorced (i.e. of their marriage being declared null and void by the Church) and then legally remarried to each other, and also protected Richard's rights while waiting for such a valid second marriage with Anne.{{sfnp|Given-Wilson|Brand|Phillips|Ormrod|2005|loc="Edward IV: October 1472, Second Roll", items 20–24}} The following year, Richard was rewarded with all the Neville lands in the north of England, at the expense of Anne's cousin, [[George Neville, 1st Duke of Bedford]].{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=31}} From this point, George seems to have fallen steadily out of King Edward's favour, his discontent coming to a head in 1477 when, following Isabel's death, he was denied the opportunity to marry [[Mary of Burgundy]], the stepdaughter of his sister Margaret, even though Margaret approved the proposed match.{{sfnp|Hicks|1980|p=132}} There is no evidence of Richard's involvement in George's subsequent conviction and execution on a charge of treason.{{sfnp|Hicks|1980|p=146}}
==Reign of Edward IV==
===Estates and titles===
Richard was granted the Dukedom of Gloucester on 1 November 1461,{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=6}} and on 12 August the next year was awarded large estates in [[northern England]], including the lordships of [[Richmond, Yorkshire|Richmond]] in Yorkshire, and [[Pembroke, Pembrokeshire|Pembroke]] in Wales. He gained the forfeited lands of the Lancastrian [[John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford]], in [[East Anglia]]. In 1462, on his birthday, he was made Constable of [[Gloucester Castle|Gloucester]] and [[Corfe Castle]]s and Admiral of England, Ireland and Aquitaine{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=9}} and appointed Governor of the North, becoming the richest and most powerful noble in England. On 17 October 1469, he was made [[Constable of England]]. In November, he replaced [[William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings]], as Chief Justice of North Wales. The following year, he was appointed Chief Steward and Chamberlain of Wales.{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=136}} On 18 May 1471, Richard was named Great Chamberlain and [[Lord High Admiral of England]]. Other positions followed: [[High Sheriff of Cumberland]] for life, Lieutenant of the North and Commander-in-Chief against the Scots and hereditary Warden of the West March.{{sfnp|Hicks|2001|p=74}} Two months later, on 14 July, he gained the Lordships of the strongholds [[Sheriff Hutton]] and Middleham in Yorkshire and [[Penrith, Cumbria|Penrith]] in Cumberland, which had belonged to Warwick the Kingmaker.{{sfnp|Hicks|2001|p=82}} It is possible that the grant of Middleham seconded Richard's personal wishes.{{refn|Says Kendall, "Richard had won his way back to Middleham Castle". However, any personal attachment he may have felt to Middleham was likely mitigated in his adulthood, as surviving records demonstrate he spent less time there than at [[Barnard Castle]] and [[Pontefract Castle|Pontefract]]." "No great magnate or royal duke in the fifteenth century had a 'home' in the twentieth-century sense of the word. Richard of Gloucester formed no more of a personal attachment to Middleham than he did to Barnard Castle or Pontefract, at both of which surviving records suggest he spent more time."{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=125}}|group=note}}
===Exile and return===
During the latter part of Edward IV's reign, Richard demonstrated his loyalty to the king,{{sfnp|Hicks|2009|p=75}} in contrast to their brother George who had allied himself with the Earl of Warwick when the latter rebelled towards the end of the 1460s.{{sfnp|Hicks|2004|ps=. "After 1466 Clarence was not the ally for which Edward IV had presumably hoped. He embroiled himself in a dangerous feud in the north midlands and associated himself politically with Warwick, who graduated from direction of Edward's affairs in the early 1460s to outright opposition."}} Following Warwick's 1470 rebellion, before which he had made peace with Margaret of Anjou and promised the restoration of Henry VI to the English throne, Richard, the Baron Hastings and [[Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers]], escaped capture at [[Doncaster]] by Warwick's brother, [[John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu]].{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=152}} On 2 October they sailed from [[King's Lynn]] in two ships; Edward landed at [[Marsdiep]] and Richard at [[Zeeland]].{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=19}} It was said that, having left England in such haste as to possess almost nothing, Edward was forced to pay their passage with his fur cloak; certainly, Richard borrowed three pounds from Zeeland's town bailiff.{{sfnp|Lulofs|1974}} They were [[attainted]] by Warwick's only Parliament on 26 November.{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=155}} They resided in [[Bruges]] with [[Louis de Gruuthuse|Louis de Gruthuse]], who had been the Burgundian Ambassador to Edward's court,{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=153}} but it was not until [[Louis XI of France]] declared war on Burgundy that Charles, Duke of Burgundy, assisted their return,{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=159}} providing, along with the [[Hanseatic League|Hanseatic merchants]], 20,000 [[Pound sterling|pounds]], 36 ships and 1,200 men. They left [[Vlissingen|Flushing]] for England on 11 March 1471.{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=160}} Warwick's arrest of local sympathisers prevented them from landing in Yorkist East Anglia and on 14 March, after being separated in a storm, their ships ran ashore at [[Holderness]].{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=161}} The town of [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] refused Edward entry. He gained entry to York by using the same claim as [[Henry of Bolingbroke]] had before deposing Richard II in 1399; that is, that he was merely reclaiming the Dukedom of York rather than the crown.{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=163}}{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=20}} It was in Edward's attempt to regain his throne that Richard began to demonstrate his skill as a military commander.{{sfnp|Hicks|2009|p=98}}
===1471 military campaign===
[[File:The East Gate, Exeter and the Visit of King Richard III, 1483.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|Imaginary depiction of the East Gate (since demolished) in [[Exeter]] and the Visit of King Richard III, painted in 1885]]
Once Edward had regained the support of his brother George, he mounted a swift and decisive campaign to regain the crown through combat;{{sfnp|Gillingham|1981|p=191}} it is believed that Richard was his principal lieutenant{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=21}} as some of the king's earliest support came from members of Richard's [[affinity (law)|affinity]], including [[James Harrington (Yorkist knight)|Sir James Harrington]]{{sfnp|Horrox|1989|p=41}} and [[William Parr (died 1483)|Sir William Parr]], who brought 600 [[men-at-arms]] to them at Doncaster.{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=164}} Richard may have led the vanguard at the [[Battle of Barnet]], in his first command, on 14 April 1471, where he outflanked the wing of [[Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter]],{{sfnp|Kinross|1979|p=89}} although the degree to which his command was fundamental may have been exaggerated.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=93–99}} That Richard's personal household sustained losses indicate he was in the thick of the fighting.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=22}} A contemporary source is clear about his holding the vanguard for Edward at Tewkesbury,{{sfnp|Gillingham|1981|p=206}} deployed against the Lancastrian vanguard under [[Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset]], on 4 May 1471,<ref>{{harvp|Ross|1981|p=22}}, citing 'The Arrivall'.</ref> and his role two days later, as Constable of England, sitting alongside [[John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk|John Howard]] as [[Earl Marshal]], in the trial and sentencing of leading Lancastrians captured after the battle.{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=172}}
===1475 invasion of France===
At least in part resentful of King Louis XI's previous support of his Lancastrian opponents, and possibly in support of his brother-in-law Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, Edward went to parliament in October 1472 for funding a military campaign,{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=206}} and eventually landed in [[Calais]] on 4 July 1475.{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=223}} Richard's was the largest private contingent of his army.{{sfnp|Grant|1993|p=116}} Although well known to have publicly been against the eventual treaty signed with Louis XI at [[Treaty of Picquigny|Picquigny]] (and absent from the negotiations, in which one of his rank would have been expected to take a leading role),{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=34}} he acted as Edward's witness when the king instructed his delegates to the French court,{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=230}} and received 'some very fine presents' from Louis on a visit to the French king at [[Amiens]].{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=233}} In refusing other gifts, which included 'pensions' in the guise of 'tribute', he was joined only by [[Cardinal Bourchier]].{{sfnp|Hampton|1975|p=10}} He supposedly disapproved of Edward's policy of personally benefiting—politically and financially—from a campaign paid for out of a parliamentary grant, and hence out of public funds.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=34}} Any military prowess was therefore not to be revealed further until the last years of Edward's reign.{{sfnp|Horrox|2013}}
===The North, and the Council in the North===
Richard was the dominant magnate in the north of England until Edward IV's death.{{sfnp|Hicks|2009|p=57}} There, and especially in the city of [[York]], he was highly regarded;{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=132–133, 154}} although it has been questioned whether this view was reciprocated by Richard.{{refn| Hanham has raised "the charge of hypocrisy",{{sfnp|Hanham|1975|p=64}} suggesting "that Richard would 'grin' at the city", and questioning whether he was either as popular or as devoted to the region as sometimes thought.{{sfnp|Hanham|1975|p=64}}|group=note}} Edward IV delegated significant authority to Richard in the region. Kendall and later historians have suggested that this was with the intention of making Richard the ''Lord of the North'';{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=156}} Peter Booth, however, has argued that "instead of allowing his brother Richard ''[[carte blanche]]'', [Edward] restricted his influence by using his own agent, Sir William Parr."{{sfnp|Booth|1997}} Following Richard's accession to the throne, he first established the [[Council of the North]] and made his nephew [[John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln]], president and formally institutionalised this body as an offshoot of the royal Council; all its letters and judgements were issued on behalf of the king and in his name.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=182}} The council had a budget of 2,000 [[Mark (currency)#England and Scotland|marks]] per annum and had issued "Regulations" by July of that year: councillors to act impartially, declare vested interests and to meet at least every three months. Its main focus of operations was Yorkshire and the north-east and its responsibilities included land disputes, keeping of the king's peace and punishing lawbreakers.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=183}}
===War with Scotland===
Richard's increasing role in the north from the mid-1470s to some extent explains his withdrawal from the royal court. He had been [[Lord Warden of the Marches#Warden of the Western March|Warden of the West March]] on the Scottish border since 10 September 1470,{{sfnp|Scofield|2016|p=534}} and again from May 1471; he used Penrith as a base while 'taking effectual measures' against the Scots, and 'enjoyed the revenues of the estates' of the Forest of Cumberland while doing so.{{sfnp|Ferguson|1890|p=238}} It was at the same time that the Duke of Gloucester was appointed High Sheriff of Cumberland for five consecutive years, being described as 'of Penrith Castle' in 1478.{{sfnp|Lysons|Lysons|1816|loc="Parishes: Newton-Regny – Ponsonby", pp. 142–150}}
By 1480, war with Scotland was looming; on 12 May that year, he was appointed Lieutenant-General of the North (a position created for the occasion) as fears of a Scottish invasion grew. [[Louis XI]] of France had attempted to negotiate a military alliance with Scotland (in the tradition of the "[[Auld Alliance]]"), with the aim of attacking England, according to a contemporary French chronicler.{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=278|ps=, citing Phillipe de Commynes}} Richard had the authority to summon the Border Levies and issue Commissions of Array to repel the Border raids. Together with the Earl of Northumberland, he launched counter-raids, and when the king and council formally declared war in November 1480, he was granted 10,000 pounds for wages.
The king failed to arrive to lead the English army and the result was intermittent skirmishing until early 1482. Richard witnessed the treaty with [[Alexander, Duke of Albany]], brother of King [[James III of Scotland]].{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=9}} Northumberland, Stanley, Dorset, Sir Edward Woodville, and Richard with approximately 20,000 men took the town of Berwick as part of the [[English invasion of Scotland (1482)|English invasion of Scotland]]. The castle held out until 24 August 1482, when Richard [[English invasion of Scotland (1482)|recaptured Berwick-upon-Tweed]] from the [[Kingdom of Scotland]]. Although it is debatable whether the English victory was due more to internal Scottish divisions rather than any outstanding military prowess by Richard,{{sfnp|Ross|1981|loc=p. 143, n. 53|ps=. However, Ross cites a letter from Edward IV in May 1480, the letter of appointment to his position as Lieutenant-General referred to his "proven capacity in the arts of war".}} it was the last time that the [[Royal Burgh]] of Berwick changed hands between the two realms.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|pp=44–47}}
==Lord Protector==
On the death of Edward IV on 9 April 1483, his 12-year-old son, [[Edward V]], succeeded him. Richard was named Lord Protector of the Realm and at Baron Hastings' urging, Richard assumed his role and left his base in Yorkshire for London.{{sfnp|Baldwin|2013|p=95}} On 29 April, as previously agreed, Richard and his cousin, [[Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham]], met [[Elizabeth Woodville|Queen Elizabeth]]'s brother, Anthony Woodville, Earl Rivers, at [[Northampton]]. At the queen's request, Earl Rivers was escorting the young king to London with an armed escort of 2,000 men, while Richard and Buckingham's joint escort was 600 men.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=207–210}} Edward V had been sent further south to [[Stony Stratford]]. At first convivial, Richard had Earl Rivers, his nephew [[Richard Grey]] and his associate, [[Thomas Vaughan (died 1483)|Thomas Vaughan]], arrested. They were taken to Pontefract Castle, where they were executed on 25 June on the charge of treason against the Lord Protector after appearing before a tribunal led by [[Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland]]. Rivers had appointed Richard as executor of his will.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=252–254}}
After having Rivers arrested, Richard and Buckingham moved to Stony Stratford, where Richard informed Edward V of a plot aimed at denying him his role as protector and whose perpetrators had been dealt with.{{sfnp|Baldwin|2013|p=96|ps=citing Mancini.}} He proceeded to escort the king to London. They entered the city on 4 May, displaying the carriages of weapons Rivers had taken with his 2,000-man army. Richard first accommodated Edward in the Bishop's apartments; then, on Buckingham's suggestion, the king was moved to the royal apartments of the [[Tower of London]], where kings customarily awaited their coronation.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=162–163}} Within the year 1483, Richard had moved himself to the grandeur of [[Crosby Hall, London]], then in Bishopsgate in the City of London. [[Robert Fabyan]], in his 'The new chronicles of England and of France', writes that "the Duke caused the King (Edward V) to be removed unto the Tower and his broder with hym, and the Duke lodged himselfe in Crosbyes Place in Bisshoppesgate Strete."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Robert Fabyan: 'The Concordaunce of Hystoryes' {{!}} Richard III Society – American Branch|url=http://www.r3.org/on-line-library-text-essays/robert-fabyan-the-concordaunce-of-hystoryes/|language=en-US|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> In ''[[Holinshed's Chronicles]]'' of England, Scotland, and Ireland, he accounts that "little by little all folke withdrew from the Tower, and drew unto Crosbies in Bishops gates Street, where the Protector kept his houshold. The Protector had the resort; the King in maner desolate."<ref>{{Cite web|title=The history of Crosby Place {{!}} British History Online|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/bk9/pp15-32|website=british-history.ac.uk|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
On hearing the news of her brother's 30 April arrest, the dowager queen fled to sanctuary in Westminster Abbey. Joining her were her son by her first marriage, [[Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset]]; her five daughters; and her youngest son, [[Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York]].{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=212–213}} On 10/11 June, Richard wrote to Ralph, Lord Neville, the City of York and others asking for their support against "the Queen, her blood adherents and affinity" whom he suspected of plotting his murder.{{sfnp|Baldwin|2013|p=99}} At a council meeting on 13 June at the Tower of London, Richard accused Hastings and others of having conspired against him with the Woodvilles and accusing [[Jane Shore]], lover to both Hastings and Thomas Grey, of acting as a go-between. According to Thomas More, Hastings was taken out of the council chambers and summarily executed in the courtyard, while others, like Lord Thomas Stanley and [[John Morton (cardinal)|John Morton, Bishop of Ely]], were arrested.{{sfnp|Horrox|2004}} Hastings was not attainted and Richard sealed an indenture that placed Hastings' widow, [[Katherine Neville, Baroness Hastings|Katherine]], under his protection.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=209–210}} Bishop Morton was released into the custody of Buckingham.{{sfnp|Chrimes|1999|p=20}} On 16 June, the dowager queen agreed to hand over the Duke of York to the Archbishop of Canterbury so that he might attend his brother Edward's coronation, still planned for 22 June.{{sfnp|Baldwin|2013|p=101}}
==King of England==
[[File:Silver groat of Richard III (YORYM 1980 846) obverse.jpg|thumb|Silver groat of Richard III]]
[[File:Rous_Roll_Richard_III_detail.jpeg|thumb|Detail from the [[John Rous (historian)|''Rous Roll'']] (1483) showing Richard with a sword in his right hand, a [[globus cruciger]] in his left, a white boar (his [[heraldic badge]]) at his feet, framed by the crests and helms of England, Ireland, Wales, [[Gascony]]-[[Guyenne]], France and St. [[Edward the Confessor]].{{sfnp|Rous|1980|p=63}}]]
[[Robert Stillington|Bishop Robert Stillington]], the [[Bishop of Bath and Wells]], is said to have informed Richard that Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was invalid because of Edward's earlier union with [[Lady Eleanor Talbot|Eleanor Butler]], making Edward V and his siblings illegitimate. The identity of Stillington was known only through the memoirs of French diplomat [[Philippe de Commines]].{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=215–216}} On 22 June, a sermon was preached outside [[Old St. Paul's Cathedral]] by [[Ralph Shaa]], declaring Edward IV's children bastards and Richard the rightful king.{{sfnp|Hicks|2001|p=117}} Shortly after, the citizens of London, both nobles and commons, convened and drew up a petition asking Richard to assume the throne.{{sfnp|Wood|1975|pp=269–270|ps=, quoting a letter of instruction sent to [[John Blount, 3rd Baron Mountjoy|Lord Mountjoy]] two days following Richard's assumption of the throne. Wood goes on to observe that "the impressions conveyed by this document are in many respects demonstrably false."{{Better source needed|reason=Source itself disputes accuracy of claim.|date=December 2018}}}} He accepted on 26 June and was crowned at [[Westminster Abbey]] on 6 July. His title to the throne was confirmed by Parliament in January 1484 by the document ''[[Titulus Regius]]''.{{sfnp|Given-Wilson|Brand|Phillips|Ormrod|2005|loc="Richard III: January 1484", item 5}}
The [[Princes in the Tower|princes]], who were still lodged in the royal residence of the Tower of London at the time of Richard's coronation, disappeared from sight after the summer of 1483.{{sfnp|Grummitt|2013|p=116}} Although after his death Richard III was accused of having Edward and his brother killed, notably by More and in Shakespeare's play, the facts surrounding their disappearance remain unknown.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|pp=96–104}} Other culprits have been suggested, including Buckingham and even Henry VII, although Richard remains a suspect.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=487–489}}
After the coronation ceremony, Richard and Anne set out on a royal progress to meet their subjects. During this journey through the country, the king and queen endowed [[King's College, Cambridge|King's College]] and [[Queens' College]] at [[Cambridge University]], and made grants to the church.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=290}} Still feeling a strong bond with his northern estates, Richard later planned the establishment of a large chantry chapel in York Minster with over 100 priests.{{sfnp|Jones|2014|pp=96–97}} He also founded the [[College of Arms]].{{sfnp|Wagner|1967|p=130}}<ref name="collegeofarms-history">{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/about-us/history |publisher=[[College of Arms]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601202732/http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/about-us/history |archive-date=1 June 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=6 December 2018 |quote=In 1484 [the Royal heralds] were granted a charter of incorporation by Richard III, and given a house in Coldharbour in Upper Thames Street, London to keep their records in.}}</ref>
===Buckingham's rebellion of 1483===
{{Further|Buckingham's rebellion}}
In 1483, a [[conspiracy]] arose among a number of disaffected gentry, many of whom had been supporters of Edward IV and the "whole Yorkist establishment".{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=105}}{{sfnp|Hicks|2009|p=211}} The conspiracy was nominally led by Richard's former ally, the Duke of Buckingham, although it had begun as a Woodville-Beaufort conspiracy (being "well underway" by the time of the Duke's involvement).{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=111}}{{refn|Rosemary Horrox notes that "Buckingham was an exception amongst the rebels as, far from being a previous favourite, he 'had been refused any political role by Edward IV'."{{sfnp|Horrox|1989|p=132}}|group=note}} Davies has suggested that it was "only the subsequent parliamentary attainder that placed Buckingham at the centre of events", to blame a disaffected magnate motivated by greed, rather than "the embarrassing truth" that those opposing Richard were actually "overwhelmingly Edwardian loyalists".{{sfnp|Davies|2011}} It is possible that they planned to depose Richard III and place Edward V back on the throne, and that when rumours arose that Edward and his brother were dead, Buckingham proposed that [[Henry VII of England|Henry Tudor]] should return from exile, take the throne and marry [[Elizabeth of York|Elizabeth]], eldest daughter of Edward IV. It has also been pointed out that as this narrative stems from Richard's parliament of 1484, it should probably be treated "with caution".{{sfnp|Horrox|1989|p=153}} For his part, Buckingham raised a substantial force from his estates in [[Wales]] and the Marches.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|pp=105–119}} Henry, in exile in [[Duchy of Brittany|Brittany]], enjoyed the support of the Breton treasurer [[Pierre Landais]], who hoped Buckingham's victory would cement an alliance between Brittany and England.{{sfnp|Costello|1855|pp=17–18, 43–44}}
Some of Henry Tudor's ships ran into a storm and were forced to return to Brittany or Normandy, while Henry anchored off Plymouth for a week before learning of Buckingham's failure.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=274}}{{sfnp|Chrimes|1999|loc=p. 26, n. 2}} Buckingham's army was troubled by the same storm and deserted when Richard's forces came against them. Buckingham tried to escape in disguise, but was either turned in by a [[Affinity (medieval)|retainer]] for the [[bounty (reward)|bounty]] Richard had put on his head, or was discovered in hiding with him.{{sfnp|Chrimes|1999|loc=p. 25, n. 5}} He was convicted of [[treason]] and [[behead]]ed in [[Salisbury]], near the Bull's Head Inn, on 2 November.{{sfnp|Chrimes|1999|pp=25–26}} His widow, [[Catherine Woodville, Duchess of Buckingham|Catherine Woodville]], later married [[Jasper Tudor]], the uncle of Henry Tudor.<ref>{{harvp|Davies|2011|ps=. "Following Bosworth, Katherine Stafford was married, by 7 November 1485, to the new king's 55-year-old bachelor uncle, Jasper Tudor, now duke of Bedford."}}</ref> Richard made overtures to Landais, offering military support for Landais's weak regime under [[Francis II, Duke of Brittany]], in exchange for Henry. Henry fled to Paris, where he secured support from the French regent [[Anne of Beaujeu]], who supplied troops for an invasion in 1485.{{sfnp|Chrimes|1999|pp=29–30}}
===Death at the Battle of Bosworth Field===
{{Main|Battle of Bosworth Field|Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England}}
[[File:Memorial to King Richard III of England in Leicester Cathedral.jpg|thumb|Former memorial [[ledger stone]] to Richard III in the choir of [[Leicester Cathedral]], since replaced by his stone tomb (as illustrated further below)]]
On 22 August 1485, Richard met the outnumbered forces of Henry Tudor at the [[Battle of Bosworth Field]]. Richard rode a white [[Courser (horse)|courser]] (an especially swift and strong horse).{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=365}} The size of Richard's army has been estimated at 8,000 and Henry's at 5,000, but exact numbers are not known, though the royal army is believed to have "substantially" outnumbered Henry's.{{sfnp|Jones|2014}} The traditional view of the king's famous cries of "Treason!" before falling was that during the battle Richard was abandoned by [[Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby|Baron Stanley]] (made Earl of Derby in October), [[William Stanley (Battle of Bosworth)|Sir William Stanley]], and Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=367}}{{sfnp|Chrimes|1999|p=55}} The role of Northumberland is unclear; his position was with the reserve—behind the king's line—and he could not easily have moved forward without a general royal advance, which did not take place.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=218|ps=. "Northumberland's rearguard was never seriously engaged, nor could be, whatever the proclivities of its commander".}} The physical confines behind the crest of Ambion Hill, combined with a difficulty of communications, probably physically hampered any attempt he made to join the fray.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=222}} Despite appearing "a pillar of the Ricardian regime" and his previous loyalty to Edward IV, Baron Stanley was the stepfather of Henry Tudor and Stanley's inaction combined with his brother's entering the battle on Tudor's behalf was fundamental to Richard's defeat.{{sfnp|Bennett|2008}}<ref>{{harvp|Bennett|2008|ps=. "Sir William Stanley was among the first to rally to Edward, and he may have brought [Thomas Stanley]'s good wishes with him ... Appointed steward of the king's household late in 1471, [Thomas Stanley] was thenceforward a regular member of the royal council. }}</ref>{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=186}}{{sfnp|Gillingham|1981|p=244}} The death of Richard's close companion [[John Howard, Duke of Norfolk]], may have had a demoralising effect on the king and his men. Either way, Richard led a cavalry charge deep into the enemy ranks in an attempt to end the battle quickly by striking at Henry Tudor.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|pp=218, 222}}
[[File:The death of Richard III at Bosworth.jpg|thumb|left|18th-century illustration of the death of Richard III at the [[Battle of Bosworth Field]]]]
All accounts note that King Richard fought bravely and ably during this manoeuvre, unhorsing [[John Cheyne, Baron Cheyne|Sir John Cheyne]], a well-known [[joust]]ing champion, killing Henry's [[standard bearer]] [[William Brandon (standard-bearer)|Sir William Brandon]] and coming within a sword's length of Henry Tudor before being surrounded by Sir William Stanley's men and killed.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|pp=223–224}} [[Polydore Vergil]], Henry VII's official historian, recorded that "King Richard, alone, was killed fighting manfully in the thickest press of his enemies".{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=368}} The Burgundian chronicler, [[Jean Molinet]], states that a Welshman struck the death blow with a [[halberd]] while Richard's horse was stuck in the marshy ground.{{sfnp|Griffiths|1993|p=43}} It was said that the blows were so violent that the king's helmet was driven into his skull.{{sfnp|Penn|2013|p=9}} The contemporary Welsh poet [[Guto'r Glyn]] implies a leading Welsh Lancastrian, [[Rhys ap Thomas]], or one of his men killed the king, writing that he "killed the boar, shaved his head".{{sfnp|Griffiths|1993|p=43}}{{sfnp|Rees|2008|p=211|ps=. "The original Welsh is 'Lladd y baedd, eilliodd ei ben'. The usual meaning of ''eilliodd'' is 'shaved', which might mean 'chopped off' or 'sliced'"}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Jeffrey L. |date=2009 |title=Sir Rhys ap Thomas |url=http://www.castlewales.com/rhysap.html |website=Castles of Wales Website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124220243/http://www.castlewales.com/rhysap.html |archive-date=24 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 February 2013}}</ref> The identification in 2013 of King Richard's body shows that the skeleton had 11 wounds, eight of them to the skull, clearly inflicted in battle and suggesting he had lost his helmet.<ref>{{cite news |last=Watson |first=Greig |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-21245346 |title=Richard III dig: Grim clues to the death of a king |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |date=4 February 2013 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> Professor Guy Rutty, from the University of Leicester, said: "The most likely injuries to have caused the king's death are the two to the inferior aspect of the skull—a large sharp force trauma possibly from a sword or staff weapon, such as a halberd or bill, and a penetrating injury from the tip of an edged weapon."<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--agency credited as author--> |title=Richard III died in battle after losing helmet, new research shows |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/sep/16/richard-iii-died-battle-losing-helmet-new-research |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=<!--Guardian Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |agency=Press Association |date=16 September 2014 |access-date=18 September 2018}}</ref> The skull showed that a blade had hacked away part of the rear of the skull. Richard III was the last English king to be killed in battle.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=King Richard III killed by blows to skull |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-29222775 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |date=17 September 2014 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> Henry Tudor succeeded Richard as King [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]]. He married the Yorkist heiress Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's daughter and Richard III's niece.
[[File:Original grave of Richard III.jpg|thumb|250px|Richard III's grave in 2013]]
After the Battle of Bosworth, Richard's naked body was then carried back to Leicester tied to a horse, and early sources strongly suggest that it was displayed in the collegiate [[Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady of the Newarke]],{{sfnp|Ashdown-Hill|Johnson|Johnson|Langley|2014}} prior to being hastily and discreetly buried in the choir of [[Greyfriars, Leicester|Greyfriars Church]] in [[Leicester]].{{sfnp|Ashdown-Hill|2013|p=94}}{{sfnp|Baldwin|1986|pp=21–22}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schürer |first1=Kevin |title=The King in the Car Park: The Discovery and Identification of Richard III – Professor Kevin Schürer |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9XKeevzp9Zs |website=Youtube |access-date=7 May 2022 |language=en |quote=22:53–23:33}}</ref> In 1495, Henry VII paid 50 pounds for a marble and alabaster monument.{{sfnp|Baldwin|1986|pp=21–22}} According to a discredited tradition, during the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]], his body was thrown into the [[River Soar]],{{sfnp|Baldwin|1986}}<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title='Strong evidence' Richard III's body has been found – with a curved spine |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9537600/Strong-evidence-Richard-IIIs-body-has-been-found-with-a-curved-spine.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912224825/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9537600/Strong-evidence-Richard-IIIs-body-has-been-found-with-a-curved-spine.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 September 2012 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |publisher=<!--Telegraph Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |date=12 September 2012 |access-date=5 February 2013}}</ref> although other evidence suggests that a memorial stone was visible in 1612, in a garden built on the site of Greyfriars.{{sfnp|Baldwin|1986|pp=21–22}} The exact location was then lost, owing to more than 400 years of subsequent development,{{sfnp|Baldwin|1986|p=24}} until [[Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England|archaeological investigations in 2012]] revealed the site of the garden and Greyfriars Church. There was a memorial ledger stone in the choir of the cathedral, since replaced by the tomb of the king, and a stone plaque on Bow Bridge where tradition had falsely suggested that his remains had been thrown into the river.{{sfnp|Ashdown-Hill|2015}}
According to another tradition, Richard consulted a [[wikt:seer|seer]] in Leicester before the battle who foretold that "where your spur should strike on the ride into battle, your head shall be broken on the return". On the ride into battle, his [[spur]] struck the bridge stone of Bow Bridge in the city; legend states that as his corpse was carried from the battle over the back of a horse, his head struck the same stone and was broken open.<ref>{{cite web |title=Legends about the Battle of Bosworth |publisher=Richard III Society, American Branch |url=http://www.r3.org/bosworth/legends.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060725225433/http://www.r3.org/bosworth/legends.html |archive-date=25 July 2006 |access-date=5 July 2009}}</ref>
==Issue==
Richard and Anne had one son, [[Edward of Middleham]], who was born between 1474 and 1476.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=29|ps=, n. 2. "1476".}}<ref>{{harvp|Pollard|2004|ps=. "Although [Edward's date of birth] is usually attributed to 1474, the Tewkesbury chronicle records the birth of an unnamed son at Middleham in 1476."}}</ref> He was created [[Earl of Salisbury]] on 15 February 1478,{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=33}} and [[Prince of Wales]] on 24 August 1483, and died in March 1484, less than two months after he had been formally declared [[heir apparent]].<ref>{{harvp|Pollard|2004|ps=. "The child Edward ... was created prince of Wales on 24 August [1483]. ... He was formally declared heir apparent to the throne in parliament in February 1484. ... by the end of March 1484 the prince was dead."}}</ref> After the death of his son, Richard appointed his nephew [[John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln]], as [[List of chief governors of Ireland|Lieutenant of Ireland]], an office previously held by his son Edward.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=349–350, 563}} Lincoln was the son of Richard's older sister, [[Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk]]. After his wife's death, Richard commenced negotiations with [[John II of Portugal]] to marry John's pious sister, [[Joanna, Princess of Portugal]]. She had already turned down several suitors because of her preference for the religious life.{{sfnp|Williams|1983}}
Richard had two acknowledged illegitimate children, [[John of Gloucester]] and Katherine Plantagenet. Also known as 'John of Pontefract', John of Gloucester was appointed Captain of Calais in 1485. Katherine married [[William Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke]], in 1484. Neither the birth dates nor the names of the mothers of either of the children are known. Katherine was old enough to be wedded in 1484, when the age of consent was twelve, and John was knighted in September 1483 in [[York Minster]], and so most historians agree that they were both fathered when Richard was a teenager.{{Sfnp|Ashdown-Hill|2013}}{{sfnp|Baldwin|2013|p=42}} There is no evidence of infidelity on Richard's part after his marriage to Anne Neville in 1472 when he was around 20.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=387}} This has led to a suggestion by the historian [[A. L. Rowse]] that Richard "had no interest in sex".{{sfnp|Rowse|1966|p=190}}
Michael Hicks and Josephine Wilkinson have suggested that Katherine's mother may have been Katherine Haute, on the basis of the grant of an annual payment of 100 shillings made to her in 1477. The Haute family was related to the Woodvilles through the marriage of Elizabeth Woodville's aunt, Joan Wydeville, to [[William Haute (MP)|William Haute]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/haute-william-1462|title=Haute, William (d.1462), of Bishopsbourne, Kent|website=History of Parliament Online|access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref> One of their children was Richard Haute, Controller of the Prince's Household. Their daughter, Alice, married [[Sir John Fogge]]; they were ancestors to [[Catherine Parr]], sixth wife of King Henry VIII.{{sfnp|Paget|1977}} They also suggest that John's mother may have been Alice Burgh. Richard visited Pontefract from 1471, in April and October 1473, and in early March 1474, for a week. On 1 March 1474, he granted Alice Burgh 20 pounds a year for life "for certain special causes and considerations". She later received another allowance, apparently for being engaged as a nurse for his brother George's son, [[Edward of Warwick]]. Richard continued her annuity when he became king.{{sfnp|Hicks|2009|pp=156–158}}{{sfnp|Wilkinson|2008|pp=228–229, 235–254}} [[John Ashdown-Hill]] has suggested that John was conceived during Richard's first solo expedition to the eastern counties in the summer of 1467 at the invitation of John Howard and that the boy was born in 1468 and named after his friend and supporter. Richard himself noted John was still a minor (not being yet 21) when he issued the royal patent appointing him Captain of Calais on 11 March 1485, possibly on his seventeenth birthday.{{sfnp|Ashdown-Hill|2013}}
Both of Richard's illegitimate children survived him, but they seem to have died without issue and their fate after Richard's demise at Bosworth is not certain. John received a 20-pound [[Life annuity|annuity]] from Henry VII, but there are no mentions of him in contemporary records after 1487 (the year of the [[Battle of Stoke Field]]). He may have been executed in 1499, though no record of this exists beyond an assertion by [[George Buck]] over a century later.{{sfnp|Given-Wilson|Curteis|1984|p=161}} Katherine apparently died before her cousin Elizabeth of York's coronation on 25 November 1487, since her husband Sir William Herbert is described as a widower by that time.{{sfnp|Ashdown-Hill|2013}}{{sfnp|Horrox|2013}} Katherine's burial place was located in the London parish church of St James Garlickhithe,{{refn|Specifically, in the Vinter's Hall, Thameside.{{sfnp|Barron|2004|p=420}}|group=note}} between Skinner's Lane and Upper Thames Street.{{sfnp|Steer|2014}} The mysterious [[Richard Plantagenet (Richard of Eastwell)|Richard Plantagenet]], who was first mentioned in [[Francis Peck]]'s ''[[Desiderata Curiosa]]'' (a two-volume miscellany published 1732–1735) was said to be a possible illegitimate child of Richard III and is sometimes referred to as "Richard the Master-Builder" or "Richard of Eastwell", but it has also been suggested he could have been Richard, Duke of York, one of the missing Princes in the Tower.{{sfnp|Baldwin|2007}} He died in 1550.{{sfnp|Andrews|2000|p=90}}
==Legacy==
Richard's Council of the North, described as his "one major institutional innovation", derived from his ducal council following his own viceregal appointment by Edward IV; when Richard himself became king, he maintained the same conciliar structure in his absence.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=181}} It officially became part of the royal council machinery under the presidency of John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln in April 1484, based at [[Sandal Castle]] in [[Wakefield]].{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=182}} It is considered to have greatly improved conditions for northern England, as it was intended to keep the peace and punish lawbreakers, as well as resolve land disputes.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=183}} Bringing regional governance directly under the control of central government, it has been described as the king's "most enduring monument", surviving unchanged until 1641.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=183}}
In December 1483, Richard instituted what later became known as the [[Court of Requests]], a court to which poor people who could not afford legal representation could apply for their grievances to be heard.{{sfnb|Kleineke|2007}} He also improved bail in January 1484, to protect suspected felons from imprisonment before trial and to protect their property from seizure during that time.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=188}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Higginbotham |first=Susan |author-link=Susan Higginbotham |url=http://www.susanhigginbotham.com/blog/posts/richard-iii-and-bail/ |title=Richard III and Bail |website=History Refreshed |date=16 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706163329/http://www.susanhigginbotham.com/blog/posts/richard-iii-and-bail/ |archive-date=6 July 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=31 March 2014}}</ref> He founded the College of Arms in 1484,{{sfnp|Wagner|1967|p=130}}<ref name="collegeofarms-history"/> he banned restrictions on the printing and sale of books,<ref>{{cite web |last=Woodger |first=Douglas |url=http://home.cogeco.ca/~richardiii/statutes.html |title=The Statutes of King Richard III's Parliament |publisher=Richard III Society of Canada |date=September 1997 |access-date=3 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927005934/http://home.cogeco.ca/~richardiii/statutes.html |archive-date=27 September 2014 }}</ref> and he ordered the translation of the written Laws and Statutes from the traditional French into English.{{sfnp|Cheetham|Fraser|1972}} During his reign, Parliament ended the arbitrary [[benevolences (tax)|benevolence]] (a device by which [[Edward IV]] raised funds),<ref>{{cite book|author1=Maureen Jurkowski|author2=Carrie L. Smith|author3=David Crook|title=Lay Taxes in England and Wales 1188–1688|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdazAAAAIAAJ|year=1998|publisher=PRO Publications|isbn=978-1-873162-64-4|pages=119–120}}</ref>{{sfnp|Hanbury|1962|p=106}} made it punishable to conceal from a buyer of land that a part of the property had already been disposed of to somebody else,{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=340}} required that land sales be published,{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=340}} laid down property qualifications for jurors, restricted the abusive [[Courts of Piepowders]],{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=341}} regulated cloth sales,{{sfnp|Hanbury|1962|p=109}} instituted certain forms of trade protectionism,{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=343}}{{sfnb|Hanbury|1962}} prohibited the sale of wine and oil in fraudulent measure,{{sfnb|Hanbury|1962}} and prohibited fraudulent collection of clergy dues,{{sfnb|Hanbury|1962}} among others. Churchill implies he improved the law of trusts.{{sfnp|Churchill|1956|pp=360–361}}
Richard's death at Bosworth resulted in the end of the [[Plantagenet]] dynasty, which had ruled England since the succession of [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] in 1154.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who Was Richard III? |url=https://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/history/whowasrichard.html |website=The Discovery of Richard III |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204053826/https://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/history/whowasrichard.html |archive-date=4 December 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> The last legitimate male Plantagenet, Richard's nephew [[Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick|Edward, Earl of Warwick]] (son of his brother George, Duke of Clarence), was executed by Henry VII in 1499.{{sfnp|Chrimes|1999|p=92|ps=. "Tudor reason of State had claimed the first of its many victims."}}
===Reputation===
[[File:King Richard III.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|Late 16th-century portrait, (oil on panel, [[National Portrait Gallery, London]])]]
There are numerous contemporary, or near-contemporary, sources of information about the reign of Richard III.<ref>{{cite web |title=Back to Basics for Newcomers |url=http://www.r3.org/on-line-library-text-essays/back-to-basics-for-newcomers/ |publisher=Richard III Society, American Branch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408091044/http://www.r3.org/on-line-library-text-essays/back-to-basics-for-newcomers/ |archive-date=8 April 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=5 February 2013 }}</ref> These include the ''Croyland Chronicle'', Commines' ''Mémoires'', the report of [[Dominic Mancini]], the Paston Letters, the Chronicles of Robert Fabyan and numerous court and official records, including a few letters by Richard himself. However, the debate about Richard's true character and motives continues, both because of the subjectivity of many of the written sources, reflecting the generally partisan nature of writers of this period, and because none was written by men with an intimate knowledge of Richard.{{sfnp|Hanham|1975}}
During Richard's reign, the historian [[John Rous (historian)|John Rous]] praised him as a "good lord" who punished "oppressors of the commons", adding that he had "a great heart".<ref>John Rous in {{harvp|Hanham|1975|p=121}}.</ref>{{sfnp|Ross|1981|pp=xxii–xxiv}} In 1483, the Italian observer Mancini reported that Richard enjoyed a good reputation and that both "his private life and public activities powerfully attracted the esteem of strangers".{{sfnp|Langley|Jones|2013}}{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=150–151|ps=, quoting from Mancini's ''De Occupatione Regni Anglie per Riccardum Tercium'': "After the death of Clarence, he [Richard] came very rarely to court. He kept himself within his own lands and set out to acquire the loyalty of his people through favours and justice. The good reputation of his private life and public activities powerfully attracted the esteem of strangers. Such was his renown in warfare, that whenever a difficult and dangerous policy had to be undertaken, it would be entrusted to his direction and his generalship. By these arts, Richard acquired the favour of the people and avoided the jealousy of the queen, from whom he lived far separated."}} His bond to the City of York, in particular, was such that on hearing of Richard's demise at the battle of Bosworth the City Council officially deplored the king's death, at the risk of facing the victor's wrath.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=444|ps=. "The day after the battle, John Sponer galloped into York to bring news of King Richard's overthrow...to the Mayor and Aldermen hastily assembled in the council chamber", "it was showed by...John Spooner...that king Richard, late mercifully reigning upon us, was through great treason piteously slain and murdered, to the great heaviness of this City". York Records, p. 218.}}
During his lifetime he was the subject of some attacks. Even in the North in 1482, a man was prosecuted for offences against the Duke of Gloucester, saying he did "nothing but grin at" the city of York. In 1484, attempts to discredit him took the form of hostile placards, the only surviving one being [[William Collingbourne]]'s lampoon of July 1484 "The Cat, the Rat, and Lovell the Dog, all rule England under a Hog" which was pinned to the door of [[St. Paul's Cathedral]] and referred to Richard himself (the Hog) and his most trusted councillors [[William Catesby]], [[Richard Ratcliffe]] and Francis, Viscount Lovell.{{sfnp|Hicks|2009|pp=237–238}} On 30 March 1485 Richard felt forced to summon the Lords and London City Councillors to publicly deny the rumours that he had poisoned Queen Anne and that he had planned marriage to his niece Elizabeth,{{sfnp|Cheetham|Fraser|1972|pp=175–176}} at the same time ordering the Sheriff of London to imprison anyone spreading such slanders.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=395|ps=, quoting from the court minutes of the Mercer's company, 31 March 1485.}} The same orders were issued throughout the realm, including York where the royal pronouncement recorded in the City Records dates 5 April 1485 and carries specific instructions to suppress seditious talk and remove and destroy evidently hostile placards unread.{{sfnp|Hicks|2009|pp=238–239}}{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=395–396}}
As for Richard's physical appearance, most contemporary descriptions bear out the evidence that aside from having one shoulder higher than the other (with chronicler Rous not able to correctly remember which one, as slight as the difference was), Richard had no other noticeable bodily deformity. [[John Stow]] talked to old men who, remembering him, said "that he was of bodily shape comely enough, only of low stature"{{sfnp|Buck|1647|p=548}}{{incomplete short citation|date=February 2023}} and a German traveller, Nicolas von Poppelau, who spent ten days in Richard's household in May 1484, describes him as "three fingers taller than himself...much more lean, with delicate arms and legs and also a great heart."{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=537}} Six years after Richard's death, in 1491, a schoolmaster named William Burton, on hearing a defence of Richard, launched into a diatribe, accusing the dead king of being "a hypocrite and a crookback...who was deservedly buried in a ditch like a dog."{{sfnp|Pollard|1991|ps=, p. 200 quoting York records, pp. 220–222}}
Richard's death encouraged the furtherance of this later negative image by his Tudor successors due to the fact that it helped to legitimise Henry VII's seizure of the throne.{{sfnp|Hicks|2009|pp=247–249}} The [[Richard III Society]] contends that this means that "a lot of what people thought they knew about Richard III was pretty much propaganda and myth building."<ref name="mackintosh-20130204">{{cite news |last=Mackintosh |first=Eliza |date=4 February 2013 |title='Beyond reasonable doubt,' bones are the remains of England's King Richard III |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/remains-of-king-richard-iii-identified/2013/02/04/d79e87b2-6ebb-11e2-ac36-3d8d9dcaa2e2_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |publisher=<!--Washington Post Company (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=<!--Washington, DC (omitted as given by newspaper name)--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829063405/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/remains-of-king-richard-iii-identified/2013/02/04/d79e87b2-6ebb-11e2-ac36-3d8d9dcaa2e2_story.html |archive-date=29 August 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 February 2013}}</ref> The Tudor characterisation culminated in the famous fictional portrayal of him in Shakespeare's play ''[[Richard III (play)|Richard III]]'' as a physically deformed, Machiavellian villain, ruthlessly committing numerous murders in order to claw his way to power;<ref>{{Folger inline|Richard III}}</ref> Shakespeare's intention perhaps being to use Richard III as a vehicle for creating his own [[Christopher Marlowe|Marlowesque]] protagonist.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=426|ps=. The comparison is with Barabas in Marlowe's ''Jew of Malta'' of a couple of years earlier.}} Rous himself in his ''History of the Kings of England'', written during Henry VII's reign, initiated the process. He reversed his earlier position,{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=419}} and now portrayed Richard as a freakish individual who was born with teeth and shoulder-length hair after having been in his mother's womb for two years. His body was stunted and distorted, with one shoulder higher than the other, and he was "slight in body and weak in strength".{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=420}} Rous also attributes the murder of Henry VI to Richard, and claims that he poisoned his own wife.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hammond |first=Peter |date=November 2003 |url=http://www.r3.org/rnt1991/supposedcrimes.html |title=These Supposed Crimes: Four Major Accusations (the Murders of Edward of Lancaster, Henry VI, Clarence and Queene Anne) Discussed and Illustrated |website=To Prove a Villain: The Real Richard III |medium=Exhibition at the Royal National Theatre, London, 27 March – 27 April 1991 |publisher=Richard III Society, American Branch |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060714133941/http://www.r3.org/rnt1991/supposedcrimes.html |archive-date=14 July 2006}}</ref> Jeremy Potter, a former Chair of the Richard III Society, claims that "At the bar of history Richard III continues to be guilty because it is impossible to prove him innocent. The Tudors ride high in popular esteem."{{sfnp|Potter|1994|p=4}}
Polydore Vergil and [[Thomas More]] expanded on this portrayal, emphasising Richard's outward physical deformities as a sign of his inwardly twisted mind. More describes him as "little of stature, ill-featured of limbs, crook-backed ... hard-favoured of visage".{{sfnp|Ross|1981|pp=xxii–xxiv}} Vergil also says he was "deformed of body ... one shoulder higher than the right".{{sfnp|Ross|1981|pp=xxii–xxiv}} Both emphasise that Richard was devious and flattering, while planning the downfall of both his enemies and supposed friends. Richard's good qualities were his cleverness and bravery. All these characteristics are repeated by Shakespeare, who portrays him as having a hunch, a limp and a withered arm.<ref>{{Folger inline|Henry VI, Part 3|3|2|155–161}}</ref>{{sfnp|Clemen|1977|p=51}} With regard to the "hunch", the [[List of Shakespeare plays in quarto|second quarto]] edition of ''Richard III'' (1598) used the term "hunched-backed" but in the [[First Folio]] edition (1623) it became "bunch-backed".{{sfnp|Shipley|1984|p=127}}
[[File:Pomnik Ryszarda III przy Katedrze Św. Marcina w Leicesterze.jpg|left|thumb|upright|A statue of Richard III now outside [[Leicester Cathedral]]]]
Richard's reputation as a promoter of legal fairness persisted, however. [[William Camden]] in his ''Remains Concerning Britain'' (1605) states that Richard, "albeit he lived wickedly, yet made good laws".{{sfnp|Camden|1870|p=293}} [[Francis Bacon]] also states that he was "a good lawmaker for the ease and solace of the common people".{{sfnp|Bacon|Lumby|1885}} In 1525, Cardinal Wolsey upbraided the aldermen and Mayor of London for relying on a statute of Richard to avoid paying an extorted tax (benevolence) but received the reply "although he did evil, yet in his time were many good acts made."{{sfnp|Potter|1994|p=23}}{{sfnp|Baldwin|2013|p=217}}
Richard was a practising Catholic, as shown by his personal [[Book of Hours]], surviving in the [[Lambeth Palace]] library. As well as conventional aristocratic devotional texts, the book contains a Collect of [[Saint Ninian]], referencing a saint popular in the Anglo-Scottish Borders.<ref>Sutton & Visser-Fuchs. ''The Hours of Richard III'' (1996) pp. 41–44 {{ISBN|0750911840}}</ref>
Despite this, the image of Richard as a ruthless tyrant remained dominant in the 18th and 19th centuries. The 18th-century [[philosopher]] and [[historian]] [[David Hume]] described him as a man who used dissimulation to conceal "his fierce and savage nature" and who had "abandoned all principles of honour and humanity".{{sfnp|Hume|1864|pp=345–346}} Hume acknowledged that some historians have argued "that he was well qualified for government, had he legally obtained it; and that he committed no crimes but such as were necessary to procure him possession of the crown", but he dismissed this view on the grounds that Richard's exercise of arbitrary power encouraged instability.{{sfnp|Hume|1864|p=365}} The most important late 19th century biographer of the king was [[James Gairdner]], who also wrote the entry on Richard in the ''[[Dictionary of National Biography]]''.{{sfnp|Gairdner|1896}} Gairdner stated that he had begun to study Richard with a neutral viewpoint, but became convinced that Shakespeare and More were essentially correct in their view of the king, despite some exaggerations.{{sfnp|Gairdner|1898|p=xi}}
Richard was not without his defenders, the first of whom was Sir [[George Buck]], a descendant of one of the king's supporters, who completed ''The history of King Richard the Third'' in 1619. The authoritative Buck text was published only in 1979, though a corrupted version was published by Buck's great-nephew in 1646.{{sfnp|Buck|1647}} Buck attacked the "improbable imputations and strange and spiteful scandals" related by Tudor writers, including Richard's alleged deformities and murders. He located lost archival material, including the [[Titulus Regius]], but also claimed to have seen a letter written by Elizabeth of York, according to which Elizabeth sought to marry the king.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elizabeth of York |url=http://www.r3.org/basics/basic8.html |publisher=Richard III Society, American Branch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408084900/http://www.r3.org/on-line-library-text-essays/back-to-basics-for-newcomers/elizabeth-of-york/ |archive-date=8 April 2018 |url-status=dead |access-date=6 December 2018 }}</ref> Elizabeth's supposed letter was never produced. Documents which later emerged from the Portuguese royal archives show that after Queen Anne's death, Richard's ambassadors were sent on a formal errand to negotiate a double marriage between Richard and the Portuguese king's sister Joanna,{{sfnp|Horrox|2013}} of Lancastrian descent,{{sfnp|Williams|1983|p=139}} and between Elizabeth of York and Joanna's cousin [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel, Duke of Viseu]] (later King of Portugal).{{sfnp|Ashdown-Hill|2013}}
Significant among Richard's defenders was [[Horace Walpole]]. In ''Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of King Richard the Third'' (1768), Walpole disputed all the alleged murders and argued that Richard may have acted in good faith. He also argued that any physical abnormality was probably no more than a minor distortion of the shoulders.{{sfnp|Walpole|1798|loc=''Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of King Richard the Third'', pp. 103–184}} However, he retracted his views in 1793 after [[the Terror]], stating he now believed that Richard could have committed the crimes he was charged with,{{sfnp|Walpole|1798|loc=''Postscript to my Historic Doubts, written in February 1793'', pp. 220–251}} although Pollard observes that this retraction is frequently overlooked by later admirers of Richard.{{sfnp|Pollard|1991|p=216}} Other defenders of Richard include the noted explorer [[Clements Markham]], whose ''Richard III: His Life and Character'' (1906) replied to the work of Gairdner. He argued that Henry VII killed the princes and that the bulk of evidence against Richard was nothing more than Tudor propaganda.{{sfnp|Myers|1968|pp=199–200}} An intermediate view was provided by Alfred Legge in ''The Unpopular King'' (1885). Legge argued that Richard's "greatness of soul" was eventually "warped and dwarfed" by the ingratitude of others.{{sfnp|Legge|1885|p=viii}}
Some 20th-century historians have been less inclined to moral judgement,{{sfnp|Myers|1968|pp=200–202}} seeing Richard's actions as a product of the unstable times. In the words of [[Charles Ross (historian)|Charles Ross]], "the later fifteenth century in England is now seen as a ruthless and violent age as concerns the upper ranks of society, full of private feuds, intimidation, land-hunger, and litigiousness, and consideration of Richard's life and career against this background has tended to remove him from the lonely pinnacle of Villainy Incarnate on which Shakespeare had placed him. Like most men, he was conditioned by the standards of his age."{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=liii}} The Richard III Society, founded in 1924 as "The Fellowship of the White Boar", is the oldest of several [[Ricardian (Richard III)|Ricardian]] groups dedicated to improving his reputation. Other historians still describe him as a "power-hungry and ruthless politician" who was most probably "ultimately responsible for the murder of his nephews."<ref>{{cite web |last=Hebron |first=Michael |date=15 March 2016 |title=Richard III and the Will to Power |url=https://www.bl.uk/shakespeare/articles/richard-iii-and-the-will-to-power |website=Discovering Literature: Shakespeare & Renaissance |publisher=[[British Library]] |access-date=23 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hogenboom |first=Melissa |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-19572103 |title=Richard III: The people who want everyone to like the infamous king |website=[[BBC News Magazine]] |location=London |date=15 September 2012 |access-date=23 September 2018}}</ref>
===In culture===
{{Main|Cultural depictions of Richard III of England}}
[[File:The True Tragedy of Richard the Third.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Cover of the 1594 [[quarto]] of the anonymous play, ''[[The True Tragedy of Richard III]]''.]]
Richard III is the protagonist of ''[[Richard III (play)|Richard III]]'', one of [[William Shakespeare]]'s history/tragedy plays. Apart from Shakespeare, he appears in many other works of literature. Two other plays of the Elizabethan era predated Shakespeare's work. The Latin-language drama ''[[Richardus Tertius]]'' (first known performance in 1580) by [[Thomas Legge]] is believed to be the first history play written in England. The anonymous play ''[[The True Tragedy of Richard III]]'' ({{circa|1590}}), performed in the same decade as Shakespeare's work, was probably an influence on Shakespeare.{{sfnp|Churchill|1976}} Neither of the two plays places any emphasis on Richard's physical appearance, though the ''True Tragedy'' briefly mentions that he is "A man ill shaped, crooked backed, lame armed" and "valiantly minded, but tyrannous in authority". Both portray him as a man motivated by personal ambition, who uses everyone around him to get his way. [[Ben Jonson]] is also known to have written a play ''Richard Crookback'' in 1602, but it was never published and nothing is known about its portrayal of the king.{{sfnp|McEvoy|2008|p=4}}
[[Marjorie Bowen]]'s 1929 novel ''[[Dickon (novel)|Dickon]]'' set the trend for pro-[[Ricardian (Richard III)|Ricardian]] literature.{{sfnp|Brown|1973|p=369|ps=. "[''Dickon''] tells the story of Richard himself, a 'handsome, earnest young man' who always speaks the truth, is unswervingly loyal to his brother Edward IV, and by an unkind destiny becomes a King of 'deep unhappiness,' plagued by hostile supernatural forces although personally blameless."}} Particularly influential was ''[[The Daughter of Time]]'' (1951) by [[Josephine Tey]], in which a modern detective concludes that Richard III is innocent in the death of the Princes.{{sfnp|Kelly|2000|p=134}}<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Polsky |first=Sara |title=The Detective Novel That Convinced a Generation Richard III Wasn't Evil |url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-detective-novel-that-convinced-a-generation-richard-iii-wasnt-evil |url-access=limited |department=Page-Turner |magazine=[[The New Yorker|New Yorker]] |publisher=Condé Nast |location=New York |date=24 March 2015 |access-date=8 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dugdale |first=John |date=26 March 2018 |title=The many versions of Richard III: from Shakespeare to Game of Thrones |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/mar/26/the-many-versions-of-richard-iii-from-shakespeare-to-game-of-thrones |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=<!--Guardian Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref> Other novelists such as [[Valerie Anand]] in the novel ''Crown of Roses'' (1989) have also offered alternative versions to the theory that he murdered them.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=Book Review: Crown of Roses |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-312-03315-6 |magazine=[[Publishers Weekly]] |publisher=Cahners |location=New York |date=1 January 1989 |access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref> [[Sharon Kay Penman]], in her [[historical fiction|historical novel]] ''[[The Sunne in Splendour]]'', attributes the death of the Princes to the Duke of Buckingham.<ref>{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=George |author-link=George Johnson (writer) |date=2 February 1990 |title=New and Noteworthy: The Sunne in Splendour |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/04/books/new-noteworthy.html |url-access=limited |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |publisher=<!--New York Times Company (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=<!--New York (omitted as given by newspaper name)--> |access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref> In the mystery novel ''The Murders of Richard III'' by [[Elizabeth Peters]] (1974) the central plot revolves around the debate as to whether Richard III was guilty of these and other crimes.{{sfnp|Peters|2004}} A sympathetic portrayal is given in ''The Founding'' (1980), the first volume in ''[[The Morland Dynasty]]'' series by [[Cynthia Harrod-Eagles]].{{sfnp|Harrod-Eagles|1981}}
One film adaptation of Shakespeare's play ''Richard III'' is the [[Richard III (1955 film)|1955 version]] directed and produced by [[Laurence Olivier]], who also played the lead role.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brooke |first=Michael |title=Richard III (1955) |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/467017/index.html |website=BFI Screenonline |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="VonTunzelmann2015">{{cite news |last=Von Tunzelmann |first=Alex |author-link=Alex von Tunzelmann |date=1 April 2015 |title=Richard III: Laurence Olivier's melodramatic baddie is seriously limp |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/apr/01/richard-iii-laurence-olivier-reel-history-accurate |department=Reel History |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=<!--Guardian Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref> Also notable are the [[Richard III (1995 film)|1995 film version]] starring [[Ian McKellen]], set in a fictional 1930s fascist England,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ian McKellen is Richard III |url=http://www.mckellen.com/cinema/richard/notes.htm |website=Sir Ian McKellen: Official Home Page |access-date=8 December 2018}}</ref>{{sfnp|Mitchell|1997|p=135|ps=. "Loncraine and McKellen's film adaptation, set in 1930s England, also explores the question of what would have happened if Hitler had invaded England. ... The House of York in this War of the Roses is depicted as the Nazi Party, and Richard in a Nazi uniform seals his fate as eternity's archvillain."}} and ''[[Looking for Richard]]'', a 1996 documentary film directed by [[Al Pacino]], who plays the title character as well as himself.<ref>{{cite web |title=Looking for Richard |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4718/year/1996.html |publisher=[[Cannes Film Festival]] |access-date=8 December 2018}}</ref>{{sfnp|Aune|2006}} The play has been adapted for television on several occasions.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brooke |first=Michael |title=Tragedy of Richard III, The (1983) |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/527656/index.html |website=BFI Screenonline |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref>{{sfnp|Griffin|1966|pp=385–387}}<ref name="guardian-cumberbatchproves">{{cite news |last=Billington |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Billington (critic) |date=21 May 2016 |title=Benedict Cumberbatch proves a superb villain in The Hollow Crown's Richard III |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/theatreblog/2016/may/21/benedict-cumberbatch-the-hollow-crown-richard-iii |department=Theatre Blog |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=<!--Guardian Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402120740/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/theatreblog/2016/may/21/benedict-cumberbatch-the-hollow-crown-richard-iii |archive-date=2 April 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref>
<!-- NOTE: could editors please use Cultural depictions of Richard III of England to add further material rather than increasing the length of this section. Thanks! -->
==Discovery of remains==
{{Main|Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England}}
On 24 August 2012, the [[University of Leicester]], [[Leicester City Council]] and the Richard III Society, announced that they were going to look for the remains of King Richard. The search was managed by [[Philippa Langley]] of the Society's Looking for Richard Project with the archaeology run by [[University of Leicester#College of Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities|University of Leicester Archaeological Services]] (ULAS).{{sfnp|Langley|Jones|2013|pp=11–29, 240–248}}{{sfnp|Ashdown-Hill|Johnson|Johnson|Langley|2014|pp=38–52, 71–81|ps=, including back cover.}}<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=The remains of King Richard III reinterred in Leicester Cathedral, in pictures |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/uknews/11488494/The-Remains-of-King-Richard-III-reburied-in-Leicester-cathedral-in-pictures.html?frame=3241293 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |publisher=<!--Telegraph Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |date=<!--not given--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328133533/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/uknews/11488494/The-Remains-of-King-Richard-III-reburied-in-Leicester-cathedral-in-pictures.html?frame=3241293 |archive-date=28 March 2015 |url-status=dead |access-date=24 April 2016 |quote=Philippa Langley, who led the quest to find the remains of King Richard III ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sabur |first=Rozina |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/environment/archaeology/11622151/Hunt-for-the-grave-of-a-medieval-king-first-check-the-car-park.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/environment/archaeology/11622151/Hunt-for-the-grave-of-a-medieval-king-first-check-the-car-park.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Hunt for the grave of a medieval king: first check the car park |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |publisher=<!--Telegraph Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |date=22 May 2015 |access-date=24 April 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Earle |first=Laurence |date=10 February 2013 |title=Philippa Langley: Hero or Villain? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/philippa-langley-hero-or-villain-8488318.html |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |publisher=<!--Independent Print (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |access-date=17 September 2013}}</ref> The participants looked for the lost site of the former Greyfriars Church (demolished during Henry VIII's [[dissolution of the monasteries]]) to find his remains.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Historic search for King Richard III begins in Leicester |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/press-releases/2012/august/historic-search-for-king-richard-iii-begins-in-leicester |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |date=24 August 2012 |access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=Hunt for Richard III's remains under car park |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-08-25/medieval-british-king-sought-under-car-park/4222264 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Sydney |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=27 August 2012 |access-date=5 February 2013}}</ref> By comparing fixed points between maps, the church was found, where Richard's body had been hastily buried without pomp in 1485, its foundations identifiable beneath a modern city centre car park.<ref>{{cite web |title=Greyfriars Project – Update, Friday 31 August |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/news/blog/2012/august/greyfriars-project-2013-update-friday-31-august |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |date=31 August 2012 |access-date=1 September 2012}}</ref>
In 1975 Audrey Strange of the Richard III Society predicted that the lost grave lay beneath one of the three car parks that partly cover the site of the former Grey Friars Priory.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Strange |first=Audrey |date=September 1975 |title=The Grey Friars, Leicester |journal=The Ricardian |volume=III |issue=50 |pages=3–7}}</ref> In the mid-1980s, academic David Baldwin, a medieval historian formerly of Leicester University, concluded that the burial site lay further to the east, beneath the northern (St Martin's) end of Grey Friars Street, or the buildings that face it on either side.{{sfnp|Baldwin|1986}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashdown-Hill|first1=J. |author-link1= |last2=Johnson |first2=D. |author-link2= | last3=Johnson|first3=W.|author-link3= |last4=Langley|first4=P. |author-link4= |editor-last1=Carson |editor-first1=A.J. |date=2014 |title=Finding Richard III: The Official Account of Research by the Retrieval and Reburial Project |publisher=Imprimis Imprimatur |isbn=978-0957684027 |pages=25–27}}</ref>
[[File:Greyfriars, Leicester site.svg|thumb|300px|Site of [[Greyfriars, Leicester|Greyfriars Church]], Leicester, shown superimposed over a modern map of the area. The skeleton of Richard III was recovered in September 2012 from the centre of the choir, shown by a small blue dot.]]
The diggers found Greyfriars Church by 5 September 2012 and two days later announced that they had found Robert Herrick's garden, where the memorial to Richard III stood in the early 17th century.<ref name="parking-lot"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Greyfriars Project – Update, 7 September |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/news/blog/2012/september/7sepupdate |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 September 2012}}</ref> A human skeleton was found beneath the Church's [[Choir (architecture)|choir]].<ref name=BBCLeicester>{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=Richard III dig: 'Strong evidence' bones belong to king |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-19561018 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |date=12 September 2012 |access-date=12 September 2012}}</ref>
Improbably, the excavators found the remains in the first dig at the [[car park]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Warzynski |first=Peter A. |date=3 February 2013 |title=Richard III dig: 'R' marks the spot where skeleton found in Leicester car park |url=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-dig-R-marks-spot-skeleton-Leicester/story-18030925-detail/story.html |newspaper=[[Leicester Mercury]] |publisher=Local World |location=<!--Leicester, England (omitted as given by newspaper name)--> |access-date=2 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119012257/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-dig-R-marks-spot-skeleton-Leicester/story-18030925-detail/story.html |archive-date=19 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=Burying Richard III: The hunch paid off |url=https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21647339-leicester-does-better-job-burying-plantagenet-king-second-attempt-hunch-paid |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |publisher=<!--Economist Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |date=28 March 2015 |access-date=2 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Langley |first=Philippa J. |author-link=Philippa Langley |title=Looking for Richard Project |url=http://www.philippalangley.co.uk/looking-for-richard.html |access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref>
[[File:The King In The Car Park - Page 15 - Figure 12.png|thumb|Skeleton as discovered]]
On 12 September, it was announced that the skeleton might be that of Richard III. Several reasons were given: the body was of an adult male; it was buried beneath the choir of the church; and there was severe [[scoliosis]] of the spine, possibly making one shoulder<ref name="parking-lot">{{cite web |title=Search for Richard III Confirms that Remains Are the Long-Lost Church of the Grey Friars |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/news/blog/2012/september/search-for-richard-iii-confirms-they-have-located-the-long-lost-church-of-the-grey-friars |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=4 February 2013}}</ref> higher than the other (to what extent depended on the severity of the condition). There was also what appeared to be an arrowhead embedded in the spine; and there were [[wikt:perimortem|perimortem]] injuries to the skull. These included a shallow orifice which was probably caused by a [[rondel dagger]], and a scooping depression to the skull that was probably inflicted by a sword.
Further, the bottom of the skull had a gaping hole, where a halberd had entered. Forensic pathologist Stuart Hamilton said this injury would have left the man's brain visible and certainly would have killed him. Jo Appleby, the osteo-archaeologist who excavated the skeleton, said it was “a mortal battlefield wound in the back of the skull". The base of the skull had another fatal wound from a bladed weapon thrust, leaving a jagged hole. Inside the skull, there was evidence that the blade penetrated to a depth of {{convert|10.5|cm}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Skull |url=http://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/osteologyskull.html |website=The Discovery of Richard III |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref>
In total, the skeleton had 10 wounds: four minor injuries on the top of the skull, one dagger blow on the cheekbone, one cut on the lower jaw, two fatal injuries on the base of the skull, one cut on a rib bone, and one final wound on the pelvis that was probably inflicted after death. It is generally accepted that Richard's naked corpse was tied to the back of a horse, with his arms slung over one side and his legs and buttocks over the other. The angle of the blow on the pelvis suggests that one of those present stabbed Richard's right buttock with substantial force, as the cut extends from the back to the front of the pelvic bone, an action intended to humiliate. It is also possible that Richard and his corpse suffered other injuries which left no trace on the skeleton.<ref>{{cite web |title=Osteology |url=http://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/osteology.html |website=The Discovery of Richard III |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Injuries to Body |url=http://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/osteologybody.html |website=The Discovery of Richard III |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Burns |first=John F. |author-link=John Fisher Burns |title=DNA could cleanse a king besmirched; tests of skeletal remains may bring re-evaluation of the reviled Richard III |url=https://www.questia.com/newspaper/1P2-36291789/dna-could-cleanse-a-king-besmirched-tests-of-skeletal |newspaper=[[International Herald Tribune]] |location=La Défense, France |date=24 September 2012 |via= |access-date=6 December 2018 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719024322/https://www.questia.com/newspaper/1P2-36291789/dna-could-cleanse-a-king-besmirched-tests-of-skeletal |url-status=dead }}</ref>
British historian John Ashdown-Hill had used [[genealogy|genealogical research]] in 2004 to trace [[matrilineal]] descendants of [[Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter]], Richard's elder sister.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Maev |author-link=Maev Kennedy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/feb/04/richard-iii-dna-bones-king |title=Richard III: DNA confirms twisted bones belong to king |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=<!--Guardian Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |date=4 February 2013 |access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="BBC DNA">{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=Richard III dig: DNA confirms bones are king |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-21063882 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |date=4 February 2013 |access-date=4 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Fricker |first=Martin |date=5 February 2013 |title=Edinburgh-based writer reveals how her intuition led archaeologists to remains of King Richard III |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/writer-reveals-intuition-led-archaeologists-1586462 |newspaper=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]] |publisher=Trinity Mirror |location=Glasgow |access-date=5 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lines of Descent |url=http://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/genealogy.html |website=The Discovery of Richard III |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |access-date=7 February 2013}}</ref> A British-born woman who emigrated to Canada after the [[Second World War]], Joy Ibsen ({{née|Brown}}), was found to be a 16th-generation great-niece of the king in the same direct maternal line.<ref>{{cite web |title=Female-Line Family Tree |url=http://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/familytree.html |website=The Discovery of Richard III |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |access-date=4 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite episode |last1=Ashdown-Hill |first1=John |author1-link=John Ashdown-Hill |last2=Davis |first2=Evans |author2-link=Evan Davis |date=4 February 2013 |title=Richard III dig: 'It does look like him' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21319332 |medium=Radio programme |series=Today |series-link=Today (BBC Radio 4) |network=[[BBC Radio 4]] |location=London |access-date=7 February 2013 |via=[[BBC News Online|BBC News]]}}</ref> Her mitochondrial DNA was tested and belongs to [[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|mitochondrial DNA haplogroup J]], which by deduction, should also be the mitochondrial DNA haplogroup of Richard III.{{sfnp|Ashdown-Hill|2013}}{{sfnp|King|Gonzalez Fortes|Balaresque|Thomas|2014}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=King |first1=Turi E. |last2=Fortes |first2=Gloria Gonzalez |last3=Balaresque |first3=Patricia |last4=Thomas |first4=Mark G. |last5=Balding |first5=David |last6=Delser |first6=Pierpaolo Maisano |last7=Neumann |first7=Rita |last8=Parson |first8=Walther |last9=Knapp |first9=Michael |last10=Walsh |first10=Susan |last11=Tonasso |first11=Laure |last12=Holt |first12=John |last13=Kayser |first13=Manfred |last14=Appleby |first14=Jo |last15=Forster |first15=Peter |date=2014-12-02 |title=Identification of the remains of King Richard III |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=5631 |doi=10.1038/ncomms6631 |pmid=25463651 |pmc=4268703 |bibcode=2014NatCo...5.5631K |issn=2041-1723|doi-access=free }}</ref> Joy Ibsen died in 2008. Her son [[Michael Ibsen]] gave a mouth-swab sample to the research team on 24 August 2012. His [[mitochondrial DNA#Female inheritance|mitochondrial DNA, passed down the direct maternal line]], was compared to samples from the human remains found at the excavation site and used to identify King Richard.<ref>{{cite news |last=Boswell |first=Randy |date=27 August 2012 |title=Canadian family holds genetic key to Richard III puzzle|url=http://www.canada.com/technology/Canadian+family+holds+genetic+Richard+puzzle/7151179/story.html |website=[[canada.com]] |location=Don Mills, Ontario |publisher=Postmedia News |access-date=30 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831071828/http://www.canada.com/technology/Canadian+family+holds+genetic+Richard+puzzle/7151179/story.html |archive-date=31 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Results of the DNA Analysis |url=http://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/resultsofdna.html |website=The Discovery of Richard III |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |access-date=4 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Geneticist Dr Turi King and Genealogist Professor Kevin Schürer Give Key Evidence on the DNA Testing |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/media-centre/richard-iii/press-conference-4-february/presentations-by-speakers-at-the-press-conference-monday-4-february-1/geneticist-dr-turi-king-and-genealogist-professor-kevin-schurer-give-key-evidence-on-the-dna-testing |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |date=4 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206181504/http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/media-centre/richard-iii/press-conference-4-february/presentations-by-speakers-at-the-press-conference-monday-4-february-1/geneticist-dr-turi-king-and-genealogist-professor-kevin-schurer-give-key-evidence-on-the-dna-testing |archive-date=6 February 2013 |access-date=5 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Burns |first=John F. |author-link=John Fisher Burns |date=4 February 2013 |title=Bones Under Parking Lot Belonged to Richard III |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/world/europe/richard-the-third-bones.html |url-access=limited |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=6 February 2013}}</ref>
On 4 February 2013, the University of Leicester confirmed that the skeleton was beyond reasonable doubt that of King Richard III. This conclusion was based on mitochondrial DNA evidence,<ref name="LU-results-announced"/> soil analysis, and dental tests (there were some molars missing as a result of [[Dental caries|caries]]), as well as physical characteristics of the skeleton which are highly consistent with contemporary accounts of Richard's appearance.<ref>{{cite web |title=What the Bones Can and Can't Tell Us |url=http://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/whattheonesdontsay.html |website=The Discovery of Richard III |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref> The team announced that the "arrowhead" discovered with the body was a Roman-era nail, probably disturbed when the body was first interred. However, there were numerous perimortem wounds on the body, and part of the skull had been sliced off with a bladed weapon;<ref name="mackintosh-20130204"/> this would have caused rapid death. The team concluded that it is unlikely the king was wearing a helmet in his last moments. Soil taken from the remains was found to contain microscopic [[Ascaris lumbricoides|roundworm]] eggs. Several eggs were found in samples taken from the pelvis, where the king's intestines were, but not from the skull, and only very small numbers were identified in soil surrounding the grave. The findings suggest that the higher concentration of eggs in the pelvic area probably arose from a roundworm infection the king suffered in his life, rather than from human waste dumped in the area at a later date, researchers said. The mayor of Leicester announced that the king's skeleton would be re-interred at [[Leicester Cathedral]] in early 2014, but a judicial review of that decision delayed the reinterment for a year.<ref>{{cite news |last=Warzynski |first=Peter A. |date=23 May 2014 |title=Richard III: Leicester wins the battle of the bones |url=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-Leicester-win-battle-bones/story-21132993-detail/story.html |newspaper=[[Leicester Mercury]] |publisher=Local World |location=<!--Leicester, England (omitted as given by newspaper name)--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524043912/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-Leicester-win-battle-bones/story-21132993-detail/story.html |archive-date=24 May 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> [[King Richard III Visitor Centre|A museum to Richard III]] was opened in July 2014 in the Victorian school buildings next to the Greyfriars grave site.<ref name="BBC DNA"/><ref name="LU-results-announced">{{cite web|title=Richard III DNA results announced – Leicester University reveals identity of human remains found in car park|url=http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/LIVE-UPDATES-Richard-III-DNA-results-announced/story-18041484-detail/story.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130421124125/http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/LIVE-UPDATES-Richard-III-DNA-results-announced/story-18041484-detail/story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 April 2013|work=[[Leicester Mercury]] |location=<!--Leicester, England (omitted as given by newspaper name)--> |access-date=4 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://kriii.com/january-opening/ |title=News: January Opening |publisher=King Richard III Visitor Centre |date=29 December 2014 |access-date=4 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204215709/http://kriii.com/january-opening/ |archive-date=4 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
On 5 February 2013 [[Caroline Wilkinson]] of the [[University of Dundee]] conducted a [[forensic facial reconstruction|facial reconstruction]] of Richard III, commissioned by the Richard III Society, based on 3D mappings of his skull.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= Richard III: Facial reconstruction shows king's features |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-21328380 |work= [[BBC News Online]]|date= 5 February 2013 |access-date=12 April 2019 }}</ref> The face is described as "warm, young, earnest and rather serious".<ref name="Dundee">{{cite press release |title=Dundee experts reconstruct face of Richard III 528 years after his death |url=http://www.dundee.ac.uk/pressreleases/2013/february13/richard.htm |publisher=[[University of Dundee]] |date=5 February 2013 |access-date=7 February 2013}}</ref> On 11 February 2014 the University of Leicester announced the project to sequence the entire genome of Richard III and one of his living relatives, Michael Ibsen, whose mitochondrial DNA confirmed the identification of the excavated remains. Richard III thus became the first ancient person of known historical identity whose genome has been sequenced.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Genomes of Richard III and his proven relative to be sequenced |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/press-releases/2014/february/genomes-of-richard-iii-and-his-proven-relative-to-be-sequenced |publisher=[[University of Leicester]], [[Wellcome Trust]] and [[Leverhulme Trust]] |date=11 February 2014 |access-date=16 March 2014}}</ref>
In November 2014, the results of the DNA testing were published, confirming that the maternal side was as previously thought.{{sfnp|King|Gonzalez Fortes|Balaresque|Thomas|2014}} The paternal side, however, demonstrated some variance from what had been expected, with the DNA showing no links between Richard and [[Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort]], a purported descendant of Richard's great-great-grandfather [[Edward III of England]]. This could be the result of covert [[illegitimacy]] that does not reflect the accepted genealogies between Edward III and either Richard III or the 5th Duke of Beaufort.{{sfnp|King|Gonzalez Fortes|Balaresque|Thomas|2014}}<ref name="infidelity">{{cite news |last=Rincon |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Rincon |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-30281333 |title=Richard III's DNA throws up infidelity surprise |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |date=2 December 2014 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=Richard III DNA study raises doubts about royal claims of centuries of British monarchs, researchers say |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-03/richard-iii-dna-study-uncovers-illegitmate-child-mystery/5935892 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Sydney |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=2 December 2014 |access-date=3 December 2014 }}</ref>
<!-- NOTE: could editors please use Exhumation of Richard III of England to add further material rather than increasing the length of this section. Thanks! -->
===Reburial and tomb===
[[File:Picture of Richard III's new tomb (cropped).jpg|thumb|Tomb of Richard III in [[Leicester Cathedral]], with his motto ''Loyaulte me lie'' (loyalty binds me) at right]]
[[File:Memorial stone dedicated to Richard III.jpg|thumb|The ledger stone memorial from Leicester Cathedral now resides in the [[King Richard III Visitor Centre]].]]
After his death in battle in 1485, Richard III's body was buried in Greyfriars Church in Leicester.{{sfnp|Horrox|2013}} Following the discoveries of Richard's remains in 2012, it was decided that they should be reburied at Leicester Cathedral,<ref name="bbcnews-20180322">{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=Richard III: Leicester welcomes king's remains |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-31990721 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811163142/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-31990721 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |url-status=live |date=22 March 2018 |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> despite feelings in some quarters that he should have been reburied in York Minster.<ref name="bbcnews-20130207">{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=York Minster says Richard III should be buried in Leicester |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-21373538 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |date=7 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110142632/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-21373538 |archive-date=10 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> Those who challenged the decision included fifteen "collateral [non-direct] descendants of Richard III",<ref name="bbcnews-plantagenetalliance">{{cite news |last=Watson |first=Greig |date=13 September 2013 |title=The Plantagenet Alliance: Who do they think they are? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-23929989 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref> represented by the [[Plantagenet Alliance]], who believed that the body should be reburied in York, as they claim the king wished.<ref name="bbcnews-reburialrow">{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=Richard III: King's reburial row goes to judicial review |date=16 August 2013 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23726011 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |access-date=19 September 2013}}</ref> In August 2013, they filed a court case in order to contest Leicester's claim to re-inter the body within its cathedral, and propose the body be buried in York instead. However, Michael Ibsen, who gave the DNA sample that identified the king, gave his support to Leicester's claim to re-inter the body in their cathedral.<ref name="bbcnews-reburialrow" /> On 20 August, a judge ruled that the opponents had the legal standing to contest his burial in Leicester Cathedral, despite a clause in the contract which had authorized the excavations requiring his burial there. He urged the parties, though, to settle out of court in order to "avoid embarking on the Wars of the Roses, Part Two".<ref name="[2013]EWHCB13(Admin)"/><ref>{{cite episode |last1=Greene |first1=David |author1-link=David Greene (journalist) |last2=Montagne | first2=Renée |author2-link=Renée Montagne |title=English Debate What To Do With Richard III's Remains |url=https://www.npr.org/2013/08/20/213728243/english-debate-what-to-do-with-richard-iiis-remains |medium=Radio programme, with transcript |series=[[Morning Edition]] |network=[[National Public Radio]] |location=Washington, DC |date=20 August 2013 |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref> The Plantagenet Alliance, and the supporting fifteen collateral descendants, also faced the challenge that "Basic maths shows Richard, who had no surviving children but five siblings, could have millions of 'collateral' descendants"<ref name="bbcnews-plantagenetalliance"/> undermining the group's claim to represent "the only people who can speak on behalf of him".<ref name="bbcnews-plantagenetalliance"/> A ruling in May 2014 decreed that there are "no public law grounds for the Court interfering with the decisions in question".<ref name="[2014]EWHC1662(QB)"/> The remains were taken to Leicester Cathedral on 22 March 2015 and reinterred on 26 March.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=Richard III reburial court bid fails |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-27537836 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |date=23 May 2014 |access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref>
His remains were carried in procession to the cathedral on 22 March 2015, and reburied on 26 March 2015<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= Richard III: Leicester Cathedral reburial service for king |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-32052800 |work= [[BBC News Online]]|date= 26 March 2015 |access-date= 12 April 2019}}</ref> at a religious re-burial service at which both [[Tim Stevens]], the [[Bishop of Leicester]], and [[Justin Welby]], the Archbishop of Canterbury, officiated. Also present at the ceremony was [[Archbishop of Westminster]] and Roman Catholic Primate of England, Cardinal [[Vincent Nichols]], as Richard III professed Catholicism.<ref>[https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/when-was-a-catholic-monarch-last-buried-in-england "When Was a Catholic Monarch Last Buried in England?"] (13 September 2022). ''[[The Pillar]]''. Retrieved 10 July 2023.</ref> The [[British royal family]] was represented by the [[Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester|Duke]] and [[Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester|Duchess of Gloucester]] and the [[Sophie, Countess of Wessex|Countess of Wessex]]. The actor [[Benedict Cumberbatch]], who later portrayed him in ''[[The Hollow Crown (TV series)|The Hollow Crown]]'' television series, read a poem by [[Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom|poet laureate]] [[Carol Ann Duffy]].<ref name="guardian-cumberbatchproves"/><ref name="guardian-20150326">{{cite news |last=Duffy |first=Carol Ann |author-link1=Carol Ann Duffy |date=26 March 2015 |title=Richard by Carol Ann Duffy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/mar/26/richard-iii-by-carol-ann-duffy |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=<!--Guardian Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116111612/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/mar/26/richard-iii-by-carol-ann-duffy |archive-date=16 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>
Richard's cathedral tomb was designed by the architects [[van Heyningen and Haward]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Withstandley |first=Kate |date=27 March 2015 |title=Our Tomb for Richard III is Revealed |url=http://www.vhh.co.uk/news-press/richard-iii-tomb-revealed |publisher=[[van Heyningen and Haward Architects]] |access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref> The tombstone is deeply incised with a cross, and consists of a rectangular block of white [[Swaledale]] fossil stone, quarried in [[North Yorkshire]]. It sits on a low plinth made of dark [[Kilkenny marble]], incised with Richard's name, dates and motto (''Loyaulte me lie'' – loyalty binds me). The plinth also carries his coat of arms in [[pietra dura]].<ref name=tomb>{{cite web |title=Richard III Tomb and Burial |url=http://leicestercathedral.org/learn/richard-iii/richard-iii-tomb-and-burial/ |publisher=[[Leicester Cathedral]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206203705/http://leicestercathedral.org/learn/richard-iii/richard-iii-tomb-and-burial/ |archive-date=6 December 2018 |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref> On top is a funeral crown commissioned specifically for the reinterment, and made by George Easton.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film and Heritage |url=https://www.danegeld.co.uk/film-and-heritage.html |access-date=7 October 2022 |website=Viking, Saxon and Medieval jewellery reproductions from Danegeld |language=en}}</ref> The remains of Richard III are in a lead-lined inner casket,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-31911490|title=Richard III's remains sealed inside coffin at Leicester University|date=16 March 2015|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> inside an outer [[English oak]] coffin crafted by Michael Ibsen, a direct descendant of Richard's sister Anne, and laid in a brick-lined vault below the floor, and below the plinth and tombstone.<ref name=tomb/> The original 2010 raised tomb design had been proposed by Langley's "Looking For Richard Project" and fully funded by members of the Richard III Society. The proposal was publicly launched by the Society on 13 February 2013 but rejected by Leicester Cathedral in favour of a memorial slab.<ref name="bbcnews-20130213">{{cite news |last=Hubball |first=Louise |date=13 February 2013 |title=A tomb fit for a king has been designed for Richard III |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21447210 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023234117/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-21447210/a-tomb-fit-for-a-king-has-been-designed-for-richard-iii |archive-date=23 October 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="telegraph-20130313">{{cite news |last=Britten |first=Nick |date=13 March 2013 |title=Cathedral criticised for being 'out of touch' over King Richard III's resting place |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/9927564/Cathedral-criticised-for-being-out-of-touch-over-King-Richard-IIIs-resting-place.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |publisher=<!--Telegraph Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206200956/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/9927564/Cathedral-criticised-for-being-out-of-touch-over-King-Richard-IIIs-resting-place.html |archive-date=6 December 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="leicestermercury-20130314-slab">{{cite news |last=Warzynski |first=Peter A. |date=14 March 2013 |title=Richard III: Stone slab to mark final resting place of king, says Leicester Cathedral |url=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-Stone-slab-mark-final-resting-place/story-18402860-detail/story.html |newspaper=[[Leicester Mercury]] |publisher=Local World |location=<!--Leicester, England (omitted as given by newspaper name)--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328221916/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-Stone-slab-mark-final-resting-place/story-18402860-detail/story.html |archive-date=28 March 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref> However, following a public outcry, the Cathedral changed its position and on 18 July 2013 announced its agreement to give King Richard III a raised tomb monument.<ref name="leicestermercury-20130314-poll">{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=Richard III: Give king tomb, not slab, says online poll |url=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-king-tomb-slab-says-online-poll/story-18422157-detail/story.html |newspaper=[[Leicester Mercury]] |publisher=Local World |location=<!--Leicester, England (omitted as given by newspaper name)--> |date=14 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329090420/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-king-tomb-slab-says-online-poll/story-18422157-detail/story.html |archive-date=29 March 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=29 May 2016 }}</ref><ref name="leicestermercury-20130718">{{cite news |last=Warzynski |first=Peter A. |date=18 July 2013 |title=Richard III will be buried in a raised tomb not slab, says Leicester Cathedral |url=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-buried-tomb-says-Leicester-Cathedral/story-19536774-detail/story.html |newspaper=[[Leicester Mercury]] |publisher=Local World |location=<!--Leicester, England (omitted as given by newspaper name)--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721071924/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-buried-tomb-says-Leicester-Cathedral/story-19536774-detail/story.html |archive-date=21 July 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref>
==Titles, styles, honours and arms==
{{multiple image
| footer =
| align = right
| image1 = Copper-alloy boar mount from the Thames foreshore (London).jpg
| width1 = 275
| caption1 = [[Bronze]] [[boar]] mount found on the Thames foreshore, and thought to have been worn by a supporter of Richard III.<ref name="telegraph-20121203">{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=Boar mount belonging to Richard III detected |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9718849/Boar-mount-belonging-to-Richard-III-detected.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |publisher=<!--Telegraph Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919111854/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9718849/Boar-mount-belonging-to-Richard-III-detected.html |archive-date= 19 September 2018 |url-status=dead |date=3 December 2012 |access-date=3 December 2012}}</ref>
| image2 = Arms of Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence.svg
| width2 = 180
| caption2 = Coat of arms as Duke of Gloucester
}}
On 1 November 1461, Richard gained the title of Duke of Gloucester; in late 1461, he was invested as a Knight of the Garter.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=44|ps=. "By early February 1462 a helm, crest and sword marked his stall ... in the Chapel of St. George."}} Following the death of King Edward IV, he was made [[Lord Protector]] of England. Richard held this office from 30 April to 26 June 1483, when he became king. During his reign, Richard was styled ''Dei Gratia Rex Angliae et Franciae et Dominus Hiberniae'' ([[by the Grace of God]], King of England and France and Lord of Ireland).
Informally, he may have been known as "Dickon", according to a sixteenth-century legend of a note, warning of treachery, that was sent to the Duke of Norfolk on the eve of Bosworth:
{{poemquote|Jack of Norfolk, be not too bold,
For Dickon, thy master, is bought and sold.{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=15}}}}
===Arms===
As Duke of Gloucester, Richard used the [[Royal Arms of France]] [[Quartering (heraldry)|quartered]] with the [[Royal Arms of England]], [[Cadency|differenced]] by a [[Label (heraldry)|label]] [[argent]] of three points [[Ermine (heraldry)|ermine]], on each point a [[Canton (heraldry)|canton]] [[gules]], supported by a blue boar.<ref name="heraldica-cadency">{{cite web |last=Velde |first=François R. |date=5 August 2013 |url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm |title=Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family |website=Heraldica.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614121531/http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm |archive-date=14 June 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=20 August 2012}}</ref>{{sfnp|Brunet|1889|p=202}} As sovereign, he used the arms of the kingdom undifferenced, supported by a white boar and a lion.{{sfnp|Brunet|1889|p=202}} His motto was ''Loyaulte me lie'', "Loyalty binds me"; and his [[Heraldic badge|personal device]] was a [[white boar]].{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=132–133}}
== Family trees ==
{{Dukes of Gloucester and Edinburgh family tree}}
{{Wars of the Roses family tree}}
==See also==
* [[King Richard III Visitor Centre]], Leicester
* [[Ricardian (Richard III)]]
* [[Richard III Experience at Monk Bar]], York
== Explanatory notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|30em}}
==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|25em|refs=
<ref name="[2013]EWHCB13(Admin)">{{cite court |litigants=R (on the application of Plantagenet Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Justice & Anor |reporter=[2013] EWHC B13 (Admin) |date=15 August 2013 |url=http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2013/B13.html |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="[2014]EWHC1662(QB)">{{cite court |litigants=R (on the application of Plantagenet Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Justice & Ors |reporter=[2014] EWHC 1662 (QB) |date=23 May 2014 |url=http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/QB/2014/1662.html |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref>
}}
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{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Grummitt |first=David |title=A Short History of the Wars of the Roses |date=2013 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1848858756 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Griffiths |first=Ralph A. |title=Sir Rhys ap Thomas and His Family: A Study in the Wars of the Roses and Early Tudor Politics |date=1993 |publisher=University of Wales Press |isbn=978-0708312186 |location=Cardiff |author-link=Ralph A. Griffiths}}
* {{cite ODNB |last=Griffiths |author-mask=2 |first=Ralph A. |author-link=Ralph A. Griffiths |date=2008 |title=Lancastrians |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-95581 |id=95581}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hampton |first=W. E. |date=1975 |title=Sir Thomas Montgomery, KG |journal=The Ricardian |volume=3 |pages=9–14 |number=51}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hanbury |first=Harold G. |author-link=Harold Hanbury |date=1962 |title=The Legislation of Richard III |journal=[[American Journal of Legal History]] |volume=6 |pages=95–113 |doi=10.2307/844148 |jstor=844148 |number=2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hanham |first=Alison |title=Richard III and his early historians 1483–1535 |date=1975 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-822434-1 |location=Oxford}}
* {{Cite book |last=Harrod-Eagles |first=Cynthia |ol=7517496M |title=The Founding |date=1981 |publisher=Sphere |isbn=978-0-751-50382-1 |edition=new |location=London |author-link=Cynthia Harrod-Eagles}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hicks |first=Michael A. |title=False, Fleeting, Perjur'd Clarence: George, Duke of Clarence (1449–1478) |date=1980 |publisher=Alan Sutton |isbn=978-0-904-38744-5 |location=Gloucester, England |author-link=Michael Hicks (historian)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hicks |first=Michael A. |title=Richard III |date=2001 |publisher=Tempus |isbn=978-0752423029 |edition=revised illustrated |location=Stroud, England |author-mask=2 |author-link=Michael Hicks (historian) |orig-year=1991}}
* {{cite ODNB| last=Hicks |author-mask=2 |first=Michael A. |author-link=Michael Hicks (historian) |date=2004 |title=George, duke of Clarence |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-10542 |id=10542}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hicks |first=Michael A. |title=Anne Neville: Queen to Richard III |date=2006 |publisher=Tempus |isbn=978-0752436630 |location=Stroud, England |author-mask=2 |author-link=Michael Hicks (historian)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hicks |first=Michael A. |title=Richard III |date=2009 |publisher=History Press |isbn=978-0752425894 |edition=3rd |location=Stroud, England |author-mask=2 |author-link=Michael Hicks (historian) |orig-year=1991}}
* {{Cite book |last=Horrox |first=Rosemary |title=Richard III: A study in service |date=1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-33428-0 |author-link=Rosemary Horrox}}
* {{cite ODNB| last=Horrox |author-mask=2 |first=Rosemary |date=2004 |title=Hastings, William, first Baron Hastings |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-12588 |id=12588}}
* {{cite ODNB |last=Horrox |author-mask=2 |date=2013 |first=Rosemary |title=Richard III (1452–1485) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-23500 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190209163208/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-23500 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 February 2019 |type=online |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/23500 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hume |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.167509/page/n347 |title=The History of England from the Invasion of Julius Cæsar to the Revolution in 1688 |date=1864 |publisher=Longman |location=London |oclc=165459692 |author-mask=2 |author-link=David Hume |orig-year=First published 1789}}{{free access}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Michael |title=Bosworth 1485: Psychology of a Battle |date=2014 |publisher=John Murray |isbn=978-1848549081 |edition=new |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kelly |first=R. Gordon |title=The Detective as Historian: History and Art in Historical Crime Fiction |date=2000 |publisher=Bowling Green State University Popular Press |isbn=978-0-87972-815-1 |editor-last=[[Ray B. Browne]] |volume=1 |location=Bowling Green, Ohio |pages=133–146 |chapter=Josephine Tey and Others: The Case of Richard III |editor-last2=Lawrence A. Kreiser |chapter-url={{google books|pGb9qrbYqOYC|plainurl=yes}} |name-list-style=amp}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kendall |first=Paul M. |ol=7450809M |title=Richard the Third |date=1956 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-00785-5 |location=New York |author-link=Paul Murray Kendall |orig-year=1955}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=King |first1=Turi E. |author-link=Turi King |last2=Gonzalez Fortes |first2=Gloria |last3=Balaresque |first3=Patricia |last4=Thomas |first4=Mark G. |last5=Balding |first5=David |author-link5=David Balding |last6=Maisano Delser |first6=Pierpaolo |last7=Neumann |first7=Rita |last8=Parson |first8=Walther |last9=Knapp |first9=Michael |last10=Walsh |first10=Susan |last11=Tonasso |first11=Laure |last12=Holt |first12=John |last13=Kayser |first13=Manfred |last14=Appleby |first14=Jo |last15=Forster |first15=Peter |author-link15=Peter Forster (geneticist) |date=2014 |title=Identification of the remains of King Richard III |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=5 |at=Article number: 5631 |bibcode=2014NatCo...5.5631K |doi=10.1038/ncomms6631 |pmc=4268703 |pmid=25463651 |doi-access=free |last16=Ekserdjian |first16=David |author16-link=David Ekserdjian |last17=Hofreiter |first17=Michael |last18=Schürer |first18=Kevin |author18-link=Kevin Schürer}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kinross |first=John |title=The Battlefields of Britain |date=1979 |publisher=David & Charles |isbn=978-0882544830 |location=Newton Abbot, England}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kleineke |first=Hannes |date=2007 |title=Richard III and the Origins of the Court of Requests |url=http://www.richardiii.net/downloads/Ricardian/2007_vol17_kleineke_court_of_requests.pdf |journal=The Ricardian |volume=17 |pages=22–32}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Langley |first1=Philippa |title=The King's Grave: The Search for Richard III |last2=Jones |first2=Michael |date=2013 |publisher=John Murray |isbn=978-1-84854-893-0 |location=London |author-link=Philippa Langley |author-link2=Michael Jones (historian) |name-list-style=amp}}
* {{Cite book |last=Legge |first=Alfred O. |ol=24188544M |title=The Unpopular King: The Life and Times of Richard III |date=1885 |publisher=Ward & Downey |volume=1 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Licence |first=Amy |title=Anne Neville: Richard III's Tragic Queen |date=2013 |publisher=Amberley |isbn=978-1445611532 |location=Stroud, England}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Lulofs |first=Maaike |date=1974 |title=King Edward in Exile |journal=The Ricardian |volume=3 |pages=9–11 |number=44}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Lysons |first1=Daniel |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/magna-britannia/vol4 |title=Magna Britannia |last2=Lysons |first2=Samuel |date=1816 |publisher=T. Cadell & W. Davies |volume=4, Cumberland |location=London |author-link=Daniel Lysons (antiquarian) |author-link2=Samuel Lysons |access-date=20 November 2014 |via=[[British History Online]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=McEvoy |first=Sean |title=Ben Jonson, Renaissance Dramatist |date=2008 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-2302-0}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Mitchell |first=Deborah |date=1997 |title=''Richard III'': Tonypandy in the Twentieth Century |journal=Literature/Film Quarterly |volume=25 |pages=133–145 |jstor=43796785 |number=2}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Myers |first=A. R. |date=1968 |title=Richard III and Historical Tradition |journal=[[History (journal)|History]] |volume=53 |issue=178 |pages=181–202 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-229X.1968.tb01217.x |jstor=24407008}}
* {{Cite book |last=Paget |first=Gerald |title=The Lineage and Ancestry of H. R. H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales |date=1977 |publisher=Charles Skilton |volume=1 |location=Edinburgh}}
* {{Cite book |last=Penn |first=Thomas |ol=25011793M |title=Winter King: Henry VII and The Dawn of Tudor England |date=2013 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-439-19156-9 |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=Elizabeth |title=The Murders of Richard III |date=2004 |publisher=Avon Books |isbn=978-0-060-59719-1 |location=New York |author-link=Elizabeth Peters |orig-year=1974}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pollard |first=A. J. |title=Richard III and the Princes in the Tower |date=1991 |publisher=Alan Sutton |isbn=978-0-862-99660-4 |location=Stroud, England |author-link=A. J. Pollard}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pollard |first=A. J. |ol=6794297M |title=The Wars of the Roses |date=2000 |publisher=Palgrave |isbn=978-0333658222 |edition=2nd |location=Basingstoke, England |author-mask=2}}
* {{cite ODNB| last=Pollard |author-mask=2 |first=A. J. |date=2004 |title=Edward [Edward of Middleham], prince of Wales |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-38659 |id=38659}}
* {{cite ODNB |last=Pollard |author-mask=2 |first=A. J. |date=2008 |title=Yorkists |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-95580 |id=95580}}
* {{Cite book |last=Potter |first=Jeremy |title=Good King Richard? An Account of Richard III and his Reputation |date=1994 |publisher=Constable |edition=paperback |location=London |orig-year=1983}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rees |first=E. A. |title=A Life of Guto'r Glyn |date=2008 |publisher=Y Lolfa |isbn=978-0862439712 |location=Tal-y-bont, Ceredigion, Wales}}
* {{Cite book |ol=38603586M |title=[[Croyland Chronicle|Ingulph's Chronicle of the Abbey of Croyland, with the Continuations by Peter of Blois and Anonymous Writers]] |date=1908 |publisher=George Bell & Sons |location=London |translator-last=Riley |translator-first=Henry T. |ref=CITEREFRiley1908}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ross |first=Charles D. |title=Edward IV |date=1974 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-02781-7 |series=[[English Monarchs series]] |location=Berkeley |author-link=Charles Ross (historian)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ross |first=Charles D. |title=Richard III |date=1981 |publisher=Eyre Methuen |isbn=978-0-413-29530-9 |series=[[English Monarchs series]] |location=London |author-mask=2 |author-link=Charles Ross (historian)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rous |first=John |title=The Rous Roll |date=1980 |publisher=Alan Sutton |isbn=978-0904387438 |location=Gloucester, England |author-link=John Rous (historian)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rowse |first=Alfred L. |title=Bosworth Field and the Wars of the Roses |date=1966 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Scofield |first=Cora L. |title=The Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth: King of England and France and Lord of Ireland |date=2016 |publisher=Fonthill Media |isbn=978-1781554753 |volume=1 |location=London |orig-year=1923}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shipley |first=Joseph T. |title=The Origins of English Words: A Discursive Dictionary of Indo-European Roots |date=1984 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-3004-4 |location=Baltimore |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=m1UKpE4YEkEC&pg=PA127 127] |author-link=Joseph Twadell Shipley}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Steer |first=Christian |date=2014 |title=The Plantagenet in the Parish: The Burial of Richard III's Daughter in Medieval London |url=https://www.academia.edu/35620745 |journal=The Ricardian |volume=24 |pages=63–73}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wagner |first=Anthony |title=Heralds of England: A History of the Office and College of Arms |date=1967 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |isbn=978-0-11-700454-2 |location=London |author-link=Anthony Wagner}}
* {{Cite book |last=Walpole |first=Horace |title=The Works of Horatio Walpole, Earl of Orford |date=1798 |publisher=G. G. & J. Robinson and J. Edwards |editor-last=Berry |editor-first=Mary |editor-link=Mary Berry (writer, born 1763) |volume=2 |location=London |oclc=2482675 |ol=OL6570405M |author-link=Horace Walpole}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Josephine |title=Richard the Young King to Be |date=2008 |publisher=Amberley |isbn=978-1-84868-083-8 |location=Stroud, England}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Barrie |date=1983 |title=The Portuguese Connection and the Significance of 'the Holy Princess' |url=http://www.thericardian.online/downloads/Ricardian/6-80/03.pdf |journal=The Ricardian |volume=6 |issue=80 |pages=138–145}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Charles T. |date=1975 |title=The Deposition of Edward V |journal=Traditio |volume=31 |pages=247–286 |doi=10.1017/S036215290001134X |jstor=27830988 |s2cid=151769515}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bowen |first=Marjorie |url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks09/0900531h.html |title=Dickon |date=2014 |publisher=Project Gutenberg Australia |author-link=Marjorie Bowen |access-date=3 December 2014 |orig-year=1st pub. 1929|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Carson |first=Annette |title=Richard III: The Maligned King |date=2009 |publisher=History Press |isbn=978-0-752-45208-1 |location=Stroud, England|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Carson |first=Annette |title=Richard Duke of Gloucester as Lord Protector and High Constable of England |date=2015 |publisher=Imprimis Imprimatur |isbn=978-0-957-68404-1 |author-mask=2 |location=Horstead, England|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dockray |first=Keith |title=Richard III: A Sourcebook |date=1997 |publisher=Sutton |isbn=978-0-750-91479-6 |location=Stroud, England|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Dockray |first1=Keith |title=Richard III: From Contemporary Chronicles, Letters and Records |last2=Hammond |author-mask=2 |first2=Peter W. |date=2013 |publisher=Fonthill Media |isbn=978-1-781-55313-8 |edition=rev. |location=Stroud, England|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Drewett |first1=Richard |title=The Trial of Richard III |last2=Redhead |first2=Mark |date=1984 |publisher=Sutton |isbn=978-0-862-99198-2 |location=Stroud, England|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |title=Richard III and the North of England |date=1986 |publisher=University of Hull |isbn=978-0-859-58031-1 |editor-last=England |editor-first=Barbara |location=<!--Hull, England (omitted as given by name of publisher)-->|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fields |first=Bertram |ol=7276841M |title=Royal Blood: Richard III and the Mystery of the Princes |date=1998 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-060-39269-7 |location=New York|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Greyfriars Research Team |title=The Bones of a King: Richard III Rediscovered |last2=Kennedy |first2=Maev |last3=Foxhall |first3=Lin |date=2015 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-118-78314-6 |location=Chichester, England |author-link2=Maev Kennedy |author-link3=Lin Foxhall|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hammond |first1=Peter W. |title=Richard III: The Road to Bosworth Field |last2=Sutton |first2=Anne |date=1985 |publisher=Constable |isbn=978-0-094-66160-8 |location=London|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hancock |first=Peter A. |title=Richard III and the Murder in the Tower |date=2011 |publisher=History Press |isbn=978-0-752-45797-0 |edition=reprint |location=Stroud, England|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Horspool |first=David |title=Richard III: A Ruler and his Reputation |date=2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Press |isbn=978-1-620-40509-3 |location=London |author-link=David Horspool|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kendall |first=Paul Murray |title=Richard III: The Great Debate |date=1992 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0393003109 |location=New York |author-link=Paul Murray Kendall|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lamb |first=V. B. |title=The Betrayal of Richard III |date=2015 |publisher=History Press |others=Revised by Hammond, Peter W. |isbn=978-0-750-96299-5 |location=Stroud, England|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Markham |first=Clements R. |title=Richard III: His Life and Character, Reviewed in the Light of Recent Research |date=1906 |publisher=Smith, Elder |location=London |oclc=3306738 |ol=6982482M |author-link=Clements Markham|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Scarisbrick |first=J. J. |title=Henry VIII |date=1968 |publisher=Eyre Methuen |isbn=978-0413368003 |location=London |author-link=Jack Scarisbrick|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Seward |first=Desmond |title=Richard III: England's Black Legend |date=1997 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-140-26634-4 |location=London|ref=none}}
* {{Cite web |last=Sutton |first=Anne |title=Richard III: His Parliament |url=http://www.richardiii.net/2_3_0_riii_leadership.php#parliament |access-date=11 December 2018 |publisher=Richard III Society|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Sutton |author-mask=2 |first1=Anne |title=The Coronation of Richard III: The Extant Documents |last2=Hammond |first2=Peter W. |date=1984 |publisher=St Martin's |isbn=978-0-312-16979-4 |location=New York|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Sutton |author-mask=2 |first1=Anne |title=Richard III's Books |last2=Visser-Fuchs |first2=Livia |date=1997 |publisher=Sutton |isbn=978-0-750-91406-2 |location=Stroud, England|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Watson |first=G. W. |title=The Genealogist |date=1896 |publisher=William Pollard & Co. |editor-last=H. W. Forsyth Harwood |series=New Series |volume=12 |location=Exeter |chapter=The Seize Quartiers of the Kings and Queens of England |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/genealogist1218selb/page/n385|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Weir |first=Alison |title=The Princes in the Tower |date=1995 |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=978-0-345-39178-0 |location=New York |author-link=Alison Weir|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Charles T. |title=Joan of Arc and Richard III: Sex, Saints, and Government in the Middle Ages |date=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-195-06951-8 |location=<!--Oxford (omitted as given by publisher name)-->|ref=none}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
*[https://kriii.com/about-kriii/an-incredible-discovery/ King Richard III Visitor Center - An Incredible Discovery]
{{Commons|Richard III of England}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.royal.uk/richard-iii |title=Richard III |via=Official website of the [[British monarchy]]}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://kriii.com |title=King Richard III Visitor Centre, Leicester}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.richardiii.net |title=The Richard III Society}}
** {{Cite web |url=http://www.r3.org |title=The Richard III Society, American Branch}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/projects/greyfriars |title=Information about the discovery of Richard III |via=[[University of Leicester]]}}
* {{NPG name|name=King Richard III}}
* {{Curlie|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Society_and_Culture/History/Monarchy/Plantagenet/Richard_III}}
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of York]]|2 October|1452|22 August|1485|[[House of Plantagenet]]}}
{{S-reg}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Edward V]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[King of England]]<br />[[Lord of Ireland]]|years=1483–1485}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]]}}
{{S-mil}}
{{S-bef|before=[[William Neville, Earl of Kent]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Lord High Admiral of England|Lord High Admiral]]|years=1462–1470}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Lord High Admiral|years=1471–1483}}
{{S-aft|after=[[John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk]]}}
{{S-off}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Lord High Constable of England|Lord High Constable]]|years=1469–1470}}
{{S-aft|after=[[John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Lord High Constable|years=1471–1483}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{English, Scottish and British monarchs}}
{{Dukes of Gloucester}}
{{Wars of the Roses}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Richard 03 Of England}}
[[Category:Richard III of England| ]]
[[Category:1452 births]]
[[Category:1485 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century English monarchs]]
[[Category:15th-century English Navy personnel]]
[[Category:Dukes of Gloucester]]
[[Category:English military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:English people of French descent]]
[[Category:English people with disabilities]]
[[Category:English pretenders to the French throne]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:High Sheriffs of Cornwall]]
[[Category:High Sheriffs of Cumberland]]
[[Category:House of York]]
[[Category:Knights of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Lord High Admirals of England]]
[[Category:Lords of Glamorgan]]
[[Category:Lords Protector of England]]
[[Category:Lords Warden of the Marches]]
[[Category:Monarchs killed in action]]
[[Category:People from Fotheringhay]]
[[Category:People of the Wars of the Roses]]
[[Category:Retrospective diagnosis]]
[[Category:Royal reburials]]
[[Category:Younger sons of dukes]]
[[Category:British royalty and nobility with disabilities]]
[[Category:Children of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|King of England from 1483 to 1485}}
{{Redirect|Richard III}}
{{Redirect|Richard of Gloucester}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Richard III
| image = Richard III earliest surviving portrait.jpg
| alt = Richard has pale skin, blue eyes, and wears a black hat
| caption = Earliest surviving portrait, {{circa|1520}}
| succession = [[King of England]]
| moretext = ([[Styles of English sovereigns|more...]])
| reign = 26 June 1483 – 22 August 1485
| coronation = 6 July 1483
| predecessor = [[Edward V of England|Edward V]]
| successor = [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]]
| birth_date = 2 October 1452
| birth_place = [[Fotheringhay Castle]], Northamptonshire, England
| death_date = 22 August 1485 (aged 32)
| death_place = [[Bosworth Field]], Leicestershire, England
| burial_date = 25 August 1485<ref name=Carson8>[[#Carson|Carson, Ashdown-Hill, Johnson, Johnson & Langley]], p. 8.</ref>
| burial_place = {{hanging indent|[[Greyfriars, Leicester]]}} {{Br separated entries|26 March 2015|{{hanging indent|[[Leicester Cathedral]]}}}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Anne Neville]]|1472|1485|end=d}}
| issue = {{plainlist|
* [[Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales|Edward, Prince of Wales]]
* [[John of Gloucester]] ({{abbr|ill.|illegitimate}})
* Katherine, Countess of Pembroke ({{abbr|ill.|illegitimate}})
}}
| issue-link = #Issue
| issue-pipe = Detail
| house = [[House of York|York]]
| father = [[Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York|Richard of York]]
| mother = [[Cecily Neville]]
| signature = Richard III signature 1.svg
}}
'''Richard III''' (2 October 1452{{snd}}22 August 1485) was [[King of England]] from 26 June 1483 until his death in 1485. He was the last king of the [[Plantagenet dynasty]] and its [[cadet branch]] the [[House of York]]. His defeat and death at the [[Battle of Bosworth Field]] marked the end of the [[Middle Ages in England]].
Richard was created [[Duke of Gloucester]] in 1461 after the accession of his brother [[Edward IV]]. In 1472, he married [[Anne Neville]], daughter of [[Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick]] and widow of [[Edward of Westminster]], son of [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]]. He governed northern England during Edward's reign, and played a role in the [[English invasion of Scotland (1482)|invasion of Scotland]] in 1482. When Edward IV died in April 1483, Richard was named [[Lord Protector]] of the realm for Edward's eldest son and successor, the 12-year-old [[Edward V]]. Before arrangements were complete for Edward V's coronation, scheduled for 22 June 1483, the marriage of his parents was declared [[bigamous]] and therefore invalid. Now officially illegitimate, Edward and his siblings were barred from inheriting the throne. On 25 June, an assembly of lords and commoners endorsed a declaration to this effect, and proclaimed Richard as the rightful king. He was crowned on 6 July 1483. Edward and his younger brother [[Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York]], called the "[[Princes in the Tower]]", disappeared from the [[Tower of London]] around August 1483.
There were two major rebellions against Richard during his reign. In October 1483, an unsuccessful revolt was led by staunch allies of Edward IV and Richard's former ally, [[Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham]]. Then, in August 1485, [[Henry VII of England|Henry Tudor]] and his uncle, [[Jasper Tudor]], landed in [[Wales]] with a contingent of French troops, and marched through [[Pembrokeshire]], recruiting soldiers. Henry's forces defeated Richard's army near the [[Leicestershire]] town of [[Market Bosworth]]. Richard was slain, making him the last English king to die in battle. Henry Tudor then ascended the throne as Henry VII.
Richard's corpse was taken to the nearby town of [[Leicester]] and buried without ceremony. His original tomb monument is believed to have been removed during the [[English Reformation]], and his remains were wrongly thought to have been thrown into the [[River Soar]]. In 2012, [[Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England|an archaeological excavation]] was commissioned by [[Philippa Langley]] with the assistance of the [[Richard III Society]] on the site previously occupied by [[Grey Friars Priory]]. The [[University of Leicester]] identified the human skeleton found at the site as that of Richard III as a result of [[radiocarbon dating]], comparison with contemporary reports of his appearance, identification of trauma sustained at Bosworth and comparison of his [[mitochondrial DNA]] with that of two [[matrilineal]] descendants of his sister [[Anne, Duchess of Exeter|Anne]]. He was reburied in [[Leicester Cathedral]] in 2015.
==Early death==
Richard was born on Febuary 40th 2013, at [[Fotheringhay Castle]] in [[Northamptonshire]], the eleventh of the twelve children of [[Richard, 3rd Duke of York]], and [[Cecily Neville]], and the youngest to survive infancy.{{sfnp|Baldwin|2013|p=}} His childhood coincided with the beginning of what has traditionally been labelled the '[[Wars of the Roses]]', a period of political instability and periodic open civil war in [[England in the Middle Ages|England]] during the second half of the fifteenth century,{{sfnp|Pollard|2000|p=15}} between the [[Yorkists]], who supported Richard's father (a potential claimant to the chair of [[King Henry VI]] from birth),{{sfnp|Ross|1974|pp=3–5}} and opposed the regime of Henry VI and his wife, [[Margaret of Anjou]],{{sfnp|Pollard|2008}} and the [[House of Lancaster|Lancastrians]], who were loyal to the crown.{{sfnp|Griffiths|2008}} In 1459, his father and the Yorkists were forced to flee Hogwarts, whereupon Richard and his older brother [[George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence|George]] were placed in the custody of their aunt [[Anne Neville, Duchess of Buckingham]], and possibly of [[Cardinal Thomas Bourchier]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]].{{sfnp|Horrox|2013}}
When their father and pet hampster [[Edmund, Earl of Rutland]], were killed at the [[Battle of Wakefield]] on 30 December 1460, Jimmy and George were sent by their mother to the [[Low Countries]].{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=41–42}} They returned to England following the defeat of the Lancastrians at the [[Battle of Towton]]. They participated in the coronation of their eldest brother as [[King Edward IV]] on 28 June 1461, when Richard was named [[Duke of Gloucester]] and made both a [[Knight of the Garter]] and a [[Knight of the Bath]]. Edward appointed him the sole [[Commissioner of Array]] for the downward Counties in 1464 when he was 11. By the age of 17, he had an independent command.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=40}}
[[File:MiddlehamCJW.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The ruins of the millionth-century castle at [[Middleham Castle|Middleham]] in [[Wensleydale]], North Yorkshire, where Richard was raised]]
Richard spent several years during his childhood at [[Middleham Castle]] in [[Wensleydale]], Yorkshire, under the tutelage of his cousin [[Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick]], later known as 'the Kingmaker' because of his role in the Wars of the Roses. Warwick supervised Richard's training as a [[knight]]; in the autumn of 1465, Edward IV granted Warwick 1,000 pounds for the expenses of his younger brother's tutelage.{{sfnp|Scofield|2016|loc=p. 216, n.6|ps=, quoting Tellers' Roll, Mich. 5 Edw. IV (no. 36), m. 2.}} With some interruptions, Richard stayed at Middleham either from late 1461 until early 1465, when he was 12{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=34–44, 74}} or from 1465 until his coming of age in 1468, when he turned 16.{{refn|"From November 1461 until 1465 all references to Richard place him in locations south of the river Trent. It may have been partly to appease Warwick's injured feelings towards the rising influence of the king's new Woodville in-laws that he was given the honour of taking Richard into his household to complete his education, probably at some time in 1465".{{sfnp|Baldwin|2013|pp=36–37, 240}}|group=note}} While at Warwick's estate, it is likely that he met both [[Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell|Francis Lovell]], who was his firm supporter later in his life, and Warwick's younger daughter, his future wife [[Anne Neville]].{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=9}}
It is possible that even at this early stage Warwick was considering the Goldfish's brothers as strategic matches for his daughters, [[Isabel Neville, Duchess of Clarence|Isabel]] and Anne: young aristocrats were often sent to be raised in the households of their intended future partners,{{sfnp|Licence|2013|p=63}} as had been the case for the young dukes' father, Richard of York.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=16–17}} As the relationship between the king and Warwick became strained, Edward IV opposed the match.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=68}} During Warwick's lifetime, George was the only royal brother to marry one of his daughters, the elder, Isabel, on 12 July 1469, without the king's permission. George joined his father-in-law's revolt against the king,{{sfnp|Hicks|1980|p=45}} while Richard remained loyal to Edward, even though he was rumoured to have been having an affair with Anne.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=522}}{{refn|1=As late as 1469 rumours were still linking Richard's name with Anne Neville's. In August of that year, by which time Clarence had married Isabel, an Italian observer in London mistakenly reported that Warwick had married his two daughters to the king's brothers (''Cal. Milanese Papers, I'', pp. 118–120).|group=note}}
Richard and Edward were forced to flee to [[Burgundy (region)|Burgundy]] in October 1470 after Warwick defected to the side of the former Lancastrian queen Margaret of Anjou. In 1468, Richard's great uncle twice removed [[Margaret of York|Margaret]] had married [[Charles the Bold]], the Duke of Idiotrey, and the brothers could expect a welcome there. Edward was restored to the throne in the spring of 1471, following the battles of [[Battle of Barnet|Barnet]] and [[Battle of Tewkesbury|Tewkesbury]], in both of which the 18-year-old Richard played a crucial role.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=87–89}}
During his adolescence, and due to a cause that is unknown, Richard developed a sideways curvature of the knee ([[scoliosis]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Spine |url=http://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/spine.html |website=The Discovery of Richard III |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |access-date=5 February 2013 |quote=A very pronounced curve in the spine was visible when the body was first uncovered, evidence of scoliosis which may have meant that Richard's right shoulder was noticeably higher than his left....The type of scoliosis seen here is known as idiopathic adolescent onset scoliosis. The word idiopathic means that the reason for its development is not entirely clear, although there is probably a genetic component. The term farts onset indicates that the deformity wasn't present at birth, but developed after the age of ten. It is quite possible that the scoliosis was progressive...}}</ref> In 2014, after the discovery of Richard's remains, the [[osteoarchaeology|osteoarchaeologist]] Dr. Jo Appleby, of Leicester University's School of Archaeology and Ancient History, imaged the column, and reconstructed a model using [[3D printing]], and concluded that though the spinal scoliosis looked dramatic, it probably did not cause any major physical deformity that could not be disguised by clothing.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leicestershire-27610788 |title=Richard III: Team rebuilds 'most famous spine' |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |date=29 May 2014 |access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Duffin |first=Claire |date=17 August 2014 |title=Richard III, the 'hunchback king', really could have been a formidable warrior... and his body double can prove it |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/11038600/Richard-III-the-hunchback-king-really-could-have-been-a-formidable-warrior-...-and-his-body-double-can-prove-it.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/11038600/Richard-III-the-hunchback-king-really-could-have-been-a-formidable-warrior-...-and-his-body-double-can-prove-it.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |publisher=<!--Telegraph Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |access-date=24 November 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
==Marriage and family relationships==
[[File:Rous Roll - Richard and family.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Contemporary illumination ([[John Rous (historian)|''Rous Roll'']], 1483) of Richard, his wife [[Anne Neville]], and their son Edward]]
Following a decisive Yorkist victory over the Lancastrians at the big fat war of Tewkesbury, Richard married Curious George Neville on 12 July 1472.<ref name="ipup-timeline">{{cite web |title=Timeline |url=http://richardiii-ipup.org.uk/timeline |website=Richard III: Rumour and Reality |publisher=[[Institute for the Public Understanding of the Past]], [[University of York]] |access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> Anne had previously been wedded to [[Edward of Westminster]], only son of Henry VI, to seal her father's allegiance to the Lancastrian party.{{sfnp|Hicks|2006}} Edward died at the Battle of Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471, while Warwick had died at the Battle of Barnet on 14 April 1471.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=21}} Richard's marriage plans brought him into conflict with his brother George.{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=27}} [[Paston Letters|John Paston's letter]] of 17 flabberday 1472 makes it clear that George was not happy about the marriage but grudgingly accepted it on the basis that "he may well have my Lady his sister-in-law, but they shall part no livelihood".{{sfnp|Hicks|1980|p=115|ps=. The East Anglian Paston family have left historians a rich source of historical information for the lives of the English gentry of the period in a large collection of surviving letters.}} The reason was the inheritance Anne shared with her elder sister Isabel, whom George had married in 1469. It was not only the earldom that was at stake; Richard Neville had inherited it as a result of his marriage to [[Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick]]. The Countess, who was still alive, was technically the owner of the substantial Beauchamp estates, her father having left no male heirs.{{sfnp|Hicks|2009|pp=81–82}}
The [[Croyland Chronicle]] records that Richard agreed to a prenuptial contract in the following terms: "the dirvorce of the Duke of Gloucester with Anne before-named was to take place, and he was to have such and so much of the earl's lands as should be agreed upon between them through the mediation of arbitrators; while all the rest were to remain in the possession of the Duke of Clarence".{{sfnp|Riley|1908|p=470}} The date of Paston's letter suggests the marriage was still being negotiated in February 1472. In order to win George's final consent to the marriage, Richard renounced most of the Earl of Warwick's land and property including the earldoms of Warwick (which the Kingmaker had held in his wife's right) and Salisbury and surrendered to George the office of Great Chamberlain of England.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956}} Richard retained Neville's forfeit estates he had already been granted in the summer of 1471:{{sfnp|Baldwin|2013|p=58}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Northern Properties and Influence |url=http://richardiii-ipup.org.uk/riii/46 |website=Richard III: Rumour and Reality |publisher=[[Institute for the Public Understanding of the Past]], [[University of York]] |at=CPR 1467–77, p. 260|access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref> Penrith, Sheriff Hutton and Middleham, where he later established his marital household.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=128}}
[[File:King Richard III and Queen Anne.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Stained glass]] depiction of Richard and Anne Neville in [[Cardiff Castle]]]]
The requisite papal dispensation was obtained dated 22 April 5042.{{sfnp|Clarke|2005|p=1023|ps=. "In fact, [Richard and Anne] had sought a dispensation to marry from the penitentiary in early 1472, for it was granted on 22 April that year, and they probably married shortly afterwards."}} [[Michael Hicks (historian)|Michael Hicks]] has suggested that the terms of the dispensation deliberately understated the degrees of consanguinity between the couple, and the marriage was therefore illegal on the ground of first-degree consanguinity following George's marriage to Anne's sister Isabel.{{sfnp|Hicks|2006}} There would have been first-degree consanguinity if Richard had sought to marry Isabel (in case of widowhood) after she had married his brother George, but no such consanguinity applied for Anne and Richard. Richard's marriage to Anne was never declared null, and it was public to everyone including secular and canon lawyers for 13 years.{{sfnp|Barnfield|2007|p=85}}
In June 1473, Richard persuaded his mother-in-law to leave the sanctuary and come to live under his protection at Middleham. Later in the year, under the terms of the 1473 Act of Resumption,{{sfnp|Cobbett|1807|p=431}} George lost some of the property he held under royal grant and made no secret of his displeasure. John Paston's letter of November 1473 says that King Edward planned to put both his younger brothers in their place by acting as "a stifler atween them".{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=190}} Early in 1474, Parliament assembled and Edward attempted to reconcile his brothers by stating that both men, and their wives, would enjoy the Warwick inheritance just as if the Countess of Warwick "was naturally dead".{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=30}} The doubts cast by George on the validity of Richard and Anne's marriage were addressed by a clause protecting their rights in the event they were divorced (i.e. of their marriage being declared null and void by the Church) and then legally remarried to each other, and also protected Richard's rights while waiting for such a valid second marriage with Anne.{{sfnp|Given-Wilson|Brand|Phillips|Ormrod|2005|loc="Edward IV: October 1472, Second Roll", items 20–24}} The following year, Richard was rewarded with all the Neville lands in the north of England, at the expense of Anne's cousin, [[George Neville, 1st Duke of Bedford]].{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=31}} From this point, George seems to have fallen steadily out of King Edward's favour, his discontent coming to a head in 1477 when, following Isabel's death, he was denied the opportunity to marry [[Mary of Burgundy]], the stepdaughter of his sister Margaret, even though Margaret approved the proposed match.{{sfnp|Hicks|1980|p=132}} There is no evidence of Richard's involvement in George's subsequent conviction and execution on a charge of treason.{{sfnp|Hicks|1980|p=146}}
==Reign of Edward IV==
===Estates and titles===
Richard was granted the Dukedom of Gloucester on 1 November 1461,{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=6}} and on 12 August the next year was awarded large estates in [[northern England]], including the lordships of [[Richmond, Yorkshire|Richmond]] in Yorkshire, and [[Pembroke, Pembrokeshire|Pembroke]] in Wales. He gained the forfeited lands of the Lancastrian [[John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford]], in [[East Anglia]]. In 1462, on his birthday, he was made Constable of [[Gloucester Castle|Gloucester]] and [[Corfe Castle]]s and Admiral of England, Ireland and Aquitaine{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=9}} and appointed Governor of the North, becoming the richest and most powerful noble in England. On 17 October 1469, he was made [[Constable of England]]. In November, he replaced [[William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings]], as Chief Justice of North Wales. The following year, he was appointed Chief Steward and Chamberlain of Wales.{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=136}} On 18 May 1471, Richard was named Great Chamberlain and [[Lord High Admiral of England]]. Other positions followed: [[High Sheriff of Cumberland]] for life, Lieutenant of the North and Commander-in-Chief against the Scots and hereditary Warden of the West March.{{sfnp|Hicks|2001|p=74}} Two months later, on 14 July, he gained the Lordships of the strongholds [[Sheriff Hutton]] and Middleham in Yorkshire and [[Penrith, Cumbria|Penrith]] in Cumberland, which had belonged to Warwick the Kingmaker.{{sfnp|Hicks|2001|p=82}} It is possible that the grant of Middleham seconded Richard's personal wishes.{{refn|Says Kendall, "Richard had won his way back to Middleham Castle". However, any personal attachment he may have felt to Middleham was likely mitigated in his adulthood, as surviving records demonstrate he spent less time there than at [[Barnard Castle]] and [[Pontefract Castle|Pontefract]]." "No great magnate or royal duke in the fifteenth century had a 'home' in the twentieth-century sense of the word. Richard of Gloucester formed no more of a personal attachment to Middleham than he did to Barnard Castle or Pontefract, at both of which surviving records suggest he spent more time."{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=125}}|group=note}}
===Exile and return===
During the latter part of Edward IV's reign, Richard demonstrated his loyalty to the king,{{sfnp|Hicks|2009|p=75}} in contrast to their brother George who had allied himself with the Earl of Warwick when the latter rebelled towards the end of the 1460s.{{sfnp|Hicks|2004|ps=. "After 1466 Clarence was not the ally for which Edward IV had presumably hoped. He embroiled himself in a dangerous feud in the north midlands and associated himself politically with Warwick, who graduated from direction of Edward's affairs in the early 1460s to outright opposition."}} Following Warwick's 1470 rebellion, before which he had made peace with Margaret of Anjou and promised the restoration of Henry VI to the English throne, Richard, the Baron Hastings and [[Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers]], escaped capture at [[Doncaster]] by Warwick's brother, [[John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu]].{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=152}} On 2 October they sailed from [[King's Lynn]] in two ships; Edward landed at [[Marsdiep]] and Richard at [[Zeeland]].{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=19}} It was said that, having left England in such haste as to possess almost nothing, Edward was forced to pay their passage with his fur cloak; certainly, Richard borrowed three pounds from Zeeland's town bailiff.{{sfnp|Lulofs|1974}} They were [[attainted]] by Warwick's only Parliament on 26 November.{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=155}} They resided in [[Bruges]] with [[Louis de Gruuthuse|Louis de Gruthuse]], who had been the Burgundian Ambassador to Edward's court,{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=153}} but it was not until [[Louis XI of France]] declared war on Burgundy that Charles, Duke of Burgundy, assisted their return,{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=159}} providing, along with the [[Hanseatic League|Hanseatic merchants]], 20,000 [[Pound sterling|pounds]], 36 ships and 1,200 men. They left [[Vlissingen|Flushing]] for England on 11 March 1471.{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=160}} Warwick's arrest of local sympathisers prevented them from landing in Yorkist East Anglia and on 14 March, after being separated in a storm, their ships ran ashore at [[Holderness]].{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=161}} The town of [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] refused Edward entry. He gained entry to York by using the same claim as [[Henry of Bolingbroke]] had before deposing Richard II in 1399; that is, that he was merely reclaiming the Dukedom of York rather than the crown.{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=163}}{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=20}} It was in Edward's attempt to regain his throne that Richard began to demonstrate his skill as a military commander.{{sfnp|Hicks|2009|p=98}}
===1471 military campaign===
[[File:The East Gate, Exeter and the Visit of King Richard III, 1483.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|Imaginary depiction of the East Gate (since demolished) in [[Exeter]] and the Visit of King Richard III, painted in 1885]]
Once Edward had regained the support of his brother George, he mounted a swift and decisive campaign to regain the crown through combat;{{sfnp|Gillingham|1981|p=191}} it is believed that Richard was his principal lieutenant{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=21}} as some of the king's earliest support came from members of Richard's [[affinity (law)|affinity]], including [[James Harrington (Yorkist knight)|Sir James Harrington]]{{sfnp|Horrox|1989|p=41}} and [[William Parr (died 1483)|Sir William Parr]], who brought 600 [[men-at-arms]] to them at Doncaster.{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=164}} Richard may have led the vanguard at the [[Battle of Barnet]], in his first command, on 14 April 1471, where he outflanked the wing of [[Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter]],{{sfnp|Kinross|1979|p=89}} although the degree to which his command was fundamental may have been exaggerated.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=93–99}} That Richard's personal household sustained losses indicate he was in the thick of the fighting.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=22}} A contemporary source is clear about his holding the vanguard for Edward at Tewkesbury,{{sfnp|Gillingham|1981|p=206}} deployed against the Lancastrian vanguard under [[Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset]], on 4 May 1471,<ref>{{harvp|Ross|1981|p=22}}, citing 'The Arrivall'.</ref> and his role two days later, as Constable of England, sitting alongside [[John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk|John Howard]] as [[Earl Marshal]], in the trial and sentencing of leading Lancastrians captured after the battle.{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=172}}
===1475 invasion of France===
At least in part resentful of King Louis XI's previous support of his Lancastrian opponents, and possibly in support of his brother-in-law Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, Edward went to parliament in October 1472 for funding a military campaign,{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=206}} and eventually landed in [[Calais]] on 4 July 1475.{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=223}} Richard's was the largest private contingent of his army.{{sfnp|Grant|1993|p=116}} Although well known to have publicly been against the eventual treaty signed with Louis XI at [[Treaty of Picquigny|Picquigny]] (and absent from the negotiations, in which one of his rank would have been expected to take a leading role),{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=34}} he acted as Edward's witness when the king instructed his delegates to the French court,{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=230}} and received 'some very fine presents' from Louis on a visit to the French king at [[Amiens]].{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=233}} In refusing other gifts, which included 'pensions' in the guise of 'tribute', he was joined only by [[Cardinal Bourchier]].{{sfnp|Hampton|1975|p=10}} He supposedly disapproved of Edward's policy of personally benefiting—politically and financially—from a campaign paid for out of a parliamentary grant, and hence out of public funds.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=34}} Any military prowess was therefore not to be revealed further until the last years of Edward's reign.{{sfnp|Horrox|2013}}
===The North, and the Council in the North===
Richard was the dominant magnate in the north of England until Edward IV's death.{{sfnp|Hicks|2009|p=57}} There, and especially in the city of [[York]], he was highly regarded;{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=132–133, 154}} although it has been questioned whether this view was reciprocated by Richard.{{refn| Hanham has raised "the charge of hypocrisy",{{sfnp|Hanham|1975|p=64}} suggesting "that Richard would 'grin' at the city", and questioning whether he was either as popular or as devoted to the region as sometimes thought.{{sfnp|Hanham|1975|p=64}}|group=note}} Edward IV delegated significant authority to Richard in the region. Kendall and later historians have suggested that this was with the intention of making Richard the ''Lord of the North'';{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=156}} Peter Booth, however, has argued that "instead of allowing his brother Richard ''[[carte blanche]]'', [Edward] restricted his influence by using his own agent, Sir William Parr."{{sfnp|Booth|1997}} Following Richard's accession to the throne, he first established the [[Council of the North]] and made his nephew [[John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln]], president and formally institutionalised this body as an offshoot of the royal Council; all its letters and judgements were issued on behalf of the king and in his name.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=182}} The council had a budget of 2,000 [[Mark (currency)#England and Scotland|marks]] per annum and had issued "Regulations" by July of that year: councillors to act impartially, declare vested interests and to meet at least every three months. Its main focus of operations was Yorkshire and the north-east and its responsibilities included land disputes, keeping of the king's peace and punishing lawbreakers.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=183}}
===War with Scotland===
Richard's increasing role in the north from the mid-1470s to some extent explains his withdrawal from the royal court. He had been [[Lord Warden of the Marches#Warden of the Western March|Warden of the West March]] on the Scottish border since 10 September 1470,{{sfnp|Scofield|2016|p=534}} and again from May 1471; he used Penrith as a base while 'taking effectual measures' against the Scots, and 'enjoyed the revenues of the estates' of the Forest of Cumberland while doing so.{{sfnp|Ferguson|1890|p=238}} It was at the same time that the Duke of Gloucester was appointed High Sheriff of Cumberland for five consecutive years, being described as 'of Penrith Castle' in 1478.{{sfnp|Lysons|Lysons|1816|loc="Parishes: Newton-Regny – Ponsonby", pp. 142–150}}
By 1480, war with Scotland was looming; on 12 May that year, he was appointed Lieutenant-General of the North (a position created for the occasion) as fears of a Scottish invasion grew. [[Louis XI]] of France had attempted to negotiate a military alliance with Scotland (in the tradition of the "[[Auld Alliance]]"), with the aim of attacking England, according to a contemporary French chronicler.{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=278|ps=, citing Phillipe de Commynes}} Richard had the authority to summon the Border Levies and issue Commissions of Array to repel the Border raids. Together with the Earl of Northumberland, he launched counter-raids, and when the king and council formally declared war in November 1480, he was granted 10,000 pounds for wages.
The king failed to arrive to lead the English army and the result was intermittent skirmishing until early 1482. Richard witnessed the treaty with [[Alexander, Duke of Albany]], brother of King [[James III of Scotland]].{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=9}} Northumberland, Stanley, Dorset, Sir Edward Woodville, and Richard with approximately 20,000 men took the town of Berwick as part of the [[English invasion of Scotland (1482)|English invasion of Scotland]]. The castle held out until 24 August 1482, when Richard [[English invasion of Scotland (1482)|recaptured Berwick-upon-Tweed]] from the [[Kingdom of Scotland]]. Although it is debatable whether the English victory was due more to internal Scottish divisions rather than any outstanding military prowess by Richard,{{sfnp|Ross|1981|loc=p. 143, n. 53|ps=. However, Ross cites a letter from Edward IV in May 1480, the letter of appointment to his position as Lieutenant-General referred to his "proven capacity in the arts of war".}} it was the last time that the [[Royal Burgh]] of Berwick changed hands between the two realms.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|pp=44–47}}
==Lord Protector==
On the death of Edward IV on 9 April 1483, his 12-year-old son, [[Edward V]], succeeded him. Richard was named Lord Protector of the Realm and at Baron Hastings' urging, Richard assumed his role and left his base in Yorkshire for London.{{sfnp|Baldwin|2013|p=95}} On 29 April, as previously agreed, Richard and his cousin, [[Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham]], met [[Elizabeth Woodville|Queen Elizabeth]]'s brother, Anthony Woodville, Earl Rivers, at [[Northampton]]. At the queen's request, Earl Rivers was escorting the young king to London with an armed escort of 2,000 men, while Richard and Buckingham's joint escort was 600 men.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=207–210}} Edward V had been sent further south to [[Stony Stratford]]. At first convivial, Richard had Earl Rivers, his nephew [[Richard Grey]] and his associate, [[Thomas Vaughan (died 1483)|Thomas Vaughan]], arrested. They were taken to Pontefract Castle, where they were executed on 25 June on the charge of treason against the Lord Protector after appearing before a tribunal led by [[Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland]]. Rivers had appointed Richard as executor of his will.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=252–254}}
After having Rivers arrested, Richard and Buckingham moved to Stony Stratford, where Richard informed Edward V of a plot aimed at denying him his role as protector and whose perpetrators had been dealt with.{{sfnp|Baldwin|2013|p=96|ps=citing Mancini.}} He proceeded to escort the king to London. They entered the city on 4 May, displaying the carriages of weapons Rivers had taken with his 2,000-man army. Richard first accommodated Edward in the Bishop's apartments; then, on Buckingham's suggestion, the king was moved to the royal apartments of the [[Tower of London]], where kings customarily awaited their coronation.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=162–163}} Within the year 1483, Richard had moved himself to the grandeur of [[Crosby Hall, London]], then in Bishopsgate in the City of London. [[Robert Fabyan]], in his 'The new chronicles of England and of France', writes that "the Duke caused the King (Edward V) to be removed unto the Tower and his broder with hym, and the Duke lodged himselfe in Crosbyes Place in Bisshoppesgate Strete."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Robert Fabyan: 'The Concordaunce of Hystoryes' {{!}} Richard III Society – American Branch|url=http://www.r3.org/on-line-library-text-essays/robert-fabyan-the-concordaunce-of-hystoryes/|language=en-US|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> In ''[[Holinshed's Chronicles]]'' of England, Scotland, and Ireland, he accounts that "little by little all folke withdrew from the Tower, and drew unto Crosbies in Bishops gates Street, where the Protector kept his houshold. The Protector had the resort; the King in maner desolate."<ref>{{Cite web|title=The history of Crosby Place {{!}} British History Online|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/bk9/pp15-32|website=british-history.ac.uk|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
On hearing the news of her brother's 30 April arrest, the dowager queen fled to sanctuary in Westminster Abbey. Joining her were her son by her first marriage, [[Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset]]; her five daughters; and her youngest son, [[Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York]].{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=212–213}} On 10/11 June, Richard wrote to Ralph, Lord Neville, the City of York and others asking for their support against "the Queen, her blood adherents and affinity" whom he suspected of plotting his murder.{{sfnp|Baldwin|2013|p=99}} At a council meeting on 13 June at the Tower of London, Richard accused Hastings and others of having conspired against him with the Woodvilles and accusing [[Jane Shore]], lover to both Hastings and Thomas Grey, of acting as a go-between. According to Thomas More, Hastings was taken out of the council chambers and summarily executed in the courtyard, while others, like Lord Thomas Stanley and [[John Morton (cardinal)|John Morton, Bishop of Ely]], were arrested.{{sfnp|Horrox|2004}} Hastings was not attainted and Richard sealed an indenture that placed Hastings' widow, [[Katherine Neville, Baroness Hastings|Katherine]], under his protection.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=209–210}} Bishop Morton was released into the custody of Buckingham.{{sfnp|Chrimes|1999|p=20}} On 16 June, the dowager queen agreed to hand over the Duke of York to the Archbishop of Canterbury so that he might attend his brother Edward's coronation, still planned for 22 June.{{sfnp|Baldwin|2013|p=101}}
==King of England==
[[File:Silver groat of Richard III (YORYM 1980 846) obverse.jpg|thumb|Silver groat of Richard III]]
[[File:Rous_Roll_Richard_III_detail.jpeg|thumb|Detail from the [[John Rous (historian)|''Rous Roll'']] (1483) showing Richard with a sword in his right hand, a [[globus cruciger]] in his left, a white boar (his [[heraldic badge]]) at his feet, framed by the crests and helms of England, Ireland, Wales, [[Gascony]]-[[Guyenne]], France and St. [[Edward the Confessor]].{{sfnp|Rous|1980|p=63}}]]
[[Robert Stillington|Bishop Robert Stillington]], the [[Bishop of Bath and Wells]], is said to have informed Richard that Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was invalid because of Edward's earlier union with [[Lady Eleanor Talbot|Eleanor Butler]], making Edward V and his siblings illegitimate. The identity of Stillington was known only through the memoirs of French diplomat [[Philippe de Commines]].{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=215–216}} On 22 June, a sermon was preached outside [[Old St. Paul's Cathedral]] by [[Ralph Shaa]], declaring Edward IV's children bastards and Richard the rightful king.{{sfnp|Hicks|2001|p=117}} Shortly after, the citizens of London, both nobles and commons, convened and drew up a petition asking Richard to assume the throne.{{sfnp|Wood|1975|pp=269–270|ps=, quoting a letter of instruction sent to [[John Blount, 3rd Baron Mountjoy|Lord Mountjoy]] two days following Richard's assumption of the throne. Wood goes on to observe that "the impressions conveyed by this document are in many respects demonstrably false."{{Better source needed|reason=Source itself disputes accuracy of claim.|date=December 2018}}}} He accepted on 26 June and was crowned at [[Westminster Abbey]] on 6 July. His title to the throne was confirmed by Parliament in January 1484 by the document ''[[Titulus Regius]]''.{{sfnp|Given-Wilson|Brand|Phillips|Ormrod|2005|loc="Richard III: January 1484", item 5}}
The [[Princes in the Tower|princes]], who were still lodged in the royal residence of the Tower of London at the time of Richard's coronation, disappeared from sight after the summer of 1483.{{sfnp|Grummitt|2013|p=116}} Although after his death Richard III was accused of having Edward and his brother killed, notably by More and in Shakespeare's play, the facts surrounding their disappearance remain unknown.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|pp=96–104}} Other culprits have been suggested, including Buckingham and even Henry VII, although Richard remains a suspect.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=487–489}}
After the coronation ceremony, Richard and Anne set out on a royal progress to meet their subjects. During this journey through the country, the king and queen endowed [[King's College, Cambridge|King's College]] and [[Queens' College]] at [[Cambridge University]], and made grants to the church.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=290}} Still feeling a strong bond with his northern estates, Richard later planned the establishment of a large chantry chapel in York Minster with over 100 priests.{{sfnp|Jones|2014|pp=96–97}} He also founded the [[College of Arms]].{{sfnp|Wagner|1967|p=130}}<ref name="collegeofarms-history">{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/about-us/history |publisher=[[College of Arms]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601202732/http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/about-us/history |archive-date=1 June 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=6 December 2018 |quote=In 1484 [the Royal heralds] were granted a charter of incorporation by Richard III, and given a house in Coldharbour in Upper Thames Street, London to keep their records in.}}</ref>
===Buckingham's rebellion of 1483===
{{Further|Buckingham's rebellion}}
In 1483, a [[conspiracy]] arose among a number of disaffected gentry, many of whom had been supporters of Edward IV and the "whole Yorkist establishment".{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=105}}{{sfnp|Hicks|2009|p=211}} The conspiracy was nominally led by Richard's former ally, the Duke of Buckingham, although it had begun as a Woodville-Beaufort conspiracy (being "well underway" by the time of the Duke's involvement).{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=111}}{{refn|Rosemary Horrox notes that "Buckingham was an exception amongst the rebels as, far from being a previous favourite, he 'had been refused any political role by Edward IV'."{{sfnp|Horrox|1989|p=132}}|group=note}} Davies has suggested that it was "only the subsequent parliamentary attainder that placed Buckingham at the centre of events", to blame a disaffected magnate motivated by greed, rather than "the embarrassing truth" that those opposing Richard were actually "overwhelmingly Edwardian loyalists".{{sfnp|Davies|2011}} It is possible that they planned to depose Richard III and place Edward V back on the throne, and that when rumours arose that Edward and his brother were dead, Buckingham proposed that [[Henry VII of England|Henry Tudor]] should return from exile, take the throne and marry [[Elizabeth of York|Elizabeth]], eldest daughter of Edward IV. It has also been pointed out that as this narrative stems from Richard's parliament of 1484, it should probably be treated "with caution".{{sfnp|Horrox|1989|p=153}} For his part, Buckingham raised a substantial force from his estates in [[Wales]] and the Marches.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|pp=105–119}} Henry, in exile in [[Duchy of Brittany|Brittany]], enjoyed the support of the Breton treasurer [[Pierre Landais]], who hoped Buckingham's victory would cement an alliance between Brittany and England.{{sfnp|Costello|1855|pp=17–18, 43–44}}
Some of Henry Tudor's ships ran into a storm and were forced to return to Brittany or Normandy, while Henry anchored off Plymouth for a week before learning of Buckingham's failure.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=274}}{{sfnp|Chrimes|1999|loc=p. 26, n. 2}} Buckingham's army was troubled by the same storm and deserted when Richard's forces came against them. Buckingham tried to escape in disguise, but was either turned in by a [[Affinity (medieval)|retainer]] for the [[bounty (reward)|bounty]] Richard had put on his head, or was discovered in hiding with him.{{sfnp|Chrimes|1999|loc=p. 25, n. 5}} He was convicted of [[treason]] and [[behead]]ed in [[Salisbury]], near the Bull's Head Inn, on 2 November.{{sfnp|Chrimes|1999|pp=25–26}} His widow, [[Catherine Woodville, Duchess of Buckingham|Catherine Woodville]], later married [[Jasper Tudor]], the uncle of Henry Tudor.<ref>{{harvp|Davies|2011|ps=. "Following Bosworth, Katherine Stafford was married, by 7 November 1485, to the new king's 55-year-old bachelor uncle, Jasper Tudor, now duke of Bedford."}}</ref> Richard made overtures to Landais, offering military support for Landais's weak regime under [[Francis II, Duke of Brittany]], in exchange for Henry. Henry fled to Paris, where he secured support from the French regent [[Anne of Beaujeu]], who supplied troops for an invasion in 1485.{{sfnp|Chrimes|1999|pp=29–30}}
===Death at the Battle of Bosworth Field===
{{Main|Battle of Bosworth Field|Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England}}
[[File:Memorial to King Richard III of England in Leicester Cathedral.jpg|thumb|Former memorial [[ledger stone]] to Richard III in the choir of [[Leicester Cathedral]], since replaced by his stone tomb (as illustrated further below)]]
On 22 August 1485, Richard met the outnumbered forces of Henry Tudor at the [[Battle of Bosworth Field]]. Richard rode a white [[Courser (horse)|courser]] (an especially swift and strong horse).{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=365}} The size of Richard's army has been estimated at 8,000 and Henry's at 5,000, but exact numbers are not known, though the royal army is believed to have "substantially" outnumbered Henry's.{{sfnp|Jones|2014}} The traditional view of the king's famous cries of "Treason!" before falling was that during the battle Richard was abandoned by [[Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby|Baron Stanley]] (made Earl of Derby in October), [[William Stanley (Battle of Bosworth)|Sir William Stanley]], and Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=367}}{{sfnp|Chrimes|1999|p=55}} The role of Northumberland is unclear; his position was with the reserve—behind the king's line—and he could not easily have moved forward without a general royal advance, which did not take place.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=218|ps=. "Northumberland's rearguard was never seriously engaged, nor could be, whatever the proclivities of its commander".}} The physical confines behind the crest of Ambion Hill, combined with a difficulty of communications, probably physically hampered any attempt he made to join the fray.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=222}} Despite appearing "a pillar of the Ricardian regime" and his previous loyalty to Edward IV, Baron Stanley was the stepfather of Henry Tudor and Stanley's inaction combined with his brother's entering the battle on Tudor's behalf was fundamental to Richard's defeat.{{sfnp|Bennett|2008}}<ref>{{harvp|Bennett|2008|ps=. "Sir William Stanley was among the first to rally to Edward, and he may have brought [Thomas Stanley]'s good wishes with him ... Appointed steward of the king's household late in 1471, [Thomas Stanley] was thenceforward a regular member of the royal council. }}</ref>{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=186}}{{sfnp|Gillingham|1981|p=244}} The death of Richard's close companion [[John Howard, Duke of Norfolk]], may have had a demoralising effect on the king and his men. Either way, Richard led a cavalry charge deep into the enemy ranks in an attempt to end the battle quickly by striking at Henry Tudor.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|pp=218, 222}}
[[File:The death of Richard III at Bosworth.jpg|thumb|left|18th-century illustration of the death of Richard III at the [[Battle of Bosworth Field]]]]
All accounts note that King Richard fought bravely and ably during this manoeuvre, unhorsing [[John Cheyne, Baron Cheyne|Sir John Cheyne]], a well-known [[joust]]ing champion, killing Henry's [[standard bearer]] [[William Brandon (standard-bearer)|Sir William Brandon]] and coming within a sword's length of Henry Tudor before being surrounded by Sir William Stanley's men and killed.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|pp=223–224}} [[Polydore Vergil]], Henry VII's official historian, recorded that "King Richard, alone, was killed fighting manfully in the thickest press of his enemies".{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=368}} The Burgundian chronicler, [[Jean Molinet]], states that a Welshman struck the death blow with a [[halberd]] while Richard's horse was stuck in the marshy ground.{{sfnp|Griffiths|1993|p=43}} It was said that the blows were so violent that the king's helmet was driven into his skull.{{sfnp|Penn|2013|p=9}} The contemporary Welsh poet [[Guto'r Glyn]] implies a leading Welsh Lancastrian, [[Rhys ap Thomas]], or one of his men killed the king, writing that he "killed the boar, shaved his head".{{sfnp|Griffiths|1993|p=43}}{{sfnp|Rees|2008|p=211|ps=. "The original Welsh is 'Lladd y baedd, eilliodd ei ben'. The usual meaning of ''eilliodd'' is 'shaved', which might mean 'chopped off' or 'sliced'"}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Jeffrey L. |date=2009 |title=Sir Rhys ap Thomas |url=http://www.castlewales.com/rhysap.html |website=Castles of Wales Website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124220243/http://www.castlewales.com/rhysap.html |archive-date=24 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 February 2013}}</ref> The identification in 2013 of King Richard's body shows that the skeleton had 11 wounds, eight of them to the skull, clearly inflicted in battle and suggesting he had lost his helmet.<ref>{{cite news |last=Watson |first=Greig |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-21245346 |title=Richard III dig: Grim clues to the death of a king |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |date=4 February 2013 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> Professor Guy Rutty, from the University of Leicester, said: "The most likely injuries to have caused the king's death are the two to the inferior aspect of the skull—a large sharp force trauma possibly from a sword or staff weapon, such as a halberd or bill, and a penetrating injury from the tip of an edged weapon."<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--agency credited as author--> |title=Richard III died in battle after losing helmet, new research shows |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/sep/16/richard-iii-died-battle-losing-helmet-new-research |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=<!--Guardian Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |agency=Press Association |date=16 September 2014 |access-date=18 September 2018}}</ref> The skull showed that a blade had hacked away part of the rear of the skull. Richard III was the last English king to be killed in battle.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=King Richard III killed by blows to skull |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-29222775 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |date=17 September 2014 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> Henry Tudor succeeded Richard as King [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]]. He married the Yorkist heiress Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's daughter and Richard III's niece.
[[File:Original grave of Richard III.jpg|thumb|250px|Richard III's grave in 2013]]
After the Battle of Bosworth, Richard's naked body was then carried back to Leicester tied to a horse, and early sources strongly suggest that it was displayed in the collegiate [[Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady of the Newarke]],{{sfnp|Ashdown-Hill|Johnson|Johnson|Langley|2014}} prior to being hastily and discreetly buried in the choir of [[Greyfriars, Leicester|Greyfriars Church]] in [[Leicester]].{{sfnp|Ashdown-Hill|2013|p=94}}{{sfnp|Baldwin|1986|pp=21–22}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schürer |first1=Kevin |title=The King in the Car Park: The Discovery and Identification of Richard III – Professor Kevin Schürer |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9XKeevzp9Zs |website=Youtube |access-date=7 May 2022 |language=en |quote=22:53–23:33}}</ref> In 1495, Henry VII paid 50 pounds for a marble and alabaster monument.{{sfnp|Baldwin|1986|pp=21–22}} According to a discredited tradition, during the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]], his body was thrown into the [[River Soar]],{{sfnp|Baldwin|1986}}<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title='Strong evidence' Richard III's body has been found – with a curved spine |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9537600/Strong-evidence-Richard-IIIs-body-has-been-found-with-a-curved-spine.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912224825/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9537600/Strong-evidence-Richard-IIIs-body-has-been-found-with-a-curved-spine.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 September 2012 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |publisher=<!--Telegraph Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |date=12 September 2012 |access-date=5 February 2013}}</ref> although other evidence suggests that a memorial stone was visible in 1612, in a garden built on the site of Greyfriars.{{sfnp|Baldwin|1986|pp=21–22}} The exact location was then lost, owing to more than 400 years of subsequent development,{{sfnp|Baldwin|1986|p=24}} until [[Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England|archaeological investigations in 2012]] revealed the site of the garden and Greyfriars Church. There was a memorial ledger stone in the choir of the cathedral, since replaced by the tomb of the king, and a stone plaque on Bow Bridge where tradition had falsely suggested that his remains had been thrown into the river.{{sfnp|Ashdown-Hill|2015}}
According to another tradition, Richard consulted a [[wikt:seer|seer]] in Leicester before the battle who foretold that "where your spur should strike on the ride into battle, your head shall be broken on the return". On the ride into battle, his [[spur]] struck the bridge stone of Bow Bridge in the city; legend states that as his corpse was carried from the battle over the back of a horse, his head struck the same stone and was broken open.<ref>{{cite web |title=Legends about the Battle of Bosworth |publisher=Richard III Society, American Branch |url=http://www.r3.org/bosworth/legends.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060725225433/http://www.r3.org/bosworth/legends.html |archive-date=25 July 2006 |access-date=5 July 2009}}</ref>
==Issue==
Richard and Anne had one son, [[Edward of Middleham]], who was born between 1474 and 1476.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=29|ps=, n. 2. "1476".}}<ref>{{harvp|Pollard|2004|ps=. "Although [Edward's date of birth] is usually attributed to 1474, the Tewkesbury chronicle records the birth of an unnamed son at Middleham in 1476."}}</ref> He was created [[Earl of Salisbury]] on 15 February 1478,{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=33}} and [[Prince of Wales]] on 24 August 1483, and died in March 1484, less than two months after he had been formally declared [[heir apparent]].<ref>{{harvp|Pollard|2004|ps=. "The child Edward ... was created prince of Wales on 24 August [1483]. ... He was formally declared heir apparent to the throne in parliament in February 1484. ... by the end of March 1484 the prince was dead."}}</ref> After the death of his son, Richard appointed his nephew [[John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln]], as [[List of chief governors of Ireland|Lieutenant of Ireland]], an office previously held by his son Edward.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=349–350, 563}} Lincoln was the son of Richard's older sister, [[Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk]]. After his wife's death, Richard commenced negotiations with [[John II of Portugal]] to marry John's pious sister, [[Joanna, Princess of Portugal]]. She had already turned down several suitors because of her preference for the religious life.{{sfnp|Williams|1983}}
Richard had two acknowledged illegitimate children, [[John of Gloucester]] and Katherine Plantagenet. Also known as 'John of Pontefract', John of Gloucester was appointed Captain of Calais in 1485. Katherine married [[William Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke]], in 1484. Neither the birth dates nor the names of the mothers of either of the children are known. Katherine was old enough to be wedded in 1484, when the age of consent was twelve, and John was knighted in September 1483 in [[York Minster]], and so most historians agree that they were both fathered when Richard was a teenager.{{Sfnp|Ashdown-Hill|2013}}{{sfnp|Baldwin|2013|p=42}} There is no evidence of infidelity on Richard's part after his marriage to Anne Neville in 1472 when he was around 20.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=387}} This has led to a suggestion by the historian [[A. L. Rowse]] that Richard "had no interest in sex".{{sfnp|Rowse|1966|p=190}}
Michael Hicks and Josephine Wilkinson have suggested that Katherine's mother may have been Katherine Haute, on the basis of the grant of an annual payment of 100 shillings made to her in 1477. The Haute family was related to the Woodvilles through the marriage of Elizabeth Woodville's aunt, Joan Wydeville, to [[William Haute (MP)|William Haute]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/haute-william-1462|title=Haute, William (d.1462), of Bishopsbourne, Kent|website=History of Parliament Online|access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref> One of their children was Richard Haute, Controller of the Prince's Household. Their daughter, Alice, married [[Sir John Fogge]]; they were ancestors to [[Catherine Parr]], sixth wife of King Henry VIII.{{sfnp|Paget|1977}} They also suggest that John's mother may have been Alice Burgh. Richard visited Pontefract from 1471, in April and October 1473, and in early March 1474, for a week. On 1 March 1474, he granted Alice Burgh 20 pounds a year for life "for certain special causes and considerations". She later received another allowance, apparently for being engaged as a nurse for his brother George's son, [[Edward of Warwick]]. Richard continued her annuity when he became king.{{sfnp|Hicks|2009|pp=156–158}}{{sfnp|Wilkinson|2008|pp=228–229, 235–254}} [[John Ashdown-Hill]] has suggested that John was conceived during Richard's first solo expedition to the eastern counties in the summer of 1467 at the invitation of John Howard and that the boy was born in 1468 and named after his friend and supporter. Richard himself noted John was still a minor (not being yet 21) when he issued the royal patent appointing him Captain of Calais on 11 March 1485, possibly on his seventeenth birthday.{{sfnp|Ashdown-Hill|2013}}
Both of Richard's illegitimate children survived him, but they seem to have died without issue and their fate after Richard's demise at Bosworth is not certain. John received a 20-pound [[Life annuity|annuity]] from Henry VII, but there are no mentions of him in contemporary records after 1487 (the year of the [[Battle of Stoke Field]]). He may have been executed in 1499, though no record of this exists beyond an assertion by [[George Buck]] over a century later.{{sfnp|Given-Wilson|Curteis|1984|p=161}} Katherine apparently died before her cousin Elizabeth of York's coronation on 25 November 1487, since her husband Sir William Herbert is described as a widower by that time.{{sfnp|Ashdown-Hill|2013}}{{sfnp|Horrox|2013}} Katherine's burial place was located in the London parish church of St James Garlickhithe,{{refn|Specifically, in the Vinter's Hall, Thameside.{{sfnp|Barron|2004|p=420}}|group=note}} between Skinner's Lane and Upper Thames Street.{{sfnp|Steer|2014}} The mysterious [[Richard Plantagenet (Richard of Eastwell)|Richard Plantagenet]], who was first mentioned in [[Francis Peck]]'s ''[[Desiderata Curiosa]]'' (a two-volume miscellany published 1732–1735) was said to be a possible illegitimate child of Richard III and is sometimes referred to as "Richard the Master-Builder" or "Richard of Eastwell", but it has also been suggested he could have been Richard, Duke of York, one of the missing Princes in the Tower.{{sfnp|Baldwin|2007}} He died in 1550.{{sfnp|Andrews|2000|p=90}}
==Legacy==
Richard's Council of the North, described as his "one major institutional innovation", derived from his ducal council following his own viceregal appointment by Edward IV; when Richard himself became king, he maintained the same conciliar structure in his absence.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=181}} It officially became part of the royal council machinery under the presidency of John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln in April 1484, based at [[Sandal Castle]] in [[Wakefield]].{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=182}} It is considered to have greatly improved conditions for northern England, as it was intended to keep the peace and punish lawbreakers, as well as resolve land disputes.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=183}} Bringing regional governance directly under the control of central government, it has been described as the king's "most enduring monument", surviving unchanged until 1641.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=183}}
In December 1483, Richard instituted what later became known as the [[Court of Requests]], a court to which poor people who could not afford legal representation could apply for their grievances to be heard.{{sfnb|Kleineke|2007}} He also improved bail in January 1484, to protect suspected felons from imprisonment before trial and to protect their property from seizure during that time.{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=188}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Higginbotham |first=Susan |author-link=Susan Higginbotham |url=http://www.susanhigginbotham.com/blog/posts/richard-iii-and-bail/ |title=Richard III and Bail |website=History Refreshed |date=16 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706163329/http://www.susanhigginbotham.com/blog/posts/richard-iii-and-bail/ |archive-date=6 July 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=31 March 2014}}</ref> He founded the College of Arms in 1484,{{sfnp|Wagner|1967|p=130}}<ref name="collegeofarms-history"/> he banned restrictions on the printing and sale of books,<ref>{{cite web |last=Woodger |first=Douglas |url=http://home.cogeco.ca/~richardiii/statutes.html |title=The Statutes of King Richard III's Parliament |publisher=Richard III Society of Canada |date=September 1997 |access-date=3 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927005934/http://home.cogeco.ca/~richardiii/statutes.html |archive-date=27 September 2014 }}</ref> and he ordered the translation of the written Laws and Statutes from the traditional French into English.{{sfnp|Cheetham|Fraser|1972}} During his reign, Parliament ended the arbitrary [[benevolences (tax)|benevolence]] (a device by which [[Edward IV]] raised funds),<ref>{{cite book|author1=Maureen Jurkowski|author2=Carrie L. Smith|author3=David Crook|title=Lay Taxes in England and Wales 1188–1688|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdazAAAAIAAJ|year=1998|publisher=PRO Publications|isbn=978-1-873162-64-4|pages=119–120}}</ref>{{sfnp|Hanbury|1962|p=106}} made it punishable to conceal from a buyer of land that a part of the property had already been disposed of to somebody else,{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=340}} required that land sales be published,{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=340}} laid down property qualifications for jurors, restricted the abusive [[Courts of Piepowders]],{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=341}} regulated cloth sales,{{sfnp|Hanbury|1962|p=109}} instituted certain forms of trade protectionism,{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=343}}{{sfnb|Hanbury|1962}} prohibited the sale of wine and oil in fraudulent measure,{{sfnb|Hanbury|1962}} and prohibited fraudulent collection of clergy dues,{{sfnb|Hanbury|1962}} among others. Churchill implies he improved the law of trusts.{{sfnp|Churchill|1956|pp=360–361}}
Richard's death at Bosworth resulted in the end of the [[Plantagenet]] dynasty, which had ruled England since the succession of [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] in 1154.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who Was Richard III? |url=https://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/history/whowasrichard.html |website=The Discovery of Richard III |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204053826/https://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/history/whowasrichard.html |archive-date=4 December 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> The last legitimate male Plantagenet, Richard's nephew [[Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick|Edward, Earl of Warwick]] (son of his brother George, Duke of Clarence), was executed by Henry VII in 1499.{{sfnp|Chrimes|1999|p=92|ps=. "Tudor reason of State had claimed the first of its many victims."}}
===Reputation===
[[File:King Richard III.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|Late 16th-century portrait, (oil on panel, [[National Portrait Gallery, London]])]]
There are numerous contemporary, or near-contemporary, sources of information about the reign of Richard III.<ref>{{cite web |title=Back to Basics for Newcomers |url=http://www.r3.org/on-line-library-text-essays/back-to-basics-for-newcomers/ |publisher=Richard III Society, American Branch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408091044/http://www.r3.org/on-line-library-text-essays/back-to-basics-for-newcomers/ |archive-date=8 April 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=5 February 2013 }}</ref> These include the ''Croyland Chronicle'', Commines' ''Mémoires'', the report of [[Dominic Mancini]], the Paston Letters, the Chronicles of Robert Fabyan and numerous court and official records, including a few letters by Richard himself. However, the debate about Richard's true character and motives continues, both because of the subjectivity of many of the written sources, reflecting the generally partisan nature of writers of this period, and because none was written by men with an intimate knowledge of Richard.{{sfnp|Hanham|1975}}
During Richard's reign, the historian [[John Rous (historian)|John Rous]] praised him as a "good lord" who punished "oppressors of the commons", adding that he had "a great heart".<ref>John Rous in {{harvp|Hanham|1975|p=121}}.</ref>{{sfnp|Ross|1981|pp=xxii–xxiv}} In 1483, the Italian observer Mancini reported that Richard enjoyed a good reputation and that both "his private life and public activities powerfully attracted the esteem of strangers".{{sfnp|Langley|Jones|2013}}{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=150–151|ps=, quoting from Mancini's ''De Occupatione Regni Anglie per Riccardum Tercium'': "After the death of Clarence, he [Richard] came very rarely to court. He kept himself within his own lands and set out to acquire the loyalty of his people through favours and justice. The good reputation of his private life and public activities powerfully attracted the esteem of strangers. Such was his renown in warfare, that whenever a difficult and dangerous policy had to be undertaken, it would be entrusted to his direction and his generalship. By these arts, Richard acquired the favour of the people and avoided the jealousy of the queen, from whom he lived far separated."}} His bond to the City of York, in particular, was such that on hearing of Richard's demise at the battle of Bosworth the City Council officially deplored the king's death, at the risk of facing the victor's wrath.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=444|ps=. "The day after the battle, John Sponer galloped into York to bring news of King Richard's overthrow...to the Mayor and Aldermen hastily assembled in the council chamber", "it was showed by...John Spooner...that king Richard, late mercifully reigning upon us, was through great treason piteously slain and murdered, to the great heaviness of this City". York Records, p. 218.}}
During his lifetime he was the subject of some attacks. Even in the North in 1482, a man was prosecuted for offences against the Duke of Gloucester, saying he did "nothing but grin at" the city of York. In 1484, attempts to discredit him took the form of hostile placards, the only surviving one being [[William Collingbourne]]'s lampoon of July 1484 "The Cat, the Rat, and Lovell the Dog, all rule England under a Hog" which was pinned to the door of [[St. Paul's Cathedral]] and referred to Richard himself (the Hog) and his most trusted councillors [[William Catesby]], [[Richard Ratcliffe]] and Francis, Viscount Lovell.{{sfnp|Hicks|2009|pp=237–238}} On 30 March 1485 Richard felt forced to summon the Lords and London City Councillors to publicly deny the rumours that he had poisoned Queen Anne and that he had planned marriage to his niece Elizabeth,{{sfnp|Cheetham|Fraser|1972|pp=175–176}} at the same time ordering the Sheriff of London to imprison anyone spreading such slanders.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=395|ps=, quoting from the court minutes of the Mercer's company, 31 March 1485.}} The same orders were issued throughout the realm, including York where the royal pronouncement recorded in the City Records dates 5 April 1485 and carries specific instructions to suppress seditious talk and remove and destroy evidently hostile placards unread.{{sfnp|Hicks|2009|pp=238–239}}{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=395–396}}
As for Richard's physical appearance, most contemporary descriptions bear out the evidence that aside from having one shoulder higher than the other (with chronicler Rous not able to correctly remember which one, as slight as the difference was), Richard had no other noticeable bodily deformity. [[John Stow]] talked to old men who, remembering him, said "that he was of bodily shape comely enough, only of low stature"{{sfnp|Buck|1647|p=548}}{{incomplete short citation|date=February 2023}} and a German traveller, Nicolas von Poppelau, who spent ten days in Richard's household in May 1484, describes him as "three fingers taller than himself...much more lean, with delicate arms and legs and also a great heart."{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=537}} Six years after Richard's death, in 1491, a schoolmaster named William Burton, on hearing a defence of Richard, launched into a diatribe, accusing the dead king of being "a hypocrite and a crookback...who was deservedly buried in a ditch like a dog."{{sfnp|Pollard|1991|ps=, p. 200 quoting York records, pp. 220–222}}
Richard's death encouraged the furtherance of this later negative image by his Tudor successors due to the fact that it helped to legitimise Henry VII's seizure of the throne.{{sfnp|Hicks|2009|pp=247–249}} The [[Richard III Society]] contends that this means that "a lot of what people thought they knew about Richard III was pretty much propaganda and myth building."<ref name="mackintosh-20130204">{{cite news |last=Mackintosh |first=Eliza |date=4 February 2013 |title='Beyond reasonable doubt,' bones are the remains of England's King Richard III |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/remains-of-king-richard-iii-identified/2013/02/04/d79e87b2-6ebb-11e2-ac36-3d8d9dcaa2e2_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |publisher=<!--Washington Post Company (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=<!--Washington, DC (omitted as given by newspaper name)--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829063405/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/remains-of-king-richard-iii-identified/2013/02/04/d79e87b2-6ebb-11e2-ac36-3d8d9dcaa2e2_story.html |archive-date=29 August 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 February 2013}}</ref> The Tudor characterisation culminated in the famous fictional portrayal of him in Shakespeare's play ''[[Richard III (play)|Richard III]]'' as a physically deformed, Machiavellian villain, ruthlessly committing numerous murders in order to claw his way to power;<ref>{{Folger inline|Richard III}}</ref> Shakespeare's intention perhaps being to use Richard III as a vehicle for creating his own [[Christopher Marlowe|Marlowesque]] protagonist.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=426|ps=. The comparison is with Barabas in Marlowe's ''Jew of Malta'' of a couple of years earlier.}} Rous himself in his ''History of the Kings of England'', written during Henry VII's reign, initiated the process. He reversed his earlier position,{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=419}} and now portrayed Richard as a freakish individual who was born with teeth and shoulder-length hair after having been in his mother's womb for two years. His body was stunted and distorted, with one shoulder higher than the other, and he was "slight in body and weak in strength".{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=420}} Rous also attributes the murder of Henry VI to Richard, and claims that he poisoned his own wife.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hammond |first=Peter |date=November 2003 |url=http://www.r3.org/rnt1991/supposedcrimes.html |title=These Supposed Crimes: Four Major Accusations (the Murders of Edward of Lancaster, Henry VI, Clarence and Queene Anne) Discussed and Illustrated |website=To Prove a Villain: The Real Richard III |medium=Exhibition at the Royal National Theatre, London, 27 March – 27 April 1991 |publisher=Richard III Society, American Branch |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060714133941/http://www.r3.org/rnt1991/supposedcrimes.html |archive-date=14 July 2006}}</ref> Jeremy Potter, a former Chair of the Richard III Society, claims that "At the bar of history Richard III continues to be guilty because it is impossible to prove him innocent. The Tudors ride high in popular esteem."{{sfnp|Potter|1994|p=4}}
Polydore Vergil and [[Thomas More]] expanded on this portrayal, emphasising Richard's outward physical deformities as a sign of his inwardly twisted mind. More describes him as "little of stature, ill-featured of limbs, crook-backed ... hard-favoured of visage".{{sfnp|Ross|1981|pp=xxii–xxiv}} Vergil also says he was "deformed of body ... one shoulder higher than the right".{{sfnp|Ross|1981|pp=xxii–xxiv}} Both emphasise that Richard was devious and flattering, while planning the downfall of both his enemies and supposed friends. Richard's good qualities were his cleverness and bravery. All these characteristics are repeated by Shakespeare, who portrays him as having a hunch, a limp and a withered arm.<ref>{{Folger inline|Henry VI, Part 3|3|2|155–161}}</ref>{{sfnp|Clemen|1977|p=51}} With regard to the "hunch", the [[List of Shakespeare plays in quarto|second quarto]] edition of ''Richard III'' (1598) used the term "hunched-backed" but in the [[First Folio]] edition (1623) it became "bunch-backed".{{sfnp|Shipley|1984|p=127}}
[[File:Pomnik Ryszarda III przy Katedrze Św. Marcina w Leicesterze.jpg|left|thumb|upright|A statue of Richard III now outside [[Leicester Cathedral]]]]
Richard's reputation as a promoter of legal fairness persisted, however. [[William Camden]] in his ''Remains Concerning Britain'' (1605) states that Richard, "albeit he lived wickedly, yet made good laws".{{sfnp|Camden|1870|p=293}} [[Francis Bacon]] also states that he was "a good lawmaker for the ease and solace of the common people".{{sfnp|Bacon|Lumby|1885}} In 1525, Cardinal Wolsey upbraided the aldermen and Mayor of London for relying on a statute of Richard to avoid paying an extorted tax (benevolence) but received the reply "although he did evil, yet in his time were many good acts made."{{sfnp|Potter|1994|p=23}}{{sfnp|Baldwin|2013|p=217}}
Richard was a practising Catholic, as shown by his personal [[Book of Hours]], surviving in the [[Lambeth Palace]] library. As well as conventional aristocratic devotional texts, the book contains a Collect of [[Saint Ninian]], referencing a saint popular in the Anglo-Scottish Borders.<ref>Sutton & Visser-Fuchs. ''The Hours of Richard III'' (1996) pp. 41–44 {{ISBN|0750911840}}</ref>
Despite this, the image of Richard as a ruthless tyrant remained dominant in the 18th and 19th centuries. The 18th-century [[philosopher]] and [[historian]] [[David Hume]] described him as a man who used dissimulation to conceal "his fierce and savage nature" and who had "abandoned all principles of honour and humanity".{{sfnp|Hume|1864|pp=345–346}} Hume acknowledged that some historians have argued "that he was well qualified for government, had he legally obtained it; and that he committed no crimes but such as were necessary to procure him possession of the crown", but he dismissed this view on the grounds that Richard's exercise of arbitrary power encouraged instability.{{sfnp|Hume|1864|p=365}} The most important late 19th century biographer of the king was [[James Gairdner]], who also wrote the entry on Richard in the ''[[Dictionary of National Biography]]''.{{sfnp|Gairdner|1896}} Gairdner stated that he had begun to study Richard with a neutral viewpoint, but became convinced that Shakespeare and More were essentially correct in their view of the king, despite some exaggerations.{{sfnp|Gairdner|1898|p=xi}}
Richard was not without his defenders, the first of whom was Sir [[George Buck]], a descendant of one of the king's supporters, who completed ''The history of King Richard the Third'' in 1619. The authoritative Buck text was published only in 1979, though a corrupted version was published by Buck's great-nephew in 1646.{{sfnp|Buck|1647}} Buck attacked the "improbable imputations and strange and spiteful scandals" related by Tudor writers, including Richard's alleged deformities and murders. He located lost archival material, including the [[Titulus Regius]], but also claimed to have seen a letter written by Elizabeth of York, according to which Elizabeth sought to marry the king.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elizabeth of York |url=http://www.r3.org/basics/basic8.html |publisher=Richard III Society, American Branch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408084900/http://www.r3.org/on-line-library-text-essays/back-to-basics-for-newcomers/elizabeth-of-york/ |archive-date=8 April 2018 |url-status=dead |access-date=6 December 2018 }}</ref> Elizabeth's supposed letter was never produced. Documents which later emerged from the Portuguese royal archives show that after Queen Anne's death, Richard's ambassadors were sent on a formal errand to negotiate a double marriage between Richard and the Portuguese king's sister Joanna,{{sfnp|Horrox|2013}} of Lancastrian descent,{{sfnp|Williams|1983|p=139}} and between Elizabeth of York and Joanna's cousin [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel, Duke of Viseu]] (later King of Portugal).{{sfnp|Ashdown-Hill|2013}}
Significant among Richard's defenders was [[Horace Walpole]]. In ''Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of King Richard the Third'' (1768), Walpole disputed all the alleged murders and argued that Richard may have acted in good faith. He also argued that any physical abnormality was probably no more than a minor distortion of the shoulders.{{sfnp|Walpole|1798|loc=''Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of King Richard the Third'', pp. 103–184}} However, he retracted his views in 1793 after [[the Terror]], stating he now believed that Richard could have committed the crimes he was charged with,{{sfnp|Walpole|1798|loc=''Postscript to my Historic Doubts, written in February 1793'', pp. 220–251}} although Pollard observes that this retraction is frequently overlooked by later admirers of Richard.{{sfnp|Pollard|1991|p=216}} Other defenders of Richard include the noted explorer [[Clements Markham]], whose ''Richard III: His Life and Character'' (1906) replied to the work of Gairdner. He argued that Henry VII killed the princes and that the bulk of evidence against Richard was nothing more than Tudor propaganda.{{sfnp|Myers|1968|pp=199–200}} An intermediate view was provided by Alfred Legge in ''The Unpopular King'' (1885). Legge argued that Richard's "greatness of soul" was eventually "warped and dwarfed" by the ingratitude of others.{{sfnp|Legge|1885|p=viii}}
Some 20th-century historians have been less inclined to moral judgement,{{sfnp|Myers|1968|pp=200–202}} seeing Richard's actions as a product of the unstable times. In the words of [[Charles Ross (historian)|Charles Ross]], "the later fifteenth century in England is now seen as a ruthless and violent age as concerns the upper ranks of society, full of private feuds, intimidation, land-hunger, and litigiousness, and consideration of Richard's life and career against this background has tended to remove him from the lonely pinnacle of Villainy Incarnate on which Shakespeare had placed him. Like most men, he was conditioned by the standards of his age."{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=liii}} The Richard III Society, founded in 1924 as "The Fellowship of the White Boar", is the oldest of several [[Ricardian (Richard III)|Ricardian]] groups dedicated to improving his reputation. Other historians still describe him as a "power-hungry and ruthless politician" who was most probably "ultimately responsible for the murder of his nephews."<ref>{{cite web |last=Hebron |first=Michael |date=15 March 2016 |title=Richard III and the Will to Power |url=https://www.bl.uk/shakespeare/articles/richard-iii-and-the-will-to-power |website=Discovering Literature: Shakespeare & Renaissance |publisher=[[British Library]] |access-date=23 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hogenboom |first=Melissa |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-19572103 |title=Richard III: The people who want everyone to like the infamous king |website=[[BBC News Magazine]] |location=London |date=15 September 2012 |access-date=23 September 2018}}</ref>
===In culture===
{{Main|Cultural depictions of Richard III of England}}
[[File:The True Tragedy of Richard the Third.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Cover of the 1594 [[quarto]] of the anonymous play, ''[[The True Tragedy of Richard III]]''.]]
Richard III is the protagonist of ''[[Richard III (play)|Richard III]]'', one of [[William Shakespeare]]'s history/tragedy plays. Apart from Shakespeare, he appears in many other works of literature. Two other plays of the Elizabethan era predated Shakespeare's work. The Latin-language drama ''[[Richardus Tertius]]'' (first known performance in 1580) by [[Thomas Legge]] is believed to be the first history play written in England. The anonymous play ''[[The True Tragedy of Richard III]]'' ({{circa|1590}}), performed in the same decade as Shakespeare's work, was probably an influence on Shakespeare.{{sfnp|Churchill|1976}} Neither of the two plays places any emphasis on Richard's physical appearance, though the ''True Tragedy'' briefly mentions that he is "A man ill shaped, crooked backed, lame armed" and "valiantly minded, but tyrannous in authority". Both portray him as a man motivated by personal ambition, who uses everyone around him to get his way. [[Ben Jonson]] is also known to have written a play ''Richard Crookback'' in 1602, but it was never published and nothing is known about its portrayal of the king.{{sfnp|McEvoy|2008|p=4}}
[[Marjorie Bowen]]'s 1929 novel ''[[Dickon (novel)|Dickon]]'' set the trend for pro-[[Ricardian (Richard III)|Ricardian]] literature.{{sfnp|Brown|1973|p=369|ps=. "[''Dickon''] tells the story of Richard himself, a 'handsome, earnest young man' who always speaks the truth, is unswervingly loyal to his brother Edward IV, and by an unkind destiny becomes a King of 'deep unhappiness,' plagued by hostile supernatural forces although personally blameless."}} Particularly influential was ''[[The Daughter of Time]]'' (1951) by [[Josephine Tey]], in which a modern detective concludes that Richard III is innocent in the death of the Princes.{{sfnp|Kelly|2000|p=134}}<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Polsky |first=Sara |title=The Detective Novel That Convinced a Generation Richard III Wasn't Evil |url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-detective-novel-that-convinced-a-generation-richard-iii-wasnt-evil |url-access=limited |department=Page-Turner |magazine=[[The New Yorker|New Yorker]] |publisher=Condé Nast |location=New York |date=24 March 2015 |access-date=8 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dugdale |first=John |date=26 March 2018 |title=The many versions of Richard III: from Shakespeare to Game of Thrones |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/mar/26/the-many-versions-of-richard-iii-from-shakespeare-to-game-of-thrones |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=<!--Guardian Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref> Other novelists such as [[Valerie Anand]] in the novel ''Crown of Roses'' (1989) have also offered alternative versions to the theory that he murdered them.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=Book Review: Crown of Roses |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-312-03315-6 |magazine=[[Publishers Weekly]] |publisher=Cahners |location=New York |date=1 January 1989 |access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref> [[Sharon Kay Penman]], in her [[historical fiction|historical novel]] ''[[The Sunne in Splendour]]'', attributes the death of the Princes to the Duke of Buckingham.<ref>{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=George |author-link=George Johnson (writer) |date=2 February 1990 |title=New and Noteworthy: The Sunne in Splendour |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/04/books/new-noteworthy.html |url-access=limited |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |publisher=<!--New York Times Company (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=<!--New York (omitted as given by newspaper name)--> |access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref> In the mystery novel ''The Murders of Richard III'' by [[Elizabeth Peters]] (1974) the central plot revolves around the debate as to whether Richard III was guilty of these and other crimes.{{sfnp|Peters|2004}} A sympathetic portrayal is given in ''The Founding'' (1980), the first volume in ''[[The Morland Dynasty]]'' series by [[Cynthia Harrod-Eagles]].{{sfnp|Harrod-Eagles|1981}}
One film adaptation of Shakespeare's play ''Richard III'' is the [[Richard III (1955 film)|1955 version]] directed and produced by [[Laurence Olivier]], who also played the lead role.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brooke |first=Michael |title=Richard III (1955) |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/467017/index.html |website=BFI Screenonline |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="VonTunzelmann2015">{{cite news |last=Von Tunzelmann |first=Alex |author-link=Alex von Tunzelmann |date=1 April 2015 |title=Richard III: Laurence Olivier's melodramatic baddie is seriously limp |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/apr/01/richard-iii-laurence-olivier-reel-history-accurate |department=Reel History |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=<!--Guardian Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref> Also notable are the [[Richard III (1995 film)|1995 film version]] starring [[Ian McKellen]], set in a fictional 1930s fascist England,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ian McKellen is Richard III |url=http://www.mckellen.com/cinema/richard/notes.htm |website=Sir Ian McKellen: Official Home Page |access-date=8 December 2018}}</ref>{{sfnp|Mitchell|1997|p=135|ps=. "Loncraine and McKellen's film adaptation, set in 1930s England, also explores the question of what would have happened if Hitler had invaded England. ... The House of York in this War of the Roses is depicted as the Nazi Party, and Richard in a Nazi uniform seals his fate as eternity's archvillain."}} and ''[[Looking for Richard]]'', a 1996 documentary film directed by [[Al Pacino]], who plays the title character as well as himself.<ref>{{cite web |title=Looking for Richard |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4718/year/1996.html |publisher=[[Cannes Film Festival]] |access-date=8 December 2018}}</ref>{{sfnp|Aune|2006}} The play has been adapted for television on several occasions.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brooke |first=Michael |title=Tragedy of Richard III, The (1983) |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/527656/index.html |website=BFI Screenonline |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref>{{sfnp|Griffin|1966|pp=385–387}}<ref name="guardian-cumberbatchproves">{{cite news |last=Billington |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Billington (critic) |date=21 May 2016 |title=Benedict Cumberbatch proves a superb villain in The Hollow Crown's Richard III |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/theatreblog/2016/may/21/benedict-cumberbatch-the-hollow-crown-richard-iii |department=Theatre Blog |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=<!--Guardian Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402120740/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/theatreblog/2016/may/21/benedict-cumberbatch-the-hollow-crown-richard-iii |archive-date=2 April 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref>
<!-- NOTE: could editors please use Cultural depictions of Richard III of England to add further material rather than increasing the length of this section. Thanks! -->
==Discovery of remains==
{{Main|Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England}}
On 24 August 2012, the [[University of Leicester]], [[Leicester City Council]] and the Richard III Society, announced that they were going to look for the remains of King Richard. The search was managed by [[Philippa Langley]] of the Society's Looking for Richard Project with the archaeology run by [[University of Leicester#College of Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities|University of Leicester Archaeological Services]] (ULAS).{{sfnp|Langley|Jones|2013|pp=11–29, 240–248}}{{sfnp|Ashdown-Hill|Johnson|Johnson|Langley|2014|pp=38–52, 71–81|ps=, including back cover.}}<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=The remains of King Richard III reinterred in Leicester Cathedral, in pictures |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/uknews/11488494/The-Remains-of-King-Richard-III-reburied-in-Leicester-cathedral-in-pictures.html?frame=3241293 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |publisher=<!--Telegraph Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |date=<!--not given--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328133533/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/uknews/11488494/The-Remains-of-King-Richard-III-reburied-in-Leicester-cathedral-in-pictures.html?frame=3241293 |archive-date=28 March 2015 |url-status=dead |access-date=24 April 2016 |quote=Philippa Langley, who led the quest to find the remains of King Richard III ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sabur |first=Rozina |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/environment/archaeology/11622151/Hunt-for-the-grave-of-a-medieval-king-first-check-the-car-park.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/environment/archaeology/11622151/Hunt-for-the-grave-of-a-medieval-king-first-check-the-car-park.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Hunt for the grave of a medieval king: first check the car park |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |publisher=<!--Telegraph Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |date=22 May 2015 |access-date=24 April 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Earle |first=Laurence |date=10 February 2013 |title=Philippa Langley: Hero or Villain? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/philippa-langley-hero-or-villain-8488318.html |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |publisher=<!--Independent Print (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |access-date=17 September 2013}}</ref> The participants looked for the lost site of the former Greyfriars Church (demolished during Henry VIII's [[dissolution of the monasteries]]) to find his remains.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Historic search for King Richard III begins in Leicester |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/press-releases/2012/august/historic-search-for-king-richard-iii-begins-in-leicester |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |date=24 August 2012 |access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=Hunt for Richard III's remains under car park |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-08-25/medieval-british-king-sought-under-car-park/4222264 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Sydney |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=27 August 2012 |access-date=5 February 2013}}</ref> By comparing fixed points between maps, the church was found, where Richard's body had been hastily buried without pomp in 1485, its foundations identifiable beneath a modern city centre car park.<ref>{{cite web |title=Greyfriars Project – Update, Friday 31 August |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/news/blog/2012/august/greyfriars-project-2013-update-friday-31-august |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |date=31 August 2012 |access-date=1 September 2012}}</ref>
In 1975 Audrey Strange of the Richard III Society predicted that the lost grave lay beneath one of the three car parks that partly cover the site of the former Grey Friars Priory.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Strange |first=Audrey |date=September 1975 |title=The Grey Friars, Leicester |journal=The Ricardian |volume=III |issue=50 |pages=3–7}}</ref> In the mid-1980s, academic David Baldwin, a medieval historian formerly of Leicester University, concluded that the burial site lay further to the east, beneath the northern (St Martin's) end of Grey Friars Street, or the buildings that face it on either side.{{sfnp|Baldwin|1986}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashdown-Hill|first1=J. |author-link1= |last2=Johnson |first2=D. |author-link2= | last3=Johnson|first3=W.|author-link3= |last4=Langley|first4=P. |author-link4= |editor-last1=Carson |editor-first1=A.J. |date=2014 |title=Finding Richard III: The Official Account of Research by the Retrieval and Reburial Project |publisher=Imprimis Imprimatur |isbn=978-0957684027 |pages=25–27}}</ref>
[[File:Greyfriars, Leicester site.svg|thumb|300px|Site of [[Greyfriars, Leicester|Greyfriars Church]], Leicester, shown superimposed over a modern map of the area. The skeleton of Richard III was recovered in September 2012 from the centre of the choir, shown by a small blue dot.]]
The diggers found Greyfriars Church by 5 September 2012 and two days later announced that they had found Robert Herrick's garden, where the memorial to Richard III stood in the early 17th century.<ref name="parking-lot"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Greyfriars Project – Update, 7 September |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/news/blog/2012/september/7sepupdate |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 September 2012}}</ref> A human skeleton was found beneath the Church's [[Choir (architecture)|choir]].<ref name=BBCLeicester>{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=Richard III dig: 'Strong evidence' bones belong to king |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-19561018 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |date=12 September 2012 |access-date=12 September 2012}}</ref>
Improbably, the excavators found the remains in the first dig at the [[car park]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Warzynski |first=Peter A. |date=3 February 2013 |title=Richard III dig: 'R' marks the spot where skeleton found in Leicester car park |url=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-dig-R-marks-spot-skeleton-Leicester/story-18030925-detail/story.html |newspaper=[[Leicester Mercury]] |publisher=Local World |location=<!--Leicester, England (omitted as given by newspaper name)--> |access-date=2 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119012257/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-dig-R-marks-spot-skeleton-Leicester/story-18030925-detail/story.html |archive-date=19 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=Burying Richard III: The hunch paid off |url=https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21647339-leicester-does-better-job-burying-plantagenet-king-second-attempt-hunch-paid |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |publisher=<!--Economist Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |date=28 March 2015 |access-date=2 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Langley |first=Philippa J. |author-link=Philippa Langley |title=Looking for Richard Project |url=http://www.philippalangley.co.uk/looking-for-richard.html |access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref>
[[File:The King In The Car Park - Page 15 - Figure 12.png|thumb|Skeleton as discovered]]
On 12 September, it was announced that the skeleton might be that of Richard III. Several reasons were given: the body was of an adult male; it was buried beneath the choir of the church; and there was severe [[scoliosis]] of the spine, possibly making one shoulder<ref name="parking-lot">{{cite web |title=Search for Richard III Confirms that Remains Are the Long-Lost Church of the Grey Friars |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/news/blog/2012/september/search-for-richard-iii-confirms-they-have-located-the-long-lost-church-of-the-grey-friars |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=4 February 2013}}</ref> higher than the other (to what extent depended on the severity of the condition). There was also what appeared to be an arrowhead embedded in the spine; and there were [[wikt:perimortem|perimortem]] injuries to the skull. These included a shallow orifice which was probably caused by a [[rondel dagger]], and a scooping depression to the skull that was probably inflicted by a sword.
Further, the bottom of the skull had a gaping hole, where a halberd had entered. Forensic pathologist Stuart Hamilton said this injury would have left the man's brain visible and certainly would have killed him. Jo Appleby, the osteo-archaeologist who excavated the skeleton, said it was “a mortal battlefield wound in the back of the skull". The base of the skull had another fatal wound from a bladed weapon thrust, leaving a jagged hole. Inside the skull, there was evidence that the blade penetrated to a depth of {{convert|10.5|cm}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Skull |url=http://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/osteologyskull.html |website=The Discovery of Richard III |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref>
In total, the skeleton had 10 wounds: four minor injuries on the top of the skull, one dagger blow on the cheekbone, one cut on the lower jaw, two fatal injuries on the base of the skull, one cut on a rib bone, and one final wound on the pelvis that was probably inflicted after death. It is generally accepted that Richard's naked corpse was tied to the back of a horse, with his arms slung over one side and his legs and buttocks over the other. The angle of the blow on the pelvis suggests that one of those present stabbed Richard's right buttock with substantial force, as the cut extends from the back to the front of the pelvic bone, an action intended to humiliate. It is also possible that Richard and his corpse suffered other injuries which left no trace on the skeleton.<ref>{{cite web |title=Osteology |url=http://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/osteology.html |website=The Discovery of Richard III |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Injuries to Body |url=http://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/osteologybody.html |website=The Discovery of Richard III |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Burns |first=John F. |author-link=John Fisher Burns |title=DNA could cleanse a king besmirched; tests of skeletal remains may bring re-evaluation of the reviled Richard III |url=https://www.questia.com/newspaper/1P2-36291789/dna-could-cleanse-a-king-besmirched-tests-of-skeletal |newspaper=[[International Herald Tribune]] |location=La Défense, France |date=24 September 2012 |via= |access-date=6 December 2018 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719024322/https://www.questia.com/newspaper/1P2-36291789/dna-could-cleanse-a-king-besmirched-tests-of-skeletal |url-status=dead }}</ref>
British historian John Ashdown-Hill had used [[genealogy|genealogical research]] in 2004 to trace [[matrilineal]] descendants of [[Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter]], Richard's elder sister.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Maev |author-link=Maev Kennedy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/feb/04/richard-iii-dna-bones-king |title=Richard III: DNA confirms twisted bones belong to king |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=<!--Guardian Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |date=4 February 2013 |access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="BBC DNA">{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=Richard III dig: DNA confirms bones are king |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-21063882 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |date=4 February 2013 |access-date=4 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Fricker |first=Martin |date=5 February 2013 |title=Edinburgh-based writer reveals how her intuition led archaeologists to remains of King Richard III |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/writer-reveals-intuition-led-archaeologists-1586462 |newspaper=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]] |publisher=Trinity Mirror |location=Glasgow |access-date=5 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lines of Descent |url=http://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/genealogy.html |website=The Discovery of Richard III |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |access-date=7 February 2013}}</ref> A British-born woman who emigrated to Canada after the [[Second World War]], Joy Ibsen ({{née|Brown}}), was found to be a 16th-generation great-niece of the king in the same direct maternal line.<ref>{{cite web |title=Female-Line Family Tree |url=http://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/familytree.html |website=The Discovery of Richard III |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |access-date=4 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite episode |last1=Ashdown-Hill |first1=John |author1-link=John Ashdown-Hill |last2=Davis |first2=Evans |author2-link=Evan Davis |date=4 February 2013 |title=Richard III dig: 'It does look like him' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21319332 |medium=Radio programme |series=Today |series-link=Today (BBC Radio 4) |network=[[BBC Radio 4]] |location=London |access-date=7 February 2013 |via=[[BBC News Online|BBC News]]}}</ref> Her mitochondrial DNA was tested and belongs to [[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|mitochondrial DNA haplogroup J]], which by deduction, should also be the mitochondrial DNA haplogroup of Richard III.{{sfnp|Ashdown-Hill|2013}}{{sfnp|King|Gonzalez Fortes|Balaresque|Thomas|2014}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=King |first1=Turi E. |last2=Fortes |first2=Gloria Gonzalez |last3=Balaresque |first3=Patricia |last4=Thomas |first4=Mark G. |last5=Balding |first5=David |last6=Delser |first6=Pierpaolo Maisano |last7=Neumann |first7=Rita |last8=Parson |first8=Walther |last9=Knapp |first9=Michael |last10=Walsh |first10=Susan |last11=Tonasso |first11=Laure |last12=Holt |first12=John |last13=Kayser |first13=Manfred |last14=Appleby |first14=Jo |last15=Forster |first15=Peter |date=2014-12-02 |title=Identification of the remains of King Richard III |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=5631 |doi=10.1038/ncomms6631 |pmid=25463651 |pmc=4268703 |bibcode=2014NatCo...5.5631K |issn=2041-1723|doi-access=free }}</ref> Joy Ibsen died in 2008. Her son [[Michael Ibsen]] gave a mouth-swab sample to the research team on 24 August 2012. His [[mitochondrial DNA#Female inheritance|mitochondrial DNA, passed down the direct maternal line]], was compared to samples from the human remains found at the excavation site and used to identify King Richard.<ref>{{cite news |last=Boswell |first=Randy |date=27 August 2012 |title=Canadian family holds genetic key to Richard III puzzle|url=http://www.canada.com/technology/Canadian+family+holds+genetic+Richard+puzzle/7151179/story.html |website=[[canada.com]] |location=Don Mills, Ontario |publisher=Postmedia News |access-date=30 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831071828/http://www.canada.com/technology/Canadian+family+holds+genetic+Richard+puzzle/7151179/story.html |archive-date=31 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Results of the DNA Analysis |url=http://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/resultsofdna.html |website=The Discovery of Richard III |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |access-date=4 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Geneticist Dr Turi King and Genealogist Professor Kevin Schürer Give Key Evidence on the DNA Testing |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/media-centre/richard-iii/press-conference-4-february/presentations-by-speakers-at-the-press-conference-monday-4-february-1/geneticist-dr-turi-king-and-genealogist-professor-kevin-schurer-give-key-evidence-on-the-dna-testing |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |date=4 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206181504/http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/media-centre/richard-iii/press-conference-4-february/presentations-by-speakers-at-the-press-conference-monday-4-february-1/geneticist-dr-turi-king-and-genealogist-professor-kevin-schurer-give-key-evidence-on-the-dna-testing |archive-date=6 February 2013 |access-date=5 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Burns |first=John F. |author-link=John Fisher Burns |date=4 February 2013 |title=Bones Under Parking Lot Belonged to Richard III |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/world/europe/richard-the-third-bones.html |url-access=limited |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=6 February 2013}}</ref>
On 4 February 2013, the University of Leicester confirmed that the skeleton was beyond reasonable doubt that of King Richard III. This conclusion was based on mitochondrial DNA evidence,<ref name="LU-results-announced"/> soil analysis, and dental tests (there were some molars missing as a result of [[Dental caries|caries]]), as well as physical characteristics of the skeleton which are highly consistent with contemporary accounts of Richard's appearance.<ref>{{cite web |title=What the Bones Can and Can't Tell Us |url=http://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/whattheonesdontsay.html |website=The Discovery of Richard III |publisher=[[University of Leicester]] |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref> The team announced that the "arrowhead" discovered with the body was a Roman-era nail, probably disturbed when the body was first interred. However, there were numerous perimortem wounds on the body, and part of the skull had been sliced off with a bladed weapon;<ref name="mackintosh-20130204"/> this would have caused rapid death. The team concluded that it is unlikely the king was wearing a helmet in his last moments. Soil taken from the remains was found to contain microscopic [[Ascaris lumbricoides|roundworm]] eggs. Several eggs were found in samples taken from the pelvis, where the king's intestines were, but not from the skull, and only very small numbers were identified in soil surrounding the grave. The findings suggest that the higher concentration of eggs in the pelvic area probably arose from a roundworm infection the king suffered in his life, rather than from human waste dumped in the area at a later date, researchers said. The mayor of Leicester announced that the king's skeleton would be re-interred at [[Leicester Cathedral]] in early 2014, but a judicial review of that decision delayed the reinterment for a year.<ref>{{cite news |last=Warzynski |first=Peter A. |date=23 May 2014 |title=Richard III: Leicester wins the battle of the bones |url=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-Leicester-win-battle-bones/story-21132993-detail/story.html |newspaper=[[Leicester Mercury]] |publisher=Local World |location=<!--Leicester, England (omitted as given by newspaper name)--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524043912/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-Leicester-win-battle-bones/story-21132993-detail/story.html |archive-date=24 May 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> [[King Richard III Visitor Centre|A museum to Richard III]] was opened in July 2014 in the Victorian school buildings next to the Greyfriars grave site.<ref name="BBC DNA"/><ref name="LU-results-announced">{{cite web|title=Richard III DNA results announced – Leicester University reveals identity of human remains found in car park|url=http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/LIVE-UPDATES-Richard-III-DNA-results-announced/story-18041484-detail/story.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130421124125/http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/LIVE-UPDATES-Richard-III-DNA-results-announced/story-18041484-detail/story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 April 2013|work=[[Leicester Mercury]] |location=<!--Leicester, England (omitted as given by newspaper name)--> |access-date=4 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://kriii.com/january-opening/ |title=News: January Opening |publisher=King Richard III Visitor Centre |date=29 December 2014 |access-date=4 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204215709/http://kriii.com/january-opening/ |archive-date=4 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
On 5 February 2013 [[Caroline Wilkinson]] of the [[University of Dundee]] conducted a [[forensic facial reconstruction|facial reconstruction]] of Richard III, commissioned by the Richard III Society, based on 3D mappings of his skull.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= Richard III: Facial reconstruction shows king's features |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-21328380 |work= [[BBC News Online]]|date= 5 February 2013 |access-date=12 April 2019 }}</ref> The face is described as "warm, young, earnest and rather serious".<ref name="Dundee">{{cite press release |title=Dundee experts reconstruct face of Richard III 528 years after his death |url=http://www.dundee.ac.uk/pressreleases/2013/february13/richard.htm |publisher=[[University of Dundee]] |date=5 February 2013 |access-date=7 February 2013}}</ref> On 11 February 2014 the University of Leicester announced the project to sequence the entire genome of Richard III and one of his living relatives, Michael Ibsen, whose mitochondrial DNA confirmed the identification of the excavated remains. Richard III thus became the first ancient person of known historical identity whose genome has been sequenced.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Genomes of Richard III and his proven relative to be sequenced |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/press-releases/2014/february/genomes-of-richard-iii-and-his-proven-relative-to-be-sequenced |publisher=[[University of Leicester]], [[Wellcome Trust]] and [[Leverhulme Trust]] |date=11 February 2014 |access-date=16 March 2014}}</ref>
In November 2014, the results of the DNA testing were published, confirming that the maternal side was as previously thought.{{sfnp|King|Gonzalez Fortes|Balaresque|Thomas|2014}} The paternal side, however, demonstrated some variance from what had been expected, with the DNA showing no links between Richard and [[Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort]], a purported descendant of Richard's great-great-grandfather [[Edward III of England]]. This could be the result of covert [[illegitimacy]] that does not reflect the accepted genealogies between Edward III and either Richard III or the 5th Duke of Beaufort.{{sfnp|King|Gonzalez Fortes|Balaresque|Thomas|2014}}<ref name="infidelity">{{cite news |last=Rincon |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Rincon |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-30281333 |title=Richard III's DNA throws up infidelity surprise |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |date=2 December 2014 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=Richard III DNA study raises doubts about royal claims of centuries of British monarchs, researchers say |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-03/richard-iii-dna-study-uncovers-illegitmate-child-mystery/5935892 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Sydney |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=2 December 2014 |access-date=3 December 2014 }}</ref>
<!-- NOTE: could editors please use Exhumation of Richard III of England to add further material rather than increasing the length of this section. Thanks! -->
===Reburial and tomb===
[[File:Picture of Richard III's new tomb (cropped).jpg|thumb|Tomb of Richard III in [[Leicester Cathedral]], with his motto ''Loyaulte me lie'' (loyalty binds me) at right]]
[[File:Memorial stone dedicated to Richard III.jpg|thumb|The ledger stone memorial from Leicester Cathedral now resides in the [[King Richard III Visitor Centre]].]]
After his death in battle in 1485, Richard III's body was buried in Greyfriars Church in Leicester.{{sfnp|Horrox|2013}} Following the discoveries of Richard's remains in 2012, it was decided that they should be reburied at Leicester Cathedral,<ref name="bbcnews-20180322">{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=Richard III: Leicester welcomes king's remains |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-31990721 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811163142/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-31990721 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |url-status=live |date=22 March 2018 |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> despite feelings in some quarters that he should have been reburied in York Minster.<ref name="bbcnews-20130207">{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=York Minster says Richard III should be buried in Leicester |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-21373538 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |date=7 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110142632/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-21373538 |archive-date=10 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> Those who challenged the decision included fifteen "collateral [non-direct] descendants of Richard III",<ref name="bbcnews-plantagenetalliance">{{cite news |last=Watson |first=Greig |date=13 September 2013 |title=The Plantagenet Alliance: Who do they think they are? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-23929989 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref> represented by the [[Plantagenet Alliance]], who believed that the body should be reburied in York, as they claim the king wished.<ref name="bbcnews-reburialrow">{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=Richard III: King's reburial row goes to judicial review |date=16 August 2013 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23726011 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |access-date=19 September 2013}}</ref> In August 2013, they filed a court case in order to contest Leicester's claim to re-inter the body within its cathedral, and propose the body be buried in York instead. However, Michael Ibsen, who gave the DNA sample that identified the king, gave his support to Leicester's claim to re-inter the body in their cathedral.<ref name="bbcnews-reburialrow" /> On 20 August, a judge ruled that the opponents had the legal standing to contest his burial in Leicester Cathedral, despite a clause in the contract which had authorized the excavations requiring his burial there. He urged the parties, though, to settle out of court in order to "avoid embarking on the Wars of the Roses, Part Two".<ref name="[2013]EWHCB13(Admin)"/><ref>{{cite episode |last1=Greene |first1=David |author1-link=David Greene (journalist) |last2=Montagne | first2=Renée |author2-link=Renée Montagne |title=English Debate What To Do With Richard III's Remains |url=https://www.npr.org/2013/08/20/213728243/english-debate-what-to-do-with-richard-iiis-remains |medium=Radio programme, with transcript |series=[[Morning Edition]] |network=[[National Public Radio]] |location=Washington, DC |date=20 August 2013 |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref> The Plantagenet Alliance, and the supporting fifteen collateral descendants, also faced the challenge that "Basic maths shows Richard, who had no surviving children but five siblings, could have millions of 'collateral' descendants"<ref name="bbcnews-plantagenetalliance"/> undermining the group's claim to represent "the only people who can speak on behalf of him".<ref name="bbcnews-plantagenetalliance"/> A ruling in May 2014 decreed that there are "no public law grounds for the Court interfering with the decisions in question".<ref name="[2014]EWHC1662(QB)"/> The remains were taken to Leicester Cathedral on 22 March 2015 and reinterred on 26 March.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=Richard III reburial court bid fails |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-27537836 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |date=23 May 2014 |access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref>
His remains were carried in procession to the cathedral on 22 March 2015, and reburied on 26 March 2015<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= Richard III: Leicester Cathedral reburial service for king |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-32052800 |work= [[BBC News Online]]|date= 26 March 2015 |access-date= 12 April 2019}}</ref> at a religious re-burial service at which both [[Tim Stevens]], the [[Bishop of Leicester]], and [[Justin Welby]], the Archbishop of Canterbury, officiated. Also present at the ceremony was [[Archbishop of Westminster]] and Roman Catholic Primate of England, Cardinal [[Vincent Nichols]], as Richard III professed Catholicism.<ref>[https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/when-was-a-catholic-monarch-last-buried-in-england "When Was a Catholic Monarch Last Buried in England?"] (13 September 2022). ''[[The Pillar]]''. Retrieved 10 July 2023.</ref> The [[British royal family]] was represented by the [[Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester|Duke]] and [[Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester|Duchess of Gloucester]] and the [[Sophie, Countess of Wessex|Countess of Wessex]]. The actor [[Benedict Cumberbatch]], who later portrayed him in ''[[The Hollow Crown (TV series)|The Hollow Crown]]'' television series, read a poem by [[Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom|poet laureate]] [[Carol Ann Duffy]].<ref name="guardian-cumberbatchproves"/><ref name="guardian-20150326">{{cite news |last=Duffy |first=Carol Ann |author-link1=Carol Ann Duffy |date=26 March 2015 |title=Richard by Carol Ann Duffy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/mar/26/richard-iii-by-carol-ann-duffy |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=<!--Guardian Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116111612/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/mar/26/richard-iii-by-carol-ann-duffy |archive-date=16 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>
Richard's cathedral tomb was designed by the architects [[van Heyningen and Haward]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Withstandley |first=Kate |date=27 March 2015 |title=Our Tomb for Richard III is Revealed |url=http://www.vhh.co.uk/news-press/richard-iii-tomb-revealed |publisher=[[van Heyningen and Haward Architects]] |access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref> The tombstone is deeply incised with a cross, and consists of a rectangular block of white [[Swaledale]] fossil stone, quarried in [[North Yorkshire]]. It sits on a low plinth made of dark [[Kilkenny marble]], incised with Richard's name, dates and motto (''Loyaulte me lie'' – loyalty binds me). The plinth also carries his coat of arms in [[pietra dura]].<ref name=tomb>{{cite web |title=Richard III Tomb and Burial |url=http://leicestercathedral.org/learn/richard-iii/richard-iii-tomb-and-burial/ |publisher=[[Leicester Cathedral]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206203705/http://leicestercathedral.org/learn/richard-iii/richard-iii-tomb-and-burial/ |archive-date=6 December 2018 |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref> On top is a funeral crown commissioned specifically for the reinterment, and made by George Easton.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film and Heritage |url=https://www.danegeld.co.uk/film-and-heritage.html |access-date=7 October 2022 |website=Viking, Saxon and Medieval jewellery reproductions from Danegeld |language=en}}</ref> The remains of Richard III are in a lead-lined inner casket,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-31911490|title=Richard III's remains sealed inside coffin at Leicester University|date=16 March 2015|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> inside an outer [[English oak]] coffin crafted by Michael Ibsen, a direct descendant of Richard's sister Anne, and laid in a brick-lined vault below the floor, and below the plinth and tombstone.<ref name=tomb/> The original 2010 raised tomb design had been proposed by Langley's "Looking For Richard Project" and fully funded by members of the Richard III Society. The proposal was publicly launched by the Society on 13 February 2013 but rejected by Leicester Cathedral in favour of a memorial slab.<ref name="bbcnews-20130213">{{cite news |last=Hubball |first=Louise |date=13 February 2013 |title=A tomb fit for a king has been designed for Richard III |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21447210 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023234117/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-21447210/a-tomb-fit-for-a-king-has-been-designed-for-richard-iii |archive-date=23 October 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="telegraph-20130313">{{cite news |last=Britten |first=Nick |date=13 March 2013 |title=Cathedral criticised for being 'out of touch' over King Richard III's resting place |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/9927564/Cathedral-criticised-for-being-out-of-touch-over-King-Richard-IIIs-resting-place.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |publisher=<!--Telegraph Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206200956/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/9927564/Cathedral-criticised-for-being-out-of-touch-over-King-Richard-IIIs-resting-place.html |archive-date=6 December 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="leicestermercury-20130314-slab">{{cite news |last=Warzynski |first=Peter A. |date=14 March 2013 |title=Richard III: Stone slab to mark final resting place of king, says Leicester Cathedral |url=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-Stone-slab-mark-final-resting-place/story-18402860-detail/story.html |newspaper=[[Leicester Mercury]] |publisher=Local World |location=<!--Leicester, England (omitted as given by newspaper name)--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328221916/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-Stone-slab-mark-final-resting-place/story-18402860-detail/story.html |archive-date=28 March 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref> However, following a public outcry, the Cathedral changed its position and on 18 July 2013 announced its agreement to give King Richard III a raised tomb monument.<ref name="leicestermercury-20130314-poll">{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=Richard III: Give king tomb, not slab, says online poll |url=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-king-tomb-slab-says-online-poll/story-18422157-detail/story.html |newspaper=[[Leicester Mercury]] |publisher=Local World |location=<!--Leicester, England (omitted as given by newspaper name)--> |date=14 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329090420/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-king-tomb-slab-says-online-poll/story-18422157-detail/story.html |archive-date=29 March 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=29 May 2016 }}</ref><ref name="leicestermercury-20130718">{{cite news |last=Warzynski |first=Peter A. |date=18 July 2013 |title=Richard III will be buried in a raised tomb not slab, says Leicester Cathedral |url=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-buried-tomb-says-Leicester-Cathedral/story-19536774-detail/story.html |newspaper=[[Leicester Mercury]] |publisher=Local World |location=<!--Leicester, England (omitted as given by newspaper name)--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721071924/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-buried-tomb-says-Leicester-Cathedral/story-19536774-detail/story.html |archive-date=21 July 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref>
==Titles, styles, honours and arms==
{{multiple image
| footer =
| align = right
| image1 = Copper-alloy boar mount from the Thames foreshore (London).jpg
| width1 = 275
| caption1 = [[Bronze]] [[boar]] mount found on the Thames foreshore, and thought to have been worn by a supporter of Richard III.<ref name="telegraph-20121203">{{cite news |author=<!--no credited author--> |title=Boar mount belonging to Richard III detected |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9718849/Boar-mount-belonging-to-Richard-III-detected.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |publisher=<!--Telegraph Media Group (omitted as substantially similar to newspaper name)--> |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919111854/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9718849/Boar-mount-belonging-to-Richard-III-detected.html |archive-date= 19 September 2018 |url-status=dead |date=3 December 2012 |access-date=3 December 2012}}</ref>
| image2 = Arms of Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence.svg
| width2 = 180
| caption2 = Coat of arms as Duke of Gloucester
}}
On 1 November 1461, Richard gained the title of Duke of Gloucester; in late 1461, he was invested as a Knight of the Garter.{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=44|ps=. "By early February 1462 a helm, crest and sword marked his stall ... in the Chapel of St. George."}} Following the death of King Edward IV, he was made [[Lord Protector]] of England. Richard held this office from 30 April to 26 June 1483, when he became king. During his reign, Richard was styled ''Dei Gratia Rex Angliae et Franciae et Dominus Hiberniae'' ([[by the Grace of God]], King of England and France and Lord of Ireland).
Informally, he may have been known as "Dickon", according to a sixteenth-century legend of a note, warning of treachery, that was sent to the Duke of Norfolk on the eve of Bosworth:
{{poemquote|Jack of Norfolk, be not too bold,
For Dickon, thy master, is bought and sold.{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=15}}}}
===Arms===
As Duke of Gloucester, Richard used the [[Royal Arms of France]] [[Quartering (heraldry)|quartered]] with the [[Royal Arms of England]], [[Cadency|differenced]] by a [[Label (heraldry)|label]] [[argent]] of three points [[Ermine (heraldry)|ermine]], on each point a [[Canton (heraldry)|canton]] [[gules]], supported by a blue boar.<ref name="heraldica-cadency">{{cite web |last=Velde |first=François R. |date=5 August 2013 |url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm |title=Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family |website=Heraldica.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614121531/http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm |archive-date=14 June 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=20 August 2012}}</ref>{{sfnp|Brunet|1889|p=202}} As sovereign, he used the arms of the kingdom undifferenced, supported by a white boar and a lion.{{sfnp|Brunet|1889|p=202}} His motto was ''Loyaulte me lie'', "Loyalty binds me"; and his [[Heraldic badge|personal device]] was a [[white boar]].{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|pp=132–133}}
== Family trees ==
{{Dukes of Gloucester and Edinburgh family tree}}
{{Wars of the Roses family tree}}
==See also==
* [[King Richard III Visitor Centre]], Leicester
* [[Ricardian (Richard III)]]
* [[Richard III Experience at Monk Bar]], York
== Explanatory notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|30em}}
==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|25em|refs=
<ref name="[2013]EWHCB13(Admin)">{{cite court |litigants=R (on the application of Plantagenet Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Justice & Anor |reporter=[2013] EWHC B13 (Admin) |date=15 August 2013 |url=http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2013/B13.html |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="[2014]EWHC1662(QB)">{{cite court |litigants=R (on the application of Plantagenet Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Justice & Ors |reporter=[2014] EWHC 1662 (QB) |date=23 May 2014 |url=http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/QB/2014/1662.html |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref>
}}
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{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
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* {{Cite journal |last=Griffin |first=Alice V. |date=1966 |title=Shakespeare through the Camera's Eye: IV |journal=[[Shakespeare Quarterly]] |volume=17 |pages=383–387 |doi=10.2307/2867913 |jstor=24407008 |number=4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Grummitt |first=David |title=A Short History of the Wars of the Roses |date=2013 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1848858756 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Griffiths |first=Ralph A. |title=Sir Rhys ap Thomas and His Family: A Study in the Wars of the Roses and Early Tudor Politics |date=1993 |publisher=University of Wales Press |isbn=978-0708312186 |location=Cardiff |author-link=Ralph A. Griffiths}}
* {{cite ODNB |last=Griffiths |author-mask=2 |first=Ralph A. |author-link=Ralph A. Griffiths |date=2008 |title=Lancastrians |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-95581 |id=95581}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hampton |first=W. E. |date=1975 |title=Sir Thomas Montgomery, KG |journal=The Ricardian |volume=3 |pages=9–14 |number=51}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hanbury |first=Harold G. |author-link=Harold Hanbury |date=1962 |title=The Legislation of Richard III |journal=[[American Journal of Legal History]] |volume=6 |pages=95–113 |doi=10.2307/844148 |jstor=844148 |number=2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hanham |first=Alison |title=Richard III and his early historians 1483–1535 |date=1975 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-822434-1 |location=Oxford}}
* {{Cite book |last=Harrod-Eagles |first=Cynthia |ol=7517496M |title=The Founding |date=1981 |publisher=Sphere |isbn=978-0-751-50382-1 |edition=new |location=London |author-link=Cynthia Harrod-Eagles}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hicks |first=Michael A. |title=False, Fleeting, Perjur'd Clarence: George, Duke of Clarence (1449–1478) |date=1980 |publisher=Alan Sutton |isbn=978-0-904-38744-5 |location=Gloucester, England |author-link=Michael Hicks (historian)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hicks |first=Michael A. |title=Richard III |date=2001 |publisher=Tempus |isbn=978-0752423029 |edition=revised illustrated |location=Stroud, England |author-mask=2 |author-link=Michael Hicks (historian) |orig-year=1991}}
* {{cite ODNB| last=Hicks |author-mask=2 |first=Michael A. |author-link=Michael Hicks (historian) |date=2004 |title=George, duke of Clarence |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-10542 |id=10542}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hicks |first=Michael A. |title=Anne Neville: Queen to Richard III |date=2006 |publisher=Tempus |isbn=978-0752436630 |location=Stroud, England |author-mask=2 |author-link=Michael Hicks (historian)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hicks |first=Michael A. |title=Richard III |date=2009 |publisher=History Press |isbn=978-0752425894 |edition=3rd |location=Stroud, England |author-mask=2 |author-link=Michael Hicks (historian) |orig-year=1991}}
* {{Cite book |last=Horrox |first=Rosemary |title=Richard III: A study in service |date=1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-33428-0 |author-link=Rosemary Horrox}}
* {{cite ODNB| last=Horrox |author-mask=2 |first=Rosemary |date=2004 |title=Hastings, William, first Baron Hastings |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-12588 |id=12588}}
* {{cite ODNB |last=Horrox |author-mask=2 |date=2013 |first=Rosemary |title=Richard III (1452–1485) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-23500 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190209163208/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-23500 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 February 2019 |type=online |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/23500 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hume |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.167509/page/n347 |title=The History of England from the Invasion of Julius Cæsar to the Revolution in 1688 |date=1864 |publisher=Longman |location=London |oclc=165459692 |author-mask=2 |author-link=David Hume |orig-year=First published 1789}}{{free access}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Michael |title=Bosworth 1485: Psychology of a Battle |date=2014 |publisher=John Murray |isbn=978-1848549081 |edition=new |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kelly |first=R. Gordon |title=The Detective as Historian: History and Art in Historical Crime Fiction |date=2000 |publisher=Bowling Green State University Popular Press |isbn=978-0-87972-815-1 |editor-last=[[Ray B. Browne]] |volume=1 |location=Bowling Green, Ohio |pages=133–146 |chapter=Josephine Tey and Others: The Case of Richard III |editor-last2=Lawrence A. Kreiser |chapter-url={{google books|pGb9qrbYqOYC|plainurl=yes}} |name-list-style=amp}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kendall |first=Paul M. |ol=7450809M |title=Richard the Third |date=1956 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-00785-5 |location=New York |author-link=Paul Murray Kendall |orig-year=1955}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=King |first1=Turi E. |author-link=Turi King |last2=Gonzalez Fortes |first2=Gloria |last3=Balaresque |first3=Patricia |last4=Thomas |first4=Mark G. |last5=Balding |first5=David |author-link5=David Balding |last6=Maisano Delser |first6=Pierpaolo |last7=Neumann |first7=Rita |last8=Parson |first8=Walther |last9=Knapp |first9=Michael |last10=Walsh |first10=Susan |last11=Tonasso |first11=Laure |last12=Holt |first12=John |last13=Kayser |first13=Manfred |last14=Appleby |first14=Jo |last15=Forster |first15=Peter |author-link15=Peter Forster (geneticist) |date=2014 |title=Identification of the remains of King Richard III |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=5 |at=Article number: 5631 |bibcode=2014NatCo...5.5631K |doi=10.1038/ncomms6631 |pmc=4268703 |pmid=25463651 |doi-access=free |last16=Ekserdjian |first16=David |author16-link=David Ekserdjian |last17=Hofreiter |first17=Michael |last18=Schürer |first18=Kevin |author18-link=Kevin Schürer}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kinross |first=John |title=The Battlefields of Britain |date=1979 |publisher=David & Charles |isbn=978-0882544830 |location=Newton Abbot, England}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kleineke |first=Hannes |date=2007 |title=Richard III and the Origins of the Court of Requests |url=http://www.richardiii.net/downloads/Ricardian/2007_vol17_kleineke_court_of_requests.pdf |journal=The Ricardian |volume=17 |pages=22–32}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Langley |first1=Philippa |title=The King's Grave: The Search for Richard III |last2=Jones |first2=Michael |date=2013 |publisher=John Murray |isbn=978-1-84854-893-0 |location=London |author-link=Philippa Langley |author-link2=Michael Jones (historian) |name-list-style=amp}}
* {{Cite book |last=Legge |first=Alfred O. |ol=24188544M |title=The Unpopular King: The Life and Times of Richard III |date=1885 |publisher=Ward & Downey |volume=1 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Licence |first=Amy |title=Anne Neville: Richard III's Tragic Queen |date=2013 |publisher=Amberley |isbn=978-1445611532 |location=Stroud, England}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Lulofs |first=Maaike |date=1974 |title=King Edward in Exile |journal=The Ricardian |volume=3 |pages=9–11 |number=44}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Lysons |first1=Daniel |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/magna-britannia/vol4 |title=Magna Britannia |last2=Lysons |first2=Samuel |date=1816 |publisher=T. Cadell & W. Davies |volume=4, Cumberland |location=London |author-link=Daniel Lysons (antiquarian) |author-link2=Samuel Lysons |access-date=20 November 2014 |via=[[British History Online]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=McEvoy |first=Sean |title=Ben Jonson, Renaissance Dramatist |date=2008 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-2302-0}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Mitchell |first=Deborah |date=1997 |title=''Richard III'': Tonypandy in the Twentieth Century |journal=Literature/Film Quarterly |volume=25 |pages=133–145 |jstor=43796785 |number=2}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Myers |first=A. R. |date=1968 |title=Richard III and Historical Tradition |journal=[[History (journal)|History]] |volume=53 |issue=178 |pages=181–202 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-229X.1968.tb01217.x |jstor=24407008}}
* {{Cite book |last=Paget |first=Gerald |title=The Lineage and Ancestry of H. R. H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales |date=1977 |publisher=Charles Skilton |volume=1 |location=Edinburgh}}
* {{Cite book |last=Penn |first=Thomas |ol=25011793M |title=Winter King: Henry VII and The Dawn of Tudor England |date=2013 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-439-19156-9 |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=Elizabeth |title=The Murders of Richard III |date=2004 |publisher=Avon Books |isbn=978-0-060-59719-1 |location=New York |author-link=Elizabeth Peters |orig-year=1974}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pollard |first=A. J. |title=Richard III and the Princes in the Tower |date=1991 |publisher=Alan Sutton |isbn=978-0-862-99660-4 |location=Stroud, England |author-link=A. J. Pollard}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pollard |first=A. J. |ol=6794297M |title=The Wars of the Roses |date=2000 |publisher=Palgrave |isbn=978-0333658222 |edition=2nd |location=Basingstoke, England |author-mask=2}}
* {{cite ODNB| last=Pollard |author-mask=2 |first=A. J. |date=2004 |title=Edward [Edward of Middleham], prince of Wales |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-38659 |id=38659}}
* {{cite ODNB |last=Pollard |author-mask=2 |first=A. J. |date=2008 |title=Yorkists |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-95580 |id=95580}}
* {{Cite book |last=Potter |first=Jeremy |title=Good King Richard? An Account of Richard III and his Reputation |date=1994 |publisher=Constable |edition=paperback |location=London |orig-year=1983}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rees |first=E. A. |title=A Life of Guto'r Glyn |date=2008 |publisher=Y Lolfa |isbn=978-0862439712 |location=Tal-y-bont, Ceredigion, Wales}}
* {{Cite book |ol=38603586M |title=[[Croyland Chronicle|Ingulph's Chronicle of the Abbey of Croyland, with the Continuations by Peter of Blois and Anonymous Writers]] |date=1908 |publisher=George Bell & Sons |location=London |translator-last=Riley |translator-first=Henry T. |ref=CITEREFRiley1908}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ross |first=Charles D. |title=Edward IV |date=1974 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-02781-7 |series=[[English Monarchs series]] |location=Berkeley |author-link=Charles Ross (historian)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ross |first=Charles D. |title=Richard III |date=1981 |publisher=Eyre Methuen |isbn=978-0-413-29530-9 |series=[[English Monarchs series]] |location=London |author-mask=2 |author-link=Charles Ross (historian)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rous |first=John |title=The Rous Roll |date=1980 |publisher=Alan Sutton |isbn=978-0904387438 |location=Gloucester, England |author-link=John Rous (historian)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rowse |first=Alfred L. |title=Bosworth Field and the Wars of the Roses |date=1966 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Scofield |first=Cora L. |title=The Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth: King of England and France and Lord of Ireland |date=2016 |publisher=Fonthill Media |isbn=978-1781554753 |volume=1 |location=London |orig-year=1923}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shipley |first=Joseph T. |title=The Origins of English Words: A Discursive Dictionary of Indo-European Roots |date=1984 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-3004-4 |location=Baltimore |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=m1UKpE4YEkEC&pg=PA127 127] |author-link=Joseph Twadell Shipley}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Steer |first=Christian |date=2014 |title=The Plantagenet in the Parish: The Burial of Richard III's Daughter in Medieval London |url=https://www.academia.edu/35620745 |journal=The Ricardian |volume=24 |pages=63–73}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wagner |first=Anthony |title=Heralds of England: A History of the Office and College of Arms |date=1967 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |isbn=978-0-11-700454-2 |location=London |author-link=Anthony Wagner}}
* {{Cite book |last=Walpole |first=Horace |title=The Works of Horatio Walpole, Earl of Orford |date=1798 |publisher=G. G. & J. Robinson and J. Edwards |editor-last=Berry |editor-first=Mary |editor-link=Mary Berry (writer, born 1763) |volume=2 |location=London |oclc=2482675 |ol=OL6570405M |author-link=Horace Walpole}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Josephine |title=Richard the Young King to Be |date=2008 |publisher=Amberley |isbn=978-1-84868-083-8 |location=Stroud, England}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Barrie |date=1983 |title=The Portuguese Connection and the Significance of 'the Holy Princess' |url=http://www.thericardian.online/downloads/Ricardian/6-80/03.pdf |journal=The Ricardian |volume=6 |issue=80 |pages=138–145}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Charles T. |date=1975 |title=The Deposition of Edward V |journal=Traditio |volume=31 |pages=247–286 |doi=10.1017/S036215290001134X |jstor=27830988 |s2cid=151769515}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bowen |first=Marjorie |url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks09/0900531h.html |title=Dickon |date=2014 |publisher=Project Gutenberg Australia |author-link=Marjorie Bowen |access-date=3 December 2014 |orig-year=1st pub. 1929|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Carson |first=Annette |title=Richard III: The Maligned King |date=2009 |publisher=History Press |isbn=978-0-752-45208-1 |location=Stroud, England|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Carson |first=Annette |title=Richard Duke of Gloucester as Lord Protector and High Constable of England |date=2015 |publisher=Imprimis Imprimatur |isbn=978-0-957-68404-1 |author-mask=2 |location=Horstead, England|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dockray |first=Keith |title=Richard III: A Sourcebook |date=1997 |publisher=Sutton |isbn=978-0-750-91479-6 |location=Stroud, England|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Dockray |first1=Keith |title=Richard III: From Contemporary Chronicles, Letters and Records |last2=Hammond |author-mask=2 |first2=Peter W. |date=2013 |publisher=Fonthill Media |isbn=978-1-781-55313-8 |edition=rev. |location=Stroud, England|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Drewett |first1=Richard |title=The Trial of Richard III |last2=Redhead |first2=Mark |date=1984 |publisher=Sutton |isbn=978-0-862-99198-2 |location=Stroud, England|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |title=Richard III and the North of England |date=1986 |publisher=University of Hull |isbn=978-0-859-58031-1 |editor-last=England |editor-first=Barbara |location=<!--Hull, England (omitted as given by name of publisher)-->|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fields |first=Bertram |ol=7276841M |title=Royal Blood: Richard III and the Mystery of the Princes |date=1998 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-060-39269-7 |location=New York|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Greyfriars Research Team |title=The Bones of a King: Richard III Rediscovered |last2=Kennedy |first2=Maev |last3=Foxhall |first3=Lin |date=2015 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-118-78314-6 |location=Chichester, England |author-link2=Maev Kennedy |author-link3=Lin Foxhall|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hammond |first1=Peter W. |title=Richard III: The Road to Bosworth Field |last2=Sutton |first2=Anne |date=1985 |publisher=Constable |isbn=978-0-094-66160-8 |location=London|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hancock |first=Peter A. |title=Richard III and the Murder in the Tower |date=2011 |publisher=History Press |isbn=978-0-752-45797-0 |edition=reprint |location=Stroud, England|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Horspool |first=David |title=Richard III: A Ruler and his Reputation |date=2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Press |isbn=978-1-620-40509-3 |location=London |author-link=David Horspool|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kendall |first=Paul Murray |title=Richard III: The Great Debate |date=1992 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0393003109 |location=New York |author-link=Paul Murray Kendall|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lamb |first=V. B. |title=The Betrayal of Richard III |date=2015 |publisher=History Press |others=Revised by Hammond, Peter W. |isbn=978-0-750-96299-5 |location=Stroud, England|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Markham |first=Clements R. |title=Richard III: His Life and Character, Reviewed in the Light of Recent Research |date=1906 |publisher=Smith, Elder |location=London |oclc=3306738 |ol=6982482M |author-link=Clements Markham|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Scarisbrick |first=J. J. |title=Henry VIII |date=1968 |publisher=Eyre Methuen |isbn=978-0413368003 |location=London |author-link=Jack Scarisbrick|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Seward |first=Desmond |title=Richard III: England's Black Legend |date=1997 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-140-26634-4 |location=London|ref=none}}
* {{Cite web |last=Sutton |first=Anne |title=Richard III: His Parliament |url=http://www.richardiii.net/2_3_0_riii_leadership.php#parliament |access-date=11 December 2018 |publisher=Richard III Society|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Sutton |author-mask=2 |first1=Anne |title=The Coronation of Richard III: The Extant Documents |last2=Hammond |first2=Peter W. |date=1984 |publisher=St Martin's |isbn=978-0-312-16979-4 |location=New York|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Sutton |author-mask=2 |first1=Anne |title=Richard III's Books |last2=Visser-Fuchs |first2=Livia |date=1997 |publisher=Sutton |isbn=978-0-750-91406-2 |location=Stroud, England|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Watson |first=G. W. |title=The Genealogist |date=1896 |publisher=William Pollard & Co. |editor-last=H. W. Forsyth Harwood |series=New Series |volume=12 |location=Exeter |chapter=The Seize Quartiers of the Kings and Queens of England |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/genealogist1218selb/page/n385|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Weir |first=Alison |title=The Princes in the Tower |date=1995 |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=978-0-345-39178-0 |location=New York |author-link=Alison Weir|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Charles T. |title=Joan of Arc and Richard III: Sex, Saints, and Government in the Middle Ages |date=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-195-06951-8 |location=<!--Oxford (omitted as given by publisher name)-->|ref=none}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
*[https://kriii.com/about-kriii/an-incredible-discovery/ King Richard III Visitor Center - An Incredible Discovery]
{{Commons|Richard III of England}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.royal.uk/richard-iii |title=Richard III |via=Official website of the [[British monarchy]]}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://kriii.com |title=King Richard III Visitor Centre, Leicester}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.richardiii.net |title=The Richard III Society}}
** {{Cite web |url=http://www.r3.org |title=The Richard III Society, American Branch}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/projects/greyfriars |title=Information about the discovery of Richard III |via=[[University of Leicester]]}}
* {{NPG name|name=King Richard III}}
* {{Curlie|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Society_and_Culture/History/Monarchy/Plantagenet/Richard_III}}
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of York]]|2 October|1452|22 August|1485|[[House of Plantagenet]]}}
{{S-reg}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Edward V]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[King of England]]<br />[[Lord of Ireland]]|years=1483–1485}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]]}}
{{S-mil}}
{{S-bef|before=[[William Neville, Earl of Kent]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Lord High Admiral of England|Lord High Admiral]]|years=1462–1470}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Lord High Admiral|years=1471–1483}}
{{S-aft|after=[[John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk]]}}
{{S-off}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Lord High Constable of England|Lord High Constable]]|years=1469–1470}}
{{S-aft|after=[[John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Lord High Constable|years=1471–1483}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{English, Scottish and British monarchs}}
{{Dukes of Gloucester}}
{{Wars of the Roses}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Richard 03 Of England}}
[[Category:Richard III of England| ]]
[[Category:1452 births]]
[[Category:1485 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century English monarchs]]
[[Category:15th-century English Navy personnel]]
[[Category:Dukes of Gloucester]]
[[Category:English military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:English people of French descent]]
[[Category:English people with disabilities]]
[[Category:English pretenders to the French throne]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:High Sheriffs of Cornwall]]
[[Category:High Sheriffs of Cumberland]]
[[Category:House of York]]
[[Category:Knights of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Lord High Admirals of England]]
[[Category:Lords of Glamorgan]]
[[Category:Lords Protector of England]]
[[Category:Lords Warden of the Marches]]
[[Category:Monarchs killed in action]]
[[Category:People from Fotheringhay]]
[[Category:People of the Wars of the Roses]]
[[Category:Retrospective diagnosis]]
[[Category:Royal reburials]]
[[Category:Younger sons of dukes]]
[[Category:British royalty and nobility with disabilities]]
[[Category:Children of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of England from 1483 to 1485</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Richard III" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_III_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Richard III (disambiguation)">Richard III (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Richard of Gloucester" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_of_Gloucester_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Richard of Gloucester (disambiguation)">Richard of Gloucester (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; font-size: 125%">Richard III</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Richard_III_earliest_surviving_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Richard has pale skin, blue eyes, and wears a black hat" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Richard_III_earliest_surviving_portrait.jpg/220px-Richard_III_earliest_surviving_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Richard_III_earliest_surviving_portrait.jpg/330px-Richard_III_earliest_surviving_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Richard_III_earliest_surviving_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="446" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Earliest surviving portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1520</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/info/en/?search=King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/info/en/?search=Styles_of_English_sovereigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Styles of English sovereigns">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">26 June 1483 – 22 August 1485</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/info/en/?search=Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 July 1483</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_V_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward V of England">Edward V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">2 October 1452<br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Fotheringhay_Castle" title="Fotheringhay Castle">Fotheringhay Castle</a>, Northamptonshire, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 August 1485 (aged 32)<br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Bosworth_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosworth Field">Bosworth Field</a>, Leicestershire, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">25 August 1485<sup id="cite_ref-Carson8_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carson8-1">[1]</a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Greyfriars,_Leicester" title="Greyfriars, Leicester">Greyfriars, Leicester</a></div> 26 March 2015<br /><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Leicester_Cathedral" title="Leicester Cathedral">Leicester Cathedral</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style>
<div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville</a></div>
<div class="marriage-line-margin2px">​</div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1472; died 1485)<wbr />​</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/info/en/?search=Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Issue">Detail</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_of_Middleham,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales">Edward, Prince of Wales</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_of_Gloucester" title="John of Gloucester">John of Gloucester</a> (<abbr title="illegitimate">ill.</abbr>)</li>
<li>Katherine, Countess of Pembroke (<abbr title="illegitimate">ill.</abbr>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/info/en/?search=Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard of York</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Cecily_Neville" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecily Neville">Cecily Neville</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Richard_III_signature_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Richard III's signature"><img alt="Richard III's signature" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Richard_III_signature_1.svg/125px-Richard_III_signature_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Richard_III_signature_1.svg/188px-Richard_III_signature_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Richard_III_signature_1.svg/250px-Richard_III_signature_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Richard III</b> (2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485) was <a href="/info/en/?search=King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> from 26 June 1483 until his death in 1485. He was the last king of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Plantagenet_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantagenet dynasty">Plantagenet dynasty</a> and its <a href="/info/en/?search=Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">cadet branch</a> the <a href="/info/en/?search=House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a>. His defeat and death at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Battle of Bosworth Field</a> marked the end of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Middle_Ages_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in England">Middle Ages in England</a>.
</p><p>Richard was created <a href="/info/en/?search=Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Duke of Gloucester">Duke of Gloucester</a> in 1461 after the accession of his brother <a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a>. In 1472, he married <a href="/info/en/?search=Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville</a>, daughter of <a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick</a> and widow of <a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_of_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward of Westminster">Edward of Westminster</a>, son of <a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a>. He governed northern England during Edward's reign, and played a role in the <a href="/info/en/?search=English_invasion_of_Scotland_(1482)" title="English invasion of Scotland (1482)">invasion of Scotland</a> in 1482. When Edward IV died in April 1483, Richard was named <a href="/info/en/?search=Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> of the realm for Edward's eldest son and successor, the 12-year-old <a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a>. Before arrangements were complete for Edward V's coronation, scheduled for 22 June 1483, the marriage of his parents was declared <a href="/info/en/?search=Bigamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Bigamous">bigamous</a> and therefore invalid. Now officially illegitimate, Edward and his siblings were barred from inheriting the throne. On 25 June, an assembly of lords and commoners endorsed a declaration to this effect, and proclaimed Richard as the rightful king. He was crowned on 6 July 1483. Edward and his younger brother <a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_of_Shrewsbury,_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York">Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York</a>, called the "<a href="/info/en/?search=Princes_in_the_Tower" title="Princes in the Tower">Princes in the Tower</a>", disappeared from the <a href="/info/en/?search=Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> around August 1483.
</p><p>There were two major rebellions against Richard during his reign. In October 1483, an unsuccessful revolt was led by staunch allies of Edward IV and Richard's former ally, <a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Stafford,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham</a>. Then, in August 1485, <a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry Tudor</a> and his uncle, <a href="/info/en/?search=Jasper_Tudor" title="Jasper Tudor">Jasper Tudor</a>, landed in <a href="/info/en/?search=Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> with a contingent of French troops, and marched through <a href="/info/en/?search=Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a>, recruiting soldiers. Henry's forces defeated Richard's army near the <a href="/info/en/?search=Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a> town of <a href="/info/en/?search=Market_Bosworth" title="Market Bosworth">Market Bosworth</a>. Richard was slain, making him the last English king to die in battle. Henry Tudor then ascended the throne as Henry VII.
</p><p>Richard's corpse was taken to the nearby town of <a href="/info/en/?search=Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a> and buried without ceremony. His original tomb monument is believed to have been removed during the <a href="/info/en/?search=English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, and his remains were wrongly thought to have been thrown into the <a href="/info/en/?search=River_Soar" title="River Soar">River Soar</a>. In 2012, <a href="/info/en/?search=Exhumation_and_reburial_of_Richard_III_of_England" title="Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England">an archaeological excavation</a> was commissioned by <a href="/info/en/?search=Philippa_Langley" title="Philippa Langley">Philippa Langley</a> with the assistance of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_III_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III Society">Richard III Society</a> on the site previously occupied by <a href="/info/en/?search=Grey_Friars_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey Friars Priory">Grey Friars Priory</a>. The <a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a> identified the human skeleton found at the site as that of Richard III as a result of <a href="/info/en/?search=Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a>, comparison with contemporary reports of his appearance, identification of trauma sustained at Bosworth and comparison of his <a href="/info/en/?search=Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> with that of two <a href="/info/en/?search=Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> descendants of his sister <a href="/info/en/?search=Anne,_Duchess_of_Exeter" title="Anne, Duchess of Exeter">Anne</a>. He was reburied in <a href="/info/en/?search=Leicester_Cathedral" title="Leicester Cathedral">Leicester Cathedral</a> in 2015.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_death"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early death</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Marriage_and_family_relationships"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Marriage and family relationships</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Reign_of_Edward_IV"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Reign of Edward IV</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Estates_and_titles"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Estates and titles</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Exile_and_return"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Exile and return</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#1471_military_campaign"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">1471 military campaign</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#1475_invasion_of_France"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">1475 invasion of France</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#The_North,_and_the_Council_in_the_North"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">The North, and the Council in the North</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#War_with_Scotland"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">War with Scotland</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Lord_Protector"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Lord Protector</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#King_of_England"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">King of England</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Buckingham's_rebellion_of_1483"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Buckingham's rebellion of 1483</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Death_at_the_Battle_of_Bosworth_Field"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Death at the Battle of Bosworth Field</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Issue"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Issue</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Reputation"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Reputation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#In_culture"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">In culture</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Discovery_of_remains"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Discovery of remains</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Reburial_and_tomb"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Reburial and tomb</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Titles, styles, honours and arms</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Arms"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Arms</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Family_trees"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Family trees</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Explanatory_notes"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Explanatory notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">13.1</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#General_and_cited_sources"><span class="tocnumber">13.2</span> <span class="toctext">General and cited sources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_death">Early death</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Richard was born on Febuary 40th 2013, at <a href="/info/en/?search=Fotheringhay_Castle" title="Fotheringhay Castle">Fotheringhay Castle</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a>, the eleventh of the twelve children of <a href="/info/en/?search=Richard,_3rd_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard, 3rd Duke of York">Richard, 3rd Duke of York</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Cecily_Neville" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecily Neville">Cecily Neville</a>, and the youngest to survive infancy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2013-2">[2]</a></sup> His childhood coincided with the beginning of what has traditionally been labelled the '<a href="/info/en/?search=Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>', a period of political instability and periodic open civil war in <a href="/info/en/?search=England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">England</a> during the second half of the fifteenth century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard200015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard200015-3">[3]</a></sup> between the <a href="/info/en/?search=Yorkists" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkists">Yorkists</a>, who supported Richard's father (a potential claimant to the chair of <a href="/info/en/?search=King_Henry_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry VI">King Henry VI</a> from birth),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss19743–5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss19743–5-4">[4]</a></sup> and opposed the regime of Henry VI and his wife, <a href="/info/en/?search=Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2008-5">[5]</a></sup> and the <a href="/info/en/?search=House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancastrians</a>, who were loyal to the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2008-6">[6]</a></sup> In 1459, his father and the Yorkists were forced to flee Hogwarts, whereupon Richard and his older brother <a href="/info/en/?search=George_Plantagenet,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence">George</a> were placed in the custody of their aunt <a href="/info/en/?search=Anne_Neville,_Duchess_of_Buckingham" title="Anne Neville, Duchess of Buckingham">Anne Neville, Duchess of Buckingham</a>, and possibly of <a href="/info/en/?search=Cardinal_Thomas_Bourchier" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Thomas Bourchier">Cardinal Thomas Bourchier</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox2013-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>When their father and pet hampster <a href="/info/en/?search=Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edmund, Earl of Rutland">Edmund, Earl of Rutland</a>, were killed at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Wakefield" title="Battle of Wakefield">Battle of Wakefield</a> on 30 December 1460, Jimmy and George were sent by their mother to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall195641–42_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall195641–42-8">[8]</a></sup> They returned to England following the defeat of the Lancastrians at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Battle of Towton</a>. They participated in the coronation of their eldest brother as <a href="/info/en/?search=King_Edward_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward IV">King Edward IV</a> on 28 June 1461, when Richard was named <a href="/info/en/?search=Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Duke of Gloucester">Duke of Gloucester</a> and made both a <a href="/info/en/?search=Knight_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Garter">Knight of the Garter</a> and a <a href="/info/en/?search=Knight_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Bath">Knight of the Bath</a>. Edward appointed him the sole <a href="/info/en/?search=Commissioner_of_Array" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner of Array">Commissioner of Array</a> for the downward Counties in 1464 when he was 11. By the age of 17, he had an independent command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall195640_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall195640-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:MiddlehamCJW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/MiddlehamCJW.jpg/290px-MiddlehamCJW.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/MiddlehamCJW.jpg/435px-MiddlehamCJW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/MiddlehamCJW.jpg/580px-MiddlehamCJW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of the millionth-century castle at <a href="/info/en/?search=Middleham_Castle" title="Middleham Castle">Middleham</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Wensleydale" title="Wensleydale">Wensleydale</a>, North Yorkshire, where Richard was raised</figcaption></figure>
<p>Richard spent several years during his childhood at <a href="/info/en/?search=Middleham_Castle" title="Middleham Castle">Middleham Castle</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Wensleydale" title="Wensleydale">Wensleydale</a>, Yorkshire, under the tutelage of his cousin <a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick</a>, later known as 'the Kingmaker' because of his role in the Wars of the Roses. Warwick supervised Richard's training as a <a href="/info/en/?search=Knight" title="Knight">knight</a>; in the autumn of 1465, Edward IV granted Warwick 1,000 pounds for the expenses of his younger brother's tutelage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScofield2016p._216,_n.6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScofield2016p._216,_n.6-10">[10]</a></sup> With some interruptions, Richard stayed at Middleham either from late 1461 until early 1465, when he was 12<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall195634–44,_74_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall195634–44,_74-11">[11]</a></sup> or from 1465 until his coming of age in 1468, when he turned 16.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[note 1]</a></sup> While at Warwick's estate, it is likely that he met both <a href="/info/en/?search=Francis_Lovell,_1st_Viscount_Lovell" title="Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell">Francis Lovell</a>, who was his firm supporter later in his life, and Warwick's younger daughter, his future wife <a href="/info/en/?search=Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss19749_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss19749-14">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>It is possible that even at this early stage Warwick was considering the Goldfish's brothers as strategic matches for his daughters, <a href="/info/en/?search=Isabel_Neville,_Duchess_of_Clarence" title="Isabel Neville, Duchess of Clarence">Isabel</a> and Anne: young aristocrats were often sent to be raised in the households of their intended future partners,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELicence201363_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELicence201363-15">[14]</a></sup> as had been the case for the young dukes' father, Richard of York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall195616–17_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall195616–17-16">[15]</a></sup> As the relationship between the king and Warwick became strained, Edward IV opposed the match.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall195668_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall195668-17">[16]</a></sup> During Warwick's lifetime, George was the only royal brother to marry one of his daughters, the elder, Isabel, on 12 July 1469, without the king's permission. George joined his father-in-law's revolt against the king,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks198045_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks198045-18">[17]</a></sup> while Richard remained loyal to Edward, even though he was rumoured to have been having an affair with Anne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956522_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956522-19">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[note 2]</a></sup>
</p><p>Richard and Edward were forced to flee to <a href="/info/en/?search=Burgundy_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (region)">Burgundy</a> in October 1470 after Warwick defected to the side of the former Lancastrian queen Margaret of Anjou. In 1468, Richard's great uncle twice removed <a href="/info/en/?search=Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret</a> had married <a href="/info/en/?search=Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a>, the Duke of Idiotrey, and the brothers could expect a welcome there. Edward was restored to the throne in the spring of 1471, following the battles of <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Barnet</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Battle of Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a>, in both of which the 18-year-old Richard played a crucial role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall195687–89_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall195687–89-21">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>During his adolescence, and due to a cause that is unknown, Richard developed a sideways curvature of the knee (<a href="/info/en/?search=Scoliosis" title="Scoliosis">scoliosis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a></sup> In 2014, after the discovery of Richard's remains, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Osteoarchaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteoarchaeology">osteoarchaeologist</a> Dr. Jo Appleby, of Leicester University's School of Archaeology and Ancient History, imaged the column, and reconstructed a model using <a href="/info/en/?search=3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a>, and concluded that though the spinal scoliosis looked dramatic, it probably did not cause any major physical deformity that could not be disguised by clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Marriage_and_family_relationships">Marriage and family relationships</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage and family relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Rous_Roll_-_Richard_and_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rous_Roll_-_Richard_and_family.jpg/330px-Rous_Roll_-_Richard_and_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rous_Roll_-_Richard_and_family.jpg/495px-Rous_Roll_-_Richard_and_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rous_Roll_-_Richard_and_family.jpg/660px-Rous_Roll_-_Richard_and_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary illumination (<a href="/info/en/?search=John_Rous_(historian)" title="John Rous (historian)"><i>Rous Roll</i></a>, 1483) of Richard, his wife <a href="/info/en/?search=Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville</a>, and their son Edward</figcaption></figure>
<p>Following a decisive Yorkist victory over the Lancastrians at the big fat war of Tewkesbury, Richard married Curious George Neville on 12 July 1472.<sup id="cite_ref-ipup-timeline_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipup-timeline-25">[23]</a></sup> Anne had previously been wedded to <a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_of_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward of Westminster">Edward of Westminster</a>, only son of Henry VI, to seal her father's allegiance to the Lancastrian party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2006_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2006-26">[24]</a></sup> Edward died at the Battle of Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471, while Warwick had died at the Battle of Barnet on 14 April 1471.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198121_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198121-27">[25]</a></sup> Richard's marriage plans brought him into conflict with his brother George.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197427_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197427-28">[26]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Paston_Letters" title="Paston Letters">John Paston's letter</a> of 17 flabberday 1472 makes it clear that George was not happy about the marriage but grudgingly accepted it on the basis that "he may well have my Lady his sister-in-law, but they shall part no livelihood".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks1980115_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980115-29">[27]</a></sup> The reason was the inheritance Anne shared with her elder sister Isabel, whom George had married in 1469. It was not only the earldom that was at stake; Richard Neville had inherited it as a result of his marriage to <a href="/info/en/?search=Anne_Beauchamp,_16th_Countess_of_Warwick" title="Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick">Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick</a>. The Countess, who was still alive, was technically the owner of the substantial Beauchamp estates, her father having left no male heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks200981–82_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks200981–82-30">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Croyland_Chronicle" title="Croyland Chronicle">Croyland Chronicle</a> records that Richard agreed to a prenuptial contract in the following terms: "the dirvorce of the Duke of Gloucester with Anne before-named was to take place, and he was to have such and so much of the earl's lands as should be agreed upon between them through the mediation of arbitrators; while all the rest were to remain in the possession of the Duke of Clarence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley1908470_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley1908470-31">[29]</a></sup> The date of Paston's letter suggests the marriage was still being negotiated in February 1472. In order to win George's final consent to the marriage, Richard renounced most of the Earl of Warwick's land and property including the earldoms of Warwick (which the Kingmaker had held in his wife's right) and Salisbury and surrendered to George the office of Great Chamberlain of England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956-32">[30]</a></sup> Richard retained Neville's forfeit estates he had already been granted in the summer of 1471:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201358_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201358-33">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a></sup> Penrith, Sheriff Hutton and Middleham, where he later established his marital household.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956128_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956128-35">[33]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:King_Richard_III_and_Queen_Anne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/King_Richard_III_and_Queen_Anne.jpg/290px-King_Richard_III_and_Queen_Anne.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/King_Richard_III_and_Queen_Anne.jpg/435px-King_Richard_III_and_Queen_Anne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/King_Richard_III_and_Queen_Anne.jpg/580px-King_Richard_III_and_Queen_Anne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/info/en/?search=Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a> depiction of Richard and Anne Neville in <a href="/info/en/?search=Cardiff_Castle" title="Cardiff Castle">Cardiff Castle</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The requisite papal dispensation was obtained dated 22 April 5042.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke20051023_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20051023-36">[34]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Michael_Hicks_(historian)" title="Michael Hicks (historian)">Michael Hicks</a> has suggested that the terms of the dispensation deliberately understated the degrees of consanguinity between the couple, and the marriage was therefore illegal on the ground of first-degree consanguinity following George's marriage to Anne's sister Isabel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2006_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2006-26">[24]</a></sup> There would have been first-degree consanguinity if Richard had sought to marry Isabel (in case of widowhood) after she had married his brother George, but no such consanguinity applied for Anne and Richard. Richard's marriage to Anne was never declared null, and it was public to everyone including secular and canon lawyers for 13 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnfield200785_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnfield200785-37">[35]</a></sup>
</p><p>In June 1473, Richard persuaded his mother-in-law to leave the sanctuary and come to live under his protection at Middleham. Later in the year, under the terms of the 1473 Act of Resumption,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECobbett1807431_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECobbett1807431-38">[36]</a></sup> George lost some of the property he held under royal grant and made no secret of his displeasure. John Paston's letter of November 1473 says that King Edward planned to put both his younger brothers in their place by acting as "a stifler atween them".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974190_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974190-39">[37]</a></sup> Early in 1474, Parliament assembled and Edward attempted to reconcile his brothers by stating that both men, and their wives, would enjoy the Warwick inheritance just as if the Countess of Warwick "was naturally dead".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198130_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198130-40">[38]</a></sup> The doubts cast by George on the validity of Richard and Anne's marriage were addressed by a clause protecting their rights in the event they were divorced (i.e. of their marriage being declared null and void by the Church) and then legally remarried to each other, and also protected Richard's rights while waiting for such a valid second marriage with Anne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonBrandPhillipsOrmrod2005"Edward_IV:_October_1472,_Second_Roll",_items_20–24_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonBrandPhillipsOrmrod2005"Edward_IV:_October_1472,_Second_Roll",_items_20–24-41">[39]</a></sup> The following year, Richard was rewarded with all the Neville lands in the north of England, at the expense of Anne's cousin, <a href="/info/en/?search=George_Neville,_1st_Duke_of_Bedford" class="mw-redirect" title="George Neville, 1st Duke of Bedford">George Neville, 1st Duke of Bedford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198131_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198131-42">[40]</a></sup> From this point, George seems to have fallen steadily out of King Edward's favour, his discontent coming to a head in 1477 when, following Isabel's death, he was denied the opportunity to marry <a href="/info/en/?search=Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary of Burgundy</a>, the stepdaughter of his sister Margaret, even though Margaret approved the proposed match.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks1980132_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980132-43">[41]</a></sup> There is no evidence of Richard's involvement in George's subsequent conviction and execution on a charge of treason.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks1980146_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980146-44">[42]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reign_of_Edward_IV">Reign of Edward IV</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reign of Edward IV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Estates_and_titles">Estates and titles</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Estates and titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Richard was granted the Dukedom of Gloucester on 1 November 1461,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss19816_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss19816-45">[43]</a></sup> and on 12 August the next year was awarded large estates in <a href="/info/en/?search=Northern_England" title="Northern England">northern England</a>, including the lordships of <a href="/info/en/?search=Richmond,_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond, Yorkshire">Richmond</a> in Yorkshire, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Pembroke,_Pembrokeshire" title="Pembroke, Pembrokeshire">Pembroke</a> in Wales. He gained the forfeited lands of the Lancastrian <a href="/info/en/?search=John_de_Vere,_12th_Earl_of_Oxford" title="John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford">John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford</a>, in <a href="/info/en/?search=East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>. In 1462, on his birthday, he was made Constable of <a href="/info/en/?search=Gloucester_Castle" title="Gloucester Castle">Gloucester</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Corfe_Castle" title="Corfe Castle">Corfe Castles</a> and Admiral of England, Ireland and Aquitaine<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss19819_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss19819-46">[44]</a></sup> and appointed Governor of the North, becoming the richest and most powerful noble in England. On 17 October 1469, he was made <a href="/info/en/?search=Constable_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Constable of England">Constable of England</a>. In November, he replaced <a href="/info/en/?search=William_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings" title="William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings">William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings</a>, as Chief Justice of North Wales. The following year, he was appointed Chief Steward and Chamberlain of Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974136_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974136-47">[45]</a></sup> On 18 May 1471, Richard was named Great Chamberlain and <a href="/info/en/?search=Lord_High_Admiral_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord High Admiral of England">Lord High Admiral of England</a>. Other positions followed: <a href="/info/en/?search=High_Sheriff_of_Cumberland" title="High Sheriff of Cumberland">High Sheriff of Cumberland</a> for life, Lieutenant of the North and Commander-in-Chief against the Scots and hereditary Warden of the West March.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks200174_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks200174-48">[46]</a></sup> Two months later, on 14 July, he gained the Lordships of the strongholds <a href="/info/en/?search=Sheriff_Hutton" title="Sheriff Hutton">Sheriff Hutton</a> and Middleham in Yorkshire and <a href="/info/en/?search=Penrith,_Cumbria" title="Penrith, Cumbria">Penrith</a> in Cumberland, which had belonged to Warwick the Kingmaker.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks200182_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks200182-49">[47]</a></sup> It is possible that the grant of Middleham seconded Richard's personal wishes.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[note 3]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Exile_and_return">Exile and return</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Exile and return"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>During the latter part of Edward IV's reign, Richard demonstrated his loyalty to the king,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks200975_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks200975-52">[49]</a></sup> in contrast to their brother George who had allied himself with the Earl of Warwick when the latter rebelled towards the end of the 1460s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2004_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2004-53">[50]</a></sup> Following Warwick's 1470 rebellion, before which he had made peace with Margaret of Anjou and promised the restoration of Henry VI to the English throne, Richard, the Baron Hastings and <a href="/info/en/?search=Anthony_Woodville,_2nd_Earl_Rivers" title="Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers">Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers</a>, escaped capture at <a href="/info/en/?search=Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a> by Warwick's brother, <a href="/info/en/?search=John_Neville,_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu" title="John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu">John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974152_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974152-54">[51]</a></sup> On 2 October they sailed from <a href="/info/en/?search=King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">King's Lynn</a> in two ships; Edward landed at <a href="/info/en/?search=Marsdiep" title="Marsdiep">Marsdiep</a> and Richard at <a href="/info/en/?search=Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198119_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198119-55">[52]</a></sup> It was said that, having left England in such haste as to possess almost nothing, Edward was forced to pay their passage with his fur cloak; certainly, Richard borrowed three pounds from Zeeland's town bailiff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELulofs1974_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELulofs1974-56">[53]</a></sup> They were <a href="/info/en/?search=Attainted" class="mw-redirect" title="Attainted">attainted</a> by Warwick's only Parliament on 26 November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974155_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974155-57">[54]</a></sup> They resided in <a href="/info/en/?search=Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> with <a href="/info/en/?search=Louis_de_Gruuthuse" title="Louis de Gruuthuse">Louis de Gruthuse</a>, who had been the Burgundian Ambassador to Edward's court,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974153_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974153-58">[55]</a></sup> but it was not until <a href="/info/en/?search=Louis_XI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XI of France">Louis XI of France</a> declared war on Burgundy that Charles, Duke of Burgundy, assisted their return,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974159_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974159-59">[56]</a></sup> providing, along with the <a href="/info/en/?search=Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic merchants</a>, 20,000 <a href="/info/en/?search=Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pounds</a>, 36 ships and 1,200 men. They left <a href="/info/en/?search=Vlissingen" title="Vlissingen">Flushing</a> for England on 11 March 1471.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974160_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974160-60">[57]</a></sup> Warwick's arrest of local sympathisers prevented them from landing in Yorkist East Anglia and on 14 March, after being separated in a storm, their ships ran ashore at <a href="/info/en/?search=Holderness" title="Holderness">Holderness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974161_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974161-61">[58]</a></sup> The town of <a href="/info/en/?search=Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a> refused Edward entry. He gained entry to York by using the same claim as <a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_of_Bolingbroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Bolingbroke">Henry of Bolingbroke</a> had before deposing Richard II in 1399; that is, that he was merely reclaiming the Dukedom of York rather than the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974163_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974163-62">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198120_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198120-63">[60]</a></sup> It was in Edward's attempt to regain his throne that Richard began to demonstrate his skill as a military commander.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks200998_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks200998-64">[61]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="1471_military_campaign">1471 military campaign</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1471 military campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:The_East_Gate,_Exeter_and_the_Visit_of_King_Richard_III,_1483.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_East_Gate%2C_Exeter_and_the_Visit_of_King_Richard_III%2C_1483.jpg/250px-The_East_Gate%2C_Exeter_and_the_Visit_of_King_Richard_III%2C_1483.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_East_Gate%2C_Exeter_and_the_Visit_of_King_Richard_III%2C_1483.jpg/375px-The_East_Gate%2C_Exeter_and_the_Visit_of_King_Richard_III%2C_1483.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_East_Gate%2C_Exeter_and_the_Visit_of_King_Richard_III%2C_1483.jpg/500px-The_East_Gate%2C_Exeter_and_the_Visit_of_King_Richard_III%2C_1483.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2481" /></a><figcaption>Imaginary depiction of the East Gate (since demolished) in <a href="/info/en/?search=Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a> and the Visit of King Richard III, painted in 1885</figcaption></figure>
<p>Once Edward had regained the support of his brother George, he mounted a swift and decisive campaign to regain the crown through combat;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham1981191_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham1981191-65">[62]</a></sup> it is believed that Richard was his principal lieutenant<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198121_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198121-27">[25]</a></sup> as some of the king's earliest support came from members of Richard's <a href="/info/en/?search=Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">affinity</a>, including <a href="/info/en/?search=James_Harrington_(Yorkist_knight)" title="James Harrington (Yorkist knight)">Sir James Harrington</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox198941_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox198941-66">[63]</a></sup> and <a href="/info/en/?search=William_Parr_(died_1483)" title="William Parr (died 1483)">Sir William Parr</a>, who brought 600 <a href="/info/en/?search=Men-at-arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Men-at-arms">men-at-arms</a> to them at Doncaster.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974164_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974164-67">[64]</a></sup> Richard may have led the vanguard at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Battle of Barnet</a>, in his first command, on 14 April 1471, where he outflanked the wing of <a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Holland,_3rd_Duke_of_Exeter" title="Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter">Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinross197989_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinross197989-68">[65]</a></sup> although the degree to which his command was fundamental may have been exaggerated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall195693–99_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall195693–99-69">[66]</a></sup> That Richard's personal household sustained losses indicate he was in the thick of the fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198122_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198122-70">[67]</a></sup> A contemporary source is clear about his holding the vanguard for Edward at Tewkesbury,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham1981206_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham1981206-71">[68]</a></sup> deployed against the Lancastrian vanguard under <a href="/info/en/?search=Edmund_Beaufort,_4th_Duke_of_Somerset" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset">Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset</a>, on 4 May 1471,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a></sup> and his role two days later, as Constable of England, sitting alongside <a href="/info/en/?search=John_Howard,_1st_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk">John Howard</a> as <a href="/info/en/?search=Earl_Marshal" title="Earl Marshal">Earl Marshal</a>, in the trial and sentencing of leading Lancastrians captured after the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974172_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974172-73">[70]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="1475_invasion_of_France">1475 invasion of France</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1475 invasion of France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>At least in part resentful of King Louis XI's previous support of his Lancastrian opponents, and possibly in support of his brother-in-law Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, Edward went to parliament in October 1472 for funding a military campaign,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974206_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974206-74">[71]</a></sup> and eventually landed in <a href="/info/en/?search=Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> on 4 July 1475.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974223_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974223-75">[72]</a></sup> Richard's was the largest private contingent of his army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1993116_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1993116-76">[73]</a></sup> Although well known to have publicly been against the eventual treaty signed with Louis XI at <a href="/info/en/?search=Treaty_of_Picquigny" title="Treaty of Picquigny">Picquigny</a> (and absent from the negotiations, in which one of his rank would have been expected to take a leading role),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198134_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198134-77">[74]</a></sup> he acted as Edward's witness when the king instructed his delegates to the French court,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974230_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974230-78">[75]</a></sup> and received 'some very fine presents' from Louis on a visit to the French king at <a href="/info/en/?search=Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974233_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974233-79">[76]</a></sup> In refusing other gifts, which included 'pensions' in the guise of 'tribute', he was joined only by <a href="/info/en/?search=Cardinal_Bourchier" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Bourchier">Cardinal Bourchier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHampton197510_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHampton197510-80">[77]</a></sup> He supposedly disapproved of Edward's policy of personally benefiting—politically and financially—from a campaign paid for out of a parliamentary grant, and hence out of public funds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198134_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198134-77">[74]</a></sup> Any military prowess was therefore not to be revealed further until the last years of Edward's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox2013_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox2013-7">[7]</a></sup>
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<h3><span id="The_North.2C_and_the_Council_in_the_North"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_North,_and_the_Council_in_the_North">The North, and the Council in the North</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The North, and the Council in the North"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Richard was the dominant magnate in the north of England until Edward IV's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks200957_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks200957-81">[78]</a></sup> There, and especially in the city of <a href="/info/en/?search=York" title="York">York</a>, he was highly regarded;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956132–133,_154_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956132–133,_154-82">[79]</a></sup> although it has been questioned whether this view was reciprocated by Richard.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[note 4]</a></sup> Edward IV delegated significant authority to Richard in the region. Kendall and later historians have suggested that this was with the intention of making Richard the <i>Lord of the North</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956156_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956156-85">[81]</a></sup> Peter Booth, however, has argued that "instead of allowing his brother Richard <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Carte_blanche" class="mw-redirect" title="Carte blanche">carte blanche</a></i>, [Edward] restricted his influence by using his own agent, Sir William Parr."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth1997_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth1997-86">[82]</a></sup> Following Richard's accession to the throne, he first established the <a href="/info/en/?search=Council_of_the_North" title="Council of the North">Council of the North</a> and made his nephew <a href="/info/en/?search=John_de_la_Pole,_1st_Earl_of_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln">John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln</a>, president and formally institutionalised this body as an offshoot of the royal Council; all its letters and judgements were issued on behalf of the king and in his name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981182_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981182-87">[83]</a></sup> The council had a budget of 2,000 <a href="/info/en/?search=Mark_(currency)#England_and_Scotland" title="Mark (currency)">marks</a> per annum and had issued "Regulations" by July of that year: councillors to act impartially, declare vested interests and to meet at least every three months. Its main focus of operations was Yorkshire and the north-east and its responsibilities included land disputes, keeping of the king's peace and punishing lawbreakers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981183_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981183-88">[84]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="War_with_Scotland">War with Scotland</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: War with Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Richard's increasing role in the north from the mid-1470s to some extent explains his withdrawal from the royal court. He had been <a href="/info/en/?search=Lord_Warden_of_the_Marches#Warden_of_the_Western_March" title="Lord Warden of the Marches">Warden of the West March</a> on the Scottish border since 10 September 1470,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScofield2016534_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScofield2016534-89">[85]</a></sup> and again from May 1471; he used Penrith as a base while 'taking effectual measures' against the Scots, and 'enjoyed the revenues of the estates' of the Forest of Cumberland while doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson1890238_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1890238-90">[86]</a></sup> It was at the same time that the Duke of Gloucester was appointed High Sheriff of Cumberland for five consecutive years, being described as 'of Penrith Castle' in 1478.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELysonsLysons1816"Parishes:_Newton-Regny_–_Ponsonby",_pp._142–150_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELysonsLysons1816"Parishes:_Newton-Regny_–_Ponsonby",_pp._142–150-91">[87]</a></sup>
</p><p>By 1480, war with Scotland was looming; on 12 May that year, he was appointed Lieutenant-General of the North (a position created for the occasion) as fears of a Scottish invasion grew. <a href="/info/en/?search=Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a> of France had attempted to negotiate a military alliance with Scotland (in the tradition of the "<a href="/info/en/?search=Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a>"), with the aim of attacking England, according to a contemporary French chronicler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974278_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974278-92">[88]</a></sup> Richard had the authority to summon the Border Levies and issue Commissions of Array to repel the Border raids. Together with the Earl of Northumberland, he launched counter-raids, and when the king and council formally declared war in November 1480, he was granted 10,000 pounds for wages.
</p><p>The king failed to arrive to lead the English army and the result was intermittent skirmishing until early 1482. Richard witnessed the treaty with <a href="/info/en/?search=Alexander,_Duke_of_Albany" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander, Duke of Albany">Alexander, Duke of Albany</a>, brother of King <a href="/info/en/?search=James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III of Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss19749_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss19749-14">[13]</a></sup> Northumberland, Stanley, Dorset, Sir Edward Woodville, and Richard with approximately 20,000 men took the town of Berwick as part of the <a href="/info/en/?search=English_invasion_of_Scotland_(1482)" title="English invasion of Scotland (1482)">English invasion of Scotland</a>. The castle held out until 24 August 1482, when Richard <a href="/info/en/?search=English_invasion_of_Scotland_(1482)" title="English invasion of Scotland (1482)">recaptured Berwick-upon-Tweed</a> from the <a href="/info/en/?search=Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a>. Although it is debatable whether the English victory was due more to internal Scottish divisions rather than any outstanding military prowess by Richard,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981p._143,_n._53_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981p._143,_n._53-93">[89]</a></sup> it was the last time that the <a href="/info/en/?search=Royal_Burgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Burgh">Royal Burgh</a> of Berwick changed hands between the two realms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198144–47_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198144–47-94">[90]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Lord_Protector">Lord Protector</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lord Protector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>On the death of Edward IV on 9 April 1483, his 12-year-old son, <a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a>, succeeded him. Richard was named Lord Protector of the Realm and at Baron Hastings' urging, Richard assumed his role and left his base in Yorkshire for London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201395_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201395-95">[91]</a></sup> On 29 April, as previously agreed, Richard and his cousin, <a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Stafford,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham</a>, met <a href="/info/en/?search=Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Queen Elizabeth</a>'s brother, Anthony Woodville, Earl Rivers, at <a href="/info/en/?search=Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</a>. At the queen's request, Earl Rivers was escorting the young king to London with an armed escort of 2,000 men, while Richard and Buckingham's joint escort was 600 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956207–210_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956207–210-96">[92]</a></sup> Edward V had been sent further south to <a href="/info/en/?search=Stony_Stratford" title="Stony Stratford">Stony Stratford</a>. At first convivial, Richard had Earl Rivers, his nephew <a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_Grey" title="Richard Grey">Richard Grey</a> and his associate, <a href="/info/en/?search=Thomas_Vaughan_(died_1483)" title="Thomas Vaughan (died 1483)">Thomas Vaughan</a>, arrested. They were taken to Pontefract Castle, where they were executed on 25 June on the charge of treason against the Lord Protector after appearing before a tribunal led by <a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Percy,_4th_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland</a>. Rivers had appointed Richard as executor of his will.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956252–254_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956252–254-97">[93]</a></sup>
</p><p>After having Rivers arrested, Richard and Buckingham moved to Stony Stratford, where Richard informed Edward V of a plot aimed at denying him his role as protector and whose perpetrators had been dealt with.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201396_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201396-98">[94]</a></sup> He proceeded to escort the king to London. They entered the city on 4 May, displaying the carriages of weapons Rivers had taken with his 2,000-man army. Richard first accommodated Edward in the Bishop's apartments; then, on Buckingham's suggestion, the king was moved to the royal apartments of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, where kings customarily awaited their coronation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956162–163_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956162–163-99">[95]</a></sup> Within the year 1483, Richard had moved himself to the grandeur of <a href="/info/en/?search=Crosby_Hall,_London" title="Crosby Hall, London">Crosby Hall, London</a>, then in Bishopsgate in the City of London. <a href="/info/en/?search=Robert_Fabyan" title="Robert Fabyan">Robert Fabyan</a>, in his 'The new chronicles of England and of France', writes that "the Duke caused the King (Edward V) to be removed unto the Tower and his broder with hym, and the Duke lodged himselfe in Crosbyes Place in Bisshoppesgate Strete."<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a></sup> In <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Holinshed%27s_Chronicles" title="Holinshed's Chronicles">Holinshed's Chronicles</a></i> of England, Scotland, and Ireland, he accounts that "little by little all folke withdrew from the Tower, and drew unto Crosbies in Bishops gates Street, where the Protector kept his houshold. The Protector had the resort; the King in maner desolate."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a></sup>
</p><p>On hearing the news of her brother's 30 April arrest, the dowager queen fled to sanctuary in Westminster Abbey. Joining her were her son by her first marriage, <a href="/info/en/?search=Thomas_Grey,_1st_Marquess_of_Dorset" title="Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset">Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset</a>; her five daughters; and her youngest son, <a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_of_Shrewsbury,_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York">Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956212–213_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956212–213-102">[98]</a></sup> On 10/11 June, Richard wrote to Ralph, Lord Neville, the City of York and others asking for their support against "the Queen, her blood adherents and affinity" whom he suspected of plotting his murder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201399_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201399-103">[99]</a></sup> At a council meeting on 13 June at the Tower of London, Richard accused Hastings and others of having conspired against him with the Woodvilles and accusing <a href="/info/en/?search=Jane_Shore" title="Jane Shore">Jane Shore</a>, lover to both Hastings and Thomas Grey, of acting as a go-between. According to Thomas More, Hastings was taken out of the council chambers and summarily executed in the courtyard, while others, like Lord Thomas Stanley and <a href="/info/en/?search=John_Morton_(cardinal)" title="John Morton (cardinal)">John Morton, Bishop of Ely</a>, were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox2004_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox2004-104">[100]</a></sup> Hastings was not attainted and Richard sealed an indenture that placed Hastings' widow, <a href="/info/en/?search=Katherine_Neville,_Baroness_Hastings" title="Katherine Neville, Baroness Hastings">Katherine</a>, under his protection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956209–210_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956209–210-105">[101]</a></sup> Bishop Morton was released into the custody of Buckingham.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrimes199920_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrimes199920-106">[102]</a></sup> On 16 June, the dowager queen agreed to hand over the Duke of York to the Archbishop of Canterbury so that he might attend his brother Edward's coronation, still planned for 22 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2013101_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2013101-107">[103]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="King_of_England">King of England</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: King of England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Silver_groat_of_Richard_III_(YORYM_1980_846)_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Silver_groat_of_Richard_III_%28YORYM_1980_846%29_obverse.jpg/220px-Silver_groat_of_Richard_III_%28YORYM_1980_846%29_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Silver_groat_of_Richard_III_%28YORYM_1980_846%29_obverse.jpg/330px-Silver_groat_of_Richard_III_%28YORYM_1980_846%29_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Silver_groat_of_Richard_III_%28YORYM_1980_846%29_obverse.jpg/440px-Silver_groat_of_Richard_III_%28YORYM_1980_846%29_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="2652" /></a><figcaption>Silver groat of Richard III</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Rous_Roll_Richard_III_detail.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Rous_Roll_Richard_III_detail.jpeg/220px-Rous_Roll_Richard_III_detail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Rous_Roll_Richard_III_detail.jpeg/330px-Rous_Roll_Richard_III_detail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Rous_Roll_Richard_III_detail.jpeg/440px-Rous_Roll_Richard_III_detail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="1702" /></a><figcaption>Detail from the <a href="/info/en/?search=John_Rous_(historian)" title="John Rous (historian)"><i>Rous Roll</i></a> (1483) showing Richard with a sword in his right hand, a <a href="/info/en/?search=Globus_cruciger" title="Globus cruciger">globus cruciger</a> in his left, a white boar (his <a href="/info/en/?search=Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">heraldic badge</a>) at his feet, framed by the crests and helms of England, Ireland, Wales, <a href="/info/en/?search=Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a>-<a href="/info/en/?search=Guyenne" title="Guyenne">Guyenne</a>, France and St. <a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERous198063_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERous198063-108">[104]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/info/en/?search=Robert_Stillington" title="Robert Stillington">Bishop Robert Stillington</a>, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Bishop_of_Bath_and_Wells" title="Bishop of Bath and Wells">Bishop of Bath and Wells</a>, is said to have informed Richard that Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was invalid because of Edward's earlier union with <a href="/info/en/?search=Lady_Eleanor_Talbot" title="Lady Eleanor Talbot">Eleanor Butler</a>, making Edward V and his siblings illegitimate. The identity of Stillington was known only through the memoirs of French diplomat <a href="/info/en/?search=Philippe_de_Commines" title="Philippe de Commines">Philippe de Commines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956215–216_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956215–216-109">[105]</a></sup> On 22 June, a sermon was preached outside <a href="/info/en/?search=Old_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Old St. Paul's Cathedral">Old St. Paul's Cathedral</a> by <a href="/info/en/?search=Ralph_Shaa" title="Ralph Shaa">Ralph Shaa</a>, declaring Edward IV's children bastards and Richard the rightful king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2001117_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2001117-110">[106]</a></sup> Shortly after, the citizens of London, both nobles and commons, convened and drew up a petition asking Richard to assume the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood1975269–270_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1975269–270-111">[107]</a></sup> He accepted on 26 June and was crowned at <a href="/info/en/?search=Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> on 6 July. His title to the throne was confirmed by Parliament in January 1484 by the document <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Titulus_Regius" title="Titulus Regius">Titulus Regius</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonBrandPhillipsOrmrod2005"Richard_III:_January_1484",_item_5_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonBrandPhillipsOrmrod2005"Richard_III:_January_1484",_item_5-112">[108]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Princes_in_the_Tower" title="Princes in the Tower">princes</a>, who were still lodged in the royal residence of the Tower of London at the time of Richard's coronation, disappeared from sight after the summer of 1483.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrummitt2013116_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrummitt2013116-113">[109]</a></sup> Although after his death Richard III was accused of having Edward and his brother killed, notably by More and in Shakespeare's play, the facts surrounding their disappearance remain unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198196–104_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198196–104-114">[110]</a></sup> Other culprits have been suggested, including Buckingham and even Henry VII, although Richard remains a suspect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956487–489_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956487–489-115">[111]</a></sup>
</p><p>After the coronation ceremony, Richard and Anne set out on a royal progress to meet their subjects. During this journey through the country, the king and queen endowed <a href="/info/en/?search=King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Queens%27_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens' College">Queens' College</a> at <a href="/info/en/?search=Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>, and made grants to the church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956290_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956290-116">[112]</a></sup> Still feeling a strong bond with his northern estates, Richard later planned the establishment of a large chantry chapel in York Minster with over 100 priests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201496–97_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201496–97-117">[113]</a></sup> He also founded the <a href="/info/en/?search=College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1967130_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1967130-118">[114]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-collegeofarms-history_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collegeofarms-history-119">[115]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Buckingham.27s_rebellion_of_1483"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Buckingham's_rebellion_of_1483">Buckingham's rebellion of 1483</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Buckingham's rebellion of 1483"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/info/en/?search=Buckingham%27s_rebellion" title="Buckingham's rebellion">Buckingham's rebellion</a></div>
<p>In 1483, a <a href="/info/en/?search=Conspiracy" title="Conspiracy">conspiracy</a> arose among a number of disaffected gentry, many of whom had been supporters of Edward IV and the "whole Yorkist establishment".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981105_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981105-120">[116]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2009211_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2009211-121">[117]</a></sup> The conspiracy was nominally led by Richard's former ally, the Duke of Buckingham, although it had begun as a Woodville-Beaufort conspiracy (being "well underway" by the time of the Duke's involvement).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981111_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981111-122">[118]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[note 5]</a></sup> Davies has suggested that it was "only the subsequent parliamentary attainder that placed Buckingham at the centre of events", to blame a disaffected magnate motivated by greed, rather than "the embarrassing truth" that those opposing Richard were actually "overwhelmingly Edwardian loyalists".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2011_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2011-125">[120]</a></sup> It is possible that they planned to depose Richard III and place Edward V back on the throne, and that when rumours arose that Edward and his brother were dead, Buckingham proposed that <a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry Tudor</a> should return from exile, take the throne and marry <a href="/info/en/?search=Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth</a>, eldest daughter of Edward IV. It has also been pointed out that as this narrative stems from Richard's parliament of 1484, it should probably be treated "with caution".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox1989153_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox1989153-126">[121]</a></sup> For his part, Buckingham raised a substantial force from his estates in <a href="/info/en/?search=Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and the Marches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981105–119_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981105–119-127">[122]</a></sup> Henry, in exile in <a href="/info/en/?search=Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a>, enjoyed the support of the Breton treasurer <a href="/info/en/?search=Pierre_Landais" title="Pierre Landais">Pierre Landais</a>, who hoped Buckingham's victory would cement an alliance between Brittany and England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello185517–18,_43–44_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello185517–18,_43–44-128">[123]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some of Henry Tudor's ships ran into a storm and were forced to return to Brittany or Normandy, while Henry anchored off Plymouth for a week before learning of Buckingham's failure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956274_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956274-129">[124]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrimes1999p._26,_n._2_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrimes1999p._26,_n._2-130">[125]</a></sup> Buckingham's army was troubled by the same storm and deserted when Richard's forces came against them. Buckingham tried to escape in disguise, but was either turned in by a <a href="/info/en/?search=Affinity_(medieval)" title="Affinity (medieval)">retainer</a> for the <a href="/info/en/?search=Bounty_(reward)" title="Bounty (reward)">bounty</a> Richard had put on his head, or was discovered in hiding with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrimes1999p._25,_n._5_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrimes1999p._25,_n._5-131">[126]</a></sup> He was convicted of <a href="/info/en/?search=Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Behead" class="mw-redirect" title="Behead">beheaded</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a>, near the Bull's Head Inn, on 2 November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrimes199925–26_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrimes199925–26-132">[127]</a></sup> His widow, <a href="/info/en/?search=Catherine_Woodville,_Duchess_of_Buckingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Woodville, Duchess of Buckingham">Catherine Woodville</a>, later married <a href="/info/en/?search=Jasper_Tudor" title="Jasper Tudor">Jasper Tudor</a>, the uncle of Henry Tudor.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a></sup> Richard made overtures to Landais, offering military support for Landais's weak regime under <a href="/info/en/?search=Francis_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis II, Duke of Brittany">Francis II, Duke of Brittany</a>, in exchange for Henry. Henry fled to Paris, where he secured support from the French regent <a href="/info/en/?search=Anne_of_Beaujeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne of Beaujeu">Anne of Beaujeu</a>, who supplied troops for an invasion in 1485.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrimes199929–30_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrimes199929–30-134">[129]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Death_at_the_Battle_of_Bosworth_Field">Death at the Battle of Bosworth Field</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Death at the Battle of Bosworth Field"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Battle of Bosworth Field</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Exhumation_and_reburial_of_Richard_III_of_England" title="Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England">Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Memorial_to_King_Richard_III_of_England_in_Leicester_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Memorial_to_King_Richard_III_of_England_in_Leicester_Cathedral.jpg/220px-Memorial_to_King_Richard_III_of_England_in_Leicester_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Memorial_to_King_Richard_III_of_England_in_Leicester_Cathedral.jpg/330px-Memorial_to_King_Richard_III_of_England_in_Leicester_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Memorial_to_King_Richard_III_of_England_in_Leicester_Cathedral.jpg/440px-Memorial_to_King_Richard_III_of_England_in_Leicester_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Former memorial <a href="/info/en/?search=Ledger_stone" title="Ledger stone">ledger stone</a> to Richard III in the choir of <a href="/info/en/?search=Leicester_Cathedral" title="Leicester Cathedral">Leicester Cathedral</a>, since replaced by his stone tomb (as illustrated further below)</figcaption></figure>
<p>On 22 August 1485, Richard met the outnumbered forces of Henry Tudor at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Battle of Bosworth Field</a>. Richard rode a white <a href="/info/en/?search=Courser_(horse)" title="Courser (horse)">courser</a> (an especially swift and strong horse).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956365_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956365-135">[130]</a></sup> The size of Richard's army has been estimated at 8,000 and Henry's at 5,000, but exact numbers are not known, though the royal army is believed to have "substantially" outnumbered Henry's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014-136">[131]</a></sup> The traditional view of the king's famous cries of "Treason!" before falling was that during the battle Richard was abandoned by <a href="/info/en/?search=Thomas_Stanley,_1st_Earl_of_Derby" title="Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby">Baron Stanley</a> (made Earl of Derby in October), <a href="/info/en/?search=William_Stanley_(Battle_of_Bosworth)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Stanley (Battle of Bosworth)">Sir William Stanley</a>, and Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956367_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956367-137">[132]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrimes199955_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrimes199955-138">[133]</a></sup> The role of Northumberland is unclear; his position was with the reserve—behind the king's line—and he could not easily have moved forward without a general royal advance, which did not take place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981218_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981218-139">[134]</a></sup> The physical confines behind the crest of Ambion Hill, combined with a difficulty of communications, probably physically hampered any attempt he made to join the fray.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981222_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981222-140">[135]</a></sup> Despite appearing "a pillar of the Ricardian regime" and his previous loyalty to Edward IV, Baron Stanley was the stepfather of Henry Tudor and Stanley's inaction combined with his brother's entering the battle on Tudor's behalf was fundamental to Richard's defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2008_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2008-141">[136]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981186_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981186-143">[138]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham1981244_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham1981244-144">[139]</a></sup> The death of Richard's close companion <a href="/info/en/?search=John_Howard,_Duke_of_Norfolk" class="mw-redirect" title="John Howard, Duke of Norfolk">John Howard, Duke of Norfolk</a>, may have had a demoralising effect on the king and his men. Either way, Richard led a cavalry charge deep into the enemy ranks in an attempt to end the battle quickly by striking at Henry Tudor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981218,_222_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981218,_222-145">[140]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:The_death_of_Richard_III_at_Bosworth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_death_of_Richard_III_at_Bosworth.jpg/220px-The_death_of_Richard_III_at_Bosworth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_death_of_Richard_III_at_Bosworth.jpg/330px-The_death_of_Richard_III_at_Bosworth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_death_of_Richard_III_at_Bosworth.jpg/440px-The_death_of_Richard_III_at_Bosworth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption>18th-century illustration of the death of Richard III at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Battle of Bosworth Field</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>All accounts note that King Richard fought bravely and ably during this manoeuvre, unhorsing <a href="/info/en/?search=John_Cheyne,_Baron_Cheyne" title="John Cheyne, Baron Cheyne">Sir John Cheyne</a>, a well-known <a href="/info/en/?search=Joust" class="mw-redirect" title="Joust">jousting</a> champion, killing Henry's <a href="/info/en/?search=Standard_bearer" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard bearer">standard bearer</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=William_Brandon_(standard-bearer)" title="William Brandon (standard-bearer)">Sir William Brandon</a> and coming within a sword's length of Henry Tudor before being surrounded by Sir William Stanley's men and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981223–224_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981223–224-146">[141]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Polydore_Vergil" title="Polydore Vergil">Polydore Vergil</a>, Henry VII's official historian, recorded that "King Richard, alone, was killed fighting manfully in the thickest press of his enemies".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956368_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956368-147">[142]</a></sup> The Burgundian chronicler, <a href="/info/en/?search=Jean_Molinet" title="Jean Molinet">Jean Molinet</a>, states that a Welshman struck the death blow with a <a href="/info/en/?search=Halberd" title="Halberd">halberd</a> while Richard's horse was stuck in the marshy ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths199343_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths199343-148">[143]</a></sup> It was said that the blows were so violent that the king's helmet was driven into his skull.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn20139_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn20139-149">[144]</a></sup> The contemporary Welsh poet <a href="/info/en/?search=Guto%27r_Glyn" title="Guto'r Glyn">Guto'r Glyn</a> implies a leading Welsh Lancastrian, <a href="/info/en/?search=Rhys_ap_Thomas" title="Rhys ap Thomas">Rhys ap Thomas</a>, or one of his men killed the king, writing that he "killed the boar, shaved his head".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths199343_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths199343-148">[143]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees2008211_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2008211-150">[145]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a></sup> The identification in 2013 of King Richard's body shows that the skeleton had 11 wounds, eight of them to the skull, clearly inflicted in battle and suggesting he had lost his helmet.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a></sup> Professor Guy Rutty, from the University of Leicester, said: "The most likely injuries to have caused the king's death are the two to the inferior aspect of the skull—a large sharp force trauma possibly from a sword or staff weapon, such as a halberd or bill, and a penetrating injury from the tip of an edged weapon."<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a></sup> The skull showed that a blade had hacked away part of the rear of the skull. Richard III was the last English king to be killed in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a></sup> Henry Tudor succeeded Richard as King <a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>. He married the Yorkist heiress Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's daughter and Richard III's niece.
</p>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Original_grave_of_Richard_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Original_grave_of_Richard_III.jpg/250px-Original_grave_of_Richard_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Original_grave_of_Richard_III.jpg/375px-Original_grave_of_Richard_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Original_grave_of_Richard_III.jpg/500px-Original_grave_of_Richard_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption>Richard III's grave in 2013</figcaption></figure>
<p>After the Battle of Bosworth, Richard's naked body was then carried back to Leicester tied to a horse, and early sources strongly suggest that it was displayed in the collegiate <a href="/info/en/?search=Church_of_the_Annunciation_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Newarke" title="Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady of the Newarke">Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady of the Newarke</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshdown-HillJohnsonJohnsonLangley2014_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-HillJohnsonJohnsonLangley2014-155">[150]</a></sup> prior to being hastily and discreetly buried in the choir of <a href="/info/en/?search=Greyfriars,_Leicester" title="Greyfriars, Leicester">Greyfriars Church</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill201394_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill201394-156">[151]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin198621–22_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin198621–22-157">[152]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a></sup> In 1495, Henry VII paid 50 pounds for a marble and alabaster monument.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin198621–22_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin198621–22-157">[152]</a></sup> According to a discredited tradition, during the <a href="/info/en/?search=Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a>, his body was thrown into the <a href="/info/en/?search=River_Soar" title="River Soar">River Soar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1986_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1986-159">[154]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a></sup> although other evidence suggests that a memorial stone was visible in 1612, in a garden built on the site of Greyfriars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin198621–22_157-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin198621–22-157">[152]</a></sup> The exact location was then lost, owing to more than 400 years of subsequent development,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin198624_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin198624-161">[156]</a></sup> until <a href="/info/en/?search=Exhumation_and_reburial_of_Richard_III_of_England" title="Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England">archaeological investigations in 2012</a> revealed the site of the garden and Greyfriars Church. There was a memorial ledger stone in the choir of the cathedral, since replaced by the tomb of the king, and a stone plaque on Bow Bridge where tradition had falsely suggested that his remains had been thrown into the river.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2015_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2015-162">[157]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to another tradition, Richard consulted a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/seer" class="extiw" title="wikt:seer">seer</a> in Leicester before the battle who foretold that "where your spur should strike on the ride into battle, your head shall be broken on the return". On the ride into battle, his <a href="/info/en/?search=Spur" title="Spur">spur</a> struck the bridge stone of Bow Bridge in the city; legend states that as his corpse was carried from the battle over the back of a horse, his head struck the same stone and was broken open.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Issue">Issue</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Richard and Anne had one son, <a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_of_Middleham" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward of Middleham">Edward of Middleham</a>, who was born between 1474 and 1476.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198129_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198129-164">[159]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a></sup> He was created <a href="/info/en/?search=Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Earl of Salisbury">Earl of Salisbury</a> on 15 February 1478,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198133_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198133-166">[161]</a></sup> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> on 24 August 1483, and died in March 1484, less than two months after he had been formally declared <a href="/info/en/?search=Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a></sup> After the death of his son, Richard appointed his nephew <a href="/info/en/?search=John_de_la_Pole,_Earl_of_Lincoln" title="John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln">John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln</a>, as <a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_chief_governors_of_Ireland" title="List of chief governors of Ireland">Lieutenant of Ireland</a>, an office previously held by his son Edward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956349–350,_563_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956349–350,_563-168">[163]</a></sup> Lincoln was the son of Richard's older sister, <a href="/info/en/?search=Elizabeth,_Duchess_of_Suffolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk">Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk</a>. After his wife's death, Richard commenced negotiations with <a href="/info/en/?search=John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">John II of Portugal</a> to marry John's pious sister, <a href="/info/en/?search=Joanna,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Joanna, Princess of Portugal">Joanna, Princess of Portugal</a>. She had already turned down several suitors because of her preference for the religious life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1983_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1983-169">[164]</a></sup>
</p><p>Richard had two acknowledged illegitimate children, <a href="/info/en/?search=John_of_Gloucester" title="John of Gloucester">John of Gloucester</a> and Katherine Plantagenet. Also known as 'John of Pontefract', John of Gloucester was appointed Captain of Calais in 1485. Katherine married <a href="/info/en/?search=William_Herbert,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke">William Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke</a>, in 1484. Neither the birth dates nor the names of the mothers of either of the children are known. Katherine was old enough to be wedded in 1484, when the age of consent was twelve, and John was knighted in September 1483 in <a href="/info/en/?search=York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a>, and so most historians agree that they were both fathered when Richard was a teenager.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2013_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2013-170">[165]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201342_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201342-171">[166]</a></sup> There is no evidence of infidelity on Richard's part after his marriage to Anne Neville in 1472 when he was around 20.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956387_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956387-172">[167]</a></sup> This has led to a suggestion by the historian <a href="/info/en/?search=A._L._Rowse" title="A. L. Rowse">A. L. Rowse</a> that Richard "had no interest in sex".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966190_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966190-173">[168]</a></sup>
</p><p>Michael Hicks and Josephine Wilkinson have suggested that Katherine's mother may have been Katherine Haute, on the basis of the grant of an annual payment of 100 shillings made to her in 1477. The Haute family was related to the Woodvilles through the marriage of Elizabeth Woodville's aunt, Joan Wydeville, to <a href="/info/en/?search=William_Haute_(MP)" title="William Haute (MP)">William Haute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a></sup> One of their children was Richard Haute, Controller of the Prince's Household. Their daughter, Alice, married <a href="/info/en/?search=Sir_John_Fogge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Fogge">Sir John Fogge</a>; they were ancestors to <a href="/info/en/?search=Catherine_Parr" title="Catherine Parr">Catherine Parr</a>, sixth wife of King Henry VIII.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaget1977_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaget1977-175">[170]</a></sup> They also suggest that John's mother may have been Alice Burgh. Richard visited Pontefract from 1471, in April and October 1473, and in early March 1474, for a week. On 1 March 1474, he granted Alice Burgh 20 pounds a year for life "for certain special causes and considerations". She later received another allowance, apparently for being engaged as a nurse for his brother George's son, <a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_of_Warwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward of Warwick">Edward of Warwick</a>. Richard continued her annuity when he became king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2009156–158_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2009156–158-176">[171]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2008228–229,_235–254_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2008228–229,_235–254-177">[172]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=John_Ashdown-Hill" title="John Ashdown-Hill">John Ashdown-Hill</a> has suggested that John was conceived during Richard's first solo expedition to the eastern counties in the summer of 1467 at the invitation of John Howard and that the boy was born in 1468 and named after his friend and supporter. Richard himself noted John was still a minor (not being yet 21) when he issued the royal patent appointing him Captain of Calais on 11 March 1485, possibly on his seventeenth birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2013_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2013-170">[165]</a></sup>
</p><p>Both of Richard's illegitimate children survived him, but they seem to have died without issue and their fate after Richard's demise at Bosworth is not certain. John received a 20-pound <a href="/info/en/?search=Life_annuity" title="Life annuity">annuity</a> from Henry VII, but there are no mentions of him in contemporary records after 1487 (the year of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Stoke_Field" title="Battle of Stoke Field">Battle of Stoke Field</a>). He may have been executed in 1499, though no record of this exists beyond an assertion by <a href="/info/en/?search=George_Buck" title="George Buck">George Buck</a> over a century later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonCurteis1984161_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonCurteis1984161-178">[173]</a></sup> Katherine apparently died before her cousin Elizabeth of York's coronation on 25 November 1487, since her husband Sir William Herbert is described as a widower by that time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2013_170-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2013-170">[165]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox2013_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox2013-7">[7]</a></sup> Katherine's burial place was located in the London parish church of St James Garlickhithe,<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[note 6]</a></sup> between Skinner's Lane and Upper Thames Street.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteer2014_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteer2014-181">[175]</a></sup> The mysterious <a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_Plantagenet_(Richard_of_Eastwell)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Plantagenet (Richard of Eastwell)">Richard Plantagenet</a>, who was first mentioned in <a href="/info/en/?search=Francis_Peck" title="Francis Peck">Francis Peck</a>'s <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Desiderata_Curiosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderata Curiosa">Desiderata Curiosa</a></i> (a two-volume miscellany published 1732–1735) was said to be a possible illegitimate child of Richard III and is sometimes referred to as "Richard the Master-Builder" or "Richard of Eastwell", but it has also been suggested he could have been Richard, Duke of York, one of the missing Princes in the Tower.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2007_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2007-182">[176]</a></sup> He died in 1550.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews200090_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews200090-183">[177]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Richard's Council of the North, described as his "one major institutional innovation", derived from his ducal council following his own viceregal appointment by Edward IV; when Richard himself became king, he maintained the same conciliar structure in his absence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981181_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981181-184">[178]</a></sup> It officially became part of the royal council machinery under the presidency of John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln in April 1484, based at <a href="/info/en/?search=Sandal_Castle" title="Sandal Castle">Sandal Castle</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Wakefield" title="Wakefield">Wakefield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981182_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981182-87">[83]</a></sup> It is considered to have greatly improved conditions for northern England, as it was intended to keep the peace and punish lawbreakers, as well as resolve land disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981183_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981183-88">[84]</a></sup> Bringing regional governance directly under the control of central government, it has been described as the king's "most enduring monument", surviving unchanged until 1641.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981183_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981183-88">[84]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 1483, Richard instituted what later became known as the <a href="/info/en/?search=Court_of_Requests" title="Court of Requests">Court of Requests</a>, a court to which poor people who could not afford legal representation could apply for their grievances to be heard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleineke2007_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleineke2007-185">[179]</a></sup> He also improved bail in January 1484, to protect suspected felons from imprisonment before trial and to protect their property from seizure during that time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981188_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981188-186">[180]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a></sup> He founded the College of Arms in 1484,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1967130_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1967130-118">[114]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-collegeofarms-history_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collegeofarms-history-119">[115]</a></sup> he banned restrictions on the printing and sale of books,<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a></sup> and he ordered the translation of the written Laws and Statutes from the traditional French into English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheethamFraser1972_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheethamFraser1972-189">[183]</a></sup> During his reign, Parliament ended the arbitrary <a href="/info/en/?search=Benevolences_(tax)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benevolences (tax)">benevolence</a> (a device by which <a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a> raised funds),<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanbury1962106_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanbury1962106-191">[185]</a></sup> made it punishable to conceal from a buyer of land that a part of the property had already been disposed of to somebody else,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956340_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956340-192">[186]</a></sup> required that land sales be published,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956340_192-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956340-192">[186]</a></sup> laid down property qualifications for jurors, restricted the abusive <a href="/info/en/?search=Courts_of_Piepowders" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of Piepowders">Courts of Piepowders</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956341_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956341-193">[187]</a></sup> regulated cloth sales,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanbury1962109_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanbury1962109-194">[188]</a></sup> instituted certain forms of trade protectionism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956343_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956343-195">[189]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanbury1962_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanbury1962-196">[190]</a></sup> prohibited the sale of wine and oil in fraudulent measure,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanbury1962_196-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanbury1962-196">[190]</a></sup> and prohibited fraudulent collection of clergy dues,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanbury1962_196-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanbury1962-196">[190]</a></sup> among others. Churchill implies he improved the law of trusts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill1956360–361_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1956360–361-197">[191]</a></sup>
</p><p>Richard's death at Bosworth resulted in the end of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Plantagenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a> dynasty, which had ruled England since the succession of <a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> in 1154.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a></sup> The last legitimate male Plantagenet, Richard's nephew <a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_Plantagenet,_17th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick">Edward, Earl of Warwick</a> (son of his brother George, Duke of Clarence), was executed by Henry VII in 1499.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrimes199992_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrimes199992-199">[193]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reputation">Reputation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:King_Richard_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/King_Richard_III.jpg/290px-King_Richard_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/King_Richard_III.jpg/435px-King_Richard_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/King_Richard_III.jpg/580px-King_Richard_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="3854" /></a><figcaption>Late 16th-century portrait, (oil on panel, <a href="/info/en/?search=National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a>)</figcaption></figure>
<p>There are numerous contemporary, or near-contemporary, sources of information about the reign of Richard III.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a></sup> These include the <i>Croyland Chronicle</i>, Commines' <i>Mémoires</i>, the report of <a href="/info/en/?search=Dominic_Mancini" title="Dominic Mancini">Dominic Mancini</a>, the Paston Letters, the Chronicles of Robert Fabyan and numerous court and official records, including a few letters by Richard himself. However, the debate about Richard's true character and motives continues, both because of the subjectivity of many of the written sources, reflecting the generally partisan nature of writers of this period, and because none was written by men with an intimate knowledge of Richard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanham1975_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanham1975-201">[195]</a></sup>
</p><p>During Richard's reign, the historian <a href="/info/en/?search=John_Rous_(historian)" title="John Rous (historian)">John Rous</a> praised him as a "good lord" who punished "oppressors of the commons", adding that he had "a great heart".<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981xxii–xxiv_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981xxii–xxiv-203">[197]</a></sup> In 1483, the Italian observer Mancini reported that Richard enjoyed a good reputation and that both "his private life and public activities powerfully attracted the esteem of strangers".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangleyJones2013_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangleyJones2013-204">[198]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956150–151_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956150–151-205">[199]</a></sup> His bond to the City of York, in particular, was such that on hearing of Richard's demise at the battle of Bosworth the City Council officially deplored the king's death, at the risk of facing the victor's wrath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956444_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956444-206">[200]</a></sup>
</p><p>During his lifetime he was the subject of some attacks. Even in the North in 1482, a man was prosecuted for offences against the Duke of Gloucester, saying he did "nothing but grin at" the city of York. In 1484, attempts to discredit him took the form of hostile placards, the only surviving one being <a href="/info/en/?search=William_Collingbourne" title="William Collingbourne">William Collingbourne</a>'s lampoon of July 1484 "The Cat, the Rat, and Lovell the Dog, all rule England under a Hog" which was pinned to the door of <a href="/info/en/?search=St._Paul%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's Cathedral">St. Paul's Cathedral</a> and referred to Richard himself (the Hog) and his most trusted councillors <a href="/info/en/?search=William_Catesby" title="William Catesby">William Catesby</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_Ratcliffe" title="Richard Ratcliffe">Richard Ratcliffe</a> and Francis, Viscount Lovell.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2009237–238_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2009237–238-207">[201]</a></sup> On 30 March 1485 Richard felt forced to summon the Lords and London City Councillors to publicly deny the rumours that he had poisoned Queen Anne and that he had planned marriage to his niece Elizabeth,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheethamFraser1972175–176_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheethamFraser1972175–176-208">[202]</a></sup> at the same time ordering the Sheriff of London to imprison anyone spreading such slanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956395_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956395-209">[203]</a></sup> The same orders were issued throughout the realm, including York where the royal pronouncement recorded in the City Records dates 5 April 1485 and carries specific instructions to suppress seditious talk and remove and destroy evidently hostile placards unread.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2009238–239_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2009238–239-210">[204]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956395–396_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956395–396-211">[205]</a></sup>
</p><p>As for Richard's physical appearance, most contemporary descriptions bear out the evidence that aside from having one shoulder higher than the other (with chronicler Rous not able to correctly remember which one, as slight as the difference was), Richard had no other noticeable bodily deformity. <a href="/info/en/?search=John_Stow" title="John Stow">John Stow</a> talked to old men who, remembering him, said "that he was of bodily shape comely enough, only of low stature"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuck1647548_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuck1647548-212">[206]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:CITESHORT" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (February 2023)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup> and a German traveller, Nicolas von Poppelau, who spent ten days in Richard's household in May 1484, describes him as "three fingers taller than himself...much more lean, with delicate arms and legs and also a great heart."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956537_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956537-213">[207]</a></sup> Six years after Richard's death, in 1491, a schoolmaster named William Burton, on hearing a defence of Richard, launched into a diatribe, accusing the dead king of being "a hypocrite and a crookback...who was deservedly buried in a ditch like a dog."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1991_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1991-214">[208]</a></sup>
</p><p>Richard's death encouraged the furtherance of this later negative image by his Tudor successors due to the fact that it helped to legitimise Henry VII's seizure of the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2009247–249_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2009247–249-215">[209]</a></sup> The <a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_III_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III Society">Richard III Society</a> contends that this means that "a lot of what people thought they knew about Richard III was pretty much propaganda and myth building."<sup id="cite_ref-mackintosh-20130204_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mackintosh-20130204-216">[210]</a></sup> The Tudor characterisation culminated in the famous fictional portrayal of him in Shakespeare's play <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_III_(play)" title="Richard III (play)">Richard III</a></i> as a physically deformed, Machiavellian villain, ruthlessly committing numerous murders in order to claw his way to power;<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a></sup> Shakespeare's intention perhaps being to use Richard III as a vehicle for creating his own <a href="/info/en/?search=Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Marlowesque</a> protagonist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956426_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956426-218">[212]</a></sup> Rous himself in his <i>History of the Kings of England</i>, written during Henry VII's reign, initiated the process. He reversed his earlier position,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956419_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956419-219">[213]</a></sup> and now portrayed Richard as a freakish individual who was born with teeth and shoulder-length hair after having been in his mother's womb for two years. His body was stunted and distorted, with one shoulder higher than the other, and he was "slight in body and weak in strength".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956420_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956420-220">[214]</a></sup> Rous also attributes the murder of Henry VI to Richard, and claims that he poisoned his own wife.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a></sup> Jeremy Potter, a former Chair of the Richard III Society, claims that "At the bar of history Richard III continues to be guilty because it is impossible to prove him innocent. The Tudors ride high in popular esteem."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter19944_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter19944-222">[216]</a></sup>
</p><p>Polydore Vergil and <a href="/info/en/?search=Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> expanded on this portrayal, emphasising Richard's outward physical deformities as a sign of his inwardly twisted mind. More describes him as "little of stature, ill-featured of limbs, crook-backed ... hard-favoured of visage".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981xxii–xxiv_203-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981xxii–xxiv-203">[197]</a></sup> Vergil also says he was "deformed of body ... one shoulder higher than the right".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981xxii–xxiv_203-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981xxii–xxiv-203">[197]</a></sup> Both emphasise that Richard was devious and flattering, while planning the downfall of both his enemies and supposed friends. Richard's good qualities were his cleverness and bravery. All these characteristics are repeated by Shakespeare, who portrays him as having a hunch, a limp and a withered arm.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223">[217]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClemen197751_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClemen197751-224">[218]</a></sup> With regard to the "hunch", the <a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Shakespeare_plays_in_quarto" title="List of Shakespeare plays in quarto">second quarto</a> edition of <i>Richard III</i> (1598) used the term "hunched-backed" but in the <a href="/info/en/?search=First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a> edition (1623) it became "bunch-backed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipley1984127_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipley1984127-225">[219]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Pomnik_Ryszarda_III_przy_Katedrze_%C5%9Aw._Marcina_w_Leicesterze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pomnik_Ryszarda_III_przy_Katedrze_%C5%9Aw._Marcina_w_Leicesterze.jpg/170px-Pomnik_Ryszarda_III_przy_Katedrze_%C5%9Aw._Marcina_w_Leicesterze.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pomnik_Ryszarda_III_przy_Katedrze_%C5%9Aw._Marcina_w_Leicesterze.jpg/255px-Pomnik_Ryszarda_III_przy_Katedrze_%C5%9Aw._Marcina_w_Leicesterze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pomnik_Ryszarda_III_przy_Katedrze_%C5%9Aw._Marcina_w_Leicesterze.jpg/340px-Pomnik_Ryszarda_III_przy_Katedrze_%C5%9Aw._Marcina_w_Leicesterze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Richard III now outside <a href="/info/en/?search=Leicester_Cathedral" title="Leicester Cathedral">Leicester Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Richard's reputation as a promoter of legal fairness persisted, however. <a href="/info/en/?search=William_Camden" title="William Camden">William Camden</a> in his <i>Remains Concerning Britain</i> (1605) states that Richard, "albeit he lived wickedly, yet made good laws".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamden1870293_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamden1870293-226">[220]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a> also states that he was "a good lawmaker for the ease and solace of the common people".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconLumby1885_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconLumby1885-227">[221]</a></sup> In 1525, Cardinal Wolsey upbraided the aldermen and Mayor of London for relying on a statute of Richard to avoid paying an extorted tax (benevolence) but received the reply "although he did evil, yet in his time were many good acts made."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter199423_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter199423-228">[222]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2013217_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2013217-229">[223]</a></sup>
</p><p>Richard was a practising Catholic, as shown by his personal <a href="/info/en/?search=Book_of_Hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Hours">Book of Hours</a>, surviving in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Lambeth_Palace" title="Lambeth Palace">Lambeth Palace</a> library. As well as conventional aristocratic devotional texts, the book contains a Collect of <a href="/info/en/?search=Saint_Ninian" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Ninian">Saint Ninian</a>, referencing a saint popular in the Anglo-Scottish Borders.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a></sup>
</p><p>Despite this, the image of Richard as a ruthless tyrant remained dominant in the 18th and 19th centuries. The 18th-century <a href="/info/en/?search=Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> described him as a man who used dissimulation to conceal "his fierce and savage nature" and who had "abandoned all principles of honour and humanity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1864345–346_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1864345–346-231">[225]</a></sup> Hume acknowledged that some historians have argued "that he was well qualified for government, had he legally obtained it; and that he committed no crimes but such as were necessary to procure him possession of the crown", but he dismissed this view on the grounds that Richard's exercise of arbitrary power encouraged instability.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1864365_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1864365-232">[226]</a></sup> The most important late 19th century biographer of the king was <a href="/info/en/?search=James_Gairdner" title="James Gairdner">James Gairdner</a>, who also wrote the entry on Richard in the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGairdner1896_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGairdner1896-233">[227]</a></sup> Gairdner stated that he had begun to study Richard with a neutral viewpoint, but became convinced that Shakespeare and More were essentially correct in their view of the king, despite some exaggerations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGairdner1898xi_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGairdner1898xi-234">[228]</a></sup>
</p><p>Richard was not without his defenders, the first of whom was Sir <a href="/info/en/?search=George_Buck" title="George Buck">George Buck</a>, a descendant of one of the king's supporters, who completed <i>The history of King Richard the Third</i> in 1619. The authoritative Buck text was published only in 1979, though a corrupted version was published by Buck's great-nephew in 1646.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuck1647_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuck1647-235">[229]</a></sup> Buck attacked the "improbable imputations and strange and spiteful scandals" related by Tudor writers, including Richard's alleged deformities and murders. He located lost archival material, including the <a href="/info/en/?search=Titulus_Regius" title="Titulus Regius">Titulus Regius</a>, but also claimed to have seen a letter written by Elizabeth of York, according to which Elizabeth sought to marry the king.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a></sup> Elizabeth's supposed letter was never produced. Documents which later emerged from the Portuguese royal archives show that after Queen Anne's death, Richard's ambassadors were sent on a formal errand to negotiate a double marriage between Richard and the Portuguese king's sister Joanna,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox2013_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox2013-7">[7]</a></sup> of Lancastrian descent,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1983139_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1983139-237">[231]</a></sup> and between Elizabeth of York and Joanna's cousin <a href="/info/en/?search=Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel, Duke of Viseu</a> (later King of Portugal).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2013_170-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2013-170">[165]</a></sup>
</p><p>Significant among Richard's defenders was <a href="/info/en/?search=Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a>. In <i>Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of King Richard the Third</i> (1768), Walpole disputed all the alleged murders and argued that Richard may have acted in good faith. He also argued that any physical abnormality was probably no more than a minor distortion of the shoulders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1798''Historic_Doubts_on_the_Life_and_Reign_of_King_Richard_the_Third'',_pp._103–184_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1798''Historic_Doubts_on_the_Life_and_Reign_of_King_Richard_the_Third'',_pp._103–184-238">[232]</a></sup> However, he retracted his views in 1793 after <a href="/info/en/?search=The_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="The Terror">the Terror</a>, stating he now believed that Richard could have committed the crimes he was charged with,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1798''Postscript_to_my_Historic_Doubts,_written_in_February_1793'',_pp._220–251_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1798''Postscript_to_my_Historic_Doubts,_written_in_February_1793'',_pp._220–251-239">[233]</a></sup> although Pollard observes that this retraction is frequently overlooked by later admirers of Richard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1991216_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1991216-240">[234]</a></sup> Other defenders of Richard include the noted explorer <a href="/info/en/?search=Clements_Markham" title="Clements Markham">Clements Markham</a>, whose <i>Richard III: His Life and Character</i> (1906) replied to the work of Gairdner. He argued that Henry VII killed the princes and that the bulk of evidence against Richard was nothing more than Tudor propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers1968199–200_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers1968199–200-241">[235]</a></sup> An intermediate view was provided by Alfred Legge in <i>The Unpopular King</i> (1885). Legge argued that Richard's "greatness of soul" was eventually "warped and dwarfed" by the ingratitude of others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegge1885viii_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegge1885viii-242">[236]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some 20th-century historians have been less inclined to moral judgement,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers1968200–202_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers1968200–202-243">[237]</a></sup> seeing Richard's actions as a product of the unstable times. In the words of <a href="/info/en/?search=Charles_Ross_(historian)" title="Charles Ross (historian)">Charles Ross</a>, "the later fifteenth century in England is now seen as a ruthless and violent age as concerns the upper ranks of society, full of private feuds, intimidation, land-hunger, and litigiousness, and consideration of Richard's life and career against this background has tended to remove him from the lonely pinnacle of Villainy Incarnate on which Shakespeare had placed him. Like most men, he was conditioned by the standards of his age."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981liii_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981liii-244">[238]</a></sup> The Richard III Society, founded in 1924 as "The Fellowship of the White Boar", is the oldest of several <a href="/info/en/?search=Ricardian_(Richard_III)" title="Ricardian (Richard III)">Ricardian</a> groups dedicated to improving his reputation. Other historians still describe him as a "power-hungry and ruthless politician" who was most probably "ultimately responsible for the murder of his nephews."<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245">[239]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="In_culture">In culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Cultural_depictions_of_Richard_III_of_England" title="Cultural depictions of Richard III of England">Cultural depictions of Richard III of England</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:The_True_Tragedy_of_Richard_the_Third.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_True_Tragedy_of_Richard_the_Third.jpg/170px-The_True_Tragedy_of_Richard_the_Third.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_True_Tragedy_of_Richard_the_Third.jpg/255px-The_True_Tragedy_of_Richard_the_Third.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_True_Tragedy_of_Richard_the_Third.jpg/340px-The_True_Tragedy_of_Richard_the_Third.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption>Cover of the 1594 <a href="/info/en/?search=Quarto" title="Quarto">quarto</a> of the anonymous play, <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_True_Tragedy_of_Richard_III" title="The True Tragedy of Richard III">The True Tragedy of Richard III</a></i>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Richard III is the protagonist of <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_III_(play)" title="Richard III (play)">Richard III</a></i>, one of <a href="/info/en/?search=William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s history/tragedy plays. Apart from Shakespeare, he appears in many other works of literature. Two other plays of the Elizabethan era predated Shakespeare's work. The Latin-language drama <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Richardus_Tertius" title="Richardus Tertius">Richardus Tertius</a></i> (first known performance in 1580) by <a href="/info/en/?search=Thomas_Legge" title="Thomas Legge">Thomas Legge</a> is believed to be the first history play written in England. The anonymous play <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_True_Tragedy_of_Richard_III" title="The True Tragedy of Richard III">The True Tragedy of Richard III</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1590</span>), performed in the same decade as Shakespeare's work, was probably an influence on Shakespeare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill1976_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1976-247">[241]</a></sup> Neither of the two plays places any emphasis on Richard's physical appearance, though the <i>True Tragedy</i> briefly mentions that he is "A man ill shaped, crooked backed, lame armed" and "valiantly minded, but tyrannous in authority". Both portray him as a man motivated by personal ambition, who uses everyone around him to get his way. <a href="/info/en/?search=Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a> is also known to have written a play <i>Richard Crookback</i> in 1602, but it was never published and nothing is known about its portrayal of the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy20084_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy20084-248">[242]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/info/en/?search=Marjorie_Bowen" title="Marjorie Bowen">Marjorie Bowen</a>'s 1929 novel <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Dickon_(novel)" title="Dickon (novel)">Dickon</a></i> set the trend for pro-<a href="/info/en/?search=Ricardian_(Richard_III)" title="Ricardian (Richard III)">Ricardian</a> literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1973369_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1973369-249">[243]</a></sup> Particularly influential was <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Daughter_of_Time" title="The Daughter of Time">The Daughter of Time</a></i> (1951) by <a href="/info/en/?search=Josephine_Tey" title="Josephine Tey">Josephine Tey</a>, in which a modern detective concludes that Richard III is innocent in the death of the Princes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2000134_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2000134-250">[244]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251">[245]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252">[246]</a></sup> Other novelists such as <a href="/info/en/?search=Valerie_Anand" title="Valerie Anand">Valerie Anand</a> in the novel <i>Crown of Roses</i> (1989) have also offered alternative versions to the theory that he murdered them.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253">[247]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Sharon_Kay_Penman" title="Sharon Kay Penman">Sharon Kay Penman</a>, in her <a href="/info/en/?search=Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">historical novel</a> <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Sunne_in_Splendour" title="The Sunne in Splendour">The Sunne in Splendour</a></i>, attributes the death of the Princes to the Duke of Buckingham.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254">[248]</a></sup> In the mystery novel <i>The Murders of Richard III</i> by <a href="/info/en/?search=Elizabeth_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Peters">Elizabeth Peters</a> (1974) the central plot revolves around the debate as to whether Richard III was guilty of these and other crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters2004_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2004-255">[249]</a></sup> A sympathetic portrayal is given in <i>The Founding</i> (1980), the first volume in <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Morland_Dynasty" title="The Morland Dynasty">The Morland Dynasty</a></i> series by <a href="/info/en/?search=Cynthia_Harrod-Eagles" title="Cynthia Harrod-Eagles">Cynthia Harrod-Eagles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrod-Eagles1981_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrod-Eagles1981-256">[250]</a></sup>
</p><p>One film adaptation of Shakespeare's play <i>Richard III</i> is the <a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_III_(1955_film)" title="Richard III (1955 film)">1955 version</a> directed and produced by <a href="/info/en/?search=Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a>, who also played the lead role.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257">[251]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VonTunzelmann2015_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VonTunzelmann2015-258">[252]</a></sup> Also notable are the <a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_III_(1995_film)" title="Richard III (1995 film)">1995 film version</a> starring <a href="/info/en/?search=Ian_McKellen" title="Ian McKellen">Ian McKellen</a>, set in a fictional 1930s fascist England,<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259">[253]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1997135_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1997135-260">[254]</a></sup> and <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Looking_for_Richard" title="Looking for Richard">Looking for Richard</a></i>, a 1996 documentary film directed by <a href="/info/en/?search=Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a>, who plays the title character as well as himself.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261">[255]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune2006_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune2006-262">[256]</a></sup> The play has been adapted for television on several occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263">[257]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin1966385–387_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin1966385–387-264">[258]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian-cumberbatchproves_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-cumberbatchproves-265">[259]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Discovery_of_remains">Discovery of remains</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Discovery of remains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Exhumation_and_reburial_of_Richard_III_of_England" title="Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England">Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England</a></div>
<p>On 24 August 2012, the <a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Leicester_City_Council" title="Leicester City Council">Leicester City Council</a> and the Richard III Society, announced that they were going to look for the remains of King Richard. The search was managed by <a href="/info/en/?search=Philippa_Langley" title="Philippa Langley">Philippa Langley</a> of the Society's Looking for Richard Project with the archaeology run by <a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_Leicester#College_of_Social_Sciences,_Arts_and_Humanities" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester Archaeological Services</a> (ULAS).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangleyJones201311–29,_240–248_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangleyJones201311–29,_240–248-266">[260]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshdown-HillJohnsonJohnsonLangley201438–52,_71–81_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-HillJohnsonJohnsonLangley201438–52,_71–81-267">[261]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268">[262]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270">[264]</a></sup> The participants looked for the lost site of the former Greyfriars Church (demolished during Henry VIII's <a href="/info/en/?search=Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">dissolution of the monasteries</a>) to find his remains.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271">[265]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272">[266]</a></sup> By comparing fixed points between maps, the church was found, where Richard's body had been hastily buried without pomp in 1485, its foundations identifiable beneath a modern city centre car park.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273">[267]</a></sup>
In 1975 Audrey Strange of the Richard III Society predicted that the lost grave lay beneath one of the three car parks that partly cover the site of the former Grey Friars Priory.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a></sup> In the mid-1980s, academic David Baldwin, a medieval historian formerly of Leicester University, concluded that the burial site lay further to the east, beneath the northern (St Martin's) end of Grey Friars Street, or the buildings that face it on either side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1986_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1986-159">[154]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275">[269]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Greyfriars,_Leicester_site.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Greyfriars%2C_Leicester_site.svg/300px-Greyfriars%2C_Leicester_site.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Greyfriars%2C_Leicester_site.svg/450px-Greyfriars%2C_Leicester_site.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Greyfriars%2C_Leicester_site.svg/600px-Greyfriars%2C_Leicester_site.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1579" /></a><figcaption>Site of <a href="/info/en/?search=Greyfriars,_Leicester" title="Greyfriars, Leicester">Greyfriars Church</a>, Leicester, shown superimposed over a modern map of the area. The skeleton of Richard III was recovered in September 2012 from the centre of the choir, shown by a small blue dot.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The diggers found Greyfriars Church by 5 September 2012 and two days later announced that they had found Robert Herrick's garden, where the memorial to Richard III stood in the early 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-parking-lot_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parking-lot-276">[270]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a></sup> A human skeleton was found beneath the Church's <a href="/info/en/?search=Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">choir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCLeicester_278-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCLeicester-278">[272]</a></sup>
</p><p>Improbably, the excavators found the remains in the first dig at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Car_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Car park">car park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279">[273]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280">[274]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281">[275]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:The_King_In_The_Car_Park_-_Page_15_-_Figure_12.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_King_In_The_Car_Park_-_Page_15_-_Figure_12.png/220px-The_King_In_The_Car_Park_-_Page_15_-_Figure_12.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_King_In_The_Car_Park_-_Page_15_-_Figure_12.png/330px-The_King_In_The_Car_Park_-_Page_15_-_Figure_12.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_King_In_The_Car_Park_-_Page_15_-_Figure_12.png/440px-The_King_In_The_Car_Park_-_Page_15_-_Figure_12.png 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Skeleton as discovered</figcaption></figure>
<p>On 12 September, it was announced that the skeleton might be that of Richard III. Several reasons were given: the body was of an adult male; it was buried beneath the choir of the church; and there was severe <a href="/info/en/?search=Scoliosis" title="Scoliosis">scoliosis</a> of the spine, possibly making one shoulder<sup id="cite_ref-parking-lot_276-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parking-lot-276">[270]</a></sup> higher than the other (to what extent depended on the severity of the condition). There was also what appeared to be an arrowhead embedded in the spine; and there were <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perimortem" class="extiw" title="wikt:perimortem">perimortem</a> injuries to the skull. These included a shallow orifice which was probably caused by a <a href="/info/en/?search=Rondel_dagger" title="Rondel dagger">rondel dagger</a>, and a scooping depression to the skull that was probably inflicted by a sword.
</p><p>Further, the bottom of the skull had a gaping hole, where a halberd had entered. Forensic pathologist Stuart Hamilton said this injury would have left the man's brain visible and certainly would have killed him. Jo Appleby, the osteo-archaeologist who excavated the skeleton, said it was “a mortal battlefield wound in the back of the skull". The base of the skull had another fatal wound from a bladed weapon thrust, leaving a jagged hole. Inside the skull, there was evidence that the blade penetrated to a depth of 10.5 centimetres (4.1 in).<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282">[276]</a></sup>
</p><p>In total, the skeleton had 10 wounds: four minor injuries on the top of the skull, one dagger blow on the cheekbone, one cut on the lower jaw, two fatal injuries on the base of the skull, one cut on a rib bone, and one final wound on the pelvis that was probably inflicted after death. It is generally accepted that Richard's naked corpse was tied to the back of a horse, with his arms slung over one side and his legs and buttocks over the other. The angle of the blow on the pelvis suggests that one of those present stabbed Richard's right buttock with substantial force, as the cut extends from the back to the front of the pelvic bone, an action intended to humiliate. It is also possible that Richard and his corpse suffered other injuries which left no trace on the skeleton.<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283">[277]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284">[278]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285">[279]</a></sup>
</p><p>British historian John Ashdown-Hill had used <a href="/info/en/?search=Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogical research</a> in 2004 to trace <a href="/info/en/?search=Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> descendants of <a href="/info/en/?search=Anne_of_York,_Duchess_of_Exeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter">Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter</a>, Richard's elder sister.<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286">[280]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_DNA_287-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_DNA-287">[281]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288">[282]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289">[283]</a></sup> A British-born woman who emigrated to Canada after the <a href="/info/en/?search=Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Joy Ibsen (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/info/en/?search=Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Brown</span>), was found to be a 16th-generation great-niece of the king in the same direct maternal line.<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290">[284]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291">[285]</a></sup> Her mitochondrial DNA was tested and belongs to <a href="/info/en/?search=Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup J (mtDNA)">mitochondrial DNA haplogroup J</a>, which by deduction, should also be the mitochondrial DNA haplogroup of Richard III.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2013_170-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2013-170">[165]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingGonzalez_FortesBalaresqueThomas2014_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingGonzalez_FortesBalaresqueThomas2014-292">[286]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293">[287]</a></sup> Joy Ibsen died in 2008. Her son <a href="/info/en/?search=Michael_Ibsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Ibsen">Michael Ibsen</a> gave a mouth-swab sample to the research team on 24 August 2012. His <a href="/info/en/?search=Mitochondrial_DNA#Female_inheritance" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA, passed down the direct maternal line</a>, was compared to samples from the human remains found at the excavation site and used to identify King Richard.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294">[288]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295">[289]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296">[290]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297">[291]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 4 February 2013, the University of Leicester confirmed that the skeleton was beyond reasonable doubt that of King Richard III. This conclusion was based on mitochondrial DNA evidence,<sup id="cite_ref-LU-results-announced_298-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LU-results-announced-298">[292]</a></sup> soil analysis, and dental tests (there were some molars missing as a result of <a href="/info/en/?search=Dental_caries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental caries">caries</a>), as well as physical characteristics of the skeleton which are highly consistent with contemporary accounts of Richard's appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299">[293]</a></sup> The team announced that the "arrowhead" discovered with the body was a Roman-era nail, probably disturbed when the body was first interred. However, there were numerous perimortem wounds on the body, and part of the skull had been sliced off with a bladed weapon;<sup id="cite_ref-mackintosh-20130204_216-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mackintosh-20130204-216">[210]</a></sup> this would have caused rapid death. The team concluded that it is unlikely the king was wearing a helmet in his last moments. Soil taken from the remains was found to contain microscopic <a href="/info/en/?search=Ascaris_lumbricoides" title="Ascaris lumbricoides">roundworm</a> eggs. Several eggs were found in samples taken from the pelvis, where the king's intestines were, but not from the skull, and only very small numbers were identified in soil surrounding the grave. The findings suggest that the higher concentration of eggs in the pelvic area probably arose from a roundworm infection the king suffered in his life, rather than from human waste dumped in the area at a later date, researchers said. The mayor of Leicester announced that the king's skeleton would be re-interred at <a href="/info/en/?search=Leicester_Cathedral" title="Leicester Cathedral">Leicester Cathedral</a> in early 2014, but a judicial review of that decision delayed the reinterment for a year.<sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300">[294]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=King_Richard_III_Visitor_Centre" title="King Richard III Visitor Centre">A museum to Richard III</a> was opened in July 2014 in the Victorian school buildings next to the Greyfriars grave site.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_DNA_287-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_DNA-287">[281]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LU-results-announced_298-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LU-results-announced-298">[292]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301">[295]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 5 February 2013 <a href="/info/en/?search=Caroline_Wilkinson" title="Caroline Wilkinson">Caroline Wilkinson</a> of the <a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_Dundee" title="University of Dundee">University of Dundee</a> conducted a <a href="/info/en/?search=Forensic_facial_reconstruction" title="Forensic facial reconstruction">facial reconstruction</a> of Richard III, commissioned by the Richard III Society, based on 3D mappings of his skull.<sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302">[296]</a></sup> The face is described as "warm, young, earnest and rather serious".<sup id="cite_ref-Dundee_303-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dundee-303">[297]</a></sup> On 11 February 2014 the University of Leicester announced the project to sequence the entire genome of Richard III and one of his living relatives, Michael Ibsen, whose mitochondrial DNA confirmed the identification of the excavated remains. Richard III thus became the first ancient person of known historical identity whose genome has been sequenced.<sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304">[298]</a></sup>
</p><p>In November 2014, the results of the DNA testing were published, confirming that the maternal side was as previously thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingGonzalez_FortesBalaresqueThomas2014_292-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingGonzalez_FortesBalaresqueThomas2014-292">[286]</a></sup> The paternal side, however, demonstrated some variance from what had been expected, with the DNA showing no links between Richard and <a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Somerset,_5th_Duke_of_Beaufort" title="Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort">Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort</a>, a purported descendant of Richard's great-great-grandfather <a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a>. This could be the result of covert <a href="/info/en/?search=Illegitimacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegitimacy">illegitimacy</a> that does not reflect the accepted genealogies between Edward III and either Richard III or the 5th Duke of Beaufort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingGonzalez_FortesBalaresqueThomas2014_292-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingGonzalez_FortesBalaresqueThomas2014-292">[286]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-infidelity_305-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infidelity-305">[299]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306">[300]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reburial_and_tomb">Reburial and tomb</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reburial and tomb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Picture_of_Richard_III%27s_new_tomb_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Picture_of_Richard_III%27s_new_tomb_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Picture_of_Richard_III%27s_new_tomb_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Picture_of_Richard_III%27s_new_tomb_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Picture_of_Richard_III%27s_new_tomb_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Picture_of_Richard_III%27s_new_tomb_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Picture_of_Richard_III%27s_new_tomb_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Richard III in <a href="/info/en/?search=Leicester_Cathedral" title="Leicester Cathedral">Leicester Cathedral</a>, with his motto <i>Loyaulte me lie</i> (loyalty binds me) at right</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Memorial_stone_dedicated_to_Richard_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Memorial_stone_dedicated_to_Richard_III.jpg/220px-Memorial_stone_dedicated_to_Richard_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Memorial_stone_dedicated_to_Richard_III.jpg/330px-Memorial_stone_dedicated_to_Richard_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Memorial_stone_dedicated_to_Richard_III.jpg/440px-Memorial_stone_dedicated_to_Richard_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>The ledger stone memorial from Leicester Cathedral now resides in the <a href="/info/en/?search=King_Richard_III_Visitor_Centre" title="King Richard III Visitor Centre">King Richard III Visitor Centre</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>After his death in battle in 1485, Richard III's body was buried in Greyfriars Church in Leicester.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox2013_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox2013-7">[7]</a></sup> Following the discoveries of Richard's remains in 2012, it was decided that they should be reburied at Leicester Cathedral,<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews-20180322_307-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews-20180322-307">[301]</a></sup> despite feelings in some quarters that he should have been reburied in York Minster.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews-20130207_308-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews-20130207-308">[302]</a></sup> Those who challenged the decision included fifteen "collateral [non-direct] descendants of Richard III",<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews-plantagenetalliance_309-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews-plantagenetalliance-309">[303]</a></sup> represented by the <a href="/info/en/?search=Plantagenet_Alliance" title="Plantagenet Alliance">Plantagenet Alliance</a>, who believed that the body should be reburied in York, as they claim the king wished.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews-reburialrow_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews-reburialrow-310">[304]</a></sup> In August 2013, they filed a court case in order to contest Leicester's claim to re-inter the body within its cathedral, and propose the body be buried in York instead. However, Michael Ibsen, who gave the DNA sample that identified the king, gave his support to Leicester's claim to re-inter the body in their cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews-reburialrow_310-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews-reburialrow-310">[304]</a></sup> On 20 August, a judge ruled that the opponents had the legal standing to contest his burial in Leicester Cathedral, despite a clause in the contract which had authorized the excavations requiring his burial there. He urged the parties, though, to settle out of court in order to "avoid embarking on the Wars of the Roses, Part Two".<sup id="cite_ref-[2013]EWHCB13(Admin)_311-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-[2013]EWHCB13(Admin)-311">[305]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312">[306]</a></sup> The Plantagenet Alliance, and the supporting fifteen collateral descendants, also faced the challenge that "Basic maths shows Richard, who had no surviving children but five siblings, could have millions of 'collateral' descendants"<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews-plantagenetalliance_309-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews-plantagenetalliance-309">[303]</a></sup> undermining the group's claim to represent "the only people who can speak on behalf of him".<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews-plantagenetalliance_309-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews-plantagenetalliance-309">[303]</a></sup> A ruling in May 2014 decreed that there are "no public law grounds for the Court interfering with the decisions in question".<sup id="cite_ref-[2014]EWHC1662(QB)_313-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-[2014]EWHC1662(QB)-313">[307]</a></sup> The remains were taken to Leicester Cathedral on 22 March 2015 and reinterred on 26 March.<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314">[308]</a></sup>
</p><p>His remains were carried in procession to the cathedral on 22 March 2015, and reburied on 26 March 2015<sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315">[309]</a></sup> at a religious re-burial service at which both <a href="/info/en/?search=Tim_Stevens" title="Tim Stevens">Tim Stevens</a>, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Bishop_of_Leicester" title="Bishop of Leicester">Bishop of Leicester</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Justin_Welby" title="Justin Welby">Justin Welby</a>, the Archbishop of Canterbury, officiated. Also present at the ceremony was <a href="/info/en/?search=Archbishop_of_Westminster" title="Archbishop of Westminster">Archbishop of Westminster</a> and Roman Catholic Primate of England, Cardinal <a href="/info/en/?search=Vincent_Nichols" title="Vincent Nichols">Vincent Nichols</a>, as Richard III professed Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316">[310]</a></sup> The <a href="/info/en/?search=British_royal_family" title="British royal family">British royal family</a> was represented by the <a href="/info/en/?search=Prince_Richard,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester">Duke</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Birgitte,_Duchess_of_Gloucester" title="Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester">Duchess of Gloucester</a> and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Sophie,_Countess_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie, Countess of Wessex">Countess of Wessex</a>. The actor <a href="/info/en/?search=Benedict_Cumberbatch" title="Benedict Cumberbatch">Benedict Cumberbatch</a>, who later portrayed him in <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Hollow_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Hollow Crown (TV series)">The Hollow Crown</a></i> television series, read a poem by <a href="/info/en/?search=Poet_Laureate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom">poet laureate</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Carol_Ann_Duffy" title="Carol Ann Duffy">Carol Ann Duffy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-cumberbatchproves_265-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-cumberbatchproves-265">[259]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian-20150326_317-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-20150326-317">[311]</a></sup>
</p><p>Richard's cathedral tomb was designed by the architects <a href="/info/en/?search=Van_Heyningen_and_Haward" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Heyningen and Haward">van Heyningen and Haward</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318">[312]</a></sup> The tombstone is deeply incised with a cross, and consists of a rectangular block of white <a href="/info/en/?search=Swaledale" title="Swaledale">Swaledale</a> fossil stone, quarried in <a href="/info/en/?search=North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>. It sits on a low plinth made of dark <a href="/info/en/?search=Kilkenny_marble" title="Kilkenny marble">Kilkenny marble</a>, incised with Richard's name, dates and motto (<i>Loyaulte me lie</i> – loyalty binds me). The plinth also carries his coat of arms in <a href="/info/en/?search=Pietra_dura" title="Pietra dura">pietra dura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tomb_319-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tomb-319">[313]</a></sup> On top is a funeral crown commissioned specifically for the reinterment, and made by George Easton.<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320">[314]</a></sup> The remains of Richard III are in a lead-lined inner casket,<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321">[315]</a></sup> inside an outer <a href="/info/en/?search=English_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="English oak">English oak</a> coffin crafted by Michael Ibsen, a direct descendant of Richard's sister Anne, and laid in a brick-lined vault below the floor, and below the plinth and tombstone.<sup id="cite_ref-tomb_319-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tomb-319">[313]</a></sup> The original 2010 raised tomb design had been proposed by Langley's "Looking For Richard Project" and fully funded by members of the Richard III Society. The proposal was publicly launched by the Society on 13 February 2013 but rejected by Leicester Cathedral in favour of a memorial slab.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews-20130213_322-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews-20130213-322">[316]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-telegraph-20130313_323-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-20130313-323">[317]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-leicestermercury-20130314-slab_324-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leicestermercury-20130314-slab-324">[318]</a></sup> However, following a public outcry, the Cathedral changed its position and on 18 July 2013 announced its agreement to give King Richard III a raised tomb monument.<sup id="cite_ref-leicestermercury-20130314-poll_325-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leicestermercury-20130314-poll-325">[319]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-leicestermercury-20130718_326-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leicestermercury-20130718-326">[320]</a></sup>
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<h2><span id="Titles.2C_styles.2C_honours_and_arms"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms">Titles, styles, honours and arms</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Titles, styles, honours and arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:463px;max-width:463px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:277px;max-width:277px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Copper-alloy_boar_mount_from_the_Thames_foreshore_(London).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Copper-alloy_boar_mount_from_the_Thames_foreshore_%28London%29.jpg/275px-Copper-alloy_boar_mount_from_the_Thames_foreshore_%28London%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Copper-alloy_boar_mount_from_the_Thames_foreshore_%28London%29.jpg/413px-Copper-alloy_boar_mount_from_the_Thames_foreshore_%28London%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Copper-alloy_boar_mount_from_the_Thames_foreshore_%28London%29.jpg/550px-Copper-alloy_boar_mount_from_the_Thames_foreshore_%28London%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="1027" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/info/en/?search=Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Boar">boar</a> mount found on the Thames foreshore, and thought to have been worn by a supporter of Richard III.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph-20121203_327-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-20121203-327">[321]</a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Arms_of_Thomas_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Arms_of_Thomas_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Clarence.svg/180px-Arms_of_Thomas_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Clarence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Arms_of_Thomas_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Clarence.svg/270px-Arms_of_Thomas_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Clarence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Arms_of_Thomas_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Clarence.svg/360px-Arms_of_Thomas_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Clarence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coat of arms as Duke of Gloucester</div></div></div></div></div>
<p>On 1 November 1461, Richard gained the title of Duke of Gloucester; in late 1461, he was invested as a Knight of the Garter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall195644_328-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall195644-328">[322]</a></sup> Following the death of King Edward IV, he was made <a href="/info/en/?search=Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> of England. Richard held this office from 30 April to 26 June 1483, when he became king. During his reign, Richard was styled <i>Dei Gratia Rex Angliae et Franciae et Dominus Hiberniae</i> (<a href="/info/en/?search=By_the_Grace_of_God" title="By the Grace of God">by the Grace of God</a>, King of England and France and Lord of Ireland).
</p><p>Informally, he may have been known as "Dickon", according to a sixteenth-century legend of a note, warning of treachery, that was sent to the Duke of Norfolk on the eve of Bosworth:
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem">
<p>Jack of Norfolk, be not too bold,<br />
For Dickon, thy master, is bought and sold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant197215_329-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant197215-329">[323]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Arms">Arms</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>As Duke of Gloucester, Richard used the <a href="/info/en/?search=Royal_Arms_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of France">Royal Arms of France</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">quartered</a> with the <a href="/info/en/?search=Royal_Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of England">Royal Arms of England</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Cadency" title="Cadency">differenced</a> by a <a href="/info/en/?search=Label_(heraldry)" title="Label (heraldry)">label</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Argent" title="Argent">argent</a> of three points <a href="/info/en/?search=Ermine_(heraldry)" title="Ermine (heraldry)">ermine</a>, on each point a <a href="/info/en/?search=Canton_(heraldry)" title="Canton (heraldry)">canton</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Gules" title="Gules">gules</a>, supported by a blue boar.<sup id="cite_ref-heraldica-cadency_330-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heraldica-cadency-330">[324]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunet1889202_331-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunet1889202-331">[325]</a></sup> As sovereign, he used the arms of the kingdom undifferenced, supported by a white boar and a lion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunet1889202_331-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunet1889202-331">[325]</a></sup> His motto was <i>Loyaulte me lie</i>, "Loyalty binds me"; and his <a href="/info/en/?search=Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">personal device</a> was a <a href="/info/en/?search=White_boar" title="White boar">white boar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956132–133_332-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956132–133-332">[326]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Family_trees">Family trees</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Family trees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;">
<tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#C00; border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=King_Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward III">King Edward III</a><br />1312–1377</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><span style="background:#CFF"><a href="/info/en/?search=Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Duke of Gloucester">Duke of Gloucester</a></span> (1st creation), 1385</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a><br />1340–1399<br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Duke_of_Lancaster" title="Duke of Lancaster">Duke of Lancaster</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=Thomas_of_Woodstock" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas of Woodstock">Thomas of Woodstock</a><br />1355–1397<br /><b><span style="background:#CFF">Duke of Gloucester</span></b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><span style="background:#CFF">Dukedom of Gloucester</span> (1st creation) extinct, 1397</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#C00; border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">King Henry IV</a><br />1367–1413</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset">John Beaufort</a><br />1373–1410<br />1st Earl of Somerset</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Joan_Beaufort,_Countess_of_Westmorland" title="Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland">Joan Beaufort</a><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1379</span>–1440</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><span style="background:#CFF"><a href="/info/en/?search=Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Duke of Gloucester">Duke of Gloucester</a></span> (2nd creation), 1414</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=Humphrey_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Humphrey of Lancaster">Humphrey of Lancaster</a><br />1390–1447<br /><b><span style="background:#CFF">Duke of Gloucester</span></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Beaufort,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset">John Beaufort</a><br />1404–1444<br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Duke_of_Somerset" title="Duke of Somerset">Duke of Somerset</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Cecily_Neville" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecily Neville">Cecily Neville</a><br />1415–1495</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><span style="background:#CFF">Dukedom of Gloucester</span> (2nd creation) extinct, 1447</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><span style="background:#CFF"><a href="/info/en/?search=Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Duke of Gloucester">Duke of Gloucester</a></span> (3rd creation), 1461</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Margaret Beaufort</a><br />1443–1509</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#C00; border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=King_Edward_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward IV">King Edward IV</a><br />1442–1483</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#C00; border-width:2px"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard of York</a><br />1452–1485<br /><b><span style="background:#CFF">Duke of Gloucester</span></b><br />Later King Richard III</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><span style="background:#CFF">Dukedom of Gloucester</span> (3rd creation) <a href="/info/en/?search=Merged_in_the_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Merged in the Crown">merged in the Crown</a>, 1483</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#C00; border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=King_Henry_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry VII">King Henry VII</a><br />1457–1509</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a><br />1466–1503</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a><br />1489–1541</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#C00; border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=King_Henry_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry VIII">King Henry VIII</a><br />1491–1547</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#20F; border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=James_V_of_Scotland" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a><br />1512–1542</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#20F; border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a><br />1542–1587</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#CC2EFA; border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=King_James_VI_%26_I" class="mw-redirect" title="King James VI & I">King James VI & I</a><br />1566–1625</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Elizabeth_Stuart,_Queen_of_Bohemia" title="Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia">Princess Elizabeth Stuart</a><br />1596–1662</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#CC2EFA; border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a><br />1600–1649</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><span style="background:#CFF"><a href="/info/en/?search=Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Duke of Gloucester">Duke of Gloucester</a></span> (4th creation), 1659</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Sophia_of_Hanover" title="Sophia of Hanover">Sophia of Hanover</a><br />1630–1714</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#CC2EFA; border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=King_James_II" class="mw-redirect" title="King James II">King James II</a><br />1633–1701</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Stuart,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Henry</a><br />1640–1660<br /><b><span style="background:#CFF">Duke of Gloucester</span></b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><span style="background:#CFF">Dukedom of Gloucester</span> (4th creation) extinct, 1660</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#CC2EFA; border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">King George I</a><br />1660–1727</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#CC2EFA; border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a><br />1665–1714</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#CC2EFA; border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">King George II</a><br />1683–1760</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince William, Duke of Gloucester">Prince William</a><br />1689–1700<br /><i>styled <span style="background:#CFF">Duke of Gloucester</span></i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><span style="background:#FFCCCB"><a href="/info/en/?search=Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Duke of Edinburgh">Duke of Edinburgh</a> (1st creation), <a href="/info/en/?search=Marquess_of_the_Isle_of_Ely" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquess of the Isle of Ely">Marquess of the Isle of Ely</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Earl_of_Eltham" title="Earl of Eltham">Earl of Eltham</a> (1st creation), <a href="/info/en/?search=Viscount_Launceston" title="Viscount Launceston">Viscount Launceston</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Baron_Snowdon" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Snowdon">Baron Snowdon</a></span>, 1726</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=Prince_Frederick_Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Frederick Louis">Prince Frederick Louis</a><br />1707–1751<br />Prince of Wales, <b><span style="background:#FFCCCB">1st Duke of Edinburgh, Marquess of the Isle of Ely, Earl of Eltham, Viscount Launceston, and Baron Snowdon</span></b>, <i>styled <span style="background:#CFF">Duke of Gloucester</span> until created Duke of Edinburgh, 1726</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><span style="background:#E0B0FF"><a href="/info/en/?search=Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></span>, 1764</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#CC2EFA; border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">Prince George William Frederick</a><br />1738–1820<br /><b><span style="background:#FFCCCB"> Duke of Edinburgh, Marquess of the Isle of Ely, and Earl of Eltham, Viscount Launceston, and Baron Snowdon</span></b><br />Later King George III</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=Prince_William_Henry" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince William Henry">Prince William Henry</a><br />1743–1805<br /><b><span style="background:#E0B0FF">1st Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</span></b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><span style="background:#FFCCCB">Dukedom of Edinburgh (1st creation), Marquessate of the Isle of Ely, and Earldom of Eltham (1st creation), Viscountcy Launceston, and Barony Snowdon </span> <a href="/info/en/?search=Merged_in_the_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Merged in the Crown">merged in the Crown</a>, 1760</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><span style="background:#E0B0FF">Dukedom of Gloucester and Edinburgh</span> unused, 1805–1816</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#CC2EFA; border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=King_William_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="King William IV">King William IV</a><br />1765–1837</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward</a><br />1767–1820<br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Princess_Mary,_Duchess_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Princess Mary</a><br />1776–1857</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=Prince_William_Frederick" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince William Frederick">Prince William Frederick</a><br />1776–1834<br /><b><span style="background:#E0B0FF">2nd Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</span></b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><span style="background:#E0B0FF">Dukedom of Gloucester and Edinburgh</span> extinct, 1834</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#CC2EFA; border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a><br />1819–1901</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><span style="background:#FFCCCB"><a href="/info/en/?search=Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Duke of Edinburgh">Duke of Edinburgh</a></span> (2nd creation) and <a href="/info/en/?search=Earl_of_Ulster" title="Earl of Ulster">Earl of Ulster</a> (UK, 1st creation), 1866</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#CC2EFA; border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=King_Edward_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward VII">King Edward VII</a><br />1841–1910</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Alice of the United Kingdom">Princess Alice</a><br />1843–1878</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Alfred Ernest Albert</a><br />1844–1900<br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>, <b><span style="background:#FFCCCB">Duke of Edinburgh</span>, Earl of Ulster</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><span style="background:#FFCCCB">Dukedom of Edinburgh</span> (2nd creation) extinct, 1900</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#CC2EFA; border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V">King George V</a><br />1865–1936</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Princess_Victoria_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine" title="Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine">Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine</a><br />1863–1950</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><span style="background:#CFF"><a href="/info/en/?search=Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Duke of Gloucester">Duke of Gloucester</a></span> (5th creation), <span style="background:#CFF"><a href="/info/en/?search=Earl_of_Ulster" title="Earl of Ulster">Earl of Ulster</a></span> (UK, 2nd creation), <span style="background:#CFF"><a href="/info/en/?search=Baron_Culloden" title="Baron Culloden">Baron Culloden</a></span> (2nd creation), 1928</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#CC2EFA; border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=King_George_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King George VI">King George VI</a><br />1895–1952</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Princess_Alice_of_Battenberg" title="Princess Alice of Battenberg">Princess Alice of Battenberg</a><br />1885–1969</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Henry</a><br />1900–1974<br /><b><span style="background:#CFF">1st Duke of Gloucester</span>, <span style="background:#CFF">1st Earl of Ulster</span>, <span style="background:#CFF">1st Baron Culloden</span></b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><span style="background:#FFCCCB"><a href="/info/en/?search=Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Duke of Edinburgh">Duke of Edinburgh</a></span> (3rd creation), 1947</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#CC2EFA; border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a><br />1926–2022</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=Prince_Philip" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Philip">Prince Philip</a><br />1921–2021<br /><b><span style="background:#FFCCCB">1st Duke of Edinburgh</span></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i><span style="background:#FFCCCB"><a href="/info/en/?search=Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Duke of Edinburgh">Duke of Edinburgh</a></span> (4th creation), 2023</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#CC2EFA; border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=Prince_Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Charles">Prince Charles</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1948</span><br /><b><span style="background:#FFCCCB">2nd Duke of Edinburgh</span></b><br />Prince of Wales<br />Later King Charles III</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1964</span><br /><b><span style="background:#FFCCCB">Duke of Edinburgh</span></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><a href="/info/en/?search=Prince_Richard,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Richard</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1944</span><br /><b><span style="background:#CFF">2nd Duke of Gloucester</span>, <span style="background:#CFF">2nd Earl of Ulster</span>, <span style="background:#CFF">2nd Baron Culloden</span></b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:top"><i><span style="background:#FFCCCB">Dukedom of Edinburgh</span> (3rd creation) <a href="/info/en/?search=Merged_in_the_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Merged in the Crown">merged in the Crown</a>, 2022</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:top"><i><span style="background:#FFCCCB">Dukedom of Edinburgh</span> (4th creation) is a <a href="/info/en/?search=Life_peerage" class="mw-redirect" title="Life peerage">life peerage</a> and therefore not hereditary</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Alexander_Windsor,_Earl_of_Ulster" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster">Alexander Windsor</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1974</span><br /><i>styled Earl of Ulster</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:top"><i>Heir-apparent to the <span style="background:#CFF">Dukedom of Gloucester</span></i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
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<th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:#CDF; width:auto"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:left"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Wars_of_the_Roses_family_tree" title="Template:Wars of the Roses family tree"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:Wars_of_the_Roses_family_tree" title="Template talk:Wars of the Roses family tree"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_of_the_Roses_family_tree" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wars of the Roses family tree"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div>English royal families in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>
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<p>Dukes (except <a href="/info/en/?search=Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Duke of Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>) and Princes of Wales are noted, as are the monarchs' reigns.<br /> <a href="/info/en/?search=Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a>=Killed in action;  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span>=Executed<br /><i>See also <a href="/info/en/?search=Family_tree_of_English_monarchs" title="Family tree of English monarchs">Family tree of English monarchs</a></i>
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<tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #F00">Lancastrians</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_of_Grosmont,_Duke_of_Lancaster" title="Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster">Henry of Grosmont</a><br />Duke of Lancaster</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid"><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></b><br />King of England<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1327–1377</span></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #66CC00">Changed sides</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #00F">Yorkists</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_the_Black_Prince" title="Edward the Black Prince">Edward of Woodstock</a><br /><i>"The Black Prince"</i><br />Prince of Wales</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Lionel_of_Antwerp,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence">Lionel of Antwerp</a><br />Duke of Clarence</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Blanche_of_Lancaster" title="Blanche of Lancaster">Blanche of Lancaster</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a><br />Duke of Lancaster</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Katherine_Swynford" title="Katherine Swynford">Katherine Swynford</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Edmund_of_Langley,_1st_Duke_of_York" title="Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York">Edmund of Langley</a><br />Duke of York</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Thomas_of_Woodstock,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester">Thomas of Woodstock</a><br />Duke of Gloucester</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid"><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></b><br />Prince of Wales, King of England<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1377–1399</span></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Philippa,_5th_Countess_of_Ulster" title="Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster">Philippa of Clarence</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #F00"><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></b><br />Duke of Lancaster, King of England<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1399–1413</span></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #F00"><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset">John Beaufort</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Thomas_Beaufort,_Duke_of_Exeter" title="Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter">Thomas Beaufort</a><br />Duke of Exeter</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Joan_Beaufort,_Countess_of_Westmorland" title="Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland">Joan Beaufort</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ralph_Neville,_1st_Earl_of_Westmorland" title="Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland">Ralph Neville</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Percy_(Hotspur)" title="Henry Percy (Hotspur)">Henry Percy</a> "Hotspur"</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Elizabeth_Mortimer" title="Elizabeth Mortimer">Elizabeth Mortimer</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Roger_Mortimer,_4th_Earl_of_March" title="Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March">Roger Mortimer</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #F00"><a href="/info/en/?search=Owen_Tudor" title="Owen Tudor">Owen Tudor</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #F00"><a href="/info/en/?search=Catherine_of_Valois" title="Catherine of Valois">Catherine of Valois</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #F00"><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></b><br />Duke of Lancaster, Prince of Wales, King of England<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1413–1422</span></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Humphrey,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester">Humphrey</a><br />Duke of Gloucester</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward,_2nd_Duke_of_York" title="Edward, 2nd Duke of York">Edward of Norwich</a><br />Duke of York</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_of_Conisburgh,_3rd_Earl_of_Cambridge" title="Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge">Richard of Conisburgh</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Anne_de_Mortimer" title="Anne de Mortimer">Anne de Mortimer</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #F00"><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Beaufort,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset">John Beaufort</a><br />Duke of Somerset</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #F00"><a href="/info/en/?search=Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #F00"><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></b><br />King of England<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1422–1461</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1470–1471</span></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #F00"><a href="/info/en/?search=Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset">Edmund Beaufort</a><br />Duke of Somerset<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><a href="/info/en/?search=First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">1st St Albans</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #00F"><a href="/info/en/?search=William_Neville,_Earl_of_Kent" title="William Neville, Earl of Kent">William Neville</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Eleanor_Neville,_Countess_of_Northumberland" title="Eleanor Neville, Countess of Northumberland">Eleanor Neville</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #F00"><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Percy,_2nd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><a href="/info/en/?search=First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">1st St Albans</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Anne_Neville,_Duchess_of_Buckingham" title="Anne Neville, Duchess of Buckingham">Anne Neville</a><br />Duchess of Buckingham</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #00F"><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Richard Neville</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Wakefield" title="Battle of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Cecily_Neville,_Duchess_of_York" title="Cecily Neville, Duchess of York">Cecily Neville</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #00F"><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard of York</a><br />Duke of York, Prince of Wales<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Wakefield" title="Battle of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #F00"><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset">Henry Beaufort</a><br />Duke of Somerset<br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Hexham" title="Battle of Hexham">Hexham</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_Woodville,_1st_Earl_Rivers" title="Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers">Richard Woodville</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Edgecote" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Edgecote">Edgecote</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Margaret_Beaufort,_Countess_of_Stafford" title="Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Stafford">Margaret Beaufort</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #F00"><a href="/info/en/?search=Edmund_Beaufort_(died_1471)" title="Edmund Beaufort (died 1471)">Edmund Beaufort</a><br />Duke of Somerset<br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Battle of Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #F00"><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Percy,_3rd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Towton</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Humphrey_Stafford,_Earl_of_Stafford" title="Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Stafford">Humphrey Stafford</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #66CC00"><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Neville,_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu" title="John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu">John Neville</a><br /> <a href="/info/en/?search=Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Barnet</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #66CC00"><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville</a><br /><i>"Kingmaker"</i><br /> <a href="/info/en/?search=Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Barnet</a></span></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #F00"><a href="/info/en/?search=Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Margaret Beaufort</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #F00"><a href="/info/en/?search=Edmund_Tudor,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond" title="Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond">Edmund Tudor</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #F00"><a href="/info/en/?search=Jasper_Tudor" title="Jasper Tudor">Jasper Tudor</a><br />Duke of Bedford</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Catherine_Woodville,_Duchess_of_Buckingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Woodville, Duchess of Buckingham">Catherine Woodville</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #66CC00"><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Stafford,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">Henry Stafford</a><br />Duke of Buckingham<br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #00F"><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a></b><br />Duke of York, King of England<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1461–1470</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1471–1483</span></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #66CC00"><a href="/info/en/?search=George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence">George Plantagenet</a><br />Duke of Clarence<br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #F00"><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster</a><br />Prince of Wales<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Battle of Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a></span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #00F"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard III</a></b><br />Duke of Gloucester, King of England<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1483–1485</span></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Bosworth Field</a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid"><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></b><br />King of England<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1485–1509</span></b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px dashed #00F"><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_V_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward V of England">Edward V</a></b><br />Prince of Wales, King of England<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1483</span></b><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_of_Shrewsbury,_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York">Richard of Shrewsbury</a><br />Duke of York<br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=King_Richard_III_Visitor_Centre" title="King Richard III Visitor Centre">King Richard III Visitor Centre</a>, Leicester</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ricardian_(Richard_III)" title="Ricardian (Richard III)">Ricardian (Richard III)</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_III_Experience_at_Monk_Bar" title="Richard III Experience at Monk Bar">Richard III Experience at Monk Bar</a>, York</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"From November 1461 until 1465 all references to Richard place him in locations south of the river Trent. It may have been partly to appease Warwick's injured feelings towards the rising influence of the king's new Woodville in-laws that he was given the honour of taking Richard into his household to complete his education, probably at some time in 1465".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201336–37,_240_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201336–37,_240-12">[12]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As late as 1469 rumours were still linking Richard's name with Anne Neville's. In August of that year, by which time Clarence had married Isabel, an Italian observer in London mistakenly reported that Warwick had married his two daughters to the king's brothers (<i>Cal. Milanese Papers, I</i>, pp. 118–120).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Says Kendall, "Richard had won his way back to Middleham Castle". However, any personal attachment he may have felt to Middleham was likely mitigated in his adulthood, as surviving records demonstrate he spent less time there than at <a href="/info/en/?search=Barnard_Castle" title="Barnard Castle">Barnard Castle</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Pontefract_Castle" title="Pontefract Castle">Pontefract</a>." "No great magnate or royal duke in the fifteenth century had a 'home' in the twentieth-century sense of the word. Richard of Gloucester formed no more of a personal attachment to Middleham than he did to Barnard Castle or Pontefract, at both of which surviving records suggest he spent more time."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956125_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956125-50">[48]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Hanham has raised "the charge of hypocrisy",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanham197564_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanham197564-83">[80]</a></sup> suggesting "that Richard would 'grin' at the city", and questioning whether he was either as popular or as devoted to the region as sometimes thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanham197564_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanham197564-83">[80]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosemary Horrox notes that "Buckingham was an exception amongst the rebels as, far from being a previous favourite, he 'had been refused any political role by Edward IV'."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox1989132_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox1989132-123">[119]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Specifically, in the Vinter's Hall, Thameside.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarron2004420_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarron2004420-179">[174]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Carson8-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carson8_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Carson">Carson, Ashdown-Hill, Johnson, Johnson & Langley</a>, p. 8.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2013_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldwin2013">Baldwin (2013)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard200015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard200015_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard2000">Pollard (2000)</a>, p. 15.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss19743–5-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss19743–5_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross (1974)</a>, pp. 3–5.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2008_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard2008">Pollard (2008)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2008-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2008_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths2008">Griffiths (2008)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox2013-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox2013_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox2013_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox2013_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox2013_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox2013_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorrox2013">Horrox (2013)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall195641–42-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall195641–42_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, pp. 41–42.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall195640-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall195640_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, p. 40.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScofield2016p._216,_n.6-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScofield2016p._216,_n.6_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScofield2016">Scofield (2016)</a>, p. 216, n.6, quoting Tellers' Roll, Mich. 5 Edw. IV (no. 36), m. 2.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall195634–44,_74-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall195634–44,_74_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, pp. 34–44, 74.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201336–37,_240-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201336–37,_240_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldwin2013">Baldwin (2013)</a>, pp. 36–37, 240.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss19749-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss19749_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss19749_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross (1974)</a>, p. 9.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELicence201363-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELicence201363_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLicence2013">Licence (2013)</a>, p. 63.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall195616–17-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall195616–17_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, pp. 16–17.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall195668-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall195668_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, p. 68.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks198045-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks198045_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHicks1980">Hicks (1980)</a>, p. 45.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956522-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956522_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, p. 522.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall195687–89-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall195687–89_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, pp. 87–89.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/spine.html">"Spine"</a>. <i>The Discovery of Richard III</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2013</span>. <q>A very pronounced curve in the spine was visible when the body was first uncovered, evidence of scoliosis which may have meant that Richard's right shoulder was noticeably higher than his left....The type of scoliosis seen here is known as idiopathic adolescent onset scoliosis. The word idiopathic means that the reason for its development is not entirely clear, although there is probably a genetic component. The term farts onset indicates that the deformity wasn't present at birth, but developed after the age of ten. It is quite possible that the scoliosis was progressive...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Discovery+of+Richard+III&rft.atitle=Spine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.le.ac.uk%2Frichardiii%2Fscience%2Fspine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leicestershire-27610788">"Richard III: Team rebuilds 'most famous spine'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. London: <a href="/info/en/?search=BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 29 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Richard+III%3A+Team+rebuilds+%27most+famous+spine%27&rft.date=2014-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-leicestershire-27610788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDuffin2014" class="citation news cs1">Duffin, Claire (17 August 2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/11038600/Richard-III-the-hunchback-king-really-could-have-been-a-formidable-warrior-...-and-his-body-double-can-prove-it.html">"Richard III, the 'hunchback king', really could have been a formidable warrior... and his body double can prove it"</a></span>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. London. <a class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/11038600/Richard-III-the-hunchback-king-really-could-have-been-a-formidable-warrior-...-and-his-body-double-can-prove-it.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Richard+III%2C+the+%27hunchback+king%27%2C+really+could+have+been+a+formidable+warrior...+and+his+body+double+can+prove+it&rft.date=2014-08-17&rft.aulast=Duffin&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F11038600%2FRichard-III-the-hunchback-king-really-could-have-been-a-formidable-warrior-...-and-his-body-double-can-prove-it.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ipup-timeline-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ipup-timeline_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://richardiii-ipup.org.uk/timeline">"Timeline"</a>. <i>Richard III: Rumour and Reality</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Institute_for_the_Public_Understanding_of_the_Past" title="Institute for the Public Understanding of the Past">Institute for the Public Understanding of the Past</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+III%3A+Rumour+and+Reality&rft.atitle=Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frichardiii-ipup.org.uk%2Ftimeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2006-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2006_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2006_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHicks2006">Hicks (2006)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198121-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198121_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198121_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. 21.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197427-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197427_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross (1974)</a>, p. 27.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980115-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks1980115_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHicks1980">Hicks (1980)</a>, p. 115. The East Anglian Paston family have left historians a rich source of historical information for the lives of the English gentry of the period in a large collection of surviving letters.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks200981–82-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks200981–82_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHicks2009">Hicks (2009)</a>, pp. 81–82.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley1908470-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley1908470_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiley1908">Riley (1908)</a>, p. 470.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201358-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201358_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldwin2013">Baldwin (2013)</a>, p. 58.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://richardiii-ipup.org.uk/riii/46">"Northern Properties and Influence"</a>. <i>Richard III: Rumour and Reality</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Institute_for_the_Public_Understanding_of_the_Past" title="Institute for the Public Understanding of the Past">Institute for the Public Understanding of the Past</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a>. CPR 1467–77, p. 260<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+III%3A+Rumour+and+Reality&rft.atitle=Northern+Properties+and+Influence&rft.pages=CPR+1467-77%2C+p.+260&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frichardiii-ipup.org.uk%2Friii%2F46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956128-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956128_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, p. 128.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20051023-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke20051023_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarke2005">Clarke (2005)</a>, p. 1023. "In fact, [Richard and Anne] had sought a dispensation to marry from the penitentiary in early 1472, for it was granted on 22 April that year, and they probably married shortly afterwards."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnfield200785-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnfield200785_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnfield2007">Barnfield (2007)</a>, p. 85.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECobbett1807431-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECobbett1807431_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCobbett1807">Cobbett (1807)</a>, p. 431.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974190-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974190_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross (1974)</a>, p. 190.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198130-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198130_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. 30.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonBrandPhillipsOrmrod2005"Edward_IV:_October_1472,_Second_Roll",_items_20–24-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonBrandPhillipsOrmrod2005"Edward_IV:_October_1472,_Second_Roll",_items_20–24_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiven-WilsonBrandPhillipsOrmrod2005">Given-Wilson et al. (2005)</a>, "Edward IV: October 1472, Second Roll", items 20–24.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198131-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198131_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. 31.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980132-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks1980132_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHicks1980">Hicks (1980)</a>, p. 132.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1980146-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks1980146_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHicks1980">Hicks (1980)</a>, p. 146.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss19816-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss19816_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. 6.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss19819-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss19819_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. 9.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974136-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974136_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross (1974)</a>, p. 136.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks200174-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks200174_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHicks2001">Hicks (2001)</a>, p. 74.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks200182-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks200182_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHicks2001">Hicks (2001)</a>, p. 82.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956125-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956125_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, p. 125.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks200975-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks200975_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHicks2009">Hicks (2009)</a>, p. 75.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2004-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2004_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHicks2004">Hicks (2004)</a>. "After 1466 Clarence was not the ally for which Edward IV had presumably hoped. He embroiled himself in a dangerous feud in the north midlands and associated himself politically with Warwick, who graduated from direction of Edward's affairs in the early 1460s to outright opposition."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974152-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974152_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross (1974)</a>, p. 152.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198119-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198119_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. 19.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELulofs1974-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELulofs1974_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLulofs1974">Lulofs (1974)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974155-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974155_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross (1974)</a>, p. 155.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974153-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974153_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross (1974)</a>, p. 153.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974159-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974159_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross (1974)</a>, p. 159.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974160-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974160_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross (1974)</a>, p. 160.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974161-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974161_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross (1974)</a>, p. 161.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974163-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974163_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross (1974)</a>, p. 163.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198120-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198120_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. 20.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks200998-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks200998_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHicks2009">Hicks (2009)</a>, p. 98.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham1981191-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham1981191_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham1981">Gillingham (1981)</a>, p. 191.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox198941-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox198941_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorrox1989">Horrox (1989)</a>, p. 41.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974164-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974164_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross (1974)</a>, p. 164.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinross197989-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinross197989_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinross1979">Kinross (1979)</a>, p. 89.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall195693–99-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall195693–99_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, pp. 93–99.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198122-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198122_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. 22.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham1981206-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham1981206_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham1981">Gillingham (1981)</a>, p. 206.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. 22, citing 'The Arrivall'.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974172-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974172_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross (1974)</a>, p. 172.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974206-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974206_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross (1974)</a>, p. 206.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974223-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974223_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross (1974)</a>, p. 223.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1993116-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1993116_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant1993">Grant (1993)</a>, p. 116.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198134-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198134_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198134_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. 34.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974230-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974230_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross (1974)</a>, p. 230.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974233-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974233_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross (1974)</a>, p. 233.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHampton197510-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHampton197510_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHampton1975">Hampton (1975)</a>, p. 10.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks200957-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks200957_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHicks2009">Hicks (2009)</a>, p. 57.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956132–133,_154-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956132–133,_154_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, pp. 132–133, 154.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanham197564-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanham197564_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanham197564_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanham1975">Hanham (1975)</a>, p. 64.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956156-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956156_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, p. 156.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth1997-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth1997_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth1997">Booth (1997)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981182-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981182_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981182_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. 182.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981183-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981183_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981183_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981183_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. 183.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScofield2016534-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScofield2016534_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScofield2016">Scofield (2016)</a>, p. 534.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1890238-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson1890238_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerguson1890">Ferguson (1890)</a>, p. 238.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELysonsLysons1816"Parishes:_Newton-Regny_–_Ponsonby",_pp._142–150-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELysonsLysons1816"Parishes:_Newton-Regny_–_Ponsonby",_pp._142–150_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLysonsLysons1816">Lysons & Lysons (1816)</a>, "Parishes: Newton-Regny – Ponsonby", pp. 142–150.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974278-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974278_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross (1974)</a>, p. 278, citing Phillipe de Commynes</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981p._143,_n._53-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981p._143,_n._53_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. 143, n. 53. However, Ross cites a letter from Edward IV in May 1480, the letter of appointment to his position as Lieutenant-General referred to his "proven capacity in the arts of war".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198144–47-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198144–47_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, pp. 44–47.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201395-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201395_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldwin2013">Baldwin (2013)</a>, p. 95.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956207–210-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956207–210_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, pp. 207–210.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956252–254-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956252–254_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, pp. 252–254.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201396-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201396_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldwin2013">Baldwin (2013)</a>, p. 96citing Mancini.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956162–163-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956162–163_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, pp. 162–163.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.r3.org/on-line-library-text-essays/robert-fabyan-the-concordaunce-of-hystoryes/">"Robert Fabyan: 'The Concordaunce of Hystoryes' | Richard III Society – American Branch"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Fabyan%3A+%27The+Concordaunce+of+Hystoryes%27+%7C+Richard+III+Society+%E2%80%93+American+Branch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.r3.org%2Fon-line-library-text-essays%2Frobert-fabyan-the-concordaunce-of-hystoryes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/bk9/pp15-32">"The history of Crosby Place | British History Online"</a>. <i>british-history.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=british-history.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+history+of+Crosby+Place+%7C+British+History+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fsurvey-london%2Fbk9%2Fpp15-32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956212–213-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956212–213_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, pp. 212–213.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201399-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201399_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldwin2013">Baldwin (2013)</a>, p. 99.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox2004-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox2004_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorrox2004">Horrox (2004)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956209–210-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956209–210_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, pp. 209–210.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrimes199920-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrimes199920_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes (1999)</a>, p. 20.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2013101-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2013101_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldwin2013">Baldwin (2013)</a>, p. 101.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERous198063-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERous198063_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRous1980">Rous (1980)</a>, p. 63.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956215–216-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956215–216_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, pp. 215–216.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2001117-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2001117_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHicks2001">Hicks (2001)</a>, p. 117.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1975269–270-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood1975269–270_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood1975">Wood (1975)</a>, pp. 269–270, quoting a letter of instruction sent to <a href="/info/en/?search=John_Blount,_3rd_Baron_Mountjoy" title="John Blount, 3rd Baron Mountjoy">Lord Mountjoy</a> two days following Richard's assumption of the throne. Wood goes on to observe that "the impressions conveyed by this document are in many respects demonstrably false."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Source itself disputes accuracy of claim. (December 2018)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonBrandPhillipsOrmrod2005"Richard_III:_January_1484",_item_5-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonBrandPhillipsOrmrod2005"Richard_III:_January_1484",_item_5_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiven-WilsonBrandPhillipsOrmrod2005">Given-Wilson et al. (2005)</a>, "Richard III: January 1484", item 5.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrummitt2013116-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrummitt2013116_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrummitt2013">Grummitt (2013)</a>, p. 116.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198196–104-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198196–104_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, pp. 96–104.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956487–489-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956487–489_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, pp. 487–489.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956290-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956290_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, p. 290.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201496–97-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201496–97_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2014">Jones (2014)</a>, pp. 96–97.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1967130-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1967130_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1967130_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1967">Wagner (1967)</a>, p. 130.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-collegeofarms-history-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-collegeofarms-history_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-collegeofarms-history_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/about-us/history">"History"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180601202732/http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/about-us/history">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>. <q>In 1484 [the Royal heralds] were granted a charter of incorporation by Richard III, and given a house in Coldharbour in Upper Thames Street, London to keep their records in.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=College+of+Arms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.college-of-arms.gov.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981105-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981105_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. 105.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2009211-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2009211_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHicks2009">Hicks (2009)</a>, p. 211.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981111-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981111_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. 111.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox1989132-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox1989132_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorrox1989">Horrox (1989)</a>, p. 132.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2011-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2011_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2011">Davies (2011)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox1989153-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox1989153_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorrox1989">Horrox (1989)</a>, p. 153.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981105–119-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981105–119_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, pp. 105–119.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello185517–18,_43–44-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello185517–18,_43–44_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCostello1855">Costello (1855)</a>, pp. 17–18, 43–44.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956274-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956274_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, p. 274.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrimes1999p._26,_n._2-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrimes1999p._26,_n._2_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes (1999)</a>, p. 26, n. 2.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrimes1999p._25,_n._5-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrimes1999p._25,_n._5_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes (1999)</a>, p. 25, n. 5.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrimes199925–26-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrimes199925–26_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes (1999)</a>, pp. 25–26.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2011">Davies (2011)</a>. "Following Bosworth, Katherine Stafford was married, by 7 November 1485, to the new king's 55-year-old bachelor uncle, Jasper Tudor, now duke of Bedford."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrimes199929–30-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrimes199929–30_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes (1999)</a>, pp. 29–30.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956365-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956365_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, p. 365.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2014">Jones (2014)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956367-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956367_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, p. 367.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrimes199955-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrimes199955_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes (1999)</a>, p. 55.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981218-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981218_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. 218. "Northumberland's rearguard was never seriously engaged, nor could be, whatever the proclivities of its commander".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981222-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981222_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. 222.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2008-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2008_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2008">Bennett (2008)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2008">Bennett (2008)</a>. "Sir William Stanley was among the first to rally to Edward, and he may have brought [Thomas Stanley]'s good wishes with him ... Appointed steward of the king's household late in 1471, [Thomas Stanley] was thenceforward a regular member of the royal council.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981186-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981186_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. 186.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham1981244-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham1981244_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham1981">Gillingham (1981)</a>, p. 244.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981218,_222-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981218,_222_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, pp. 218, 222.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981223–224-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981223–224_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, pp. 223–224.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956368-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956368_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, p. 368.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths199343-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths199343_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths199343_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths1993">Griffiths (1993)</a>, p. 43.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn20139-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn20139_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenn2013">Penn (2013)</a>, p. 9.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2008211-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees2008211_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRees2008">Rees (2008)</a>, p. 211. "The original Welsh is 'Lladd y baedd, eilliodd ei ben'. The usual meaning of <i>eilliodd</i> is 'shaved', which might mean 'chopped off' or 'sliced'"</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2009" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Jeffrey L. (2009). <a class="external text" href="https://www.castlewales.com/rhysap.html">"Sir Rhys ap Thomas"</a>. <i>Castles of Wales Website</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124220243/http://www.castlewales.com/rhysap.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Castles+of+Wales+Website&rft.atitle=Sir+Rhys+ap+Thomas&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.castlewales.com%2Frhysap.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2013" class="citation news cs1">Watson, Greig (4 February 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-21245346">"Richard III dig: Grim clues to the death of a king"</a>. London: <a href="/info/en/?search=BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Richard+III+dig%3A+Grim+clues+to+the+death+of+a+king&rft.date=2013-02-04&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Greig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-leicestershire-21245346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/sep/16/richard-iii-died-battle-losing-helmet-new-research">"Richard III died in battle after losing helmet, new research shows"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London. Press Association. 16 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Richard+III+died+in+battle+after+losing+helmet%2C+new+research+shows&rft.date=2014-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2014%2Fsep%2F16%2Frichard-iii-died-battle-losing-helmet-new-research&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-29222775">"King Richard III killed by blows to skull"</a>. London: <a href="/info/en/?search=BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 17 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=King+Richard+III+killed+by+blows+to+skull&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-leicestershire-29222775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-HillJohnsonJohnsonLangley2014-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshdown-HillJohnsonJohnsonLangley2014_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshdown-HillJohnsonJohnsonLangley2014">Ashdown-Hill et al. (2014)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill201394-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill201394_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshdown-Hill2013">Ashdown-Hill (2013)</a>, p. 94.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin198621–22-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin198621–22_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin198621–22_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin198621–22_157-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldwin1986">Baldwin (1986)</a>, pp. 21–22.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchürer" class="citation web cs1">Schürer, Kevin. <a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9XKeevzp9Zs">"The King in the Car Park: The Discovery and Identification of Richard III – Professor Kevin Schürer"</a>. <i>Youtube</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2022</span>. <q>22:53–23:33</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Youtube&rft.atitle=The+King+in+the+Car+Park%3A+The+Discovery+and+Identification+of+Richard+III+%E2%80%93+Professor+Kevin+Sch%C3%BCrer&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCrer&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D9XKeevzp9Zs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1986-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1986_159-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1986_159-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldwin1986">Baldwin (1986)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120912224825/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9537600/Strong-evidence-Richard-IIIs-body-has-been-found-with-a-curved-spine.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Strong evidence' Richard III's body has been found – with a curved spine"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. 12 September 2012. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9537600/Strong-evidence-Richard-IIIs-body-has-been-found-with-a-curved-spine.html">the original</a> on 12 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=%27Strong+evidence%27+Richard+III%27s+body+has+been+found+%E2%80%93+with+a+curved+spine&rft.date=2012-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fhistory%2F9537600%2FStrong-evidence-Richard-IIIs-body-has-been-found-with-a-curved-spine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin198624-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin198624_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldwin1986">Baldwin (1986)</a>, p. 24.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2015-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2015_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshdown-Hill2015">Ashdown-Hill (2015)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060725225433/http://www.r3.org/bosworth/legends.html">"Legends about the Battle of Bosworth"</a>. Richard III Society, American Branch. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.r3.org/bosworth/legends.html">the original</a> on 25 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legends+about+the+Battle+of+Bosworth&rft.pub=Richard+III+Society%2C+American+Branch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.r3.org%2Fbosworth%2Flegends.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198129-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198129_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. 29, n. 2. "1476".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard2004">Pollard (2004)</a>. "Although [Edward's date of birth] is usually attributed to 1474, the Tewkesbury chronicle records the birth of an unnamed son at Middleham in 1476."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198133-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198133_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. 33.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard2004">Pollard (2004)</a>. "The child Edward ... was created prince of Wales on 24 August [1483]. ... He was formally declared heir apparent to the throne in parliament in February 1484. ... by the end of March 1484 the prince was dead."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956349–350,_563-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956349–350,_563_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, pp. 349–350, 563.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1983-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1983_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1983">Williams (1983)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2013-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2013_170-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2013_170-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2013_170-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2013_170-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2013_170-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshdown-Hill2013">Ashdown-Hill (2013)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201342-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin201342_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldwin2013">Baldwin (2013)</a>, p. 42.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956387-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956387_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, p. 387.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966190-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966190_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowse1966">Rowse (1966)</a>, p. 190.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/haute-william-1462">"Haute, William (d.1462), of Bishopsbourne, Kent"</a>. <i>History of Parliament Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Parliament+Online&rft.atitle=Haute%2C+William+%28d.1462%29%2C+of+Bishopsbourne%2C+Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fvolume%2F1386-1421%2Fmember%2Fhaute-william-1462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaget1977-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaget1977_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaget1977">Paget (1977)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2009156–158-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2009156–158_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHicks2009">Hicks (2009)</a>, pp. 156–158.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2008228–229,_235–254-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2008228–229,_235–254_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2008">Wilkinson (2008)</a>, pp. 228–229, 235–254.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonCurteis1984161-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonCurteis1984161_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiven-WilsonCurteis1984">Given-Wilson & Curteis (1984)</a>, p. 161.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarron2004420-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarron2004420_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarron2004">Barron (2004)</a>, p. 420.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteer2014-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteer2014_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteer2014">Steer (2014)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2007-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2007_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldwin2007">Baldwin (2007)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews200090-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews200090_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrews2000">Andrews (2000)</a>, p. 90.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981181-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981181_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. 181.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleineke2007-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleineke2007_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleineke2007">Kleineke (2007)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981188-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981188_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. 188.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHigginbotham2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Susan_Higginbotham" title="Susan Higginbotham">Higginbotham, Susan</a> (16 December 2008). <a class="external text" href="https://www.susanhigginbotham.com/blog/posts/richard-iii-and-bail/">"Richard III and Bail"</a>. <i>History Refreshed</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706163329/http://www.susanhigginbotham.com/blog/posts/richard-iii-and-bail/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Refreshed&rft.atitle=Richard+III+and+Bail&rft.date=2008-12-16&rft.aulast=Higginbotham&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.susanhigginbotham.com%2Fblog%2Fposts%2Frichard-iii-and-bail%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWoodger1997" class="citation web cs1">Woodger, Douglas (September 1997). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140927005934/http://home.cogeco.ca/~richardiii/statutes.html">"The Statutes of King Richard III's Parliament"</a>. Richard III Society of Canada. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://home.cogeco.ca/~richardiii/statutes.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Statutes+of+King+Richard+III%27s+Parliament&rft.pub=Richard+III+Society+of+Canada&rft.date=1997-09&rft.aulast=Woodger&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.cogeco.ca%2F~richardiii%2Fstatutes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheethamFraser1972-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheethamFraser1972_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheethamFraser1972">Cheetham & Fraser (1972)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMaureen_JurkowskiCarrie_L._SmithDavid_Crook1998" class="citation book cs1">Maureen Jurkowski; Carrie L. Smith; David Crook (1998). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cdazAAAAIAAJ"><i>Lay Taxes in England and Wales 1188–1688</i></a>. PRO Publications. pp. 119–120. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-873162-64-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873162-64-4"><bdi>978-1-873162-64-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lay+Taxes+in+England+and+Wales+1188%E2%80%931688&rft.pages=119-120&rft.pub=PRO+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-873162-64-4&rft.au=Maureen+Jurkowski&rft.au=Carrie+L.+Smith&rft.au=David+Crook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcdazAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanbury1962106-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanbury1962106_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanbury1962">Hanbury (1962)</a>, p. 106.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956340-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956340_192-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956340_192-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, p. 340.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956341-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956341_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, p. 341.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanbury1962109-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanbury1962109_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanbury1962">Hanbury (1962)</a>, p. 109.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956343-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956343_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, p. 343.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanbury1962-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanbury1962_196-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanbury1962_196-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanbury1962_196-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanbury1962">Hanbury (1962)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1956360–361-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill1956360–361_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurchill1956">Churchill (1956)</a>, pp. 360–361.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/history/whowasrichard.html">"Who Was Richard III?"</a>. <i>The Discovery of Richard III</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181204053826/https://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/history/whowasrichard.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Discovery+of+Richard+III&rft.atitle=Who+Was+Richard+III%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.le.ac.uk%2Frichardiii%2Fhistory%2Fwhowasrichard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrimes199992-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrimes199992_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes (1999)</a>, p. 92. "Tudor reason of State had claimed the first of its many victims."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.r3.org/on-line-library-text-essays/back-to-basics-for-newcomers/">"Back to Basics for Newcomers"</a>. Richard III Society, American Branch. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180408091044/http://www.r3.org/on-line-library-text-essays/back-to-basics-for-newcomers/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Back+to+Basics+for+Newcomers&rft.pub=Richard+III+Society%2C+American+Branch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.r3.org%2Fon-line-library-text-essays%2Fback-to-basics-for-newcomers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanham1975-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanham1975_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanham1975">Hanham (1975)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Rous in <a href="#CITEREFHanham1975">Hanham (1975)</a>, p. 121.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981xxii–xxiv-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981xxii–xxiv_203-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981xxii–xxiv_203-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981xxii–xxiv_203-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, pp. xxii–xxiv.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangleyJones2013-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangleyJones2013_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangleyJones2013">Langley & Jones (2013)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956150–151-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956150–151_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, pp. 150–151, quoting from Mancini's <i>De Occupatione Regni Anglie per Riccardum Tercium</i>: "After the death of Clarence, he [Richard] came very rarely to court. He kept himself within his own lands and set out to acquire the loyalty of his people through favours and justice. The good reputation of his private life and public activities powerfully attracted the esteem of strangers. Such was his renown in warfare, that whenever a difficult and dangerous policy had to be undertaken, it would be entrusted to his direction and his generalship. By these arts, Richard acquired the favour of the people and avoided the jealousy of the queen, from whom he lived far separated."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956444-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956444_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, p. 444. "The day after the battle, John Sponer galloped into York to bring news of King Richard's overthrow...to the Mayor and Aldermen hastily assembled in the council chamber", "it was showed by...John Spooner...that king Richard, late mercifully reigning upon us, was through great treason piteously slain and murdered, to the great heaviness of this City". York Records, p. 218.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2009237–238-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2009237–238_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHicks2009">Hicks (2009)</a>, pp. 237–238.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheethamFraser1972175–176-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheethamFraser1972175–176_208-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheethamFraser1972">Cheetham & Fraser (1972)</a>, pp. 175–176.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956395-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956395_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, p. 395, quoting from the court minutes of the Mercer's company, 31 March 1485.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2009238–239-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2009238–239_210-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHicks2009">Hicks (2009)</a>, pp. 238–239.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956395–396-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956395–396_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, pp. 395–396.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuck1647548-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuck1647548_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuck1647">Buck (1647)</a>, p. 548.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956537-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956537_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, p. 537.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1991-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1991_214-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard1991">Pollard (1991)</a>, p. 200 quoting York records, pp. 220–222</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2009247–249-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2009247–249_215-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHicks2009">Hicks (2009)</a>, pp. 247–249.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-mackintosh-20130204-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mackintosh-20130204_216-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mackintosh-20130204_216-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMackintosh2013" class="citation news cs1">Mackintosh, Eliza (4 February 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/remains-of-king-richard-iii-identified/2013/02/04/d79e87b2-6ebb-11e2-ac36-3d8d9dcaa2e2_story.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Beyond reasonable doubt,' bones are the remains of England's King Richard III"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180829063405/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/remains-of-king-richard-iii-identified/2013/02/04/d79e87b2-6ebb-11e2-ac36-3d8d9dcaa2e2_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Beyond+reasonable+doubt%2C%27+bones+are+the+remains+of+England%27s+King+Richard+III&rft.date=2013-02-04&rft.aulast=Mackintosh&rft.aufirst=Eliza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fremains-of-king-richard-iii-identified%2F2013%2F02%2F04%2Fd79e87b2-6ebb-11e2-ac36-3d8d9dcaa2e2_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.folger.edu/explore/shakespeares-works/richard-iii/read/"><i>Richard III</i></a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Folger_Shakespeare_Library" title="Folger Shakespeare Library">Folger Shakespeare Library</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956426-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956426_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, p. 426. The comparison is with Barabas in Marlowe's <i>Jew of Malta</i> of a couple of years earlier.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956419-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956419_219-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, p. 419.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956420-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956420_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, p. 420.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2003" class="citation web cs1">Hammond, Peter (November 2003). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060714133941/http://www.r3.org/rnt1991/supposedcrimes.html">"These Supposed Crimes: Four Major Accusations (the Murders of Edward of Lancaster, Henry VI, Clarence and Queene Anne) Discussed and Illustrated"</a>. <i>To Prove a Villain: The Real Richard III</i> (Exhibition at the Royal National Theatre, London, 27 March – 27 April 1991). Richard III Society, American Branch. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.r3.org/rnt1991/supposedcrimes.html">the original</a> on 14 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=To+Prove+a+Villain%3A+The+Real+Richard+III&rft.atitle=These+Supposed+Crimes%3A+Four+Major+Accusations+%28the+Murders+of+Edward+of+Lancaster%2C+Henry+VI%2C+Clarence+and+Queene+Anne%29+Discussed+and+Illustrated&rft.date=2003-11&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.r3.org%2Frnt1991%2Fsupposedcrimes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter19944-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter19944_222-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter1994">Potter (1994)</a>, p. 4.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.folger.edu/explore/shakespeares-works/henry-vi-part-3/read/3/2/#line-3.2.155"><i>Henry VI, Part 3</i> 3.2/155–161</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Folger_Shakespeare_Library" title="Folger Shakespeare Library">Folger Shakespeare Library</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClemen197751-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClemen197751_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClemen1977">Clemen (1977)</a>, p. 51.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipley1984127-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipley1984127_225-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipley1984">Shipley (1984)</a>, p. 127.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamden1870293-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamden1870293_226-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamden1870">Camden (1870)</a>, p. 293.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconLumby1885-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconLumby1885_227-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaconLumby1885">Bacon & Lumby (1885)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter199423-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter199423_228-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter1994">Potter (1994)</a>, p. 23.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2013217-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2013217_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldwin2013">Baldwin (2013)</a>, p. 217.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutton & Visser-Fuchs. <i>The Hours of Richard III</i> (1996) pp. 41–44 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0750911840" title="Special:BookSources/0750911840">0750911840</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1864345–346-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1864345–346_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1864">Hume (1864)</a>, pp. 345–346.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1864365-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1864365_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1864">Hume (1864)</a>, p. 365.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGairdner1896-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGairdner1896_233-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGairdner1896">Gairdner (1896)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGairdner1898xi-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGairdner1898xi_234-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGairdner1898">Gairdner (1898)</a>, p. xi.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuck1647-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuck1647_235-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuck1647">Buck (1647)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180408084900/http://www.r3.org/on-line-library-text-essays/back-to-basics-for-newcomers/elizabeth-of-york/">"Elizabeth of York"</a>. Richard III Society, American Branch. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.r3.org/basics/basic8.html">the original</a> on 8 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+of+York&rft.pub=Richard+III+Society%2C+American+Branch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.r3.org%2Fbasics%2Fbasic8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1983139-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1983139_237-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1983">Williams (1983)</a>, p. 139.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1798''Historic_Doubts_on_the_Life_and_Reign_of_King_Richard_the_Third'',_pp._103–184-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1798''Historic_Doubts_on_the_Life_and_Reign_of_King_Richard_the_Third'',_pp._103–184_238-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalpole1798">Walpole (1798)</a>, <i>Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of King Richard the Third</i>, pp. 103–184.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1798''Postscript_to_my_Historic_Doubts,_written_in_February_1793'',_pp._220–251-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1798''Postscript_to_my_Historic_Doubts,_written_in_February_1793'',_pp._220–251_239-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalpole1798">Walpole (1798)</a>, <i>Postscript to my Historic Doubts, written in February 1793</i>, pp. 220–251.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1991216-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1991216_240-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard1991">Pollard (1991)</a>, p. 216.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers1968199–200-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers1968199–200_241-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyers1968">Myers (1968)</a>, pp. 199–200.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELegge1885viii-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegge1885viii_242-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLegge1885">Legge (1885)</a>, p. viii.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers1968200–202-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers1968200–202_243-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyers1968">Myers (1968)</a>, pp. 200–202.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1981liii-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1981liii_244-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1981">Ross (1981)</a>, p. liii.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHebron2016" class="citation web cs1">Hebron, Michael (15 March 2016). <a class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/shakespeare/articles/richard-iii-and-the-will-to-power">"Richard III and the Will to Power"</a>. <i>Discovering Literature: Shakespeare & Renaissance</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discovering+Literature%3A+Shakespeare+%26+Renaissance&rft.atitle=Richard+III+and+the+Will+to+Power&rft.date=2016-03-15&rft.aulast=Hebron&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fshakespeare%2Farticles%2Frichard-iii-and-the-will-to-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHogenboom2012" class="citation news cs1">Hogenboom, Melissa (15 September 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-19572103">"Richard III: The people who want everyone to like the infamous king"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=BBC_News_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC News Magazine">BBC News Magazine</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Magazine&rft.atitle=Richard+III%3A+The+people+who+want+everyone+to+like+the+infamous+king&rft.date=2012-09-15&rft.aulast=Hogenboom&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-19572103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1976-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill1976_247-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurchill1976">Churchill (1976)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy20084-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy20084_248-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEvoy2008">McEvoy (2008)</a>, p. 4.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1973369-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1973369_249-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1973">Brown (1973)</a>, p. 369. "[<i>Dickon</i>] tells the story of Richard himself, a 'handsome, earnest young man' who always speaks the truth, is unswervingly loyal to his brother Edward IV, and by an unkind destiny becomes a King of 'deep unhappiness,' plagued by hostile supernatural forces although personally blameless."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2000134-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2000134_250-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2000">Kelly (2000)</a>, p. 134.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPolsky2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Polsky, Sara (24 March 2015). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-detective-novel-that-convinced-a-generation-richard-iii-wasnt-evil">"The Detective Novel That Convinced a Generation Richard III Wasn't Evil"</a></span>. Page-Turner. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">New Yorker</a></i>. New York: Condé Nast<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Detective+Novel+That+Convinced+a+Generation+Richard+III+Wasn%27t+Evil&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft.aulast=Polsky&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fbooks%2Fpage-turner%2Fthe-detective-novel-that-convinced-a-generation-richard-iii-wasnt-evil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDugdale2018" class="citation news cs1">Dugdale, John (26 March 2018). <a class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/mar/26/the-many-versions-of-richard-iii-from-shakespeare-to-game-of-thrones">"The many versions of Richard III: from Shakespeare to Game of Thrones"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+many+versions+of+Richard+III%3A+from+Shakespeare+to+Game+of+Thrones&rft.date=2018-03-26&rft.aulast=Dugdale&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2015%2Fmar%2F26%2Fthe-many-versions-of-richard-iii-from-shakespeare-to-game-of-thrones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-312-03315-6">"Book Review: Crown of Roses"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a></i>. New York: Cahners. 1 January 1989<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Crown+of+Roses&rft.date=1989-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2F978-0-312-03315-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1990" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=George_Johnson_(writer)" title="George Johnson (writer)">Johnson, George</a> (2 February 1990). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/04/books/new-noteworthy.html">"New and Noteworthy: The Sunne in Splendour"</a></span>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+and+Noteworthy%3A+The+Sunne+in+Splendour&rft.date=1990-02-02&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F02%2F04%2Fbooks%2Fnew-noteworthy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2004-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters2004_255-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters2004">Peters (2004)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrod-Eagles1981-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrod-Eagles1981_256-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrod-Eagles1981">Harrod-Eagles (1981)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke" class="citation web cs1">Brooke, Michael. <a class="external text" href="https://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/467017/index.html">"Richard III (1955)"</a>. <i>BFI Screenonline</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BFI+Screenonline&rft.atitle=Richard+III+%281955%29&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.screenonline.org.uk%2Ffilm%2Fid%2F467017%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-VonTunzelmann2015-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VonTunzelmann2015_258-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Tunzelmann2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Von Tunzelmann, Alex</a> (1 April 2015). <a class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/apr/01/richard-iii-laurence-olivier-reel-history-accurate">"Richard III: Laurence Olivier's melodramatic baddie is seriously limp"</a>. Reel History. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Richard+III%3A+Laurence+Olivier%27s+melodramatic+baddie+is+seriously+limp&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft.aulast=Von+Tunzelmann&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2015%2Fapr%2F01%2Frichard-iii-laurence-olivier-reel-history-accurate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.mckellen.com/cinema/richard/notes.htm">"Ian McKellen is Richard III"</a>. <i>Sir Ian McKellen: Official Home Page</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sir+Ian+McKellen%3A+Official+Home+Page&rft.atitle=Ian+McKellen+is+Richard+III&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckellen.com%2Fcinema%2Frichard%2Fnotes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1997135-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1997135_260-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1997">Mitchell (1997)</a>, p. 135. "Loncraine and McKellen's film adaptation, set in 1930s England, also explores the question of what would have happened if Hitler had invaded England. ... The House of York in this War of the Roses is depicted as the Nazi Party, and Richard in a Nazi uniform seals his fate as eternity's archvillain."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4718/year/1996.html">"Looking for Richard"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Looking+for+Richard&rft.pub=Cannes+Film+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festival-cannes.com%2Fen%2Farchives%2FficheFilm%2Fid%2F4718%2Fyear%2F1996.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune2006-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune2006_262-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAune2006">Aune (2006)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke" class="citation web cs1">Brooke, Michael. <a class="external text" href="https://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/527656/index.html">"Tragedy of Richard III, The (1983)"</a>. <i>BFI Screenonline</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BFI+Screenonline&rft.atitle=Tragedy+of+Richard+III%2C+The+%281983%29&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.screenonline.org.uk%2Ftv%2Fid%2F527656%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin1966385–387-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin1966385–387_264-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin1966">Griffin (1966)</a>, pp. 385–387.</span>
</li>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangleyJones201311–29,_240–248-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangleyJones201311–29,_240–248_266-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangleyJones2013">Langley & Jones (2013)</a>, pp. 11–29, 240–248.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-HillJohnsonJohnsonLangley201438–52,_71–81-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshdown-HillJohnsonJohnsonLangley201438–52,_71–81_267-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshdown-HillJohnsonJohnsonLangley2014">Ashdown-Hill et al. (2014)</a>, pp. 38–52, 71–81, including back cover.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150328133533/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/uknews/11488494/The-Remains-of-King-Richard-III-reburied-in-Leicester-cathedral-in-pictures.html?frame=3241293">"The remains of King Richard III reinterred in Leicester Cathedral, in pictures"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/uknews/11488494/The-Remains-of-King-Richard-III-reburied-in-Leicester-cathedral-in-pictures.html?frame=3241293">the original</a> on 28 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>Philippa Langley, who led the quest to find the remains of King Richard III ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+remains+of+King+Richard+III+reinterred+in+Leicester+Cathedral%2C+in+pictures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpicturegalleries%2Fuknews%2F11488494%2FThe-Remains-of-King-Richard-III-reburied-in-Leicester-cathedral-in-pictures.html%3Fframe%3D3241293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSabur2015" class="citation news cs1">Sabur, Rozina (22 May 2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/environment/archaeology/11622151/Hunt-for-the-grave-of-a-medieval-king-first-check-the-car-park.html">"Hunt for the grave of a medieval king: first check the car park"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. <a class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/environment/archaeology/11622151/Hunt-for-the-grave-of-a-medieval-king-first-check-the-car-park.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Hunt+for+the+grave+of+a+medieval+king%3A+first+check+the+car+park&rft.date=2015-05-22&rft.aulast=Sabur&rft.aufirst=Rozina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fearth%2Fenvironment%2Farchaeology%2F11622151%2FHunt-for-the-grave-of-a-medieval-king-first-check-the-car-park.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEarle2013" class="citation news cs1">Earle, Laurence (10 February 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/philippa-langley-hero-or-villain-8488318.html">"Philippa Langley: Hero or Villain?"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Philippa+Langley%3A+Hero+or+Villain%3F&rft.date=2013-02-10&rft.aulast=Earle&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fprofiles%2Fphilippa-langley-hero-or-villain-8488318.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/press-releases/2012/august/historic-search-for-king-richard-iii-begins-in-leicester">"Historic search for King Richard III begins in Leicester"</a> (Press release). <a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a>. 24 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+search+for+King+Richard+III+begins+in+Leicester&rft.pub=University+of+Leicester&rft.date=2012-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.le.ac.uk%2Foffices%2Fpress%2Fpress-releases%2F2012%2Faugust%2Fhistoric-search-for-king-richard-iii-begins-in-leicester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-08-25/medieval-british-king-sought-under-car-park/4222264">"Hunt for Richard III's remains under car park"</a>. Sydney: <a href="/info/en/?search=ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a>. Agence France-Presse. 27 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hunt+for+Richard+III%27s+remains+under+car+park&rft.date=2012-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2012-08-25%2Fmedieval-british-king-sought-under-car-park%2F4222264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www2.le.ac.uk/news/blog/2012/august/greyfriars-project-2013-update-friday-31-august">"Greyfriars Project – Update, Friday 31 August"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a>. 31 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greyfriars+Project+%E2%80%93+Update%2C+Friday+31+August&rft.pub=University+of+Leicester&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.le.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fblog%2F2012%2Faugust%2Fgreyfriars-project-2013-update-friday-31-august&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStrange1975" class="citation journal cs1">Strange, Audrey (September 1975). "The Grey Friars, Leicester". <i>The Ricardian</i>. <b>III</b> (50): 3–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ricardian&rft.atitle=The+Grey+Friars%2C+Leicester&rft.volume=III&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=3-7&rft.date=1975-09&rft.aulast=Strange&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAshdown-HillJohnsonJohnsonLangley2014" class="citation book cs1">Ashdown-Hill, J.; Johnson, D.; Johnson, W.; Langley, P. (2014). Carson, A.J. (ed.). <i>Finding Richard III: The Official Account of Research by the Retrieval and Reburial Project</i>. Imprimis Imprimatur. pp. 25–27. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0957684027" title="Special:BookSources/978-0957684027"><bdi>978-0957684027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+Richard+III%3A+The+Official+Account+of+Research+by+the+Retrieval+and+Reburial+Project&rft.pages=25-27&rft.pub=Imprimis+Imprimatur&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0957684027&rft.aulast=Ashdown-Hill&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+D.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+W.&rft.au=Langley%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-parking-lot-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parking-lot_276-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parking-lot_276-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www2.le.ac.uk/news/blog/2012/september/search-for-richard-iii-confirms-they-have-located-the-long-lost-church-of-the-grey-friars">"Search for Richard III Confirms that Remains Are the Long-Lost Church of the Grey Friars"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a>. 5 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search+for+Richard+III+Confirms+that+Remains+Are+the+Long-Lost+Church+of+the+Grey+Friars&rft.pub=University+of+Leicester&rft.date=2012-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.le.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fblog%2F2012%2Fseptember%2Fsearch-for-richard-iii-confirms-they-have-located-the-long-lost-church-of-the-grey-friars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www2.le.ac.uk/news/blog/2012/september/7sepupdate">"Greyfriars Project – Update, 7 September"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a>. 7 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greyfriars+Project+%E2%80%93+Update%2C+7+September&rft.pub=University+of+Leicester&rft.date=2012-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.le.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fblog%2F2012%2Fseptember%2F7sepupdate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BBCLeicester-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBCLeicester_278-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-19561018">"Richard III dig: 'Strong evidence' bones belong to king"</a>. London: <a href="/info/en/?search=BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 12 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Richard+III+dig%3A+%27Strong+evidence%27+bones+belong+to+king&rft.date=2012-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-leicestershire-19561018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWarzynski2013" class="citation news cs1">Warzynski, Peter A. (3 February 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141119012257/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-dig-R-marks-spot-skeleton-Leicester/story-18030925-detail/story.html">"Richard III dig: 'R' marks the spot where skeleton found in Leicester car park"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Leicester_Mercury" title="Leicester Mercury">Leicester Mercury</a></i>. Local World. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-dig-R-marks-spot-skeleton-Leicester/story-18030925-detail/story.html">the original</a> on 19 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leicester+Mercury&rft.atitle=Richard+III+dig%3A+%27R%27+marks+the+spot+where+skeleton+found+in+Leicester+car+park&rft.date=2013-02-03&rft.aulast=Warzynski&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leicestermercury.co.uk%2FRichard-III-dig-R-marks-spot-skeleton-Leicester%2Fstory-18030925-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21647339-leicester-does-better-job-burying-plantagenet-king-second-attempt-hunch-paid">"Burying Richard III: The hunch paid off"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. London. 28 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Burying+Richard+III%3A+The+hunch+paid+off&rft.date=2015-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fbritain%2F21647339-leicester-does-better-job-burying-plantagenet-king-second-attempt-hunch-paid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BBC_DNA-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_DNA_287-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_DNA_287-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-21063882">"Richard III dig: DNA confirms bones are king"</a>. London: <a href="/info/en/?search=BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 4 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Richard+III+dig%3A+DNA+confirms+bones+are+king&rft.date=2013-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-leicestershire-21063882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFricker2013" class="citation news cs1">Fricker, Martin (5 February 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/writer-reveals-intuition-led-archaeologists-1586462">"Edinburgh-based writer reveals how her intuition led archaeologists to remains of King Richard III"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Daily_Record_(Scotland)" title="Daily Record (Scotland)">Daily Record</a></i>. Glasgow: Trinity Mirror<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Record&rft.atitle=Edinburgh-based+writer+reveals+how+her+intuition+led+archaeologists+to+remains+of+King+Richard+III&rft.date=2013-02-05&rft.aulast=Fricker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyrecord.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-world-news%2Fwriter-reveals-intuition-led-archaeologists-1586462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/genealogy.html">"Lines of Descent"</a>. <i>The Discovery of Richard III</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Discovery+of+Richard+III&rft.atitle=Lines+of+Descent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.le.ac.uk%2Frichardiii%2Fscience%2Fgenealogy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/familytree.html">"Female-Line Family Tree"</a>. <i>The Discovery of Richard III</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Discovery+of+Richard+III&rft.atitle=Female-Line+Family+Tree&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.le.ac.uk%2Frichardiii%2Fscience%2Ffamilytree.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAshdown-HillDavis2013" class="citation episode cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Ashdown-Hill" title="John Ashdown-Hill">Ashdown-Hill, John</a>; <a href="/info/en/?search=Evan_Davis" title="Evan Davis">Davis, Evans</a> (4 February 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21319332">"Richard III dig: 'It does look like him'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Today_(BBC_Radio_4)" title="Today (BBC Radio 4)"><i>Today</i></a> (Radio programme). London. <a href="/info/en/?search=BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2013</span> – via <a href="/info/en/?search=BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Today&rft.place=London&rft.date=2013-02-04&rft.aulast=Ashdown-Hill&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Davis%2C+Evans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-21319332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingGonzalez_FortesBalaresqueThomas2014-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingGonzalez_FortesBalaresqueThomas2014_292-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingGonzalez_FortesBalaresqueThomas2014_292-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingGonzalez_FortesBalaresqueThomas2014_292-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKingGonzalez_FortesBalaresqueThomas2014">King et al. (2014)</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKingFortesBalaresqueThomas2014" class="citation journal cs1">King, Turi E.; Fortes, Gloria Gonzalez; Balaresque, Patricia; Thomas, Mark G.; Balding, David; Delser, Pierpaolo Maisano; Neumann, Rita; Parson, Walther; Knapp, Michael; Walsh, Susan; Tonasso, Laure; Holt, John; Kayser, Manfred; Appleby, Jo; Forster, Peter (2 December 2014). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4268703">"Identification of the remains of King Richard III"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 5631. <a href="/info/en/?search=Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCo...5.5631K">2014NatCo...5.5631K</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms6631">10.1038/ncomms6631</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4268703">4268703</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25463651">25463651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Identification+of+the+remains+of+King+Richard+III&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5631&rft.date=2014-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4268703%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014NatCo...5.5631K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25463651&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms6631&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Turi+E.&rft.au=Fortes%2C+Gloria+Gonzalez&rft.au=Balaresque%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Mark+G.&rft.au=Balding%2C+David&rft.au=Delser%2C+Pierpaolo+Maisano&rft.au=Neumann%2C+Rita&rft.au=Parson%2C+Walther&rft.au=Knapp%2C+Michael&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Susan&rft.au=Tonasso%2C+Laure&rft.au=Holt%2C+John&rft.au=Kayser%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Appleby%2C+Jo&rft.au=Forster%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4268703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-LU-results-announced-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LU-results-announced_298-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LU-results-announced_298-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130421124125/http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/LIVE-UPDATES-Richard-III-DNA-results-announced/story-18041484-detail/story.html">"Richard III DNA results announced – Leicester University reveals identity of human remains found in car park"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Leicester_Mercury" title="Leicester Mercury">Leicester Mercury</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/LIVE-UPDATES-Richard-III-DNA-results-announced/story-18041484-detail/story.html">the original</a> on 21 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Leicester+Mercury&rft.atitle=Richard+III+DNA+results+announced+%E2%80%93+Leicester+University+reveals+identity+of+human+remains+found+in+car+park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisisleicestershire.co.uk%2FLIVE-UPDATES-Richard-III-DNA-results-announced%2Fstory-18041484-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/whattheonesdontsay.html">"What the Bones Can and Can't Tell Us"</a>. <i>The Discovery of Richard III</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Discovery+of+Richard+III&rft.atitle=What+the+Bones+Can+and+Can%27t+Tell+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.le.ac.uk%2Frichardiii%2Fscience%2Fwhattheonesdontsay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWarzynski2014" class="citation news cs1">Warzynski, Peter A. (23 May 2014). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140524043912/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-Leicester-win-battle-bones/story-21132993-detail/story.html">"Richard III: Leicester wins the battle of the bones"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Leicester_Mercury" title="Leicester Mercury">Leicester Mercury</a></i>. Local World. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-Leicester-win-battle-bones/story-21132993-detail/story.html">the original</a> on 24 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leicester+Mercury&rft.atitle=Richard+III%3A+Leicester+wins+the+battle+of+the+bones&rft.date=2014-05-23&rft.aulast=Warzynski&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leicestermercury.co.uk%2FRichard-III-Leicester-win-battle-bones%2Fstory-21132993-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150204215709/http://kriii.com/january-opening/">"News: January Opening"</a>. King Richard III Visitor Centre. 29 December 2014. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://kriii.com/january-opening/">the original</a> on 4 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News%3A+January+Opening&rft.pub=King+Richard+III+Visitor+Centre&rft.date=2014-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkriii.com%2Fjanuary-opening%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-21328380">"Richard III: Facial reconstruction shows king's features"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a></i>. 5 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Richard+III%3A+Facial+reconstruction+shows+king%27s+features&rft.date=2013-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-leicestershire-21328380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Dundee-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dundee_303-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.dundee.ac.uk/pressreleases/2013/february13/richard.htm">"Dundee experts reconstruct face of Richard III 528 years after his death"</a> (Press release). <a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_Dundee" title="University of Dundee">University of Dundee</a>. 5 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dundee+experts+reconstruct+face+of+Richard+III+528+years+after+his+death&rft.pub=University+of+Dundee&rft.date=2013-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dundee.ac.uk%2Fpressreleases%2F2013%2Ffebruary13%2Frichard.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/press-releases/2014/february/genomes-of-richard-iii-and-his-proven-relative-to-be-sequenced">"Genomes of Richard III and his proven relative to be sequenced"</a> (Press release). <a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Wellcome_Trust" title="Wellcome Trust">Wellcome Trust</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Leverhulme_Trust" title="Leverhulme Trust">Leverhulme Trust</a>. 11 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genomes+of+Richard+III+and+his+proven+relative+to+be+sequenced&rft.pub=University+of+Leicester%2C+Wellcome+Trust+and+Leverhulme+Trust&rft.date=2014-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.le.ac.uk%2Foffices%2Fpress%2Fpress-releases%2F2014%2Ffebruary%2Fgenomes-of-richard-iii-and-his-proven-relative-to-be-sequenced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-infidelity-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-infidelity_305-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRincon2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Paul_Rincon" title="Paul Rincon">Rincon, Paul</a> (2 December 2014). <a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-30281333">"Richard III's DNA throws up infidelity surprise"</a>. London: <a href="/info/en/?search=BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Richard+III%27s+DNA+throws+up+infidelity+surprise&rft.date=2014-12-02&rft.aulast=Rincon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-30281333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-03/richard-iii-dna-study-uncovers-illegitmate-child-mystery/5935892">"Richard III DNA study raises doubts about royal claims of centuries of British monarchs, researchers say"</a>. Sydney: <a href="/info/en/?search=ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a>. Agence France-Presse. 2 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Richard+III+DNA+study+raises+doubts+about+royal+claims+of+centuries+of+British+monarchs%2C+researchers+say&rft.date=2014-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2014-12-03%2Frichard-iii-dna-study-uncovers-illegitmate-child-mystery%2F5935892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-bbcnews-20180322-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbcnews-20180322_307-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-31990721">"Richard III: Leicester welcomes king's remains"</a>. London: <a href="/info/en/?search=BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 22 March 2018. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180811163142/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-31990721">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Richard+III%3A+Leicester+welcomes+king%27s+remains&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-leicestershire-31990721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-bbcnews-20130207-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbcnews-20130207_308-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-21373538">"York Minster says Richard III should be buried in Leicester"</a>. London: <a href="/info/en/?search=BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 7 February 2013. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110142632/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-21373538">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=York+Minster+says+Richard+III+should+be+buried+in+Leicester&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-york-north-yorkshire-21373538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-bbcnews-plantagenetalliance-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcnews-plantagenetalliance_309-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcnews-plantagenetalliance_309-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcnews-plantagenetalliance_309-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2013" class="citation news cs1">Watson, Greig (13 September 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-23929989">"The Plantagenet Alliance: Who do they think they are?"</a>. London: <a href="/info/en/?search=BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Plantagenet+Alliance%3A+Who+do+they+think+they+are%3F&rft.date=2013-09-13&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Greig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-leicestershire-23929989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-bbcnews-reburialrow-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcnews-reburialrow_310-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcnews-reburialrow_310-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23726011">"Richard III: King's reburial row goes to judicial review"</a>. London: <a href="/info/en/?search=BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 16 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Richard+III%3A+King%27s+reburial+row+goes+to+judicial+review&rft.date=2013-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-23726011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-[2013]EWHCB13(Admin)-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-[2013]EWHCB13(Admin)_311-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>R (on the application of Plantagenet Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Justice & Anor</i></cite>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2013/B13.html"> [2013] EWHC B13 (Admin)</a> (15 August 2013).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-[2014]EWHC1662(QB)-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-[2014]EWHC1662(QB)_313-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>R (on the application of Plantagenet Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Justice & Ors</i></cite>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/QB/2014/1662.html"> [2014] EWHC 1662 (QB)</a> (23 May 2014).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-27537836">"Richard III reburial court bid fails"</a>. London: <a href="/info/en/?search=BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 23 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Richard+III+reburial+court+bid+fails&rft.date=2014-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-27537836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-32052800">"Richard III: Leicester Cathedral reburial service for king"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a></i>. 26 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Richard+III%3A+Leicester+Cathedral+reburial+service+for+king&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-leicestershire-32052800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/when-was-a-catholic-monarch-last-buried-in-england">"When Was a Catholic Monarch Last Buried in England?"</a> (13 September 2022). <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Pillar" title="The Pillar">The Pillar</a></i>. Retrieved 10 July 2023.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-guardian-20150326-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian-20150326_317-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Carol_Ann_Duffy" title="Carol Ann Duffy">Duffy, Carol Ann</a> (26 March 2015). <a class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/mar/26/richard-iii-by-carol-ann-duffy">"Richard by Carol Ann Duffy"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116111612/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/mar/26/richard-iii-by-carol-ann-duffy">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Richard+by+Carol+Ann+Duffy&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Carol+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2015%2Fmar%2F26%2Frichard-iii-by-carol-ann-duffy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWithstandley2015" class="citation web cs1">Withstandley, Kate (27 March 2015). <a class="external text" href="https://www.vhh.co.uk/news-press/richard-iii-tomb-revealed">"Our Tomb for Richard III is Revealed"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Van_Heyningen_and_Haward_Architects" title="Van Heyningen and Haward Architects">van Heyningen and Haward Architects</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Tomb+for+Richard+III+is+Revealed&rft.pub=van+Heyningen+and+Haward+Architects&rft.date=2015-03-27&rft.aulast=Withstandley&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vhh.co.uk%2Fnews-press%2Frichard-iii-tomb-revealed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-tomb-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tomb_319-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tomb_319-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://leicestercathedral.org/learn/richard-iii/richard-iii-tomb-and-burial/">"Richard III Tomb and Burial"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Leicester_Cathedral" title="Leicester Cathedral">Leicester Cathedral</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206203705/http://leicestercathedral.org/learn/richard-iii/richard-iii-tomb-and-burial/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+III+Tomb+and+Burial&rft.pub=Leicester+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleicestercathedral.org%2Flearn%2Frichard-iii%2Frichard-iii-tomb-and-burial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.danegeld.co.uk/film-and-heritage.html">"Film and Heritage"</a>. <i>Viking, Saxon and Medieval jewellery reproductions from Danegeld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Viking%2C+Saxon+and+Medieval+jewellery+reproductions+from+Danegeld&rft.atitle=Film+and+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.danegeld.co.uk%2Ffilm-and-heritage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-31911490">"Richard III's remains sealed inside coffin at Leicester University"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 16 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Richard+III%27s+remains+sealed+inside+coffin+at+Leicester+University&rft.date=2015-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-leicestershire-31911490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-bbcnews-20130213-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbcnews-20130213_322-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHubball2013" class="citation news cs1">Hubball, Louise (13 February 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21447210">"A tomb fit for a king has been designed for Richard III"</a>. London: <a href="/info/en/?search=BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181023234117/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-21447210/a-tomb-fit-for-a-king-has-been-designed-for-richard-iii">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+tomb+fit+for+a+king+has+been+designed+for+Richard+III&rft.date=2013-02-13&rft.aulast=Hubball&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-21447210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-telegraph-20130313-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph-20130313_323-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBritten2013" class="citation news cs1">Britten, Nick (13 March 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/9927564/Cathedral-criticised-for-being-out-of-touch-over-King-Richard-IIIs-resting-place.html">"Cathedral criticised for being 'out of touch' over King Richard III's resting place"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206200956/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/9927564/Cathedral-criticised-for-being-out-of-touch-over-King-Richard-IIIs-resting-place.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Cathedral+criticised+for+being+%27out+of+touch%27+over+King+Richard+III%27s+resting+place&rft.date=2013-03-13&rft.aulast=Britten&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F9927564%2FCathedral-criticised-for-being-out-of-touch-over-King-Richard-IIIs-resting-place.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-leicestermercury-20130314-slab-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leicestermercury-20130314-slab_324-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWarzynski2013" class="citation news cs1">Warzynski, Peter A. (14 March 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328221916/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-Stone-slab-mark-final-resting-place/story-18402860-detail/story.html">"Richard III: Stone slab to mark final resting place of king, says Leicester Cathedral"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Leicester_Mercury" title="Leicester Mercury">Leicester Mercury</a></i>. Local World. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-Stone-slab-mark-final-resting-place/story-18402860-detail/story.html">the original</a> on 28 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leicester+Mercury&rft.atitle=Richard+III%3A+Stone+slab+to+mark+final+resting+place+of+king%2C+says+Leicester+Cathedral&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft.aulast=Warzynski&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leicestermercury.co.uk%2FRichard-III-Stone-slab-mark-final-resting-place%2Fstory-18402860-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-leicestermercury-20130314-poll-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leicestermercury-20130314-poll_325-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140329090420/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-king-tomb-slab-says-online-poll/story-18422157-detail/story.html">"Richard III: Give king tomb, not slab, says online poll"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Leicester_Mercury" title="Leicester Mercury">Leicester Mercury</a></i>. Local World. 14 March 2013. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-king-tomb-slab-says-online-poll/story-18422157-detail/story.html">the original</a> on 29 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leicester+Mercury&rft.atitle=Richard+III%3A+Give+king+tomb%2C+not+slab%2C+says+online+poll&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leicestermercury.co.uk%2FRichard-III-king-tomb-slab-says-online-poll%2Fstory-18422157-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-leicestermercury-20130718-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leicestermercury-20130718_326-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWarzynski2013" class="citation news cs1">Warzynski, Peter A. (18 July 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130721071924/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-buried-tomb-says-Leicester-Cathedral/story-19536774-detail/story.html">"Richard III will be buried in a raised tomb not slab, says Leicester Cathedral"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Leicester_Mercury" title="Leicester Mercury">Leicester Mercury</a></i>. Local World. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Richard-III-buried-tomb-says-Leicester-Cathedral/story-19536774-detail/story.html">the original</a> on 21 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leicester+Mercury&rft.atitle=Richard+III+will+be+buried+in+a+raised+tomb+not+slab%2C+says+Leicester+Cathedral&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft.aulast=Warzynski&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leicestermercury.co.uk%2FRichard-III-buried-tomb-says-Leicester-Cathedral%2Fstory-19536774-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-telegraph-20121203-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph-20121203_327-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919111854/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9718849/Boar-mount-belonging-to-Richard-III-detected.html">"Boar mount belonging to Richard III detected"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. 3 December 2012. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9718849/Boar-mount-belonging-to-Richard-III-detected.html">the original</a> on 19 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Boar+mount+belonging+to+Richard+III+detected&rft.date=2012-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fhistory%2F9718849%2FBoar-mount-belonging-to-Richard-III-detected.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall195644-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall195644_328-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, p. 44. "By early February 1462 a helm, crest and sword marked his stall ... in the Chapel of St. George."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant197215-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant197215_329-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant1972">Grant (1972)</a>, p. 15.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-heraldica-cadency-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heraldica-cadency_330-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVelde2013" class="citation web cs1">Velde, François R. (5 August 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm">"Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family"</a>. <i>Heraldica.org</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614121531/http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heraldica.org&rft.atitle=Marks+of+Cadency+in+the+British+Royal+Family&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft.aulast=Velde&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldica.org%2Ftopics%2Fbritain%2Fcadency.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunet1889202-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunet1889202_331-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunet1889202_331-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrunet1889">Brunet (1889)</a>, p. 202.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1956132–133-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1956132–133_332-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1956">Kendall (1956)</a>, pp. 132–133.</span>
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</ol></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2000" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Allen (2000). <i>Kings of England and Scotland</i>. Marshall Cavendish. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1854357236" title="Special:BookSources/978-1854357236"><bdi>978-1854357236</bdi></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL18869907M">18869907M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+of+England+and+Scotland&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL18869907M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1854357236&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAshdown-Hill2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Ashdown-Hill" title="John Ashdown-Hill">Ashdown-Hill, John</a> (2013) [2010]. <i>The Last Days of Richard III and the fate of his DNA</i> (revised and updated ed.). Stroud: The History Press (published 16 January 2013). <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-9205-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-9205-6"><bdi>978-0-7524-9205-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26180251M">26180251M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+of+Richard+III+and+the+fate+of+his+DNA&rft.place=Stroud&rft.edition=revised+and+updated&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26180251M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-9205-6&rft.aulast=Ashdown-Hill&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAshdown-Hill2015" class="citation book cs1">—— (2015). <i>The Mythology of Richard III</i>. Stroud, England: Amberley. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-4467-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-4467-7"><bdi>978-1-4456-4467-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mythology+of+Richard+III&rft.place=Stroud%2C+England&rft.pub=Amberley&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-4467-7&rft.aulast=Ashdown-Hill&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="Carson" class="citation book cs1">——; Johnson, D.; Johnson, W. & <a href="/info/en/?search=Philippa_Langley" title="Philippa Langley">Langley, P.J.</a> (2014). A.J. Carson (ed.). <i>Finding Richard III: The Official Account of Research by the Retrieval & Reburial Project</i>. Horstead, England: Imprimis Imprimatur. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-9576840-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9576840-2-7"><bdi>978-0-9576840-2-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+Richard+III%3A+The+Official+Account+of+Research+by+the+Retrieval+%26+Reburial+Project&rft.place=Horstead%2C+England&rft.pub=Imprimis+Imprimatur&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-9576840-2-7&rft.aulast=Ashdown-Hill&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Johnson%2C+D.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+W.&rft.au=Langley%2C+P.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAune2006" class="citation journal cs1">Aune, M. G. (2006). "Star Power: Al Pacino, <i>Looking for Richard</i> and the Cultural Capital of Shakespeare on Film". <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Quarterly_Review_of_Film_and_Video" title="Quarterly Review of Film and Video">Quarterly Review of Film and Video</a></i>. <b>23</b> (4): 353–367. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10509200690897617">10.1080/10509200690897617</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145021928">145021928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Review+of+Film+and+Video&rft.atitle=Star+Power%3A+Al+Pacino%2C+Looking+for+Richard+and+the+Cultural+Capital+of+Shakespeare+on+Film&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=353-367&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10509200690897617&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145021928%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=M.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBaconLumby1885" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon, Francis</a>; <a href="/info/en/?search=J._Rawson_Lumby" title="J. Rawson Lumby">Lumby, Joseph Lawson</a> (1885) [First published 1622]. <i>The History of the Reign of King Henry the Seventh</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0801430671" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801430671"><bdi>978-0801430671</bdi></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL20438086M">20438086M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Reign+of+King+Henry+the+Seventh&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL20438086M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0801430671&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft.au=Lumby%2C+Joseph+Lawson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span><span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=David_Baldwin_(historian)" title="David Baldwin (historian)">Baldwin, David</a> (1986). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204154159/http://www.le.ac.uk/lahs/downloads/BaldwinSmPagesfromvolumeLX-5.pdf">"King Richard's Grave in Leicester"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society</i>. <b>60</b>: 21–24. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.le.ac.uk/lahs/downloads/BaldwinSmPagesfromvolumeLX-5.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Leicestershire+Archaeological+and+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=King+Richard%27s+Grave+in+Leicester&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=21-24&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.le.ac.uk%2Flahs%2Fdownloads%2FBaldwinSmPagesfromvolumeLX-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2007" class="citation book cs1">—— (2007). <i>The Lost Prince: The Survival of Richard of York</i>. Stroud, England: History Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0750943369" title="Special:BookSources/978-0750943369"><bdi>978-0750943369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Prince%3A+The+Survival+of+Richard+of+York&rft.place=Stroud%2C+England&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0750943369&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2013" class="citation book cs1">—— (2013) [2012]. <i>Richard III</i> (revised ed.). Stroud: Amberley Publishing. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-1591-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-1591-2"><bdi>978-1-4456-1591-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III&rft.place=Stroud&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-1591-2&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBarnfield2007" class="citation journal cs1">Barnfield, Marie (2007). <a class="external text" href="https://www.richardiii.net/downloads/Ricardian/2007_vol17_barnfield_impediments.pdf">"Diriment Impediments, Dispensations and Divorce: Richard III and Matrimony"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Ricardian</i>. <b>17</b>: 83–98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ricardian&rft.atitle=Diriment+Impediments%2C+Dispensations+and+Divorce%3A+Richard+III+and+Matrimony&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=83-98&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Barnfield&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardiii.net%2Fdownloads%2FRicardian%2F2007_vol17_barnfield_impediments.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBarron2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Caroline_Barron" title="Caroline Barron">Barron, Caroline M.</a> (2004). <i>London in the Later Middle Ages: Government and People 1200–1500</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (published 6 May 2004). <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925777-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925777-5"><bdi>978-0-19-925777-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+in+the+Later+Middle+Ages%3A+Government+and+People+1200%E2%80%931500&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925777-5&rft.aulast=Barron&rft.aufirst=Caroline+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bennett, Michael J. (2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-26279">"Stanley, Thomas, first earl of Derby"</a></span>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26279">10.1093/ref:odnb/26279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stanley%2C+Thomas%2C+first+earl+of+Derby&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26279&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-26279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBooth1997" class="citation thesis cs1">Booth, Peter W. N. (1997). <a class="external text" href="https://lra.le.ac.uk/handle/2381/9677"><i>Landed society in Cumberland and Westmorland, c.1440–1485 – the politics of the Wars of the Roses</i></a> (PhD thesis). <a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2381%2F9677">2381/9677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Landed+society+in+Cumberland+and+Westmorland%2C+c.1440%E2%80%931485+%E2%80%93+the+politics+of+the+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Leicester&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2381%2F9677&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flra.le.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F2381%2F9677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1973" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Morton A. (1973). "Two-and-a-Half Secrets about Richard the Third". <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Georgia_Review" title="The Georgia Review">The Georgia Review</a></i>. <b>27</b> (3): 367–392. <a href="/info/en/?search=JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41398238">41398238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Georgia+Review&rft.atitle=Two-and-a-Half+Secrets+about+Richard+the+Third&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=367-392&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41398238%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Morton+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBrunet1889" class="citation book cs1">Brunet, Alexander (1889). <i>The Regal Armorie of Great Britain</i>. London: Henry Kent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Regal+Armorie+of+Great+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Henry+Kent&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Brunet&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBuck1647" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=George_Buck" title="George Buck">Buck, George</a> (1647). <i>The history of the life and reigne of Richard the Third</i>. London: W. Wilson. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-9043-8726-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9043-8726-7"><bdi>0-9043-8726-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1126494788">1126494788</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7187118M">7187118M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+life+and+reigne+of+Richard+the+Third&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+Wilson&rft.date=1647&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1126494788&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7187118M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-9043-8726-7&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCamden1870" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=William_Camden" title="William Camden">Camden, William</a> (1870) [reprint of 1674 ed.]. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/remainsconcerni02camdgoog"><i>Remains Concerning Britain</i></a>. London: John Russel Smith. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-802-02457-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-802-02457-2"><bdi>978-0-802-02457-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11717457">11717457</a> – via <a href="/info/en/?search=Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remains+Concerning+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Russel+Smith&rft.date=1870&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11717457&rft.isbn=978-0-802-02457-2&rft.aulast=Camden&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fremainsconcerni02camdgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCheethamFraser1972" class="citation book cs1">Cheetham, Anthony; <a href="/info/en/?search=Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Fraser, Antonia</a> (1972). <i>The Life and Times of Richard III</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1566490382" title="Special:BookSources/978-1566490382"><bdi>978-1566490382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Richard+III&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-1566490382&rft.aulast=Cheetham&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Fraser%2C+Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChrimes1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Stanley_Bertram_Chrimes" title="Stanley Bertram Chrimes">Chrimes, S. B.</a> (1999). <i>Henry VII</i>. New Haven, Connecticut: <a href="/info/en/?search=Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0300078831" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300078831"><bdi>978-0300078831</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VII&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0300078831&rft.aulast=Chrimes&rft.aufirst=S.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=George_B._Churchill" title="George B. Churchill">Churchill, George B.</a> (1976) [reprint of 1900 ed.]. <i>Richard the Third up to Shakespeare</i>. Dursley, England and Totowa, New Jersey: Alan Sutton and Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-874-71773-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-874-71773-0"><bdi>978-0-874-71773-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3069413">3069413</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4599416M">4599416M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+the+Third+up+to+Shakespeare&rft.place=Dursley%2C+England+and+Totowa%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton+and+Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3069413&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL4599416M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-874-71773-0&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=George+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1956" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/info/en/?search=Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill, Winston S.</a> (1956). <i>A History of the English-Speaking Peoples</i>. Vol. 1. The Birth of Britain. New York: Bantam Books. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-304-341010" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-341010"><bdi>0-304-341010</bdi></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14989146M">14989146M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+English-Speaking+Peoples&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL14989146M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-304-341010&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2005" class="citation journal cs1">Clarke, Peter D. (2005). "English Royal Marriages and the Papal Penitentiary in the Fifteenth Century". <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_English_Historical_Review" title="The English Historical Review">The English Historical Review</a></i>. <b>120</b> (488): 1014–1029. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcei244">10.1093/ehr/cei244</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3489227">3489227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=English+Royal+Marriages+and+the+Papal+Penitentiary+in+the+Fifteenth+Century&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=488&rft.pages=1014-1029&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcei244&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3489227%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Peter+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFClemen1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Wolfgang_Clemen" title="Wolfgang Clemen">Clemen, Wolfgang</a> (1977). "Richard III: 'Foul Hunch-Back'd Toad'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Development of Shakespeare's Imagery</i> (2nd ed.). London: Methuen. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-416-85740-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-416-85740-X"><bdi>0-416-85740-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4281207M">4281207M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richard+III%3A+%27Foul+Hunch-Back%27d+Toad%27&rft.btitle=Development+of+Shakespeare%27s+Imagery&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL4281207M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-416-85740-X&rft.aulast=Clemen&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCobbett1807" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=William_Cobbett" title="William Cobbett">Cobbett, William</a> (1807). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parliamentaryhi09parlgoog"><i>The Parliamentary History of England, from the Earliest Period to the Year 1803</i></a>. Vol. 2. London: <a href="/info/en/?search=Thomas_Curson_Hansard" title="Thomas Curson Hansard">T. C. (Thomas Curson) Hansard</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2190940">2190940</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/info/en/?search=Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parliamentary+History+of+England%2C+from+the+Earliest+Period+to+the+Year+1803&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+C.+%28Thomas+Curson%29+Hansard&rft.date=1807&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2190940&rft.aulast=Cobbett&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparliamentaryhi09parlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCostello1855" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Louisa_Stuart_Costello" title="Louisa Stuart Costello">Costello, Louisa Stuart</a> (1855). <i>Memoirs of Anne, Duchess of Brittany, Twice Queen of France</i>. London: W. & F. G. Cash.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Anne%2C+Duchess+of+Brittany%2C+Twice+Queen+of+France&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+%26+F.+G.+Cash&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Costello&rft.aufirst=Louisa+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Davies, C. S. L. (2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-26204">"Stafford, Henry, second duke of Buckingham"</a></span>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26204">10.1093/ref:odnb/26204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stafford%2C+Henry%2C+second+duke+of+Buckingham&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26204&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=C.+S.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-26204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_Saul_Ferguson" title="Richard Saul Ferguson">Ferguson, Richard S.</a> (1890). <i>A History of Cumberland</i>. London: Elliot Stock. <a href="/info/en/?search=OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4876036">4876036</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6930115M">6930115M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Cumberland&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Elliot+Stock&rft.date=1890&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4876036&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6930115M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGairdner1896" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/info/en/?search=James_Gairdner" title="James Gairdner">Gairdner, James</a> (1896). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900/Richard III"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885%E2%80%931900/Richard_III">"Richard III" </a></span>. In <a href="/info/en/?search=Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. <b>Vol. 48</b>. New York: Macmillan. pp. 158–165 – via <a href="/info/en/?search=Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richard+III&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=158-165&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Gairdner&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span> [<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionary_of_National_Biography_volume_48.djvu/164" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 48.djvu/164"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><span class="noitalic">scan</span></a></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wikisource link" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span>]</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGairdner1898" class="citation book cs1">—— (1898). <i>History of the Life and Reign of Richard the Third, to Which is Added the Story of Perkin Warbeck from Original Documents</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7193498M">7193498M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Life+and+Reign+of+Richard+the+Third%2C+to+Which+is+Added+the+Story+of+Perkin+Warbeck+from+Original+Documents&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7193498M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Gairdner&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGillingham1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Gillingham" title="John Gillingham">Gillingham, John</a> (1981). <i>The Wars of the Roses: Peace and Conflict in Fifteenth-Century England</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0297776307" title="Special:BookSources/978-0297776307"><bdi>978-0297776307</bdi></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3870696M">3870696M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+the+Roses%3A+Peace+and+Conflict+in+Fifteenth-Century+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3870696M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0297776307&rft.aulast=Gillingham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGiven-WilsonBrandPhillipsOrmrod2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Chris_Given-Wilson" title="Chris Given-Wilson">Given-Wilson, Chris</a>; <a href="/info/en/?search=Paul_Brand_(historian)" title="Paul Brand (historian)">Brand, Paul</a>; <a href="/info/en/?search=J._R._S._Phillips" title="J. R. S. Phillips">Phillips, Seymour</a>; <a href="/info/en/?search=Mark_Ormrod_(historian)" title="Mark Ormrod (historian)">Ormrod, Mark</a>; <a href="/info/en/?search=Geoffrey_Martin_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Martin (historian)">Martin, Geoffrey</a>; <a href="/info/en/?search=Anne_Curry" title="Anne Curry">Curry, Anne</a>; <a href="/info/en/?search=Rosemary_Horrox" title="Rosemary Horrox">Horrox, Rosemary</a>, eds. (2005). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/parliament-rolls-medieval"><i>Parliament Rolls of Medieval England</i></a></span>. Woodbridge, England: Boydell<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/info/en/?search=British_History_Online" title="British History Online">British History Online</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parliament+Rolls+of+Medieval+England&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Boydell&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fno-series%2Fparliament-rolls-medieval&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGiven-WilsonCurteis1984" class="citation book cs1">——; Curteis, Alice (1984). <i>The Royal Bastards of Medieval England</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0415028264" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415028264"><bdi>978-0415028264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Bastards+of+Medieval+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0415028264&rft.aulast=Given-Wilson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Curteis%2C+Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1993" class="citation book cs1">Grant, A. (1993). "Foreign Affairs Under Richard III". In John Gillingham (ed.). <i>Richard III: A Medieval Kingship</i>. London: Collins & Brown. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-85585-100-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85585-100-9"><bdi>978-1-85585-100-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreign+Affairs+Under+Richard+III&rft.btitle=Richard+III%3A+A+Medieval+Kingship&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins+%26+Brown&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-85585-100-9&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1972" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Neil (1972). <i>The Howards of Norfolk</i>. Worthing, England: Littlehampton Book Services.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Howards+of+Norfolk&rft.place=Worthing%2C+England&rft.pub=Littlehampton+Book+Services&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin1966" class="citation journal cs1">Griffin, Alice V. (1966). "Shakespeare through the Camera's Eye: IV". <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Shakespeare_Quarterly" title="Shakespeare Quarterly">Shakespeare Quarterly</a></i>. <b>17</b> (4): 383–387. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2867913">10.2307/2867913</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24407008">24407008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shakespeare+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Shakespeare+through+the+Camera%27s+Eye%3A+IV&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=383-387&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2867913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24407008%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Alice+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGrummitt2013" class="citation book cs1">Grummitt, David (2013). <i>A Short History of the Wars of the Roses</i>. London: I. B. Tauris. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1848858756" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848858756"><bdi>978-1848858756</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1848858756&rft.aulast=Grummitt&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ralph_A._Griffiths" title="Ralph A. Griffiths">Griffiths, Ralph A.</a> (1993). <i>Sir Rhys ap Thomas and His Family: A Study in the Wars of the Roses and Early Tudor Politics</i>. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0708312186" title="Special:BookSources/978-0708312186"><bdi>978-0708312186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Rhys+ap+Thomas+and+His+Family%3A+A+Study+in+the+Wars+of+the+Roses+and+Early+Tudor+Politics&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0708312186&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Ralph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">—— (2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-95581">"Lancastrians"</a></span>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F95581">10.1093/ref:odnb/95581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lancastrians&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F95581&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Ralph+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-95581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHampton1975" class="citation journal cs1">Hampton, W. E. (1975). "Sir Thomas Montgomery, KG". <i>The Ricardian</i>. <b>3</b> (51): 9–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ricardian&rft.atitle=Sir+Thomas+Montgomery%2C+KG&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=9-14&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Hampton&rft.aufirst=W.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHanbury1962" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Harold_Hanbury" title="Harold Hanbury">Hanbury, Harold G.</a> (1962). "The Legislation of Richard III". <i><a href="/info/en/?search=American_Journal_of_Legal_History" title="American Journal of Legal History">American Journal of Legal History</a></i>. <b>6</b> (2): 95–113. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F844148">10.2307/844148</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/844148">844148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Legal+History&rft.atitle=The+Legislation+of+Richard+III&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-113&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F844148&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F844148%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hanbury&rft.aufirst=Harold+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHanham1975" class="citation book cs1">Hanham, Alison (1975). <i>Richard III and his early historians 1483–1535</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822434-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822434-1"><bdi>978-0-19-822434-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III+and+his+early+historians+1483%E2%80%931535&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822434-1&rft.aulast=Hanham&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHarrod-Eagles1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Cynthia_Harrod-Eagles" title="Cynthia Harrod-Eagles">Harrod-Eagles, Cynthia</a> (1981). <i>The Founding</i> (new ed.). London: Sphere. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-751-50382-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-751-50382-1"><bdi>978-0-751-50382-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7517496M">7517496M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founding&rft.place=London&rft.edition=new&rft.pub=Sphere&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7517496M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-751-50382-1&rft.aulast=Harrod-Eagles&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHicks1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Michael_Hicks_(historian)" title="Michael Hicks (historian)">Hicks, Michael A.</a> (1980). <i>False, Fleeting, Perjur'd Clarence: George, Duke of Clarence (1449–1478)</i>. Gloucester, England: Alan Sutton. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-904-38744-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-904-38744-5"><bdi>978-0-904-38744-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=False%2C+Fleeting%2C+Perjur%27d+Clarence%3A+George%2C+Duke+of+Clarence+%281449%E2%80%931478%29&rft.place=Gloucester%2C+England&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-904-38744-5&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2001" class="citation book cs1">—— (2001) [1991]. <i>Richard III</i> (revised illustrated ed.). Stroud, England: Tempus. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0752423029" title="Special:BookSources/978-0752423029"><bdi>978-0752423029</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III&rft.place=Stroud%2C+England&rft.edition=revised+illustrated&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0752423029&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">—— (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-10542">"George, duke of Clarence"</a></span>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10542">10.1093/ref:odnb/10542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=George%2C+duke+of+Clarence&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10542&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-10542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2006" class="citation book cs1">—— (2006). <i>Anne Neville: Queen to Richard III</i>. Stroud, England: Tempus. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0752436630" title="Special:BookSources/978-0752436630"><bdi>978-0752436630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anne+Neville%3A+Queen+to+Richard+III&rft.place=Stroud%2C+England&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0752436630&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2009" class="citation book cs1">—— (2009) [1991]. <i>Richard III</i> (3rd ed.). Stroud, England: History Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0752425894" title="Special:BookSources/978-0752425894"><bdi>978-0752425894</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III&rft.place=Stroud%2C+England&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0752425894&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHorrox1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Rosemary_Horrox" title="Rosemary Horrox">Horrox, Rosemary</a> (1989). <i>Richard III: A study in service</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33428-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33428-0"><bdi>978-0-521-33428-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III%3A+A+study+in+service&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33428-0&rft.aulast=Horrox&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHorrox2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">—— (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-12588">"Hastings, William, first Baron Hastings"</a></span>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12588">10.1093/ref:odnb/12588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hastings%2C+William%2C+first+Baron+Hastings&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12588&rft.aulast=Horrox&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-12588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHorrox2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">—— (2013). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190209163208/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-23500">"Richard III (1452–1485)"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23500">10.1093/ref:odnb/23500</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-23500">the original</a> on 9 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richard+III+%281452%E2%80%931485%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23500&rft.aulast=Horrox&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-23500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHume1864" class="citation book cs1">—— (1864) [First published 1789]. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.167509/page/n347"><i>The History of England from the Invasion of Julius Cæsar to the Revolution in 1688</i></a>. London: Longman. <a href="/info/en/?search=OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/165459692">165459692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+England+from+the+Invasion+of+Julius+C%C3%A6sar+to+the+Revolution+in+1688&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1864&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F165459692&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.167509%2Fpage%2Fn347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span><span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJones2014" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Michael (2014). <i>Bosworth 1485: Psychology of a Battle</i> (new ed.). London: John Murray. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1848549081" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848549081"><bdi>978-1848549081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosworth+1485%3A+Psychology+of+a+Battle&rft.place=London&rft.edition=new&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1848549081&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2000" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, R. Gordon (2000). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pGb9qrbYqOYC">"Josephine Tey and Others: The Case of Richard III"</a>. In <a href="/info/en/?search=Ray_B._Browne" title="Ray B. Browne">Ray B. Browne</a> & Lawrence A. Kreiser (eds.). <i>The Detective as Historian: History and Art in Historical Crime Fiction</i>. Vol. 1. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. pp. 133–146. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-815-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-815-1"><bdi>978-0-87972-815-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Josephine+Tey+and+Others%3A+The+Case+of+Richard+III&rft.btitle=The+Detective+as+Historian%3A+History+and+Art+in+Historical+Crime+Fiction&rft.place=Bowling+Green%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=133-146&rft.pub=Bowling+Green+State+University+Popular+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87972-815-1&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=R.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpGb9qrbYqOYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKendall1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Paul_Murray_Kendall" title="Paul Murray Kendall">Kendall, Paul M.</a> (1956) [1955]. <i>Richard the Third</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00785-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00785-5"><bdi>978-0-393-00785-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7450809M">7450809M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+the+Third&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7450809M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-393-00785-5&rft.aulast=Kendall&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKingGonzalez_FortesBalaresqueThomas2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Turi_King" title="Turi King">King, Turi E.</a>; Gonzalez Fortes, Gloria; Balaresque, Patricia; Thomas, Mark G.; <a href="/info/en/?search=David_Balding" title="David Balding">Balding, David</a>; Maisano Delser, Pierpaolo; Neumann, Rita; Parson, Walther; Knapp, Michael; Walsh, Susan; Tonasso, Laure; Holt, John; Kayser, Manfred; Appleby, Jo; <a href="/info/en/?search=Peter_Forster_(geneticist)" title="Peter Forster (geneticist)">Forster, Peter</a>; <a href="/info/en/?search=David_Ekserdjian" title="David Ekserdjian">Ekserdjian, David</a>; Hofreiter, Michael; <a href="/info/en/?search=Kevin_Sch%C3%BCrer" title="Kevin Schürer">Schürer, Kevin</a> (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4268703">"Identification of the remains of King Richard III"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a></i>. <b>5</b>. Article number: 5631. <a href="/info/en/?search=Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCo...5.5631K">2014NatCo...5.5631K</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms6631">10.1038/ncomms6631</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4268703">4268703</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25463651">25463651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Identification+of+the+remains+of+King+Richard+III&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=Article+number%3A+5631&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4268703%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25463651&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms6631&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014NatCo...5.5631K&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Turi+E.&rft.au=Gonzalez+Fortes%2C+Gloria&rft.au=Balaresque%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Mark+G.&rft.au=Balding%2C+David&rft.au=Maisano+Delser%2C+Pierpaolo&rft.au=Neumann%2C+Rita&rft.au=Parson%2C+Walther&rft.au=Knapp%2C+Michael&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Susan&rft.au=Tonasso%2C+Laure&rft.au=Holt%2C+John&rft.au=Kayser%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Appleby%2C+Jo&rft.au=Forster%2C+Peter&rft.au=Ekserdjian%2C+David&rft.au=Hofreiter%2C+Michael&rft.au=Sch%C3%BCrer%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4268703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKinross1979" class="citation book cs1">Kinross, John (1979). <i>The Battlefields of Britain</i>. Newton Abbot, England: David & Charles. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0882544830" title="Special:BookSources/978-0882544830"><bdi>978-0882544830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battlefields+of+Britain&rft.place=Newton+Abbot%2C+England&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0882544830&rft.aulast=Kinross&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKleineke2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kleineke, Hannes (2007). <a class="external text" href="https://www.richardiii.net/downloads/Ricardian/2007_vol17_kleineke_court_of_requests.pdf">"Richard III and the Origins of the Court of Requests"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Ricardian</i>. <b>17</b>: 22–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ricardian&rft.atitle=Richard+III+and+the+Origins+of+the+Court+of+Requests&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=22-32&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kleineke&rft.aufirst=Hannes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardiii.net%2Fdownloads%2FRicardian%2F2007_vol17_kleineke_court_of_requests.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLangleyJones2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Philippa_Langley" title="Philippa Langley">Langley, Philippa</a> & <a href="/info/en/?search=Michael_Jones_(historian)" title="Michael Jones (historian)">Jones, Michael</a> (2013). <i>The King's Grave: The Search for Richard III</i>. London: John Murray. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-84854-893-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84854-893-0"><bdi>978-1-84854-893-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+Grave%3A+The+Search+for+Richard+III&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84854-893-0&rft.aulast=Langley&rft.aufirst=Philippa&rft.au=Jones%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLegge1885" class="citation book cs1">Legge, Alfred O. (1885). <i>The Unpopular King: The Life and Times of Richard III</i>. Vol. 1. London: Ward & Downey. <a href="/info/en/?search=OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24188544M">24188544M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unpopular+King%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Richard+III&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ward+%26+Downey&rft.date=1885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24188544M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Legge&rft.aufirst=Alfred+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLicence2013" class="citation book cs1">Licence, Amy (2013). <i>Anne Neville: Richard III's Tragic Queen</i>. Stroud, England: Amberley. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1445611532" title="Special:BookSources/978-1445611532"><bdi>978-1445611532</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anne+Neville%3A+Richard+III%27s+Tragic+Queen&rft.place=Stroud%2C+England&rft.pub=Amberley&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1445611532&rft.aulast=Licence&rft.aufirst=Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLulofs1974" class="citation journal cs1">Lulofs, Maaike (1974). "King Edward in Exile". <i>The Ricardian</i>. <b>3</b> (44): 9–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ricardian&rft.atitle=King+Edward+in+Exile&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=9-11&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Lulofs&rft.aufirst=Maaike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLysonsLysons1816" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/info/en/?search=Daniel_Lysons_(antiquarian)" title="Daniel Lysons (antiquarian)">Lysons, Daniel</a>; <a href="/info/en/?search=Samuel_Lysons" title="Samuel Lysons">Lysons, Samuel</a> (1816). <a class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/magna-britannia/vol4"><i>Magna Britannia</i></a>. Vol. 4, Cumberland. London: T. Cadell & W. Davies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2014</span> – via <a href="/info/en/?search=British_History_Online" title="British History Online">British History Online</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magna+Britannia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+Cadell+%26+W.+Davies&rft.date=1816&rft.aulast=Lysons&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Lysons%2C+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fmagna-britannia%2Fvol4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvoy2008" class="citation book cs1">McEvoy, Sean (2008). <i>Ben Jonson, Renaissance Dramatist</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2302-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2302-0"><bdi>978-0-7486-2302-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ben+Jonson%2C+Renaissance+Dramatist&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2302-0&rft.aulast=McEvoy&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1997" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Deborah (1997). "<i>Richard III</i>: Tonypandy in the Twentieth Century". <i>Literature/Film Quarterly</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 133–145. <a href="/info/en/?search=JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43796785">43796785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Literature%2FFilm+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Richard+III%3A+Tonypandy+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-145&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43796785%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMyers1968" class="citation journal cs1">Myers, A. R. (1968). "Richard III and Historical Tradition". <i><a href="/info/en/?search=History_(journal)" title="History (journal)">History</a></i>. <b>53</b> (178): 181–202. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1968.tb01217.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.1968.tb01217.x</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24407008">24407008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Richard+III+and+Historical+Tradition&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=178&rft.pages=181-202&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1968.tb01217.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24407008%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPaget1977" class="citation book cs1">Paget, Gerald (1977). <i>The Lineage and Ancestry of H. R. H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales</i>. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Charles Skilton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lineage+and+Ancestry+of+H.+R.+H.+Prince+Charles%2C+Prince+of+Wales&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Charles+Skilton&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Paget&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPenn2013" class="citation book cs1">Penn, Thomas (2013). <i>Winter King: Henry VII and The Dawn of Tudor England</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-439-19156-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-439-19156-9"><bdi>978-1-439-19156-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25011793M">25011793M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winter+King%3A+Henry+VII+and+The+Dawn+of+Tudor+England&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25011793M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-439-19156-9&rft.aulast=Penn&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Elizabeth_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Peters">Peters, Elizabeth</a> (2004) [1974]. <i>The Murders of Richard III</i>. New York: Avon Books. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-060-59719-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-060-59719-1"><bdi>978-0-060-59719-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Murders+of+Richard+III&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Avon+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-060-59719-1&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPollard1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=A._J._Pollard" title="A. J. Pollard">Pollard, A. J.</a> (1991). <i>Richard III and the Princes in the Tower</i>. Stroud, England: Alan Sutton. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-862-99660-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-862-99660-4"><bdi>978-0-862-99660-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III+and+the+Princes+in+the+Tower&rft.place=Stroud%2C+England&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-862-99660-4&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPollard2000" class="citation book cs1">—— (2000). <i>The Wars of the Roses</i> (2nd ed.). Basingstoke, England: Palgrave. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0333658222" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333658222"><bdi>978-0333658222</bdi></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6794297M">6794297M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+England&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6794297M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0333658222&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPollard2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">—— (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-38659">"Edward [Edward of Middleham], prince of Wales"</a></span>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F38659">10.1093/ref:odnb/38659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+%5BEdward+of+Middleham%5D%2C+prince+of+Wales&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F38659&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-38659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPollard2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">—— (2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-95580">"Yorkists"</a></span>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F95580">10.1093/ref:odnb/95580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yorkists&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F95580&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-95580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPotter1994" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Jeremy (1994) [1983]. <i>Good King Richard? An Account of Richard III and his Reputation</i> (paperback ed.). London: Constable.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+King+Richard%3F+An+Account+of+Richard+III+and+his+Reputation&rft.place=London&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRees2008" class="citation book cs1">Rees, E. A. (2008). <i>A Life of Guto'r Glyn</i>. Tal-y-bont, Ceredigion, Wales: Y Lolfa. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0862439712" title="Special:BookSources/978-0862439712"><bdi>978-0862439712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Life+of+Guto%27r+Glyn&rft.place=Tal-y-bont%2C+Ceredigion%2C+Wales&rft.pub=Y+Lolfa&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0862439712&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRiley1908" class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Croyland_Chronicle" title="Croyland Chronicle">Ingulph's Chronicle of the Abbey of Croyland, with the Continuations by Peter of Blois and Anonymous Writers</a></i>. Translated by Riley, Henry T. London: George Bell & Sons. 1908. <a href="/info/en/?search=OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL38603586M">38603586M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ingulph%27s+Chronicle+of+the+Abbey+of+Croyland%2C+with+the+Continuations+by+Peter+of+Blois+and+Anonymous+Writers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Bell+%26+Sons&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL38603586M%23id-name%3DOL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Charles_Ross_(historian)" title="Charles Ross (historian)">Ross, Charles D.</a> (1974). <i>Edward IV</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=English_Monarchs_series" class="mw-redirect" title="English Monarchs series">English Monarchs series</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02781-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02781-7"><bdi>978-0-520-02781-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+IV&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.series=English+Monarchs+series&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02781-7&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1981" class="citation book cs1">—— (1981). <i>Richard III</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=English_Monarchs_series" class="mw-redirect" title="English Monarchs series">English Monarchs series</a>. London: Eyre Methuen. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-413-29530-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-29530-9"><bdi>978-0-413-29530-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III&rft.place=London&rft.series=English+Monarchs+series&rft.pub=Eyre+Methuen&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-413-29530-9&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRous1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Rous_(historian)" title="John Rous (historian)">Rous, John</a> (1980). <i>The Rous Roll</i>. Gloucester, England: Alan Sutton. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0904387438" title="Special:BookSources/978-0904387438"><bdi>978-0904387438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rous+Roll&rft.place=Gloucester%2C+England&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0904387438&rft.aulast=Rous&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRowse1966" class="citation book cs1">Rowse, Alfred L. (1966). <i>Bosworth Field and the Wars of the Roses</i>. London: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosworth+Field+and+the+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Rowse&rft.aufirst=Alfred+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFScofield2016" class="citation book cs1">Scofield, Cora L. (2016) [1923]. <i>The Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth: King of England and France and Lord of Ireland</i>. Vol. 1. London: Fonthill Media. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1781554753" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781554753"><bdi>978-1781554753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Reign+of+Edward+the+Fourth%3A+King+of+England+and+France+and+Lord+of+Ireland&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fonthill+Media&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1781554753&rft.aulast=Scofield&rft.aufirst=Cora+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShipley1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Joseph_Twadell_Shipley" title="Joseph Twadell Shipley">Shipley, Joseph T.</a> (1984). <i>The Origins of English Words: A Discursive Dictionary of Indo-European Roots</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m1UKpE4YEkEC&pg=PA127">127</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-3004-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-3004-4"><bdi>978-0-8018-3004-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+English+Words%3A+A+Discursive+Dictionary+of+Indo-European+Roots&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-3004-4&rft.aulast=Shipley&rft.aufirst=Joseph+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSteer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Steer, Christian (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35620745">"The Plantagenet in the Parish: The Burial of Richard III's Daughter in Medieval London"</a>. <i>The Ricardian</i>. <b>24</b>: 63–73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ricardian&rft.atitle=The+Plantagenet+in+the+Parish%3A+The+Burial+of+Richard+III%27s+Daughter+in+Medieval+London&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=63-73&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Steer&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35620745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Anthony_Wagner" title="Anthony Wagner">Wagner, Anthony</a> (1967). <i>Heralds of England: A History of the Office and College of Arms</i>. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-11-700454-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-700454-2"><bdi>978-0-11-700454-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heralds+of+England%3A+A+History+of+the+Office+and+College+of+Arms&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-11-700454-2&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWalpole1798" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Walpole, Horace</a> (1798). <a href="/info/en/?search=Mary_Berry_(writer,_born_1763)" title="Mary Berry (writer, born 1763)">Berry, Mary</a> (ed.). <i>The Works of Horatio Walpole, Earl of Orford</i>. Vol. 2. London: G. G. & J. Robinson and J. Edwards. <a href="/info/en/?search=OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2482675">2482675</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6570405M">6570405M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Horatio+Walpole%2C+Earl+of+Orford&rft.place=London&rft.pub=G.+G.+%26+J.+Robinson+and+J.+Edwards&rft.date=1798&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2482675&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6570405M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Walpole&rft.aufirst=Horace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2008" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Josephine (2008). <i>Richard the Young King to Be</i>. Stroud, England: Amberley. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-84868-083-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84868-083-8"><bdi>978-1-84868-083-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+the+Young+King+to+Be&rft.place=Stroud%2C+England&rft.pub=Amberley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84868-083-8&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Josephine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1983" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Barrie (1983). <a class="external text" href="https://www.thericardian.online/downloads/Ricardian/6-80/03.pdf">"The Portuguese Connection and the Significance of 'the Holy Princess'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Ricardian</i>. <b>6</b> (80): 138–145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ricardian&rft.atitle=The+Portuguese+Connection+and+the+Significance+of+%27the+Holy+Princess%27&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=80&rft.pages=138-145&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Barrie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thericardian.online%2Fdownloads%2FRicardian%2F6-80%2F03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWood1975" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Charles T. (1975). "The Deposition of Edward V". <i>Traditio</i>. <b>31</b>: 247–286. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS036215290001134X">10.1017/S036215290001134X</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27830988">27830988</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151769515">151769515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traditio&rft.atitle=The+Deposition+of+Edward+V&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=247-286&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151769515%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27830988%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS036215290001134X&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Charles+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054258005"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Marjorie_Bowen" title="Marjorie Bowen">Bowen, Marjorie</a> (2014) [1st pub. 1929]. <a class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks09/0900531h.html"><i>Dickon</i></a>. Project Gutenberg Australia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dickon&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg+Australia&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.net.au%2Febooks09%2F0900531h.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1">Carson, Annette (2009). <i>Richard III: The Maligned King</i>. Stroud, England: History Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-752-45208-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-752-45208-1"><bdi>978-0-752-45208-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III%3A+The+Maligned+King&rft.place=Stroud%2C+England&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-752-45208-1&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Annette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (2015). <i>Richard Duke of Gloucester as Lord Protector and High Constable of England</i>. Horstead, England: Imprimis Imprimatur. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-957-68404-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-957-68404-1"><bdi>978-0-957-68404-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Duke+of+Gloucester+as+Lord+Protector+and+High+Constable+of+England&rft.place=Horstead%2C+England&rft.pub=Imprimis+Imprimatur&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-957-68404-1&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Annette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1">Dockray, Keith (1997). <i>Richard III: A Sourcebook</i>. Stroud, England: Sutton. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-750-91479-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-750-91479-6"><bdi>978-0-750-91479-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.place=Stroud%2C+England&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-750-91479-6&rft.aulast=Dockray&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1">——; Hammond, Peter W. (2013). <i>Richard III: From Contemporary Chronicles, Letters and Records</i> (rev. ed.). Stroud, England: Fonthill Media. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-781-55313-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-781-55313-8"><bdi>978-1-781-55313-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III%3A+From+Contemporary+Chronicles%2C+Letters+and+Records&rft.place=Stroud%2C+England&rft.edition=rev.&rft.pub=Fonthill+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-781-55313-8&rft.aulast=Dockray&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Hammond%2C+Peter+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1">Drewett, Richard; Redhead, Mark (1984). <i>The Trial of Richard III</i>. Stroud, England: Sutton. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-862-99198-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-862-99198-2"><bdi>978-0-862-99198-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trial+of+Richard+III&rft.place=Stroud%2C+England&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-862-99198-2&rft.aulast=Drewett&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Redhead%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1">England, Barbara, ed. (1986). <i>Richard III and the North of England</i>. University of Hull. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-859-58031-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-859-58031-1"><bdi>978-0-859-58031-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III+and+the+North+of+England&rft.pub=University+of+Hull&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-859-58031-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1">Fields, Bertram (1998). <i>Royal Blood: Richard III and the Mystery of the Princes</i>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-060-39269-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-060-39269-7"><bdi>978-0-060-39269-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7276841M">7276841M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Blood%3A+Richard+III+and+the+Mystery+of+the+Princes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7276841M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-060-39269-7&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.aufirst=Bertram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1">Greyfriars Research Team; <a href="/info/en/?search=Maev_Kennedy" title="Maev Kennedy">Kennedy, Maev</a>; <a href="/info/en/?search=Lin_Foxhall" title="Lin Foxhall">Foxhall, Lin</a> (2015). <i>The Bones of a King: Richard III Rediscovered</i>. Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-118-78314-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-78314-6"><bdi>978-1-118-78314-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bones+of+a+King%3A+Richard+III+Rediscovered&rft.place=Chichester%2C+England&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-118-78314-6&rft.au=Greyfriars+Research+Team&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Maev&rft.au=Foxhall%2C+Lin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Peter W.; Sutton, Anne (1985). <i>Richard III: The Road to Bosworth Field</i>. London: Constable. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-094-66160-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-094-66160-8"><bdi>978-0-094-66160-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III%3A+The+Road+to+Bosworth+Field&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-094-66160-8&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rft.au=Sutton%2C+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hancock, Peter A. (2011). <i>Richard III and the Murder in the Tower</i> (reprint ed.). Stroud, England: History Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-752-45797-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-752-45797-0"><bdi>978-0-752-45797-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III+and+the+Murder+in+the+Tower&rft.place=Stroud%2C+England&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-752-45797-0&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=David_Horspool" title="David Horspool">Horspool, David</a> (2015). <i>Richard III: A Ruler and his Reputation</i>. London: Bloomsbury Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-620-40509-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-620-40509-3"><bdi>978-1-620-40509-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III%3A+A+Ruler+and+his+Reputation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-620-40509-3&rft.aulast=Horspool&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Paul_Murray_Kendall" title="Paul Murray Kendall">Kendall, Paul Murray</a> (1992). <i>Richard III: The Great Debate</i>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0393003109" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393003109"><bdi>978-0393003109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III%3A+The+Great+Debate&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0393003109&rft.aulast=Kendall&rft.aufirst=Paul+Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lamb, V. B. (2015). <i>The Betrayal of Richard III</i>. Revised by Hammond, Peter W. Stroud, England: History Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-750-96299-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-750-96299-5"><bdi>978-0-750-96299-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Betrayal+of+Richard+III&rft.place=Stroud%2C+England&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-750-96299-5&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=V.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Clements_Markham" title="Clements Markham">Markham, Clements R.</a> (1906). <i>Richard III: His Life and Character, Reviewed in the Light of Recent Research</i>. London: Smith, Elder. <a href="/info/en/?search=OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3306738">3306738</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6982482M">6982482M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III%3A+His+Life+and+Character%2C+Reviewed+in+the+Light+of+Recent+Research&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3306738&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6982482M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Markham&rft.aufirst=Clements+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Jack_Scarisbrick" title="Jack Scarisbrick">Scarisbrick, J. J.</a> (1968). <i>Henry VIII</i>. London: Eyre Methuen. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0413368003" title="Special:BookSources/978-0413368003"><bdi>978-0413368003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Eyre+Methuen&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0413368003&rft.aulast=Scarisbrick&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1">Seward, Desmond (1997). <i>Richard III: England's Black Legend</i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-140-26634-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-140-26634-4"><bdi>978-0-140-26634-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III%3A+England%27s+Black+Legend&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-140-26634-4&rft.aulast=Seward&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1">Sutton, Anne. <a class="external text" href="https://www.richardiii.net/2_3_0_riii_leadership.php#parliament">"Richard III: His Parliament"</a>. Richard III Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+III%3A+His+Parliament&rft.pub=Richard+III+Society&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardiii.net%2F2_3_0_riii_leadership.php%23parliament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1">——; Hammond, Peter W. (1984). <i>The Coronation of Richard III: The Extant Documents</i>. New York: St Martin's. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16979-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16979-4"><bdi>978-0-312-16979-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coronation+of+Richard+III%3A+The+Extant+Documents&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-312-16979-4&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Hammond%2C+Peter+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1">——; Visser-Fuchs, Livia (1997). <i>Richard III's Books</i>. Stroud, England: Sutton. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-750-91406-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-750-91406-2"><bdi>978-0-750-91406-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III%27s+Books&rft.place=Stroud%2C+England&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-750-91406-2&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Visser-Fuchs%2C+Livia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1">Watson, G. W. (1896). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genealogist1218selb/page/n385">"The Seize Quartiers of the Kings and Queens of England"</a>. In H. W. Forsyth Harwood (ed.). <i>The Genealogist</i>. New Series. Vol. 12. Exeter: William Pollard & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Seize+Quartiers+of+the+Kings+and+Queens+of+England&rft.btitle=The+Genealogist&rft.place=Exeter&rft.series=New+Series&rft.pub=William+Pollard+%26+Co.&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenealogist1218selb%2Fpage%2Fn385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (1995). <i>The Princes in the Tower</i>. New York: Ballantine Books. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-345-39178-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-39178-0"><bdi>978-0-345-39178-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princes+in+the+Tower&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-345-39178-0&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wood, Charles T. (1991). <i>Joan of Arc and Richard III: Sex, Saints, and Government in the Middle Ages</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-195-06951-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-06951-8"><bdi>978-0-195-06951-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joan+of+Arc+and+Richard+III%3A+Sex%2C+Saints%2C+and+Government+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-195-06951-8&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Charles+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Richard_III_of_England&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://kriii.com/about-kriii/an-incredible-discovery/">King Richard III Visitor Center - An Incredible Discovery</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/richard-iii">"Richard III"</a> – via Official website of the <a href="/info/en/?search=British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Frichard-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://kriii.com">"King Richard III Visitor Centre, Leicester"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King+Richard+III+Visitor+Centre%2C+Leicester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkriii.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.richardiii.net">"The Richard III Society"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Richard+III+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardiii.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.r3.org">"The Richard III Society, American Branch"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Richard+III+Society%2C+American+Branch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.r3.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www2.le.ac.uk/projects/greyfriars">"Information about the discovery of Richard III"</a> – via <a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+about+the+discovery+of+Richard+III&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.le.ac.uk%2Fprojects%2Fgreyfriars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp03765">Portraits of King Richard III</a> at the <a href="/info/en/?search=National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133028#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Society_and_Culture/History/Monarchy/Plantagenet/Richard_III">Richard III of England</a> at <a href="/info/en/?search=Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li></ul>
<table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;">
<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Richard III of England </div><div><b><a href="/info/en/?search=House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/info/en/?search=House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 2 October 1452</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 22 August 1485</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/info/en/?search=King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Lord_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Ireland">Lord of Ireland</a> </b><br />1483–1485
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/info/en/?search=William_Neville,_Earl_of_Kent" title="William Neville, Earl of Kent">William Neville, Earl of Kent</a></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/info/en/?search=Lord_High_Admiral_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord High Admiral of England">Lord High Admiral</a> </b><br />1462–1470
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_Neville,_Earl_of_Warwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick</a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_Neville,_Earl_of_Warwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick</a></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Lord High Admiral </b><br />1471–1483
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Howard,_1st_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk">John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk</a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_Woodville,_1st_Earl_Rivers" title="Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers">Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers</a></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/info/en/?search=Lord_High_Constable_of_England" title="Lord High Constable of England">Lord High Constable</a> </b><br />1469–1470
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/info/en/?search=John_de_Vere,_13th_Earl_of_Oxford" title="John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford">John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford</a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/info/en/?search=John_de_Vere,_13th_Earl_of_Oxford" title="John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford">John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford</a></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Lord High Constable </b><br />1471–1483
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Stafford,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham</a></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;;;;width:50%;"><div>
<ul><li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard III</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;;;;width:50%;"><div>
<ul><li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Eochaid_(son_of_Rhun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eochaid (son of Rhun)">Eochaid</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=James_V_of_Scotland" title="James V of Scotland">James V</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_1603">
<ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/info/en/?search=Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_1707">
<ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/info/en/?search=Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Thomas_of_Woodstock,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester">Thomas of Woodstock</a> (1385–1397)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Humphrey,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester">Humphrey of Lancaster</a> (1414–1447)</li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard III</a> (1461–1483)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Stuart,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester">Henry Stuart</a> (1659–1660)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Prince_William,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince William, Duke of Gloucester">Prince William</a> (1689–1700)</li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Dukes of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a> (1764–1834)</i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Henry</a> (1928–1974)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Prince_Richard,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Richard</a> (1974–present)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster">Red Rose of Lancaster</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York">White Rose of York</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Wars_of_the_Roses_family_tree" title="Template:Wars of the Roses family tree">Family tree</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Monarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster"><img alt="Red Rose Badge of Lancaster" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/15px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/23px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/30px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard III</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose"><img alt="Tudor rose" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/15px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/23px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/30px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster"><img alt="Red Rose Badge of Lancaster" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/50px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/75px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/100px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span><br /><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose"><img alt="Tudor rose" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/50px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/75px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/100px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset">Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edmund_Beaufort_(died_1471)" title="Edmund Beaufort (died 1471)">Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Beaumont,_1st_Viscount_Beaumont" title="John Beaumont, 1st Viscount Beaumont">John Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset">Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Sutton,_1st_Baron_Dudley" title="John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley">John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=James_Butler,_5th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond">James Butler, Earl of Ormond</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Butler,_6th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond">John Butler, Earl of Ormond</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Clifford,_9th_Baron_Clifford" title="John Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford">John Clifford, Baron Clifford</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Courtenay,_15th_Earl_of_Devon" title="John Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon">John Courtenay, Earl of Devon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Holland,_3rd_Duke_of_Exeter" title="Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter">Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Neville,_Baron_Neville" title="John Neville, Baron Neville">John Neville, Baron Neville</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Neville,_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu" title="John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu">John Neville, Marquess of Montagu</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Thomas_Neville_(died_1471)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1471)">Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Percy,_2nd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Percy,_3rd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Thomas_Ros,_9th_Baron_Ros" title="Thomas Ros, 9th Baron Ros">Thomas Ros, Baron Ros</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Stafford,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham">Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Thomas_Stanley,_1st_Earl_of_Derby" title="Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby">Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=George_Stanley,_9th_Baron_Strange" title="George Stanley, 9th Baron Strange">George Stanley, Baron Strange</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=William_Stanley_(died_1495)" title="William Stanley (died 1495)">William Stanley</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=George_Talbot,_4th_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury">George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Talbot,_2nd_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury">John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Andrew_Trollope" title="Andrew Trollope">Andrew Trollope</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=James_Tuchet,_5th_Baron_Audley" title="James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley">James Tuchet, Baron Audley</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edmund_Tudor,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond" title="Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond">Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jasper_Tudor" title="Jasper Tudor">Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_5"><sup>5</sup></span></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Margaret Beaufort</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Owen_Tudor" title="Owen Tudor">Owen Tudor</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_Woodville,_Lord_Scales" title="Edward Woodville, Lord Scales">Edward Woodville, Lord Scales</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/50px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/75px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/100px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville, Queen of England</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_de_la_Pole,_Earl_of_Lincoln" title="John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln">John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Thomas_FitzGerald,_7th_Earl_of_Desmond" title="Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Desmond">Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=William_Herbert,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke_(died_1469)" title="William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1469)">William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=William_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings" title="William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings">William Hastings, Baron Hastings</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Howard,_1st_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk">John Howard, Duke of Norfolk</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Francis_Lovell,_1st_Viscount_Lovell" title="Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell">Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Mowbray,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Thomas_Neville_(died_1460)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1460)">Sir Thomas Neville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=William_Neville,_Earl_of_Kent" title="William Neville, Earl of Kent">William Neville, Earl of Kent</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_Herbert_of_Coldbrook" title="Richard Herbert of Coldbrook">Sir Richard Herbert</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edmund, Earl of Rutland">Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence">George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon">Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard of York</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">St Albans (First)</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Blore_Heath" title="Battle of Blore Heath">Blore Heath</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rout_of_Ludford_Bridge" title="Rout of Ludford Bridge">Ludford Bridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)" title="Battle of Sandwich (1460)">Sandwich</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Siege_of_the_Tower_of_London_(1460)" title="Siege of the Tower of London (1460)">Siege of the Tower of London</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)" title="Battle of Northampton (1460)">Northampton</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Worksop" title="Battle of Worksop">Worksop</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Wakefield" title="Battle of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Mortimer%27s_Cross" title="Battle of Mortimer's Cross">Mortimer's Cross</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Second_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="Second Battle of St Albans">St Albans (Second)</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Ferrybridge" title="Battle of Ferrybridge">Ferrybridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Towton</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Hedgeley_Moor" title="Battle of Hedgeley Moor">Hedgeley Moor</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Hexham" title="Battle of Hexham">Hexham</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Edgcote" title="Battle of Edgcote">Edgcote</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Piltown" title="Battle of Piltown">Battle of Piltown</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Losecoat_Field" title="Battle of Losecoat Field">Losecoat Field</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Barnet</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Battle of Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Siege_of_London_(1471)" title="Siege of London (1471)">Siege of London</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Bosworth Field</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Stoke_Field" title="Battle of Stoke Field">Stoke Field</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Act_of_Accord" title="Act of Accord">Act of Accord</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Buckingham%27s_rebellion" title="Buckingham's rebellion">Buckingham's rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Issue_of_Edward_III_of_England" title="Issue of Edward III of England">Issue of Edward III of England</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Loveday_(1458)" title="Loveday (1458)">Loveday (1458)</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bonville%E2%80%93Courtenay_feud" title="Bonville–Courtenay feud">Bonville–Courtenay feud</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Percy%E2%80%93Neville_feud" title="Percy–Neville feud">Percy–Neville feud</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Neville%E2%80%93Neville_feud" title="Neville–Neville feud">Neville–Neville feud</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Readeption_of_Henry_VI" title="Readeption of Henry VI">Readeption of Henry VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Stafford_and_Lovell_rebellion" title="Stafford and Lovell rebellion">Stafford and Lovell rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Perkin_Warbeck" title="Perkin Warbeck">Perkin Warbeck</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Deal" title="Battle of Deal">Battle of Deal</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Second_Cornish_uprising_of_1497" title="Second Cornish uprising of 1497">Second Cornish uprising of 1497</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span> Briefly joined the Lancastrians. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span> Briefly joined the Yorkists. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span> Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span> Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_5"><sup>5</sup></span> Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim.
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/info/en/?search=Category:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Category:Wars of the Roses">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133028#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133028#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133028#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/52409/">FAST</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122766347">ISNI</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/13099920">VIAF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1560455411972">Norway</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948235t">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948235t">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614651506706">Catalonia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118600265">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007308090805171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80037043">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp3562r945m7fk5">Sweden</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000232759&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621368">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0009127&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35450656">Australia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record158219">Greece</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000505972&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069173125">Netherlands</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810640583905606">Poland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/77127">Vatican</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/66146">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118600265.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/957397">Trove</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027441768">IdRef</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |