Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Castilian warlord and Prince of Valencia from 1094 to 1099}}
{{Other uses}}
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{{Infobox royalty
|title= [[Prince]] of [[Taifa of Valencia|Valencia]]
| name = Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (El Cid)
| image = Estatua del Cid (Burgos).jpg
| caption = Statue of El Cid in [[Burgos]], Spain
| succession = [[Taifa of Valencia|Prince of Valencia]]
| reign= 1094{{snd}}1099
| coronation= 1094
| predecessor = [[Ibn Jahaf]]
| successor = [[Jimena Díaz]]
| spouse = [[Jimena Díaz]]
| house =
| father = Diego Laínez
| mother =
| issue = [[Diego Rodríguez (Son of El Cid)|Diego Rodríguez]]<br/>[[Cristina Rodríguez (noble)|Cristina Rodríguez]]<br/>[[María Rodríguez de Vivar|María Rodríguez]]
| birth_name = Rodrigo Díaz
| birth_date = {{circa|1043}}
| birth_place = [[Vivar del Cid|Vivar]], [[Burgos]]
| death_date = {{death date|1099|7|10|df=y}} (aged around 56)
| death_place = [[Valencia]]
| place of burial = [[Burgos Cathedral]]
| signature = Signature of El Cid.svg
}}
'''Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar''' ({{circa|1043}} – 10 July 1099) was a Castilian knight and ruler in [[medieval Spain]]. Fighting both with Christian and Muslim armies during his lifetime, he earned the Arabic honorific {{transl|ar|as-Sayyid}} ("the Lord" or "the Master"), which would evolve into '''El Çid''' ({{IPA-es|el ˈθið|lang}}, {{IPA-all|el ˈts̻id|Old Spanish:}}), and the Spanish honorific '''El Campeador''' ("the Champion"). He was born in [[Vivar del Cid|Vivar]], a village near the city of [[Burgos]]. As the head of his loyal knights, he came to dominate the [[Levante, Spain|Levante]] of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] at the end of the 11th century. He reclaimed the [[Taifa of Valencia]] from Muslim control for a brief period during the ''[[Reconquista]]'', ruling the principality as its {{ill|Lordship of Valencia|lt=lord|es|Señorío de Valencia}} from 17 June 1094 until his death in 1099. His wife, [[Jimena Díaz]], inherited the city and maintained it until 1102 when it was reconquered by the Moors.
Díaz de Vivar became well known for his service in the armies of both Christian and Muslim rulers. After his death, El Cid became Spain's most celebrated national hero and the protagonist of the most significant medieval Spanish epic poem, {{lang|osp|[[Cantar de mio Cid|El Cantar de mio Cid]]}},<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barton|first=Simon & Richard Fletcher|title=The world of El Cid: chronicles of the Spanish reconquest|date=2000|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=0-7190-5225-4|location=Manchester|oclc=45486279}}</ref> which presents him as the ideal medieval knight: strong, valiant, loyal, just, and pious.
There are various theories on his family history, which remains uncertain; however, he was the grandfather of [[García Ramírez of Navarre|García Ramírez]] de Pamplona, King of Navarre, the first son of his daughter [[Cristina Rodríguez (noble)|Cristina Rodríguez]]. To this day, El Cid remains a popular Spanish folk hero and national icon, with his life and deeds remembered in popular culture.<ref>Ventura Fuentes (1908). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/El Cid|El Cid]]". In ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''3.''' New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref><ref>Henry Edward Watts (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cid, The|Cid, The]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''6.''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 361–362.</ref>
== Etymology: ''Cid'' and ''Campeador'' ==
[[File:Dotación del Cid a la catedral de Valencia 1098.jpg|thumb|345x345px|Here on the penultimate and final line of the document's text appears the autograph of Rodrigo Díaz: «{{lang|la|ego ruderico, simul cum coniuge mea, afirmo oc quod superius scriptum est.|i=no}}» This translates as "I Rodrigo, together with my wife, affirm that which is written above."]]
Rodrigo Díaz was recognized with the honorary title of "Campeador" during his lifetime, as is evidenced by a document that he signed in 1098, which he signed in the Latinized expression, {{lang|la|ego Rudericus Campidoctor}}. The title "Campeador" thus comes from the Latin {{lang|la|Campidoctor}}, literally meaning "Teacher of the Field", but translatable as "Master of the Battlefield". Arabic sources from the late 11th century and early 12th century call him {{lang|ar|الكنبيطور}} ({{transl|ar|al-Kanbīṭūr}}), {{lang|ar|القنبيطور}} ({{transl|ar|al-Qanbīṭūr}}), also preceded by {{transl|ar|Rudrīq}} or {{transl|ar|Ludrīq}}, which are Arabized forms of his name and title.<ref>{{Cite web |last=gigatos |date=2022-03-12 |title=El Cid |url=https://www.trenfo.com/en/history/biographies/el-cid |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Trenfo |language=en-GB}}</ref>
The epithet of "El Cid" meant "the Lord", probably from the original Arabic ({{lang-ar|السَّيِّد|as-[[Sayyid]]|labels=none}}), and was a title given to other Christian leaders. It has been conjectured that Rodrigo Díaz received the honorific title and respectful treatment of contemporaries in Zaragoza because of his victories in the service of the King of the Taifa of Zaragoza between 1081 and 1086; however, he more likely received the epithet after his conquest of Valencia in 1094. This title appears for the first time, as {{lang|osp|Meo Çidi}}, in the {{lang|es|Poema de Almería}}, composed between 1147 and 1149.<ref>{{Cite book |title=El Cid : del hombre a la leyenda: Claustro bajo de la Catedral de Burgos, septiembre–noviembre 2007 |date=2007 |publisher=Junta de Castilla y León |author=Juan Carlos Elorza Guinea |author2=María Pilar Alonso Abad |author3=Castilla y León Junta |isbn=978-84-935781-4-5 |location=Valladolid |page=46 |oclc=433366647}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ignacio Ruiz Rodríguez |first=Félix Martínez Llorente |title=Recuerdos literarios en honor a un gran historiador de Castilla: Gonzalo Martínez Díez (1924–2015) |date=2016 |isbn=978-84-9085-787-8 |location=Madrid |pages=315 |oclc=964290692}}</ref>
The combination of "Cid Campeador" is documented from 1195 in {{lang|es|Linaje de Rodrigo Díaz}} (''The Lineage of Rodrigo Díaz'') in Navarro-Aragonese which form part of the {{lang|la|Liber regum}} written as {{lang|osp|mio Cit el Campiador}}; and in {{lang|osp|El Cantar de mio Cid}}.<ref>{{Citation |last=Deyermond |first=Alan |title=El Cantar de mio Cid y la épica anglosajona |date=2013 |work=Sonando van sus nuevas allent parte del mar |pages=217–226 |publisher=Presses universitaires du Midi |doi=10.4000/books.pumi.38431 |isbn=978-2912025852 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Summary ==
Born a member of the minor nobility, El Cid was brought up at the court of [[Ferdinand the Great]] and served Ferdinand's son, [[Sancho II of León and Castile]]. He rose to become the commander and royal standard-bearer (''armiger regis'') of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] upon Sancho's ascension in 1065. El Cid went on to lead the Castilian military campaigns against Sancho's brothers, [[Alfonso VI of León]] and [[García II of Galicia]], as well as in the Muslim kingdoms in [[al-Andalus]]. He became renowned for his military prowess in these campaigns, which helped expand the territory of the Crown of Castile at the expense of the Muslims and Sancho's brothers' kingdoms. When conspirators murdered Sancho in 1072, El Cid found himself in a difficult situation. Since Sancho was childless, the throne passed to his brother Alfonso, whom El Cid had helped remove from power. Although El Cid continued to serve the sovereign, he lost his ranking in the new court, which treated him suspiciously and kept him at arm's length. Finally, in 1081, he was exiled.<ref name="Mythology">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hkx472N8Bk8C&q=Rodrigo+%22El+Cid%22+suspicious+alfonso&pg=PA161 | title=Mythology in the Middle Ages: Heroic Tales of Monsters, Magic, and Might | publisher=ABC-CLIO | author=Fee, Christopher R. | year=2011 | pages=161 | isbn=978-0275984069}}</ref>
El Cid found work fighting for the [[Muslim]] rulers of [[Taifa of Zaragoza|Zaragoza]], whom he defended from its traditional enemy, [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]]. While in exile, he regained his reputation as a strategist and formidable military leader. He was repeatedly victorious in battle against the [[Muslim]] rulers of [[Lérida]] and their Christian allies, as well as against a large Christian army under King [[Sancho Ramírez]] of Aragon. In 1086, an expeditionary army of [[North Africa]]n [[Almoravids]] inflicted a severe defeat to Castile, compelling Alfonso to overcome the resentment he harboured against El Cid. The terms for El Cid's return to Christian service must have been attractive enough since El Cid soon found himself fighting for his former lord. Over the next several years, however, El Cid set his sights on the kingdom-city of [[Valencia]], operating more or less independently of Alfonso, while politically supporting the [[Banu Hud]] and other Muslim dynasties opposed to the Almoravids. He gradually increased his control over Valencia; the Islamic ruler, [[Yahya al-Qadir]], became his tributary in 1092. When the Almoravids instigated an uprising that resulted in the death of Al-Cádir, El Cid responded by laying siege to the city. Valencia finally fell in 1094, and El Cid established an independent principality on the Mediterranean coast of Iberia. He ruled over a [[Cultural pluralism|pluralistic]] society with the popular support of Christians and Muslims alike.<ref name="Quest">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-MIChVmZwQC|title=The Quest for El Cid|author=Fletcher, Richard A.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0195069556|location=Oxford, UK|pages=166–168, 198}}</ref>
El Cid's final years were spent fighting the Almoravid [[Berbers]]. He inflicted upon them their first major defeat in 1094, on the plains of Caurte, outside Valencia, and continued opposing them until his death. Although El Cid remained undefeated in Valencia, Diego Rodríguez, his only son and heir, died fighting against the Almoravids in the service of Alfonso in 1097. After El Cid's death in 1099, his wife, [[Jimena Díaz]], succeeded him as ruler of Valencia, but she was eventually forced to surrender the principality to the Almoravids in 1102.{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2011|p=91}}
==Title==
[[File:Carmen campidoctoris 1.jpg|thumb|First paragraph of the ''[[Carmen Campidoctoris]]'', the earliest literary treatment of El Cid's life, written to celebrate El Cid's defeat of some counts and champions]]
The name ''El Cid'' ({{IPA-es|el ˈθið|lang}}) is a modern Spanish denomination composed of the article ''el'' meaning "the" and ''Cid'', which derives from the Old Castilian loan word ''Çid'' borrowed from the dialectal Arabic word سيد ''[[sidi|sîdi]]'' or [[sayyid]], which means "lord" or "master". The [[Mozarabs]] or the Arabs that served in his ranks may have addressed him in this way, which the Christians may have transliterated and adopted. Historians, however, have not yet found contemporary records referring to Rodrigo as ''Cid.'' Arab sources use instead ''Rudriq'', ''Ludriq al-Kanbiyatur'' or ''al-Qanbiyatur'' (''Rodrigo el Campeador'').<ref>María Jesús Viguera Molins, «El Cid en las fuentes árabes», in César Hernández Alonso (coord.), ''Actas del Congreso Internacional el Cid, Poema e Historia (12–16 de julio de 1999)'', Ayuntamiento de Burgos, 2000, pp. 55–92. {{ISBN|84-87876-41-2}}</ref> The cognomen ''Campeador'' derives from Latin ''campi doctor,'' which means "battlefield master". He probably gained it during the campaigns of [[Sancho II of Castile and León|King Sancho II of Castile]] against his brothers, kings [[Alfonso VI of León and Castile|Alfonso VI of León]] and [[García II of Galicia]]. While his contemporaries left no historical sources that would have addressed him as ''Cid'', they left plenty of Christian and Arab records, some even signed documents with his autograph, addressing him as ''Campeador'', which prove that he used the Christian cognomen himself.<ref name=egoruderico>See Ramón Menéndez Pidal, [http://bibliotecadigital.jcyl.es/i18n/consulta/registro.cmd?id=4240 «Autógrafos inéditos del Cid y de Jimena en dos diplomas de 1098 y 1101»], ''Revista de Filología Española'', t. 5 (1918), Madrid, Sucesores de Hernando, 1918. Digital copy Valladolid, Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Cultura y Turismo. Dirección General de Promociones e Instituciones Culturales, 2009–2010. Original in Archivo de la Catedral de Salamanca, caja 43, legajo 2, n.º 72.</ref><ref>Alberto Montaner Frutos y Ángel Escobar, «El ''Carmen Campidoctoris'' y la materia cidiana», in ''Carmen Campidoctoris o Poema latino del Campeador'', Madrid, Sociedad Estatal España Nuevo Milenio, 2001, p. 73 [lam.]. {{ISBN|978-84-95486-20-2}}</ref><ref>Alberto Montaner Frutos, [http://e-spania.revues.org/20201 «Rodrigo el Campeador como ''princeps'' en los siglos XI y XII»]</ref><ref>Georges Martin [http://e-spania.revues.org/20087 «El primer testimonio cristiano sobre la toma de Valencia (1098)»], en el [http://e-spania.revues.org/19945 número monográfico «Rodericus Campidoctor»] de la revista electrónica [http://e-spania.revues.org/ ''e-Spania''], n.º 10 (diciembre de 2010). Online since 22 January 2011. Last time visited November 28th 2011. Complete text (Edition of the Latin text) in José Luis Martín Martín ''& al.'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=r0qwxJMJ7zoC&pg=PA79 ''Documentos de los Archivos Catedralicio y Diocesano de Salamanca (siglos XII–XIII)'', Salamanca, Universidad, 1977, doc. 1, pp. 79–81].</ref> The whole combination ''Cid Campeador'' is first documented c. 1195 in the [[Navarro-Aragonese]] ''{{ill|Linage de Rodric Díaz|es|Linaje de Rodrigo Díaz}}'' included in the ''[[Liber Regum]]'' under the formula ''mio Cid el Campeador''.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
==Life and career==
[[File:LeónDeUrraca1109-1126.svg|thumb|right|300px|Northern Iberian Peninsula under the rule of [[Urraca of León|Urraca, called '''the Reckless''' (''la Temeraria'')]] Queen of [[Kingdom of León|León]], [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Kingdom of Galicia|Galicia]] from 1109 until her death. ]]
===Origins===
El Cid was born Rodrigo Díaz circa 1043 in [[Vivar del Cid|Vivar]],<ref name="ThackerayFindling2012">{{cite book|author=Tim Watts|editor=Frank W. Thackeray |editor2=John E. Findling|title=Events That Formed the Modern World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRl1sWYShpcC&pg=PA19|date= 2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-901-1|page=19}}</ref> also known as Castillona de Bivar, a small town about ten kilometers (or six miles) north of [[Burgos]], the capital of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]]. His father, Diego Laínez, was a [[Noble court|courtier]], [[Bureaucracy|bureaucrat]], and [[cavalry]]man who had fought in several battles. Despite the fact that El Cid's mother's family was aristocratic, in later years, the peasants would consider him one of their own. However, his relatives were not major court officials; documents show that El Cid's paternal grandfather, Laín, confirmed{{vague|date=September 2022}} only five documents of [[Ferdinand I of León and Castile|Ferdinand I]]'s; his maternal grandfather, Rodrigo Álvarez, certified only two of [[Sancho II of León and Castile|Sancho II]]'s; and El Cid's father confirmed only one.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
===Service under Sancho II===
As a young man in 1057, El Cid fought against the Moorish stronghold of [[Taifa of Zaragoza|Zaragoza]], making its [[emir]] [[Ahmad al-Muqtadir|al-Muqtadir]] a vassal of Sancho. In the spring of 1063, El Cid fought in the [[Battle of Graus]], where Ferdinand's half-brother, [[Ramiro I of Aragon]], was laying siege to the Moorish town of Graus, which was fought on Zaragozan lands in the valley of the [[Cinca (Spain)|river Cinca]]. Al-Muqtadir, accompanied by Castilian troops including El Cid, fought against the Aragonese. The party slew Ramiro I, setting the Aragonese army on the run, and emerged victorious. One legend has said that during the conflict, El Cid killed an Aragonese knight in single combat, thereby receiving the honorific title "''Campeador''".<ref>{{Citation |last=Weiss |first=Julian |title='El Cid' (Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar) |date=2018-12-31 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781108672832%23CN-bp-12/type/book_part |work=The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of the Crusades |pages=184–199 |editor-last=Bale |editor-first=Anthony |edition=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108672832.013 |isbn=978-1-108-67283-2 |s2cid=165471019 |access-date=2022-11-12}}</ref>
When Ferdinand died, Sancho continued to enlarge his territory, conquering both Christian strongholds and the [[Moorish]] cities of [[Zamora, Spain|Zamora]] and [[Badajoz]]. When Sancho learned that Alfonso was planning on overthrowing him in order to gain his territory, Sancho sent Cid to bring Alfonso back so that Sancho could speak to him.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
===Service under Alfonso VI===
[[File:Jura de Santa Gadea.jpg|thumb|Marcos Giráldez de Acosta painting (1864) depicting the "[[Santa Gadea]] Oath". In the middle of the scene, [[Alfonso VI of León and Castile|Alfonso VI]] (with red cape) is swearing with his right hand on the [[Bible]] that he did not take part in the murder of his brother [[Sancho II of Castile|Sancho II]], while El Cid stands as a witness in front of him.]]
Sancho was assassinated in 1072, during a siege of his sister's town of Zamora.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Catlos |first1=Brian |title=Infidel kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, power, and violence in the age of crusade and jihad |date=2015 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |chapter=The Cid Rides Again |page=73}}</ref> Since Sancho died unmarried and childless, all of his power passed to his brother Alfonso who, almost immediately, returned from exile in [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] and took his seat as king of Castile and León. He was, however, deeply suspected of having been involved in Sancho's murder. According to the 11th century epic poem ''[[Cantar de mio Cid]]'', the Castilian nobility led by El Cid and a dozen "oath-helpers" forced Alfonso to [[oath|swear]] publicly on holy relics multiple times in front of [[Santa Gadea]] ([[Saint Agatha]]) Church in [[Burgos]] that he did not participate in the plot to kill his brother. This is not mentioned in the more reliable 12th century chronicle ''[[Historia Roderici]]'', however. El Cid's position as ''armiger regis'' was taken away and given to his enemy, Count [[García Ordóñez]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Peter Edward |date=2024-04-18 |title=El Cid |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/El-Cid-Castilian-military-leader |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref>
In 1079, El Cid was sent by Alfonso VI to [[Seville]] to the court of [[Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad|al-Mutamid]] to collect the ''[[parias]]'' owed by that ''[[taifa]]'' to León–Castile.<ref name="Chaytor-3">{{Cite book|author=Chaytor, Henry John|year=1933|chapter=Chapter 3: The Reconquest|title=A History of Aragon and Catalonia|location=London|publisher=Methuan|pages=39–40|url=http://libro.uca.edu/chaytor/achistory.htm}}</ref> While he was there Granada, assisted by other Castilian knights, attacked Seville, and El Cid and his forces repulsed the Christian and Grenadine attackers at the [[Battle of Cabra]], in the (probably mistaken) belief that he was defending the king's tributary. During the aftermath of this battle the Muslim troops under El Cid's command would hail him as Sayyidi.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Catlos |first1=Brian |title=Infidel kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, power, and violence in the age of crusade and jihad |date=2015 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |chapter=The Cid Rides Again |page=74}}</ref> Count García Ordóñez and the other Castilian leaders<ref>The ''[[Historia Roderici]]'' says that the other two Castilian leaders were Diego Pérez and Lope Sánchez. {{Cite book|author=de los Rios, José Amador|title=Historia Crítica de la Literatura Española, Tomo III, (II Parte, Subciclo I) (The History and Criticism of Spanish Literature, Volume III (Second Part, subpart I))|publisher=J. Rodriguez|year=1863|location=Madrid, Spain|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ADkLAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA104 104]|language=es|chapter=Capitulo 3: Primeros Monumentos Escritos de la Poesía Castellana (Chapter 3: First-Written Monuments of Castilian Poetry)}}</ref> were taken captive and held for three days before being released.<ref name="Chaytor-3"/>
===Exile===
In the [[Battle of Cabra]] (1079), El Cid rallied his troops and turned the battle into a rout of Emir Abdullah of [[Granada]] and his ally García Ordóñez. This unauthorized expedition into Granada, however, greatly angered Alfonso and May 8, 1080 was the last time El Cid confirmed a document in King Alfonso's court. The most likely reason was El Cid's incursion into Toledo, which happened to be under the control of Alfonso’s vassal, Yahya Al-Qadir.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ángel Ferreiro |first1=Miguel |title="La Conquista De Toledo, Mayo De 1085," |url=https://elretohistorico.com/la-capitulacion-de-toledo-en-mayo-de-1085/. |website=El Reto Histórico |access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref> Alfonso's anger over El Cid's unsanctioned incursion into his vassal's territory would lead him to exile the knight.<ref>{{cite book |last1=García Fitz |first1=Francisco |title=Relaciones Políticas y Guerra: La Experiencia Castellano-Leonesa Frente Al Islam: Siglos XI–XIII |date=2015 |publisher=Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla |pages=47–48 |isbn=978-8447207084 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3o0CJVLbZKIC&pg=PA47 |access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref>
This is the generally accepted reason for the exile of El Cid, although several others are plausible and indeed may have been contributing factors to the exile: jealous nobles turning Alfonso against El Cid through court intrigue, and Alfonso's own personal animosity towards El Cid. The song of El Cid and subsequent tales state that Alfonso’s and his court’s animosity toward Rodrigo was the primary reason the expulsion of the knights from León,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Inti Fernandez |first1=Yanes |title=The Cross and the Sword: Political Myth-Making, Hegemony, and Intericonicity in the Christianization of the Iberian Peninsula and Britain |date=May 1, 2018 |publisher=OAKTrust |page=138 |url=https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/173380. |access-date=15 December 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> as well as a possible misappropriation of some of the tribute from Seville by El Cid.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
At first he went to [[Barcelona]], where [[Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona|Ramon Berenguer II]] refused his offer of service.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
==Moorish service==
[[File:Reinos de Taifas 1080.png|thumb|During his service to the [[Taifa of Zaragoza]], he had gained a prominent reputation and the title ''El Cid'' (the lord). He is also known to have developed links with the other [[Taifas]] in 1080.]]
[[File:La Aljafería - Palacio taifa 02.JPG|thumb|Detail of the [[Aljafería|Aljaferia palace]], in the [[Taifa of Zaragoza]]]]
The exile was not the end of El Cid, either physically or as an important figure. After being rejected by [[Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona|Ramon Berenguer II]], El Cid journeyed to the [[Taifa of Zaragoza]], where he received a warmer welcome. In 1081, El Cid went on to offer his services to the king of [[Zaragoza]], [[Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud]], and served both him and his successor, [[al-Musta'in II]]. He was given the title ''El Cid'' (''The Master'') and served as a leading figure in a diverse Moorish force consisting of [[Muwallad]]s, [[Berber people|Berber]]s, [[Arab]]s, and [[Mali]]ans within the respective Taifa.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}
According to Moorish accounts:
{{blockquote|[[al-Andalus|Andalusi]] [[Knight]]s found El Cid their foe ill, thirsty and exiled from the court of [[Alfonso VI of León and Castile|Alfonso]], he was presented before the elderly [[Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud]] and accepted command of the forces of the [[Taifa of Zaragoza]] as their Master.}}
In his ''History of Medieval Spain'' (Cornell University Press, 1975), Joseph F. O'Callaghan writes:
{{blockquote|That kingdom was divided between [[Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud|al-Mutamin]] (1081–1085) who ruled [[Zaragoza]] proper, and his brother [[Mundhir al-Hajib|al-Mundhir]], who ruled [[Taifa of Lleida|Lérida]] and [[Tortosa]]. El Cid entered al-Mutamin's service and successfully defended Zaragoza against the assaults of al-Mundhir, [[Sancho I of Aragón]], and Ramon Berenguer II, whom he held captive briefly in 1082.}}
In 1082, the army of the [[Taifa of Zaragoza]] under El Cid defeated the [[Taifa of Lleida]] at the [[Battle of Almenar (1082)|Battle of Almenar]]. In 1084, he defeated the [[Aragon]]ese at the [[Battle of Morella]] near [[Tortosa]], but in autumn the Castilians started a loose siege of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] and later the next year the Christians captured [[Salamanca]], a stronghold of the [[Taifa of Toledo]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
In 1086, the [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravid]] invasion of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], through and around [[Gibraltar]], began. The Almoravids, a [[Berber people|Berber]] dynasty from [[North Africa]], led by [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]], were asked to help defend the divided Moors from Alfonso. The Almoravid army, joined by that of several Taifas, including [[Badajoz]], [[Málaga]], [[Granada]], [[Tortosa]] and [[Seville]], defeated a combined army of [[Kingdom of León|León]], [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragón]], and [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] at the [[Battle of Sagrajas]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baer |first1=George |last2=Dupuy |first2=Trevor N. |last3=Johnson |first3=Curt |last4=Bongard |first4=David L. |date=July 1994 |title=The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944137 |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=515 |doi=10.2307/2944137 |jstor=2944137 |issn=0899-3718}}</ref>
In 1087, [[Raymond of Burgundy]] and his Christian allies attempted to weaken the Taifa of Zaragoza's northernmost stronghold by initiating the [[Siege of Tudela]] and Alfonso captured [[Aledo, Murcia]], blocking the route between the Taifas in the eastern and western Iberian Peninsula.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
==Recall from exile==
[[File:The Cid ordering the Execution of Ahmed.jpg|thumb|El Cid ordering the execution of [[Almoravid]] allies after his conquest of Valencia in 1094]]
[[File:Batalla de Cuarte.svg|thumb|right|Battle of [[Quart de Poblet]] (21 October 1094). El Cid's troops are in green, [[Almoravid]] troops are in red.]]
Terrified after his crushing defeat, Alfonso recalled El Cid, rewarding him lavishly with lands and lordships, such as the fortress of Gormaz. In the year 1087 Alfonso sent him to negotiate with the emboldened Taifa kingdoms.<ref name="Catlos2015">{{cite book |last1=Catlos |first1=Brian A. |title=Infidel Kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, Power, and Violence in the Age of Crusade and Jihad |date=2015 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |page=127 |isbn=978-0809058372 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Z4WBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT127 |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref>
El Cid returned to Alfonso, but now he had his own plans. He only stayed a short while and then returned to Zaragoza. El Cid was content to let the Almoravid armies and the armies of Alfonso fight without his help, even when there was a chance that the Almoravids might defeat Alfonso and take over all of Alfonso's lands. El Cid chose not to fight because he was hoping that both armies would weaken themselves. {{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}
===Conquest of Valencia===
Around this time, El Cid, with a combined Christian and Moorish army, began maneuvering in order to create his own fief in the Moorish [[Mediterranean]] coastal city of [[Valencia]]. Several obstacles lay in his way. First was Berenguer Ramon II, who ruled nearby [[Barcelona]]. In May 1090, El Cid defeated and captured Berenguer in the Battle of Tébar (nowadays Pinar de Tévar, near [[Monroyo]], [[province of Teruel|Teruel]]). Berenguer was later released and his nephew Ramon Berenguer III married El Cid's youngest daughter Maria to ward against future conflicts.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
Along the way to Valencia, El Cid also conquered other towns, many of which were near Valencia, such as [[El Puig]] and [[Quart de Poblet]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
El Cid gradually came to have more influence in Valencia, then ruled by [[Yahya al-Qadir]], of the [[Hawwara]] Berber [[Dhulnunid dynasty]]. In October 1092 an uprising occurred in Valencia, inspired by the city's chief judge Ibn Jahhaf and the Almoravids. El Cid began a siege of Valencia. A December 1093 attempt to break the siege failed. By the time the siege ended in May 1094, El Cid had carved out his own principality on the coast of the Mediterranean. Officially, El Cid ruled in the name of Alfonso; in practice, El Cid was fully independent. The city was both Christian and Muslim, and both Moors and Christians served in the army and as administrators. [[Jerome of Périgord]] was made bishop.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
===Death===
[[File:Burgos - Catedral 069 - Tumba del Cid.jpg|thumb|[[Tomb]] of El Cid and his wife Doña Jimena at the [[Burgos Cathedral]]]]
El Cid and his wife [[Jimena Díaz]] lived peacefully in Valencia until the Almoravids besieged the city.
But he defeated them and died 5 years later, on July 10, 1099.
Afterward Valencia was captured by [[Mazdali ibn Tilankan|Mazdali]] on May 5, 1102. Jimena fled to Burgos, Castile, in 1101. She rode into the town with her retinue and the body of El Cid. Originally buried in Castile in the monastery of {{interlanguage link|San Pedro de Cardeña|es|Monasterio de San Pedro_de Cardeña|ca|San Pedro de Cardeña}}, his body now lies at the center of [[Burgos Cathedral]].<ref>Henry Edward Watts (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cid, The|Cid, The]]" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''6.''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 361–362.</ref>
===Legend of posthumous victory===
After his demise, but still during the siege of Valencia, legend holds that Jimena ordered that the corpse of El Cid be fitted with his armor and set on his horse, Babieca, to bolster the morale of his troops. In several variations of the story, the dead Rodrigo and his knights win a thundering charge against Valencia's besiegers, resulting in a war-is-lost-but-battle-is-won [[catharsis]] for generations of Christian Spaniards to follow. It is believed that the legend originated shortly after Jimena entered Burgos, and that it is derived from the manner in which Jimena's procession rode into the city, i.e. alongside her deceased husband.<ref name="Perea Rodríguez">{{cite web|last=Perea Rodríguez|first=Óscar|title=Díaz de Vivar, Rodrigo o El Cid (1043–1099)|url=http://www.mcnbiografias.com|access-date=23 April 2012|archive-date=14 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414202417/http://www.mcnbiografias.com/}}</ref>
==Warrior and general==
===Battle tactics===
During his campaigns, El Cid often ordered that books by classic [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] and [[Greek literature|Greek]] authors on military themes be read aloud to him and his troops, for both entertainment and inspiration before battle. El Cid's army had a novel approach to planning strategy as well, holding what might be called "[[brainstorming]]" sessions before each battle to discuss tactics. They frequently used unexpected strategies, engaging in what modern generals would call [[psychological warfare]]—waiting for the enemy to be paralyzed with terror and then attacking them suddenly; distracting the enemy with a small group of soldiers, etc. (El Cid used this distraction in capturing the town of Castejón as depicted in ''[[Cantar de mio Cid]]'' (''The Song of my Cid'').) El Cid accepted or included suggestions from his troops. In ''The Song'' the man who served him as his closest adviser was his vassal and kinsman [[Álvar Fáñez]] "''Minaya''" (meaning ''"My brother"'', a compound word of Spanish possessive ''Mi'' (My) and ''Anaia'', the basque word for ''brother''), although the historical Álvar Fáñez remained in Castile with Alfonso VI.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
===Babieca===
[[File:Cardeña tumba babieca 03320.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Babieca at the monastery of [[San Pedro de Cardeña]]]]
'''Babieca''', or '''Bavieca''', was El Cid's [[warhorse]]. Several stories exist about El Cid and Babieca. One well-known legend about El Cid describes how he acquired the [[stallion]]. According to this story, Rodrigo's godfather, Pedro El Grande, was a monk at a [[Carthusian]] [[monastery]]. Pedro's coming-of-age gift to El Cid was his pick of a horse from an [[Andalusian horse|Andalusian]] herd. El Cid picked a horse that his godfather thought was a weak, poor choice, causing the monk to exclaim "''Babieca!''" (stupid!). Hence, it became the name of El Cid's horse. Another legend states that in a competition of battle to become King Sancho's "Campeador", or champion, a knight on horseback wished to challenge El Cid. The King wished a fair fight and gave El Cid his finest horse, Babieca, or Bavieca. This version says Babieca was raised in the royal stables of Seville and was a highly trained and loyal war horse, not a foolish stallion. The name in this instance could suggest that the horse came from the Babia region in [[León (historical region)|León, Spain]]. In the poem ''[[Carmen Campidoctoris]]'', Babieca appears as a gift from "a barbarian" to El Cid, so its name could also be derived from "Barbieca", or "horse of the barbarian".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergen |first=Ard van |title=Rodrigo 'el Cid' "El Cid" Díaz de Vivar príncipe de Valencia (± 1043–1099) » maximum test » Genealogy Online |url=https://www.genealogieonline.nl/en/maximum-test/I5666856869970026974.php |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Genealogy Online |language=en}}</ref>
Regardless, Babieca became a great warhorse, famous to the Christians, feared by El Cid's enemies, and loved by El Cid, who allegedly requested that Babieca be buried with him in the monastery of [[San Pedro de Cardeña]].<ref name="Quest"/> Babieca is mentioned in several tales and historical documents about El Cid, including ''The Lay of El Cid''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Gutenberg's "The Lay of the Cid" |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/6088/6088-h/6088-h.htm |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref>
===Swords===
A weapon traditionally identified as El Cid's [[sword]], [[Tizona]], used to be displayed in the Army Museum (Museo del Ejército) in Toledo. In 1999, a small sample of the blade underwent metallurgical analysis which confirmed that the blade was made in Moorish [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] in the eleventh century and contained amounts of [[Damascus steel]].<ref name="John Wiley & Sons, Ltd">{{cite journal |last1=Alonso |first1=J. I. Garcia |last2=Martinez |first2=J. A. |last3=Criado |first3=A. J. |year=1999 |title=Origin of El Cid's sword revealed by ICP-MS metal analysis |journal=Spectroscopy Europe |volume=11 |issue=4 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.}}</ref>
In 2007, the Autonomous Community of [[Castile and León]] bought the sword for €1.6 million,<ref name="Hill2014">{{cite book|author=Tom Hill|title=Swords of El Cid: "Rodrigo! May God curse him!"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RhG_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT330|date= 2014|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=978-1-78333-651-7|page=330}}</ref> and it is currently on display at the Museum of [[Burgos]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Medieval Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LR5pCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1739|date=31 August 2015|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-037761-3|page=1739}}</ref>
El Cid also had a sword called [[Colada]].<ref name="HamiltonMichael1984">{{cite book|author1=Rita Hamilton|author2=Ian Michael|title=Cantar de mio Cid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYPWN2RMcFoC&pg=PA187|year=1984|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-044446-9|page=187}}</ref>
==Wife and children==
[[File:Cronica del muy esforçado cauallero el Cid ruy diaz campeador.gif|thumb|El Cid depicted on the title page of a 16th-century working of his story]]
El Cid married [[Jimena Díaz]], who was said to be part of an aristocratic family from Asturias, in the mid-1070s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barton |first1=Simon |last2=Fletcher |first2=Richard |title=The World of El Cid |year=2000 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1526112637 |page=90 |url=https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781526112637/9781526112637.00013.xml?rskey=bpxyLl&result=2 |access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref> The ''[[Historia Roderici]]'' calls her a daughter of a Count [[Diego Fernández de Oviedo]]. Tradition states that when El Cid first laid eyes on her, he was enamoured of her great beauty. El Cid and Jimena had two daughters, Cristina and María, and a son. The latter, [[Diego Rodríguez (Son of El Cid)|Diego Rodríguez]], was killed while fighting against the invading Muslim Almoravids from [[North Africa]] at the [[Battle of Consuegra]] in 1097. El Cid's daughters [[Cristina Rodríguez (noble)|Cristina Rodríguez]] and [[María Rodríguez de Vivar|María]] both married into noble families. Cristina married [[Ramiro Sánchez, Lord of Monzón|Ramiro]], Lord of [[Monzón]] and grandson of [[García Sánchez III of Navarre]]. Her own son, El Cid's grandson, would be elevated to the throne of [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]] as King [[García Ramírez of Navarre|García Ramírez]]. The other daughter, [[María Rodríguez de Vivar|María]] (also known as Sol), is said first to have married a prince of Aragon, presumably the son of [[Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona|Peter I]], and she later married [[Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona|Ramon Berenguer III]], count of [[Barcelona]]. Both the poem and the chronicle may state a previous marriage to the {{ill|infantes de Carrión|es}}; however, these marriages are not a historical fact and are an important element in the construction of the poem.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Girón Alconchel|first1=José Luis|title=Cantar de mio Cid|last2=Pérez Escribano|first2=María Virginia|publisher=Ed. Castalia|year=1995|isbn=84-7039-719-2|location=Madrid|pages=11–50}}</ref>
==In literature, music, video games, and film==
The figure of El Cid has been the source for many literary works, beginning with the ''[[Cantar de mio Cid]]'', an [[epic poem]] from the 12th century which gives a partly-fictionalized account of his life, and was one of the early [[chivalric romance]]s. This poem, along with similar later works such as the ''[[Mocedades de Rodrigo]]'', contributed to portray El Cid as a chivalric hero of the Reconquista,<ref name="Woolf2011">{{cite book|author=Daniel Woolf|title=A Global History of History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7r7SaTXGXEC&pg=PA110|date= 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-87575-2|page=110}}</ref> making him a legendary figure in Spain. El Cid is one of the few examples of knight errantry formally recognized by the priest in [[Miguel de Cervantes]]'s ''[[Don Quixote]]'' (1605-1615).<ref>Cervantes. Don Quixote of La Mancha. 1605.</ref> In the early 17th century, the Spanish writer [[Guillén de Castro y Bellvis|Guillén de Castro]] wrote a play called ''Las Mocedades del Cid'', on which French playwright [[Pierre Corneille]] based one of his most famous tragicomedies, ''[[Le Cid]]''.<ref name="Gale2016">{{cite book|author=Gale|title=A Study Guide for Pierre Corneille's "Le Cid"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xtn2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT3|year=2016|publisher=Gale, Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-4103-5088-6|page=3}}</ref> He was also a popular source of inspiration for Spanish writers of the [[Romanticism|Romantic period]], such as [[Juan Eugenio Hartzenbusch]], who wrote ''La Jura de Santa Gadea'', or [[José Zorrilla]], who wrote a long poem called ''La Leyenda del Cid''. In 2019, [[Arturo Pérez-Reverte]] published the novel entitled ''Sidi: Un relato de frontera''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pérez-Reverte |first1=Arturo |title='Sidi', un relato de frontera |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/09/10/eps/1568111634_521646.html |access-date=6 October 2019 |work=El País |date=15 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pérez-Reverte |first1=Arturo |title=Adelanto del primer capítulo de la nueva novela de Pérez-Reverte, 'Sidi' |url=https://www.elmundo.es/cultura/laesferadepapel/2019/09/02/5d651af921efa0440b8b45b6.html |access-date=6 October 2019 |work=El Mundo |date=2 September 2019}}</ref>
[[Herman Melville]] references El Cid when introducing the character of Samoa in Chapter 21 of ''[[Mardi]]'' (1849): "He alighted about six paces from where we stood, and balancing his weapon, eyed us bravely as the Cid".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Melville |first=Herman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUNVW_2p5U8C&dq=He+alighted+about+six+paces+from+where+we+stood%2C+and+balancing+his+weapon%2C+eyed+us+bravely+as+the+Cid&pg=PA76 |title=The Works of Herman Melville: no. 3. Mardi, and a voyage thither |date=1922 |publisher=Constable Limited |language=en}}</ref>
[[Georges Bizet]] worked on ''Don Rodrigue'' in 1873 that was set aside and never completed. [[Jules Massenet]] wrote an opera, ''[[Le Cid (opera)|Le Cid]]'', in 1885, based on Corneille's play of the same name. [[Claude Debussy]] began work in 1890 on an opera, ''[[Rodrigue et Chimène]]'', which he abandoned as unsuitable for his temperament; it was orchestrated for performance by [[Edison Denisov]] circa 1993.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Devoto |first1=Mark |title=Review: Claude Debussy Rodrigue et Chimène. Édition de Richard Langham Smith |journal=Notes: Quarterly Journal of the Music Library Association |date=December 2004 |volume=61 |issue=2 |doi=10.1353/not.2004.0131 |s2cid=194081830}}</ref>
El Cid is portrayed by American actor [[Charlton Heston]] in a 1961 [[El Cid (film)|epic film of the same name]]<ref name="Fletcher1991">{{cite book|author=Richard A. Fletcher|title=The Quest for El Cid|url=https://archive.org/details/questforelcid00flet|url-access=registration|year=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-506955-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/questforelcid00flet/page/5 5]}}</ref> directed by [[Anthony Mann]], where the character of Doña Ximena is portrayed by Italian actress [[Sophia Loren]].<ref name="Smith2009">{{cite book|author=Gary Allen Smith|title=Epic Films: Casts, Credits and Commentary on More Than 350 Historical Spectacle Movies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihaBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|edition=2nd|date= 2009|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-0418-3|page=76}}</ref><ref name="Gale 20168">{{cite book|author=Gale|title=A Study Guide for Anonymous's "Cantar de mio Cid (El Cid)"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CxszDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT8|year=2016|publisher=Gale, Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-4103-4239-3|page=8}}</ref> In 2020, [[Amazon Prime Video]] premiered a [[El Cid (TV series)|Spanish TV series]] with [[Jaime Lorente]] starring as ''El Cid''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Silvestre |first1=Juan |title='El Cid' de Jaime Lorente para Amazon Prime Video completa su reparto |url=https://www.fotogramas.es/series-tv-noticias/a29318222/el-cid-amazon-prime-video-reparto/ |access-date=20 January 2020 |work=Fotogramas |date=1 October 2019}}</ref>
In 1979, [[Crack (band)|Crack]], one of the most prominent progressive rock bands from Spain, released their first and only album ''Si Todo Hiciera Crack'' including "Marchando una del Cid", a song based on the epic legend of El Cid.<ref name="DiGioiaA2020">{{cite book|author=Amanda DiGioia|title=Multilingual metal music: Sociocultural, linguistic, and literary perspectives on heavy metal music|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XyYNEAAAQBAJ|date=2020|publisher=United Kingdom: Emerald Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-8390-9950-2|pages=61–77|access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref>
In 1980, ''[[Ruy, the Little Cid]]'' was an [[anime|animated series]] based on El Cid's childhood made by [[Nippon Animation]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Ruy, el pequeño Cid |date=1980-10-05 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1304919/ |type=Animation, Adventure, Drama |publisher=BRB Internacional S.A., Nippon Animation Co., Televisión Española (TVE) |access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref>
El Cid was described to inspire Ferny about his Spanish heritage in "The Legend of Raloo", episode 16 of season 1 of ''[[Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks]]'' in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=Age of Empires II: The Conquerors (Manual) |url=https://archive.org/details/manual_201704/page/n1/mode/2up |website=Archive.org |access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref>
In the second ''[[Age of Empires]]'' video game installment, ''[[Age of Empires II: The Conquerors|The Conquerors]]'' expansion pack, there is a campaign starring El Cid Campeador.<ref>{{cite web |title=texts Age of Empires II: The Conquerors (Manual) |url=https://archive.org/details/manual_201704/mode/2up |website=Archive.org |access-date=15 July 2022 |ref=33 |pages=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://gamerant.com/age-of-empires-ranked-best-worst/|last=Hospodar|first=Mark|date=2021-11-09|publisher=GameRant|title=Every Age Of Empires Game, Ranked|quote="In 2000, The Conquerors expansion was released, which added new campaigns such as Attila the Hun and El Cid."}}</ref>
In both the first and second ''[[Medieval: Total War]]'' games, El Cid appears as a powerful independent general in the castle of Valencia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Dan |date=2002-01-09 |title=Medieval: Total War |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/01/09/medieval-total-war-6 |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=IGN |language=en}}</ref>
In 2003, the Spanish animated film ''[[El Cid: The Legend]]'' was released.<ref name="Muñoz 2023 a617">{{cite web | last=Muñoz | first=Michel | title=Las Miradas Sobre Mío Cid | publisher=El Diadigital | date=2023-12-08 | url=https://eldiadigital.es/art/445618/las-miradas-sobre-mio-cid | language=es | access-date=2024-05-02}}</ref>
''[[El ministerio del tiempo|The Ministry of Time]]'', a Spanish science fiction television series, portrayed El Cid in season 2, episode 1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Ministerio del Tiempo – Capítulo 9 – T2 |url=https://www.rtve.es/television/ministerio-del-tiempo/capitulos-completos/temporada-2/capitulo-9/index.shtml |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=RTVE.es |language=es}}</ref>
El Cid is a playable character in the Mobile/PC Game [[Rise of Kingdoms]].
El Cid is a playable character in ''[[Crusader Kings II]]'' and Crusader Kings III in start dates corresponding to his historical rule over Valencia.
==Gallery==
{{gallery
|File:Monumento al Cid (Burgos) 01.jpg|General view of the 1954 Juan Cristóbal González Quesada's statue of El Cid in [[Burgos]]
|File:Burgos - Arco de Santa Maria - El Cid.JPG|Statue of El Cid included in the 14th- to 15th-century "Santa María" gateway, Burgos
|File:Cid.png|1344 medieval [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniature]] showing the decapitation of Count Lozano by El Cid
|File:Burgos gigantones 1.jpg|Burgalese traditional representation (called "''Gigantones''") of El Cid that is taken to the streets during the town major festivity. Doña Jimena's representation is behind.
|File:Burgos. El Solar del Cid.jpg|The terrain known as the "Solar del Cid", where his house was located. The monument was erected in 1784. Photo taken in Burgos, c. 1865–1892.
|File:Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar crop.jpg|El Cid depiction on the book ''Portraits of illustrious Spaniards'' (1791)
|File:Camino del Cid Mecerreyes.jpg|In 2008, this El Cid statue made by Ángel Gil Cuevas was placed in [[Mecerreyes]], at the path of the "[[Camino del Cid]]".
|File:La Jura de Santa Gadea. Armando Menocal. 1889.JPG|Another version of the "Santa Gadea Oath", painted by Armando Menocal in 1889
|File:El cofre del Cid.Catedral de Burgos (4952394218).jpg|El Cid's chest at Burgos Cathedral
|File:El Cid portrait · HHWX54.svg|El Cid portrait from ''[[The Historians' History of the World]]''
|File:El Cid-Med-Plaza Mayor (Salamanca).jpg|El Cid medallion (1733–34) at the [[Plaza Mayor, Salamanca]]
|File:Vicents Cots Primera hazaña del Cid.jpeg|1864 Juan Vicens Cots painting "''La Primera hazaña de El Cid''" depicts a young Rodrigo Díaz showing his father Diego Laínez the severed head of [[Count]] Lozano, the father of his future wife [[Jimena Díaz|Doña Jimena]]. Count Lozano had previously mocked and slapped elderly Diego Laínez.
}}
==See also==
* [[Camino del Cid]]
* [[El Cid (TV series)]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
== General and cited sources==
===Primary===
*Kurtz, Barbara E. [https://web.archive.org/web/20040604054322/http://lilt.ilstu.edu/bekurtz/elcid.htm ''El Cid''.] University of Illinois.
*I. Michael. ''The Poem of El Cid''. Manchester: 1975.
*''The Song of El Cid.'' Translated by Burton Raffel. Penguin Classics, 2009.
*[http://www.planetalibro.com.ar/ebooks/eam/ebook_view.php?ebooks_books_id=85 ''Cantar de mío Cid'' – Spanish] (free PDF)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070206050934/http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Spain/treasures_en.xml Poema de Mio Cid, Códice de Per Abbat] in the [[European Library]] (third item on page)
*R. Selden Rose and Leonard Bacon (trans.) ''The Lay of El Cid.'' Semicentennial Publications of the University of California: 1868–1918. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=TcgJAAAAQAAJ Romancero e historia del muy valeroso caballero El Cid Ruy Díaz de Vibar] (1828)
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=0y1RAAAAcAAJ Cronica del muy esforçado cavallero el Cid ruy diaz campeador] (1533)
* [https://aymennaltamimi.substack.com/p/the-carmen-campidoctoris-poem-on Carmen Campidoctoris, a Latin poem on El Cid]
===Secondary (not cited)===
*Simon Barton and Richard Fletcher. ''The world of El Cid, Chronicles of the Spanish reconquest''. Manchester: University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-7190-5225-4}} hardback, {{ISBN|0-7190-5226-2}} paperback.
*Gonzalo Martínez Díez, "El Cid Histórico: Un Estudio Exhaustivo Sobre el Verdadero Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar", [http://www.editorial.planeta.es Editorial Planeta] (Spain, June 1999). {{ISBN|84-08-03161-9}}
*C. Melville and A. Ubaydli (ed. and trans.), ''Christians and Moors in Spain, vol. III, Arabic sources (711–1501)''. (Warminster, 1992).
*{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia |title=Almoravids |volume=I |editor-first=Alexander |editor-last=Mikaberidze |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 }}
*Joseph F. O'Callaghan. ''A History of Medieval Spain.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975
*Peter Pierson. ''The History of Spain.'' Ed. John E. Findling and Frank W. Thacheray. Wesport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1999. 34–36.
*[http://libro.uca.edu/alfonso6/ Bernard F. Reilly. ''The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109''] Princeton, New Jersey: University Press, 1988.
*[http://balagan.info/industrial-warfare/reconquista Steven Thomas. ''711–1492: Al-Andalus and the Reconquista''.]
*M. J. Trow,''El Cid The Making of a Legend,'' Sutton Publishing Limited, 2007.
*Henry Edwards Watts. "The Story of El Cid (1026–1099)" in ''The Christian Recovery of Spain: The Story of Spain from the Moorish Conquest to the Fall of Granada (711–1492 AD)''. New York: Putnam, 1894. 71–91.
*T.Y. Henderson. "Conquests Of Valencia"
*J. I. Garcia Alonso, J. A. Martinez, A. J. Criado, "Origin of El Cid's sword revealed by ICP-MS metal analysis", Spectroscopy Europe, 11/4 (1999).
==Further reading==
* McNair, Alexander J. [https://www.scribd.com/doc/294324954 "El Cid, the Impaler?: Line 1254 of the Poem of the Cid."] ''Essays in Medieval Studies'', Volume 26, 2010, pp. 45–68
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.caminodelcid.org/Camino_TheRouteofElCid.aspx Information about The Route of El Cid – English]
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Cid, The|volume=6|pages=361–362|short=1}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ibn Jahaf]]<br /><small>(as King of Valencia)</small>}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Taifa of Valencia|Prince of Valencia]]|years=1094–1099}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ximena Díaz]]<br /><small>(as Lady of Valencia)</small>}}
{{s-end}}
{{Rodrigo Díaz}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cid, El}}
[[Category:El Cid| ]]
[[Category:1040s births]]
[[Category:1099 deaths]]
[[Category:11th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:11th-century people from the Kingdom of León]]
[[Category:Burials in the Province of Burgos]]
[[Category:Characters in epic poems]]
[[Category:Christians from al-Andalus]]
[[Category:Heroes in mythology and legend]]
[[Category:Medieval legends]]
[[Category:Military history of Spain]]
[[Category:People of the Reconquista]]
[[Category:Spanish knights]]
[[Category:Spanish Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Taifa of Valencia]]
[[Category:11th-century monarchs in Al-Andalus]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Castilian warlord and Prince of Valencia from 1094 to 1099}}
{{Other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
|title= [[Prince]] of [[Taifa of Valencia|Valencia]]
| name = Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (El Cid)
| image = Estatua del Cid (Burgos).jpg
| caption = Statue of El Cid in [[Burgos]], Spain
| succession = [[Taifa of Valencia|Prince of Valencia]]
| reign= 1094{{snd}}1099
| coronation= 1094
| predecessor = [[Ibn Jahaf]]
| successor = [[Jimena Díaz]]
| spouse = [[Jimena Díaz]]
| house =
| father = Diego Laínez
| mother =
| issue = [[Diego Rodríguez (Son of El Cid)|Diego Rodríguez]]<br/>[[Cristina Rodríguez (noble)|Cristina Rodríguez]]<br/>[[María Rodríguez de Vivar|María Rodríguez]]
| birth_name = bum bum the greatest
| birth_date = {{circa|1043}}
| birth_place = [[Vivar del Cid|Vivar]], [[Burgos]]
| death_date = {{death date|1099|7|10|df=y}} (aged around 56)
| death_place = [[Valencia]]
| place of burial = [[Burgos Cathedral]]
| signature = Signature of El Cid.svg
}}
'''Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar''' ({{circa|1043}} – 10 July 1099) was a Castilian knight and ruler in [[medieval Spain]]. Fighting both with Christian and Muslim armies during his lifetime, he earned the Arabic honorific {{transl|ar|as-Sayyid}} ("the Lord" or "the Master"), which would evolve into '''El Çid''' ({{IPA-es|el ˈθið|lang}}, {{IPA-all|el ˈts̻id|Old Spanish:}}), and the Spanish honorific '''El Campeador''' ("the Champion"). He was born in [[Vivar del Cid|Vivar]], a village near the city of [[Burgos]]. As the head of his loyal knights, he came to dominate the [[Levante, Spain|Levante]] of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] at the end of the 11th century. He reclaimed the [[Taifa of Valencia]] from Muslim control for a brief period during the ''[[Reconquista]]'', ruling the principality as its {{ill|Lordship of Valencia|lt=lord|es|Señorío de Valencia}} from 17 June 1094 until his death in 1099. His wife, [[Jimena Díaz]], inherited the city and maintained it until 1102 when it was reconquered by the Moors.
Díaz de Vivar became well known for his service in the armies of both Christian and Muslim rulers. After his death, El Cid became Spain's most celebrated national hero and the protagonist of the most significant medieval Spanish epic poem, {{lang|osp|[[Cantar de mio Cid|El Cantar de mio Cid]]}},<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barton|first=Simon & Richard Fletcher|title=The world of El Cid: chronicles of the Spanish reconquest|date=2000|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=0-7190-5225-4|location=Manchester|oclc=45486279}}</ref> which presents him as the ideal medieval knight: strong, valiant, loyal, just, and pious.
There are various theories on his family history, which remains uncertain; however, he was the grandfather of [[García Ramírez of Navarre|García Ramírez]] de Pamplona, King of Navarre, the first son of his daughter [[Cristina Rodríguez (noble)|Cristina Rodríguez]]. To this day, El Cid remains a popular Spanish folk hero and national icon, with his life and deeds remembered in popular culture.<ref>Ventura Fuentes (1908). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/El Cid|El Cid]]". In ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''3.''' New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref><ref>Henry Edward Watts (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cid, The|Cid, The]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''6.''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 361–362.</ref>
== Etymology: ''Cid'' and ''Campeador'' ==
[[File:Dotación del Cid a la catedral de Valencia 1098.jpg|thumb|345x345px|Here on the penultimate and final line of the document's text appears the autograph of Rodrigo Díaz: «{{lang|la|ego ruderico, simul cum coniuge mea, afirmo oc quod superius scriptum est.|i=no}}» This translates as "I Rodrigo, together with my wife, affirm that which is written above."]]
Rodrigo Díaz was recognized with the honorary title of "Campeador" during his lifetime, as is evidenced by a document that he signed in 1098, which he signed in the Latinized expression, {{lang|la|ego Rudericus Campidoctor}}. The title "Campeador" thus comes from the Latin {{lang|la|Campidoctor}}, literally meaning "Teacher of the Field", but translatable as "Master of the Battlefield". Arabic sources from the late 11th century and early 12th century call him {{lang|ar|الكنبيطور}} ({{transl|ar|al-Kanbīṭūr}}), {{lang|ar|القنبيطور}} ({{transl|ar|al-Qanbīṭūr}}), also preceded by {{transl|ar|Rudrīq}} or {{transl|ar|Ludrīq}}, which are Arabized forms of his name and title.<ref>{{Cite web |last=gigatos |date=2022-03-12 |title=El Cid |url=https://www.trenfo.com/en/history/biographies/el-cid |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Trenfo |language=en-GB}}</ref>
The epithet of "El Cid" meant "the Lord", probably from the original Arabic ({{lang-ar|السَّيِّد|as-[[Sayyid]]|labels=none}}), and was a title given to other Christian leaders. It has been conjectured that Rodrigo Díaz received the honorific title and respectful treatment of contemporaries in Zaragoza because of his victories in the service of the King of the Taifa of Zaragoza between 1081 and 1086; however, he more likely received the epithet after his conquest of Valencia in 1094. This title appears for the first time, as {{lang|osp|Meo Çidi}}, in the {{lang|es|Poema de Almería}}, composed between 1147 and 1149.<ref>{{Cite book |title=El Cid : del hombre a la leyenda: Claustro bajo de la Catedral de Burgos, septiembre–noviembre 2007 |date=2007 |publisher=Junta de Castilla y León |author=Juan Carlos Elorza Guinea |author2=María Pilar Alonso Abad |author3=Castilla y León Junta |isbn=978-84-935781-4-5 |location=Valladolid |page=46 |oclc=433366647}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ignacio Ruiz Rodríguez |first=Félix Martínez Llorente |title=Recuerdos literarios en honor a un gran historiador de Castilla: Gonzalo Martínez Díez (1924–2015) |date=2016 |isbn=978-84-9085-787-8 |location=Madrid |pages=315 |oclc=964290692}}</ref>
The combination of "Cid Campeador" is documented from 1195 in {{lang|es|Linaje de Rodrigo Díaz}} (''The Lineage of Rodrigo Díaz'') in Navarro-Aragonese which form part of the {{lang|la|Liber regum}} written as {{lang|osp|mio Cit el Campiador}}; and in {{lang|osp|El Cantar de mio Cid}}.<ref>{{Citation |last=Deyermond |first=Alan |title=El Cantar de mio Cid y la épica anglosajona |date=2013 |work=Sonando van sus nuevas allent parte del mar |pages=217–226 |publisher=Presses universitaires du Midi |doi=10.4000/books.pumi.38431 |isbn=978-2912025852 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Summary ==
Born a member of the minor nobility, El Cid was brought up at the court of [[Ferdinand the Great]] and served Ferdinand's son, [[Sancho II of León and Castile]]. He rose to become the commander and royal standard-bearer (''armiger regis'') of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] upon Sancho's ascension in 1065. El Cid went on to lead the Castilian military campaigns against Sancho's brothers, [[Alfonso VI of León]] and [[García II of Galicia]], as well as in the Muslim kingdoms in [[al-Andalus]]. He became renowned for his military prowess in these campaigns, which helped expand the territory of the Crown of Castile at the expense of the Muslims and Sancho's brothers' kingdoms. When conspirators murdered Sancho in 1072, El Cid found himself in a difficult situation. Since Sancho was childless, the throne passed to his brother Alfonso, whom El Cid had helped remove from power. Although El Cid continued to serve the sovereign, he lost his ranking in the new court, which treated him suspiciously and kept him at arm's length. Finally, in 1081, he was exiled.<ref name="Mythology">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hkx472N8Bk8C&q=Rodrigo+%22El+Cid%22+suspicious+alfonso&pg=PA161 | title=Mythology in the Middle Ages: Heroic Tales of Monsters, Magic, and Might | publisher=ABC-CLIO | author=Fee, Christopher R. | year=2011 | pages=161 | isbn=978-0275984069}}</ref>
El Cid found work fighting for the [[Muslim]] rulers of [[Taifa of Zaragoza|Zaragoza]], whom he defended from its traditional enemy, [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]]. While in exile, he regained his reputation as a strategist and formidable military leader. He was repeatedly victorious in battle against the [[Muslim]] rulers of [[Lérida]] and their Christian allies, as well as against a large Christian army under King [[Sancho Ramírez]] of Aragon. In 1086, an expeditionary army of [[North Africa]]n [[Almoravids]] inflicted a severe defeat to Castile, compelling Alfonso to overcome the resentment he harboured against El Cid. The terms for El Cid's return to Christian service must have been attractive enough since El Cid soon found himself fighting for his former lord. Over the next several years, however, El Cid set his sights on the kingdom-city of [[Valencia]], operating more or less independently of Alfonso, while politically supporting the [[Banu Hud]] and other Muslim dynasties opposed to the Almoravids. He gradually increased his control over Valencia; the Islamic ruler, [[Yahya al-Qadir]], became his tributary in 1092. When the Almoravids instigated an uprising that resulted in the death of Al-Cádir, El Cid responded by laying siege to the city. Valencia finally fell in 1094, and El Cid established an independent principality on the Mediterranean coast of Iberia. He ruled over a [[Cultural pluralism|pluralistic]] society with the popular support of Christians and Muslims alike.<ref name="Quest">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-MIChVmZwQC|title=The Quest for El Cid|author=Fletcher, Richard A.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0195069556|location=Oxford, UK|pages=166–168, 198}}</ref>
El Cid's final years were spent fighting the Almoravid [[Berbers]]. He inflicted upon them their first major defeat in 1094, on the plains of Caurte, outside Valencia, and continued opposing them until his death. Although El Cid remained undefeated in Valencia, Diego Rodríguez, his only son and heir, died fighting against the Almoravids in the service of Alfonso in 1097. After El Cid's death in 1099, his wife, [[Jimena Díaz]], succeeded him as ruler of Valencia, but she was eventually forced to surrender the principality to the Almoravids in 1102.{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2011|p=91}}
==Title==
[[File:Carmen campidoctoris 1.jpg|thumb|First paragraph of the ''[[Carmen Campidoctoris]]'', the earliest literary treatment of El Cid's life, written to celebrate El Cid's defeat of some counts and champions]]
The name ''El Cid'' ({{IPA-es|el ˈθið|lang}}) is a modern Spanish denomination composed of the article ''el'' meaning "the" and ''Cid'', which derives from the Old Castilian loan word ''Çid'' borrowed from the dialectal Arabic word سيد ''[[sidi|sîdi]]'' or [[sayyid]], which means "lord" or "master". The [[Mozarabs]] or the Arabs that served in his ranks may have addressed him in this way, which the Christians may have transliterated and adopted. Historians, however, have not yet found contemporary records referring to Rodrigo as ''Cid.'' Arab sources use instead ''Rudriq'', ''Ludriq al-Kanbiyatur'' or ''al-Qanbiyatur'' (''Rodrigo el Campeador'').<ref>María Jesús Viguera Molins, «El Cid en las fuentes árabes», in César Hernández Alonso (coord.), ''Actas del Congreso Internacional el Cid, Poema e Historia (12–16 de julio de 1999)'', Ayuntamiento de Burgos, 2000, pp. 55–92. {{ISBN|84-87876-41-2}}</ref> The cognomen ''Campeador'' derives from Latin ''campi doctor,'' which means "battlefield master". He probably gained it during the campaigns of [[Sancho II of Castile and León|King Sancho II of Castile]] against his brothers, kings [[Alfonso VI of León and Castile|Alfonso VI of León]] and [[García II of Galicia]]. While his contemporaries left no historical sources that would have addressed him as ''Cid'', they left plenty of Christian and Arab records, some even signed documents with his autograph, addressing him as ''Campeador'', which prove that he used the Christian cognomen himself.<ref name=egoruderico>See Ramón Menéndez Pidal, [http://bibliotecadigital.jcyl.es/i18n/consulta/registro.cmd?id=4240 «Autógrafos inéditos del Cid y de Jimena en dos diplomas de 1098 y 1101»], ''Revista de Filología Española'', t. 5 (1918), Madrid, Sucesores de Hernando, 1918. Digital copy Valladolid, Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Cultura y Turismo. Dirección General de Promociones e Instituciones Culturales, 2009–2010. Original in Archivo de la Catedral de Salamanca, caja 43, legajo 2, n.º 72.</ref><ref>Alberto Montaner Frutos y Ángel Escobar, «El ''Carmen Campidoctoris'' y la materia cidiana», in ''Carmen Campidoctoris o Poema latino del Campeador'', Madrid, Sociedad Estatal España Nuevo Milenio, 2001, p. 73 [lam.]. {{ISBN|978-84-95486-20-2}}</ref><ref>Alberto Montaner Frutos, [http://e-spania.revues.org/20201 «Rodrigo el Campeador como ''princeps'' en los siglos XI y XII»]</ref><ref>Georges Martin [http://e-spania.revues.org/20087 «El primer testimonio cristiano sobre la toma de Valencia (1098)»], en el [http://e-spania.revues.org/19945 número monográfico «Rodericus Campidoctor»] de la revista electrónica [http://e-spania.revues.org/ ''e-Spania''], n.º 10 (diciembre de 2010). Online since 22 January 2011. Last time visited November 28th 2011. Complete text (Edition of the Latin text) in José Luis Martín Martín ''& al.'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=r0qwxJMJ7zoC&pg=PA79 ''Documentos de los Archivos Catedralicio y Diocesano de Salamanca (siglos XII–XIII)'', Salamanca, Universidad, 1977, doc. 1, pp. 79–81].</ref> The whole combination ''Cid Campeador'' is first documented c. 1195 in the [[Navarro-Aragonese]] ''{{ill|Linage de Rodric Díaz|es|Linaje de Rodrigo Díaz}}'' included in the ''[[Liber Regum]]'' under the formula ''mio Cid el Campeador''.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
==Life and career==
[[File:LeónDeUrraca1109-1126.svg|thumb|right|300px|Northern Iberian Peninsula under the rule of [[Urraca of León|Urraca, called '''the Reckless''' (''la Temeraria'')]] Queen of [[Kingdom of León|León]], [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Kingdom of Galicia|Galicia]] from 1109 until her death. ]]
===Origins===
El Cid was born Rodrigo Díaz circa 1043 in [[Vivar del Cid|Vivar]],<ref name="ThackerayFindling2012">{{cite book|author=Tim Watts|editor=Frank W. Thackeray |editor2=John E. Findling|title=Events That Formed the Modern World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRl1sWYShpcC&pg=PA19|date= 2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-901-1|page=19}}</ref> also known as Castillona de Bivar, a small town about ten kilometers (or six miles) north of [[Burgos]], the capital of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]]. His father, Diego Laínez, was a [[Noble court|courtier]], [[Bureaucracy|bureaucrat]], and [[cavalry]]man who had fought in several battles. Despite the fact that El Cid's mother's family was aristocratic, in later years, the peasants would consider him one of their own. However, his relatives were not major court officials; documents show that El Cid's paternal grandfather, Laín, confirmed{{vague|date=September 2022}} only five documents of [[Ferdinand I of León and Castile|Ferdinand I]]'s; his maternal grandfather, Rodrigo Álvarez, certified only two of [[Sancho II of León and Castile|Sancho II]]'s; and El Cid's father confirmed only one.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
===Service under Sancho II===
As a young man in 1057, El Cid fought against the Moorish stronghold of [[Taifa of Zaragoza|Zaragoza]], making its [[emir]] [[Ahmad al-Muqtadir|al-Muqtadir]] a vassal of Sancho. In the spring of 1063, El Cid fought in the [[Battle of Graus]], where Ferdinand's half-brother, [[Ramiro I of Aragon]], was laying siege to the Moorish town of Graus, which was fought on Zaragozan lands in the valley of the [[Cinca (Spain)|river Cinca]]. Al-Muqtadir, accompanied by Castilian troops including El Cid, fought against the Aragonese. The party slew Ramiro I, setting the Aragonese army on the run, and emerged victorious. One legend has said that during the conflict, El Cid killed an Aragonese knight in single combat, thereby receiving the honorific title "''Campeador''".<ref>{{Citation |last=Weiss |first=Julian |title='El Cid' (Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar) |date=2018-12-31 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781108672832%23CN-bp-12/type/book_part |work=The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of the Crusades |pages=184–199 |editor-last=Bale |editor-first=Anthony |edition=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108672832.013 |isbn=978-1-108-67283-2 |s2cid=165471019 |access-date=2022-11-12}}</ref>
When Ferdinand died, Sancho continued to enlarge his territory, conquering both Christian strongholds and the [[Moorish]] cities of [[Zamora, Spain|Zamora]] and [[Badajoz]]. When Sancho learned that Alfonso was planning on overthrowing him in order to gain his territory, Sancho sent Cid to bring Alfonso back so that Sancho could speak to him.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
===Service under Alfonso VI===
[[File:Jura de Santa Gadea.jpg|thumb|Marcos Giráldez de Acosta painting (1864) depicting the "[[Santa Gadea]] Oath". In the middle of the scene, [[Alfonso VI of León and Castile|Alfonso VI]] (with red cape) is swearing with his right hand on the [[Bible]] that he did not take part in the murder of his brother [[Sancho II of Castile|Sancho II]], while El Cid stands as a witness in front of him.]]
Sancho was assassinated in 1072, during a siege of his sister's town of Zamora.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Catlos |first1=Brian |title=Infidel kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, power, and violence in the age of crusade and jihad |date=2015 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |chapter=The Cid Rides Again |page=73}}</ref> Since Sancho died unmarried and childless, all of his power passed to his brother Alfonso who, almost immediately, returned from exile in [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] and took his seat as king of Castile and León. He was, however, deeply suspected of having been involved in Sancho's murder. According to the 11th century epic poem ''[[Cantar de mio Cid]]'', the Castilian nobility led by El Cid and a dozen "oath-helpers" forced Alfonso to [[oath|swear]] publicly on holy relics multiple times in front of [[Santa Gadea]] ([[Saint Agatha]]) Church in [[Burgos]] that he did not participate in the plot to kill his brother. This is not mentioned in the more reliable 12th century chronicle ''[[Historia Roderici]]'', however. El Cid's position as ''armiger regis'' was taken away and given to his enemy, Count [[García Ordóñez]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Peter Edward |date=2024-04-18 |title=El Cid |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/El-Cid-Castilian-military-leader |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref>
In 1079, El Cid was sent by Alfonso VI to [[Seville]] to the court of [[Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad|al-Mutamid]] to collect the ''[[parias]]'' owed by that ''[[taifa]]'' to León–Castile.<ref name="Chaytor-3">{{Cite book|author=Chaytor, Henry John|year=1933|chapter=Chapter 3: The Reconquest|title=A History of Aragon and Catalonia|location=London|publisher=Methuan|pages=39–40|url=http://libro.uca.edu/chaytor/achistory.htm}}</ref> While he was there Granada, assisted by other Castilian knights, attacked Seville, and El Cid and his forces repulsed the Christian and Grenadine attackers at the [[Battle of Cabra]], in the (probably mistaken) belief that he was defending the king's tributary. During the aftermath of this battle the Muslim troops under El Cid's command would hail him as Sayyidi.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Catlos |first1=Brian |title=Infidel kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, power, and violence in the age of crusade and jihad |date=2015 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |chapter=The Cid Rides Again |page=74}}</ref> Count García Ordóñez and the other Castilian leaders<ref>The ''[[Historia Roderici]]'' says that the other two Castilian leaders were Diego Pérez and Lope Sánchez. {{Cite book|author=de los Rios, José Amador|title=Historia Crítica de la Literatura Española, Tomo III, (II Parte, Subciclo I) (The History and Criticism of Spanish Literature, Volume III (Second Part, subpart I))|publisher=J. Rodriguez|year=1863|location=Madrid, Spain|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ADkLAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA104 104]|language=es|chapter=Capitulo 3: Primeros Monumentos Escritos de la Poesía Castellana (Chapter 3: First-Written Monuments of Castilian Poetry)}}</ref> were taken captive and held for three days before being released.<ref name="Chaytor-3"/>
===Exile===
In the [[Battle of Cabra]] (1079), El Cid rallied his troops and turned the battle into a rout of Emir Abdullah of [[Granada]] and his ally García Ordóñez. This unauthorized expedition into Granada, however, greatly angered Alfonso and May 8, 1080 was the last time El Cid confirmed a document in King Alfonso's court. The most likely reason was El Cid's incursion into Toledo, which happened to be under the control of Alfonso’s vassal, Yahya Al-Qadir.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ángel Ferreiro |first1=Miguel |title="La Conquista De Toledo, Mayo De 1085," |url=https://elretohistorico.com/la-capitulacion-de-toledo-en-mayo-de-1085/. |website=El Reto Histórico |access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref> Alfonso's anger over El Cid's unsanctioned incursion into his vassal's territory would lead him to exile the knight.<ref>{{cite book |last1=García Fitz |first1=Francisco |title=Relaciones Políticas y Guerra: La Experiencia Castellano-Leonesa Frente Al Islam: Siglos XI–XIII |date=2015 |publisher=Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla |pages=47–48 |isbn=978-8447207084 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3o0CJVLbZKIC&pg=PA47 |access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref>
This is the generally accepted reason for the exile of El Cid, although several others are plausible and indeed may have been contributing factors to the exile: jealous nobles turning Alfonso against El Cid through court intrigue, and Alfonso's own personal animosity towards El Cid. The song of El Cid and subsequent tales state that Alfonso’s and his court’s animosity toward Rodrigo was the primary reason the expulsion of the knights from León,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Inti Fernandez |first1=Yanes |title=The Cross and the Sword: Political Myth-Making, Hegemony, and Intericonicity in the Christianization of the Iberian Peninsula and Britain |date=May 1, 2018 |publisher=OAKTrust |page=138 |url=https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/173380. |access-date=15 December 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> as well as a possible misappropriation of some of the tribute from Seville by El Cid.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
At first he went to [[Barcelona]], where [[Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona|Ramon Berenguer II]] refused his offer of service.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
==Moorish service==
[[File:Reinos de Taifas 1080.png|thumb|During his service to the [[Taifa of Zaragoza]], he had gained a prominent reputation and the title ''El Cid'' (the lord). He is also known to have developed links with the other [[Taifas]] in 1080.]]
[[File:La Aljafería - Palacio taifa 02.JPG|thumb|Detail of the [[Aljafería|Aljaferia palace]], in the [[Taifa of Zaragoza]]]]
The exile was not the end of El Cid, either physically or as an important figure. After being rejected by [[Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona|Ramon Berenguer II]], El Cid journeyed to the [[Taifa of Zaragoza]], where he received a warmer welcome. In 1081, El Cid went on to offer his services to the king of [[Zaragoza]], [[Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud]], and served both him and his successor, [[al-Musta'in II]]. He was given the title ''El Cid'' (''The Master'') and served as a leading figure in a diverse Moorish force consisting of [[Muwallad]]s, [[Berber people|Berber]]s, [[Arab]]s, and [[Mali]]ans within the respective Taifa.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}
According to Moorish accounts:
{{blockquote|[[al-Andalus|Andalusi]] [[Knight]]s found El Cid their foe ill, thirsty and exiled from the court of [[Alfonso VI of León and Castile|Alfonso]], he was presented before the elderly [[Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud]] and accepted command of the forces of the [[Taifa of Zaragoza]] as their Master.}}
In his ''History of Medieval Spain'' (Cornell University Press, 1975), Joseph F. O'Callaghan writes:
{{blockquote|That kingdom was divided between [[Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud|al-Mutamin]] (1081–1085) who ruled [[Zaragoza]] proper, and his brother [[Mundhir al-Hajib|al-Mundhir]], who ruled [[Taifa of Lleida|Lérida]] and [[Tortosa]]. El Cid entered al-Mutamin's service and successfully defended Zaragoza against the assaults of al-Mundhir, [[Sancho I of Aragón]], and Ramon Berenguer II, whom he held captive briefly in 1082.}}
In 1082, the army of the [[Taifa of Zaragoza]] under El Cid defeated the [[Taifa of Lleida]] at the [[Battle of Almenar (1082)|Battle of Almenar]]. In 1084, he defeated the [[Aragon]]ese at the [[Battle of Morella]] near [[Tortosa]], but in autumn the Castilians started a loose siege of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] and later the next year the Christians captured [[Salamanca]], a stronghold of the [[Taifa of Toledo]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
In 1086, the [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravid]] invasion of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], through and around [[Gibraltar]], began. The Almoravids, a [[Berber people|Berber]] dynasty from [[North Africa]], led by [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]], were asked to help defend the divided Moors from Alfonso. The Almoravid army, joined by that of several Taifas, including [[Badajoz]], [[Málaga]], [[Granada]], [[Tortosa]] and [[Seville]], defeated a combined army of [[Kingdom of León|León]], [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragón]], and [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] at the [[Battle of Sagrajas]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baer |first1=George |last2=Dupuy |first2=Trevor N. |last3=Johnson |first3=Curt |last4=Bongard |first4=David L. |date=July 1994 |title=The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944137 |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=515 |doi=10.2307/2944137 |jstor=2944137 |issn=0899-3718}}</ref>
In 1087, [[Raymond of Burgundy]] and his Christian allies attempted to weaken the Taifa of Zaragoza's northernmost stronghold by initiating the [[Siege of Tudela]] and Alfonso captured [[Aledo, Murcia]], blocking the route between the Taifas in the eastern and western Iberian Peninsula.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
==Recall from exile==
[[File:The Cid ordering the Execution of Ahmed.jpg|thumb|El Cid ordering the execution of [[Almoravid]] allies after his conquest of Valencia in 1094]]
[[File:Batalla de Cuarte.svg|thumb|right|Battle of [[Quart de Poblet]] (21 October 1094). El Cid's troops are in green, [[Almoravid]] troops are in red.]]
Terrified after his crushing defeat, Alfonso recalled El Cid, rewarding him lavishly with lands and lordships, such as the fortress of Gormaz. In the year 1087 Alfonso sent him to negotiate with the emboldened Taifa kingdoms.<ref name="Catlos2015">{{cite book |last1=Catlos |first1=Brian A. |title=Infidel Kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, Power, and Violence in the Age of Crusade and Jihad |date=2015 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |page=127 |isbn=978-0809058372 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Z4WBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT127 |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref>
El Cid returned to Alfonso, but now he had his own plans. He only stayed a short while and then returned to Zaragoza. El Cid was content to let the Almoravid armies and the armies of Alfonso fight without his help, even when there was a chance that the Almoravids might defeat Alfonso and take over all of Alfonso's lands. El Cid chose not to fight because he was hoping that both armies would weaken themselves. {{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}
===Conquest of Valencia===
Around this time, El Cid, with a combined Christian and Moorish army, began maneuvering in order to create his own fief in the Moorish [[Mediterranean]] coastal city of [[Valencia]]. Several obstacles lay in his way. First was Berenguer Ramon II, who ruled nearby [[Barcelona]]. In May 1090, El Cid defeated and captured Berenguer in the Battle of Tébar (nowadays Pinar de Tévar, near [[Monroyo]], [[province of Teruel|Teruel]]). Berenguer was later released and his nephew Ramon Berenguer III married El Cid's youngest daughter Maria to ward against future conflicts.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
Along the way to Valencia, El Cid also conquered other towns, many of which were near Valencia, such as [[El Puig]] and [[Quart de Poblet]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
El Cid gradually came to have more influence in Valencia, then ruled by [[Yahya al-Qadir]], of the [[Hawwara]] Berber [[Dhulnunid dynasty]]. In October 1092 an uprising occurred in Valencia, inspired by the city's chief judge Ibn Jahhaf and the Almoravids. El Cid began a siege of Valencia. A December 1093 attempt to break the siege failed. By the time the siege ended in May 1094, El Cid had carved out his own principality on the coast of the Mediterranean. Officially, El Cid ruled in the name of Alfonso; in practice, El Cid was fully independent. The city was both Christian and Muslim, and both Moors and Christians served in the army and as administrators. [[Jerome of Périgord]] was made bishop.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
===Death===
[[File:Burgos - Catedral 069 - Tumba del Cid.jpg|thumb|[[Tomb]] of El Cid and his wife Doña Jimena at the [[Burgos Cathedral]]]]
El Cid and his wife [[Jimena Díaz]] lived peacefully in Valencia until the Almoravids besieged the city.
But he defeated them and died 5 years later, on July 10, 1099.
Afterward Valencia was captured by [[Mazdali ibn Tilankan|Mazdali]] on May 5, 1102. Jimena fled to Burgos, Castile, in 1101. She rode into the town with her retinue and the body of El Cid. Originally buried in Castile in the monastery of {{interlanguage link|San Pedro de Cardeña|es|Monasterio de San Pedro_de Cardeña|ca|San Pedro de Cardeña}}, his body now lies at the center of [[Burgos Cathedral]].<ref>Henry Edward Watts (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cid, The|Cid, The]]" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''6.''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 361–362.</ref>
===Legend of posthumous victory===
After his demise, but still during the siege of Valencia, legend holds that Jimena ordered that the corpse of El Cid be fitted with his armor and set on his horse, Babieca, to bolster the morale of his troops. In several variations of the story, the dead Rodrigo and his knights win a thundering charge against Valencia's besiegers, resulting in a war-is-lost-but-battle-is-won [[catharsis]] for generations of Christian Spaniards to follow. It is believed that the legend originated shortly after Jimena entered Burgos, and that it is derived from the manner in which Jimena's procession rode into the city, i.e. alongside her deceased husband.<ref name="Perea Rodríguez">{{cite web|last=Perea Rodríguez|first=Óscar|title=Díaz de Vivar, Rodrigo o El Cid (1043–1099)|url=http://www.mcnbiografias.com|access-date=23 April 2012|archive-date=14 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414202417/http://www.mcnbiografias.com/}}</ref>
==Warrior and general==
===Battle tactics===
During his campaigns, El Cid often ordered that books by classic [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] and [[Greek literature|Greek]] authors on military themes be read aloud to him and his troops, for both entertainment and inspiration before battle. El Cid's army had a novel approach to planning strategy as well, holding what might be called "[[brainstorming]]" sessions before each battle to discuss tactics. They frequently used unexpected strategies, engaging in what modern generals would call [[psychological warfare]]—waiting for the enemy to be paralyzed with terror and then attacking them suddenly; distracting the enemy with a small group of soldiers, etc. (El Cid used this distraction in capturing the town of Castejón as depicted in ''[[Cantar de mio Cid]]'' (''The Song of my Cid'').) El Cid accepted or included suggestions from his troops. In ''The Song'' the man who served him as his closest adviser was his vassal and kinsman [[Álvar Fáñez]] "''Minaya''" (meaning ''"My brother"'', a compound word of Spanish possessive ''Mi'' (My) and ''Anaia'', the basque word for ''brother''), although the historical Álvar Fáñez remained in Castile with Alfonso VI.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
===Babieca===
[[File:Cardeña tumba babieca 03320.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Babieca at the monastery of [[San Pedro de Cardeña]]]]
'''Babieca''', or '''Bavieca''', was El Cid's [[warhorse]]. Several stories exist about El Cid and Babieca. One well-known legend about El Cid describes how he acquired the [[stallion]]. According to this story, Rodrigo's godfather, Pedro El Grande, was a monk at a [[Carthusian]] [[monastery]]. Pedro's coming-of-age gift to El Cid was his pick of a horse from an [[Andalusian horse|Andalusian]] herd. El Cid picked a horse that his godfather thought was a weak, poor choice, causing the monk to exclaim "''Babieca!''" (stupid!). Hence, it became the name of El Cid's horse. Another legend states that in a competition of battle to become King Sancho's "Campeador", or champion, a knight on horseback wished to challenge El Cid. The King wished a fair fight and gave El Cid his finest horse, Babieca, or Bavieca. This version says Babieca was raised in the royal stables of Seville and was a highly trained and loyal war horse, not a foolish stallion. The name in this instance could suggest that the horse came from the Babia region in [[León (historical region)|León, Spain]]. In the poem ''[[Carmen Campidoctoris]]'', Babieca appears as a gift from "a barbarian" to El Cid, so its name could also be derived from "Barbieca", or "horse of the barbarian".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergen |first=Ard van |title=Rodrigo 'el Cid' "El Cid" Díaz de Vivar príncipe de Valencia (± 1043–1099) » maximum test » Genealogy Online |url=https://www.genealogieonline.nl/en/maximum-test/I5666856869970026974.php |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Genealogy Online |language=en}}</ref>
Regardless, Babieca became a great warhorse, famous to the Christians, feared by El Cid's enemies, and loved by El Cid, who allegedly requested that Babieca be buried with him in the monastery of [[San Pedro de Cardeña]].<ref name="Quest"/> Babieca is mentioned in several tales and historical documents about El Cid, including ''The Lay of El Cid''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Gutenberg's "The Lay of the Cid" |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/6088/6088-h/6088-h.htm |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref>
===Swords===
A weapon traditionally identified as El Cid's [[sword]], [[Tizona]], used to be displayed in the Army Museum (Museo del Ejército) in Toledo. In 1999, a small sample of the blade underwent metallurgical analysis which confirmed that the blade was made in Moorish [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] in the eleventh century and contained amounts of [[Damascus steel]].<ref name="John Wiley & Sons, Ltd">{{cite journal |last1=Alonso |first1=J. I. Garcia |last2=Martinez |first2=J. A. |last3=Criado |first3=A. J. |year=1999 |title=Origin of El Cid's sword revealed by ICP-MS metal analysis |journal=Spectroscopy Europe |volume=11 |issue=4 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.}}</ref>
In 2007, the Autonomous Community of [[Castile and León]] bought the sword for €1.6 million,<ref name="Hill2014">{{cite book|author=Tom Hill|title=Swords of El Cid: "Rodrigo! May God curse him!"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RhG_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT330|date= 2014|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=978-1-78333-651-7|page=330}}</ref> and it is currently on display at the Museum of [[Burgos]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Medieval Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LR5pCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1739|date=31 August 2015|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-037761-3|page=1739}}</ref>
El Cid also had a sword called [[Colada]].<ref name="HamiltonMichael1984">{{cite book|author1=Rita Hamilton|author2=Ian Michael|title=Cantar de mio Cid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYPWN2RMcFoC&pg=PA187|year=1984|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-044446-9|page=187}}</ref>
==Wife and children==
[[File:Cronica del muy esforçado cauallero el Cid ruy diaz campeador.gif|thumb|El Cid depicted on the title page of a 16th-century working of his story]]
El Cid married [[Jimena Díaz]], who was said to be part of an aristocratic family from Asturias, in the mid-1070s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barton |first1=Simon |last2=Fletcher |first2=Richard |title=The World of El Cid |year=2000 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1526112637 |page=90 |url=https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781526112637/9781526112637.00013.xml?rskey=bpxyLl&result=2 |access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref> The ''[[Historia Roderici]]'' calls her a daughter of a Count [[Diego Fernández de Oviedo]]. Tradition states that when El Cid first laid eyes on her, he was enamoured of her great beauty. El Cid and Jimena had two daughters, Cristina and María, and a son. The latter, [[Diego Rodríguez (Son of El Cid)|Diego Rodríguez]], was killed while fighting against the invading Muslim Almoravids from [[North Africa]] at the [[Battle of Consuegra]] in 1097. El Cid's daughters [[Cristina Rodríguez (noble)|Cristina Rodríguez]] and [[María Rodríguez de Vivar|María]] both married into noble families. Cristina married [[Ramiro Sánchez, Lord of Monzón|Ramiro]], Lord of [[Monzón]] and grandson of [[García Sánchez III of Navarre]]. Her own son, El Cid's grandson, would be elevated to the throne of [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]] as King [[García Ramírez of Navarre|García Ramírez]]. The other daughter, [[María Rodríguez de Vivar|María]] (also known as Sol), is said first to have married a prince of Aragon, presumably the son of [[Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona|Peter I]], and she later married [[Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona|Ramon Berenguer III]], count of [[Barcelona]]. Both the poem and the chronicle may state a previous marriage to the {{ill|infantes de Carrión|es}}; however, these marriages are not a historical fact and are an important element in the construction of the poem.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Girón Alconchel|first1=José Luis|title=Cantar de mio Cid|last2=Pérez Escribano|first2=María Virginia|publisher=Ed. Castalia|year=1995|isbn=84-7039-719-2|location=Madrid|pages=11–50}}</ref>
==In literature, music, video games, and film==
The figure of El Cid has been the source for many literary works, beginning with the ''[[Cantar de mio Cid]]'', an [[epic poem]] from the 12th century which gives a partly-fictionalized account of his life, and was one of the early [[chivalric romance]]s. This poem, along with similar later works such as the ''[[Mocedades de Rodrigo]]'', contributed to portray El Cid as a chivalric hero of the Reconquista,<ref name="Woolf2011">{{cite book|author=Daniel Woolf|title=A Global History of History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7r7SaTXGXEC&pg=PA110|date= 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-87575-2|page=110}}</ref> making him a legendary figure in Spain. El Cid is one of the few examples of knight errantry formally recognized by the priest in [[Miguel de Cervantes]]'s ''[[Don Quixote]]'' (1605-1615).<ref>Cervantes. Don Quixote of La Mancha. 1605.</ref> In the early 17th century, the Spanish writer [[Guillén de Castro y Bellvis|Guillén de Castro]] wrote a play called ''Las Mocedades del Cid'', on which French playwright [[Pierre Corneille]] based one of his most famous tragicomedies, ''[[Le Cid]]''.<ref name="Gale2016">{{cite book|author=Gale|title=A Study Guide for Pierre Corneille's "Le Cid"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xtn2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT3|year=2016|publisher=Gale, Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-4103-5088-6|page=3}}</ref> He was also a popular source of inspiration for Spanish writers of the [[Romanticism|Romantic period]], such as [[Juan Eugenio Hartzenbusch]], who wrote ''La Jura de Santa Gadea'', or [[José Zorrilla]], who wrote a long poem called ''La Leyenda del Cid''. In 2019, [[Arturo Pérez-Reverte]] published the novel entitled ''Sidi: Un relato de frontera''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pérez-Reverte |first1=Arturo |title='Sidi', un relato de frontera |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/09/10/eps/1568111634_521646.html |access-date=6 October 2019 |work=El País |date=15 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pérez-Reverte |first1=Arturo |title=Adelanto del primer capítulo de la nueva novela de Pérez-Reverte, 'Sidi' |url=https://www.elmundo.es/cultura/laesferadepapel/2019/09/02/5d651af921efa0440b8b45b6.html |access-date=6 October 2019 |work=El Mundo |date=2 September 2019}}</ref>
[[Herman Melville]] references El Cid when introducing the character of Samoa in Chapter 21 of ''[[Mardi]]'' (1849): "He alighted about six paces from where we stood, and balancing his weapon, eyed us bravely as the Cid".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Melville |first=Herman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUNVW_2p5U8C&dq=He+alighted+about+six+paces+from+where+we+stood%2C+and+balancing+his+weapon%2C+eyed+us+bravely+as+the+Cid&pg=PA76 |title=The Works of Herman Melville: no. 3. Mardi, and a voyage thither |date=1922 |publisher=Constable Limited |language=en}}</ref>
[[Georges Bizet]] worked on ''Don Rodrigue'' in 1873 that was set aside and never completed. [[Jules Massenet]] wrote an opera, ''[[Le Cid (opera)|Le Cid]]'', in 1885, based on Corneille's play of the same name. [[Claude Debussy]] began work in 1890 on an opera, ''[[Rodrigue et Chimène]]'', which he abandoned as unsuitable for his temperament; it was orchestrated for performance by [[Edison Denisov]] circa 1993.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Devoto |first1=Mark |title=Review: Claude Debussy Rodrigue et Chimène. Édition de Richard Langham Smith |journal=Notes: Quarterly Journal of the Music Library Association |date=December 2004 |volume=61 |issue=2 |doi=10.1353/not.2004.0131 |s2cid=194081830}}</ref>
El Cid is portrayed by American actor [[Charlton Heston]] in a 1961 [[El Cid (film)|epic film of the same name]]<ref name="Fletcher1991">{{cite book|author=Richard A. Fletcher|title=The Quest for El Cid|url=https://archive.org/details/questforelcid00flet|url-access=registration|year=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-506955-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/questforelcid00flet/page/5 5]}}</ref> directed by [[Anthony Mann]], where the character of Doña Ximena is portrayed by Italian actress [[Sophia Loren]].<ref name="Smith2009">{{cite book|author=Gary Allen Smith|title=Epic Films: Casts, Credits and Commentary on More Than 350 Historical Spectacle Movies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihaBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|edition=2nd|date= 2009|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-0418-3|page=76}}</ref><ref name="Gale 20168">{{cite book|author=Gale|title=A Study Guide for Anonymous's "Cantar de mio Cid (El Cid)"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CxszDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT8|year=2016|publisher=Gale, Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-4103-4239-3|page=8}}</ref> In 2020, [[Amazon Prime Video]] premiered a [[El Cid (TV series)|Spanish TV series]] with [[Jaime Lorente]] starring as ''El Cid''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Silvestre |first1=Juan |title='El Cid' de Jaime Lorente para Amazon Prime Video completa su reparto |url=https://www.fotogramas.es/series-tv-noticias/a29318222/el-cid-amazon-prime-video-reparto/ |access-date=20 January 2020 |work=Fotogramas |date=1 October 2019}}</ref>
In 1979, [[Crack (band)|Crack]], one of the most prominent progressive rock bands from Spain, released their first and only album ''Si Todo Hiciera Crack'' including "Marchando una del Cid", a song based on the epic legend of El Cid.<ref name="DiGioiaA2020">{{cite book|author=Amanda DiGioia|title=Multilingual metal music: Sociocultural, linguistic, and literary perspectives on heavy metal music|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XyYNEAAAQBAJ|date=2020|publisher=United Kingdom: Emerald Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-8390-9950-2|pages=61–77|access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref>
In 1980, ''[[Ruy, the Little Cid]]'' was an [[anime|animated series]] based on El Cid's childhood made by [[Nippon Animation]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Ruy, el pequeño Cid |date=1980-10-05 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1304919/ |type=Animation, Adventure, Drama |publisher=BRB Internacional S.A., Nippon Animation Co., Televisión Española (TVE) |access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref>
El Cid was described to inspire Ferny about his Spanish heritage in "The Legend of Raloo", episode 16 of season 1 of ''[[Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks]]'' in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=Age of Empires II: The Conquerors (Manual) |url=https://archive.org/details/manual_201704/page/n1/mode/2up |website=Archive.org |access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref>
In the second ''[[Age of Empires]]'' video game installment, ''[[Age of Empires II: The Conquerors|The Conquerors]]'' expansion pack, there is a campaign starring El Cid Campeador.<ref>{{cite web |title=texts Age of Empires II: The Conquerors (Manual) |url=https://archive.org/details/manual_201704/mode/2up |website=Archive.org |access-date=15 July 2022 |ref=33 |pages=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://gamerant.com/age-of-empires-ranked-best-worst/|last=Hospodar|first=Mark|date=2021-11-09|publisher=GameRant|title=Every Age Of Empires Game, Ranked|quote="In 2000, The Conquerors expansion was released, which added new campaigns such as Attila the Hun and El Cid."}}</ref>
In both the first and second ''[[Medieval: Total War]]'' games, El Cid appears as a powerful independent general in the castle of Valencia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Dan |date=2002-01-09 |title=Medieval: Total War |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/01/09/medieval-total-war-6 |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=IGN |language=en}}</ref>
In 2003, the Spanish animated film ''[[El Cid: The Legend]]'' was released.<ref name="Muñoz 2023 a617">{{cite web | last=Muñoz | first=Michel | title=Las Miradas Sobre Mío Cid | publisher=El Diadigital | date=2023-12-08 | url=https://eldiadigital.es/art/445618/las-miradas-sobre-mio-cid | language=es | access-date=2024-05-02}}</ref>
''[[El ministerio del tiempo|The Ministry of Time]]'', a Spanish science fiction television series, portrayed El Cid in season 2, episode 1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Ministerio del Tiempo – Capítulo 9 – T2 |url=https://www.rtve.es/television/ministerio-del-tiempo/capitulos-completos/temporada-2/capitulo-9/index.shtml |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=RTVE.es |language=es}}</ref>
El Cid is a playable character in the Mobile/PC Game [[Rise of Kingdoms]].
El Cid is a playable character in ''[[Crusader Kings II]]'' and Crusader Kings III in start dates corresponding to his historical rule over Valencia.
==Gallery==
{{gallery
|File:Monumento al Cid (Burgos) 01.jpg|General view of the 1954 Juan Cristóbal González Quesada's statue of El Cid in [[Burgos]]
|File:Burgos - Arco de Santa Maria - El Cid.JPG|Statue of El Cid included in the 14th- to 15th-century "Santa María" gateway, Burgos
|File:Cid.png|1344 medieval [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniature]] showing the decapitation of Count Lozano by El Cid
|File:Burgos gigantones 1.jpg|Burgalese traditional representation (called "''Gigantones''") of El Cid that is taken to the streets during the town major festivity. Doña Jimena's representation is behind.
|File:Burgos. El Solar del Cid.jpg|The terrain known as the "Solar del Cid", where his house was located. The monument was erected in 1784. Photo taken in Burgos, c. 1865–1892.
|File:Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar crop.jpg|El Cid depiction on the book ''Portraits of illustrious Spaniards'' (1791)
|File:Camino del Cid Mecerreyes.jpg|In 2008, this El Cid statue made by Ángel Gil Cuevas was placed in [[Mecerreyes]], at the path of the "[[Camino del Cid]]".
|File:La Jura de Santa Gadea. Armando Menocal. 1889.JPG|Another version of the "Santa Gadea Oath", painted by Armando Menocal in 1889
|File:El cofre del Cid.Catedral de Burgos (4952394218).jpg|El Cid's chest at Burgos Cathedral
|File:El Cid portrait · HHWX54.svg|El Cid portrait from ''[[The Historians' History of the World]]''
|File:El Cid-Med-Plaza Mayor (Salamanca).jpg|El Cid medallion (1733–34) at the [[Plaza Mayor, Salamanca]]
|File:Vicents Cots Primera hazaña del Cid.jpeg|1864 Juan Vicens Cots painting "''La Primera hazaña de El Cid''" depicts a young Rodrigo Díaz showing his father Diego Laínez the severed head of [[Count]] Lozano, the father of his future wife [[Jimena Díaz|Doña Jimena]]. Count Lozano had previously mocked and slapped elderly Diego Laínez.
}}
==See also==
* [[Camino del Cid]]
* [[El Cid (TV series)]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
== General and cited sources==
===Primary===
*Kurtz, Barbara E. [https://web.archive.org/web/20040604054322/http://lilt.ilstu.edu/bekurtz/elcid.htm ''El Cid''.] University of Illinois.
*I. Michael. ''The Poem of El Cid''. Manchester: 1975.
*''The Song of El Cid.'' Translated by Burton Raffel. Penguin Classics, 2009.
*[http://www.planetalibro.com.ar/ebooks/eam/ebook_view.php?ebooks_books_id=85 ''Cantar de mío Cid'' – Spanish] (free PDF)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070206050934/http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Spain/treasures_en.xml Poema de Mio Cid, Códice de Per Abbat] in the [[European Library]] (third item on page)
*R. Selden Rose and Leonard Bacon (trans.) ''The Lay of El Cid.'' Semicentennial Publications of the University of California: 1868–1918. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=TcgJAAAAQAAJ Romancero e historia del muy valeroso caballero El Cid Ruy Díaz de Vibar] (1828)
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=0y1RAAAAcAAJ Cronica del muy esforçado cavallero el Cid ruy diaz campeador] (1533)
* [https://aymennaltamimi.substack.com/p/the-carmen-campidoctoris-poem-on Carmen Campidoctoris, a Latin poem on El Cid]
===Secondary (not cited)===
*Simon Barton and Richard Fletcher. ''The world of El Cid, Chronicles of the Spanish reconquest''. Manchester: University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-7190-5225-4}} hardback, {{ISBN|0-7190-5226-2}} paperback.
*Gonzalo Martínez Díez, "El Cid Histórico: Un Estudio Exhaustivo Sobre el Verdadero Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar", [http://www.editorial.planeta.es Editorial Planeta] (Spain, June 1999). {{ISBN|84-08-03161-9}}
*C. Melville and A. Ubaydli (ed. and trans.), ''Christians and Moors in Spain, vol. III, Arabic sources (711–1501)''. (Warminster, 1992).
*{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia |title=Almoravids |volume=I |editor-first=Alexander |editor-last=Mikaberidze |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 }}
*Joseph F. O'Callaghan. ''A History of Medieval Spain.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975
*Peter Pierson. ''The History of Spain.'' Ed. John E. Findling and Frank W. Thacheray. Wesport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1999. 34–36.
*[http://libro.uca.edu/alfonso6/ Bernard F. Reilly. ''The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109''] Princeton, New Jersey: University Press, 1988.
*[http://balagan.info/industrial-warfare/reconquista Steven Thomas. ''711–1492: Al-Andalus and the Reconquista''.]
*M. J. Trow,''El Cid The Making of a Legend,'' Sutton Publishing Limited, 2007.
*Henry Edwards Watts. "The Story of El Cid (1026–1099)" in ''The Christian Recovery of Spain: The Story of Spain from the Moorish Conquest to the Fall of Granada (711–1492 AD)''. New York: Putnam, 1894. 71–91.
*T.Y. Henderson. "Conquests Of Valencia"
*J. I. Garcia Alonso, J. A. Martinez, A. J. Criado, "Origin of El Cid's sword revealed by ICP-MS metal analysis", Spectroscopy Europe, 11/4 (1999).
==Further reading==
* McNair, Alexander J. [https://www.scribd.com/doc/294324954 "El Cid, the Impaler?: Line 1254 of the Poem of the Cid."] ''Essays in Medieval Studies'', Volume 26, 2010, pp. 45–68
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.caminodelcid.org/Camino_TheRouteofElCid.aspx Information about The Route of El Cid – English]
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Cid, The|volume=6|pages=361–362|short=1}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ibn Jahaf]]<br /><small>(as King of Valencia)</small>}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Taifa of Valencia|Prince of Valencia]]|years=1094–1099}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ximena Díaz]]<br /><small>(as Lady of Valencia)</small>}}
{{s-end}}
{{Rodrigo Díaz}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cid, El}}
[[Category:El Cid| ]]
[[Category:1040s births]]
[[Category:1099 deaths]]
[[Category:11th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:11th-century people from the Kingdom of León]]
[[Category:Burials in the Province of Burgos]]
[[Category:Characters in epic poems]]
[[Category:Christians from al-Andalus]]
[[Category:Heroes in mythology and legend]]
[[Category:Medieval legends]]
[[Category:Military history of Spain]]
[[Category:People of the Reconquista]]
[[Category:Spanish knights]]
[[Category:Spanish Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Taifa of Valencia]]
[[Category:11th-century monarchs in Al-Andalus]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Castilian warlord and Prince of Valencia from 1094 to 1099</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/info/en/?search=El_Cid_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="El Cid (disambiguation)">El Cid (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/El_Cid" title="Special:EditPage/El Cid">improve this article</a> by <a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22El+Cid%22">"El Cid"</a> – <a class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22El+Cid%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22El+Cid%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22El+Cid%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22El+Cid%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22El+Cid%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; font-size: 125%">Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (El Cid)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Prince" title="Prince">Prince</a> of <a href="/info/en/?search=Taifa_of_Valencia" title="Taifa of Valencia">Valencia</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Estatua_del_Cid_(Burgos).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Estatua_del_Cid_%28Burgos%29.jpg/220px-Estatua_del_Cid_%28Burgos%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Estatua_del_Cid_%28Burgos%29.jpg/330px-Estatua_del_Cid_%28Burgos%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Estatua_del_Cid_%28Burgos%29.jpg/440px-Estatua_del_Cid_%28Burgos%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="569" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Statue of El Cid in <a href="/info/en/?search=Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>, Spain</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Taifa_of_Valencia" title="Taifa of Valencia">Prince of Valencia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1094 – 1099</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/info/en/?search=Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1094</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Jahaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Jahaf">Ibn Jahaf</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Jimena_D%C3%ADaz" title="Jimena Díaz">Jimena Díaz</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">bum bum the greatest<br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1043</span><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Vivar_del_Cid" title="Vivar del Cid">Vivar</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1099-07-10</span>)</span>10 July 1099 (aged around 56)<br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/info/en/?search=Burgos_Cathedral" title="Burgos Cathedral">Burgos Cathedral</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Jimena_D%C3%ADaz" title="Jimena Díaz">Jimena Díaz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/info/en/?search=Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Diego_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(Son_of_El_Cid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego Rodríguez (Son of El Cid)">Diego Rodríguez</a><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Cristina_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(noble)" title="Cristina Rodríguez (noble)">Cristina Rodríguez</a><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Mar%C3%ADa_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Vivar" title="María Rodríguez de Vivar">María Rodríguez</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Diego Laínez</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Signature_of_El_Cid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (El Cid)'s signature"><img alt="Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (El Cid)'s signature" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Signature_of_El_Cid.svg/125px-Signature_of_El_Cid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Signature_of_El_Cid.svg/188px-Signature_of_El_Cid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Signature_of_El_Cid.svg/250px-Signature_of_El_Cid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="46" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1043</span> – 10 July 1099) was a Castilian knight and ruler in <a href="/info/en/?search=Medieval_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Spain">medieval Spain</a>. Fighting both with Christian and Muslim armies during his lifetime, he earned the Arabic honorific <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">as-Sayyid</i></span> ("the Lord" or "the Master"), which would evolve into <b>El Çid</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[el<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈθið]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Old Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[el<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈts̻id]</a></span>), and the Spanish honorific <b>El Campeador</b> ("the Champion"). He was born in <a href="/info/en/?search=Vivar_del_Cid" title="Vivar del Cid">Vivar</a>, a village near the city of <a href="/info/en/?search=Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>. As the head of his loyal knights, he came to dominate the <a href="/info/en/?search=Levante,_Spain" title="Levante, Spain">Levante</a> of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> at the end of the 11th century. He reclaimed the <a href="/info/en/?search=Taifa_of_Valencia" title="Taifa of Valencia">Taifa of Valencia</a> from Muslim control for a brief period during the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i>, ruling the principality as its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Lordship_of_Valencia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lordship of Valencia (page does not exist)">lord</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%B1or%C3%ADo_de_Valencia" class="extiw" title="es:Señorío de Valencia">es</a>]</span> from 17 June 1094 until his death in 1099. His wife, <a href="/info/en/?search=Jimena_D%C3%ADaz" title="Jimena Díaz">Jimena Díaz</a>, inherited the city and maintained it until 1102 when it was reconquered by the Moors.
</p><p>Díaz de Vivar became well known for his service in the armies of both Christian and Muslim rulers. After his death, El Cid became Spain's most celebrated national hero and the protagonist of the most significant medieval Spanish epic poem, <span title="Old Spanish-language text"><i lang="osp"><a href="/info/en/?search=Cantar_de_mio_Cid" title="Cantar de mio Cid">El Cantar de mio Cid</a></i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> which presents him as the ideal medieval knight: strong, valiant, loyal, just, and pious.
</p><p>There are various theories on his family history, which remains uncertain; however, he was the grandfather of <a href="/info/en/?search=Garc%C3%ADa_Ram%C3%ADrez_of_Navarre" title="García Ramírez of Navarre">García Ramírez</a> de Pamplona, King of Navarre, the first son of his daughter <a href="/info/en/?search=Cristina_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(noble)" title="Cristina Rodríguez (noble)">Cristina Rodríguez</a>. To this day, El Cid remains a popular Spanish folk hero and national icon, with his life and deeds remembered in popular culture.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology:_Cid_and_Campeador"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology: <i>Cid</i> and <i>Campeador</i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Summary"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Summary</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Title"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Title</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Life_and_career"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Life and career</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Service_under_Sancho_II"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Service under Sancho II</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Service_under_Alfonso_VI"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Service under Alfonso VI</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Exile"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Exile</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Moorish_service"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Moorish service</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Recall_from_exile"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Recall from exile</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Conquest_of_Valencia"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Conquest of Valencia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Death"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Death</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Legend_of_posthumous_victory"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Legend of posthumous victory</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Warrior_and_general"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Warrior and general</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Battle_tactics"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Battle tactics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Babieca"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Babieca</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Swords"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Swords</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Wife_and_children"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Wife and children</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#In_literature,_music,_video_games,_and_film"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">In literature, music, video games, and film</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#General_and_cited_sources"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">General and cited sources</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Primary"><span class="tocnumber">13.1</span> <span class="toctext">Primary</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Secondary_(not_cited)"><span class="tocnumber">13.2</span> <span class="toctext">Secondary (not cited)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology:_Cid_and_Campeador">Etymology: <i>Cid</i> and <i>Campeador</i></span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Dotaci%C3%B3n_del_Cid_a_la_catedral_de_Valencia_1098.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dotaci%C3%B3n_del_Cid_a_la_catedral_de_Valencia_1098.jpg/262px-Dotaci%C3%B3n_del_Cid_a_la_catedral_de_Valencia_1098.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dotaci%C3%B3n_del_Cid_a_la_catedral_de_Valencia_1098.jpg/394px-Dotaci%C3%B3n_del_Cid_a_la_catedral_de_Valencia_1098.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dotaci%C3%B3n_del_Cid_a_la_catedral_de_Valencia_1098.jpg/525px-Dotaci%C3%B3n_del_Cid_a_la_catedral_de_Valencia_1098.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="3440" /></a><figcaption>Here on the penultimate and final line of the document's text appears the autograph of Rodrigo Díaz: «<span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la" style="font-style: normal;">ego ruderico, simul cum coniuge mea, afirmo oc quod superius scriptum est.</span></span>» This translates as "I Rodrigo, together with my wife, affirm that which is written above."</figcaption></figure>
<p>Rodrigo Díaz was recognized with the honorary title of "Campeador" during his lifetime, as is evidenced by a document that he signed in 1098, which he signed in the Latinized expression, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ego Rudericus Campidoctor</i></span>. The title "Campeador" thus comes from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Campidoctor</i></span>, literally meaning "Teacher of the Field", but translatable as "Master of the Battlefield". Arabic sources from the late 11th century and early 12th century call him <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الكنبيطور</span></span> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Kanbīṭūr</i></span>), <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">القنبيطور</span></span> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Qanbīṭūr</i></span>), also preceded by <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Rudrīq</i></span> or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ludrīq</i></span>, which are Arabized forms of his name and title.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>The epithet of "El Cid" meant "the Lord", probably from the original Arabic (<a href="/info/en/?search=Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">السَّيِّد</span>, <small><a href="/info/en/?search=Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">as-<a href="/info/en/?search=Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></i></span>), and was a title given to other Christian leaders. It has been conjectured that Rodrigo Díaz received the honorific title and respectful treatment of contemporaries in Zaragoza because of his victories in the service of the King of the Taifa of Zaragoza between 1081 and 1086; however, he more likely received the epithet after his conquest of Valencia in 1094. This title appears for the first time, as <span title="Old Spanish-language text"><i lang="osp">Meo Çidi</i></span>, in the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Poema de Almería</i></span>, composed between 1147 and 1149.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>The combination of "Cid Campeador" is documented from 1195 in <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Linaje de Rodrigo Díaz</i></span> (<i>The Lineage of Rodrigo Díaz</i>) in Navarro-Aragonese which form part of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber regum</i></span> written as <span title="Old Spanish-language text"><i lang="osp">mio Cit el Campiador</i></span>; and in <span title="Old Spanish-language text"><i lang="osp">El Cantar de mio Cid</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Summary">Summary</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Born a member of the minor nobility, El Cid was brought up at the court of <a href="/info/en/?search=Ferdinand_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand the Great">Ferdinand the Great</a> and served Ferdinand's son, <a href="/info/en/?search=Sancho_II_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancho II of León and Castile">Sancho II of León and Castile</a>. He rose to become the commander and royal standard-bearer (<i>armiger regis</i>) of <a href="/info/en/?search=Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> upon Sancho's ascension in 1065. El Cid went on to lead the Castilian military campaigns against Sancho's brothers, <a href="/info/en/?search=Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso VI of León">Alfonso VI of León</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Garc%C3%ADa_II_of_Galicia" title="García II of Galicia">García II of Galicia</a>, as well as in the Muslim kingdoms in <a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>. He became renowned for his military prowess in these campaigns, which helped expand the territory of the Crown of Castile at the expense of the Muslims and Sancho's brothers' kingdoms. When conspirators murdered Sancho in 1072, El Cid found himself in a difficult situation. Since Sancho was childless, the throne passed to his brother Alfonso, whom El Cid had helped remove from power. Although El Cid continued to serve the sovereign, he lost his ranking in the new court, which treated him suspiciously and kept him at arm's length. Finally, in 1081, he was exiled.<sup id="cite_ref-Mythology_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mythology-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>El Cid found work fighting for the <a href="/info/en/?search=Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> rulers of <a href="/info/en/?search=Taifa_of_Zaragoza" title="Taifa of Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, whom he defended from its traditional enemy, <a href="/info/en/?search=Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>. While in exile, he regained his reputation as a strategist and formidable military leader. He was repeatedly victorious in battle against the <a href="/info/en/?search=Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> rulers of <a href="/info/en/?search=L%C3%A9rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Lérida">Lérida</a> and their Christian allies, as well as against a large Christian army under King <a href="/info/en/?search=Sancho_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Sancho Ramírez">Sancho Ramírez</a> of Aragon. In 1086, an expeditionary army of <a href="/info/en/?search=North_Africa" title="North Africa">North African</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Almoravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravids">Almoravids</a> inflicted a severe defeat to Castile, compelling Alfonso to overcome the resentment he harboured against El Cid. The terms for El Cid's return to Christian service must have been attractive enough since El Cid soon found himself fighting for his former lord. Over the next several years, however, El Cid set his sights on the kingdom-city of <a href="/info/en/?search=Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, operating more or less independently of Alfonso, while politically supporting the <a href="/info/en/?search=Banu_Hud" title="Banu Hud">Banu Hud</a> and other Muslim dynasties opposed to the Almoravids. He gradually increased his control over Valencia; the Islamic ruler, <a href="/info/en/?search=Yahya_al-Qadir" title="Yahya al-Qadir">Yahya al-Qadir</a>, became his tributary in 1092. When the Almoravids instigated an uprising that resulted in the death of Al-Cádir, El Cid responded by laying siege to the city. Valencia finally fell in 1094, and El Cid established an independent principality on the Mediterranean coast of Iberia. He ruled over a <a href="/info/en/?search=Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">pluralistic</a> society with the popular support of Christians and Muslims alike.<sup id="cite_ref-Quest_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quest-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>El Cid's final years were spent fighting the Almoravid <a href="/info/en/?search=Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>. He inflicted upon them their first major defeat in 1094, on the plains of Caurte, outside Valencia, and continued opposing them until his death. Although El Cid remained undefeated in Valencia, Diego Rodríguez, his only son and heir, died fighting against the Almoravids in the service of Alfonso in 1097. After El Cid's death in 1099, his wife, <a href="/info/en/?search=Jimena_D%C3%ADaz" title="Jimena Díaz">Jimena Díaz</a>, succeeded him as ruler of Valencia, but she was eventually forced to surrender the principality to the Almoravids in 1102.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze201191_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze201191-10">[10]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Title">Title</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Carmen_campidoctoris_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Carmen_campidoctoris_1.jpg/220px-Carmen_campidoctoris_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Carmen_campidoctoris_1.jpg/330px-Carmen_campidoctoris_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Carmen_campidoctoris_1.jpg/440px-Carmen_campidoctoris_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>First paragraph of the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Carmen_Campidoctoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmen Campidoctoris">Carmen Campidoctoris</a></i>, the earliest literary treatment of El Cid's life, written to celebrate El Cid's defeat of some counts and champions</figcaption></figure>
<p>The name <i>El Cid</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[el<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈθið]</a></span>) is a modern Spanish denomination composed of the article <i>el</i> meaning "the" and <i>Cid</i>, which derives from the Old Castilian loan word <i>Çid</i> borrowed from the dialectal Arabic word سيد <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Sidi" title="Sidi">sîdi</a></i> or <a href="/info/en/?search=Sayyid" title="Sayyid">sayyid</a>, which means "lord" or "master". The <a href="/info/en/?search=Mozarabs" title="Mozarabs">Mozarabs</a> or the Arabs that served in his ranks may have addressed him in this way, which the Christians may have transliterated and adopted. Historians, however, have not yet found contemporary records referring to Rodrigo as <i>Cid.</i> Arab sources use instead <i>Rudriq</i>, <i>Ludriq al-Kanbiyatur</i> or <i>al-Qanbiyatur</i> (<i>Rodrigo el Campeador</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> The cognomen <i>Campeador</i> derives from Latin <i>campi doctor,</i> which means "battlefield master". He probably gained it during the campaigns of <a href="/info/en/?search=Sancho_II_of_Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho II of Castile and León">King Sancho II of Castile</a> against his brothers, kings <a href="/info/en/?search=Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI of León</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Garc%C3%ADa_II_of_Galicia" title="García II of Galicia">García II of Galicia</a>. While his contemporaries left no historical sources that would have addressed him as <i>Cid</i>, they left plenty of Christian and Arab records, some even signed documents with his autograph, addressing him as <i>Campeador</i>, which prove that he used the Christian cognomen himself.<sup id="cite_ref-egoruderico_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egoruderico-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> The whole combination <i>Cid Campeador</i> is first documented c. 1195 in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Linage_de_Rodric_D%C3%ADaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linage de Rodric Díaz (page does not exist)">Linage de Rodric Díaz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linaje_de_Rodrigo_D%C3%ADaz" class="extiw" title="es:Linaje de Rodrigo Díaz">es</a>]</span></i> included in the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Liber_Regum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liber Regum (page does not exist)">Liber Regum</a></i> under the formula <i>mio Cid el Campeador</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Life_and_career">Life and career</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Le%C3%B3nDeUrraca1109-1126.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Le%C3%B3nDeUrraca1109-1126.svg/300px-Le%C3%B3nDeUrraca1109-1126.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Le%C3%B3nDeUrraca1109-1126.svg/450px-Le%C3%B3nDeUrraca1109-1126.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Le%C3%B3nDeUrraca1109-1126.svg/600px-Le%C3%B3nDeUrraca1109-1126.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Northern Iberian Peninsula under the rule of <a href="/info/en/?search=Urraca_of_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Urraca of León">Urraca, called <b>the Reckless</b> (<i>la Temeraria</i>)</a> Queen of <a href="/info/en/?search=Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a> from 1109 until her death.</figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins">Origins</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>El Cid was born Rodrigo Díaz circa 1043 in <a href="/info/en/?search=Vivar_del_Cid" title="Vivar del Cid">Vivar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ThackerayFindling2012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThackerayFindling2012-16">[16]</a></sup> also known as Castillona de Bivar, a small town about ten kilometers (or six miles) north of <a href="/info/en/?search=Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>, the capital of <a href="/info/en/?search=Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a>. His father, Diego Laínez, was a <a href="/info/en/?search=Noble_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble court">courtier</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucrat</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalryman</a> who had fought in several battles. Despite the fact that El Cid's mother's family was aristocratic, in later years, the peasants would consider him one of their own. However, his relatives were not major court officials; documents show that El Cid's paternal grandfather, Laín, confirmed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (September 2022)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> only five documents of <a href="/info/en/?search=Ferdinand_I_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand I of León and Castile">Ferdinand I</a>'s; his maternal grandfather, Rodrigo Álvarez, certified only two of <a href="/info/en/?search=Sancho_II_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancho II of León and Castile">Sancho II</a>'s; and El Cid's father confirmed only one.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Service_under_Sancho_II">Service under Sancho II</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>As a young man in 1057, El Cid fought against the Moorish stronghold of <a href="/info/en/?search=Taifa_of_Zaragoza" title="Taifa of Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, making its <a href="/info/en/?search=Emir" title="Emir">emir</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Ahmad_al-Muqtadir" title="Ahmad al-Muqtadir">al-Muqtadir</a> a vassal of Sancho. In the spring of 1063, El Cid fought in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Graus" title="Battle of Graus">Battle of Graus</a>, where Ferdinand's half-brother, <a href="/info/en/?search=Ramiro_I_of_Aragon" title="Ramiro I of Aragon">Ramiro I of Aragon</a>, was laying siege to the Moorish town of Graus, which was fought on Zaragozan lands in the valley of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Cinca_(Spain)" title="Cinca (Spain)">river Cinca</a>. Al-Muqtadir, accompanied by Castilian troops including El Cid, fought against the Aragonese. The party slew Ramiro I, setting the Aragonese army on the run, and emerged victorious. One legend has said that during the conflict, El Cid killed an Aragonese knight in single combat, thereby receiving the honorific title "<i>Campeador</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>When Ferdinand died, Sancho continued to enlarge his territory, conquering both Christian strongholds and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Moorish" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorish">Moorish</a> cities of <a href="/info/en/?search=Zamora,_Spain" title="Zamora, Spain">Zamora</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Badajoz" title="Badajoz">Badajoz</a>. When Sancho learned that Alfonso was planning on overthrowing him in order to gain his territory, Sancho sent Cid to bring Alfonso back so that Sancho could speak to him.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Service_under_Alfonso_VI">Service under Alfonso VI</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Jura_de_Santa_Gadea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jura_de_Santa_Gadea.jpg/220px-Jura_de_Santa_Gadea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jura_de_Santa_Gadea.jpg/330px-Jura_de_Santa_Gadea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jura_de_Santa_Gadea.jpg/440px-Jura_de_Santa_Gadea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3522" data-file-height="2082" /></a><figcaption>Marcos Giráldez de Acosta painting (1864) depicting the "<a href="/info/en/?search=Santa_Gadea" title="Santa Gadea">Santa Gadea</a> Oath". In the middle of the scene, <a href="/info/en/?search=Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI</a> (with red cape) is swearing with his right hand on the <a href="/info/en/?search=Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> that he did not take part in the murder of his brother <a href="/info/en/?search=Sancho_II_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancho II of Castile">Sancho II</a>, while El Cid stands as a witness in front of him.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Sancho was assassinated in 1072, during a siege of his sister's town of Zamora.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Since Sancho died unmarried and childless, all of his power passed to his brother Alfonso who, almost immediately, returned from exile in <a href="/info/en/?search=Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> and took his seat as king of Castile and León. He was, however, deeply suspected of having been involved in Sancho's murder. According to the 11th century epic poem <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Cantar_de_mio_Cid" title="Cantar de mio Cid">Cantar de mio Cid</a></i>, the Castilian nobility led by El Cid and a dozen "oath-helpers" forced Alfonso to <a href="/info/en/?search=Oath" title="Oath">swear</a> publicly on holy relics multiple times in front of <a href="/info/en/?search=Santa_Gadea" title="Santa Gadea">Santa Gadea</a> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Saint_Agatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Agatha">Saint Agatha</a>) Church in <a href="/info/en/?search=Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a> that he did not participate in the plot to kill his brother. This is not mentioned in the more reliable 12th century chronicle <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Historia_Roderici" title="Historia Roderici">Historia Roderici</a></i>, however. El Cid's position as <i>armiger regis</i> was taken away and given to his enemy, Count <a href="/info/en/?search=Garc%C3%ADa_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="García Ordóñez">García Ordóñez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1079, El Cid was sent by Alfonso VI to <a href="/info/en/?search=Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> to the court of <a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Mu%27tamid_ibn_Abbad" title="Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad">al-Mutamid</a> to collect the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Parias" title="Parias">parias</a></i> owed by that <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Taifa" title="Taifa">taifa</a></i> to León–Castile.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaytor-3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaytor-3-20">[20]</a></sup> While he was there Granada, assisted by other Castilian knights, attacked Seville, and El Cid and his forces repulsed the Christian and Grenadine attackers at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Cabra" title="Battle of Cabra">Battle of Cabra</a>, in the (probably mistaken) belief that he was defending the king's tributary. During the aftermath of this battle the Muslim troops under El Cid's command would hail him as Sayyidi.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> Count García Ordóñez and the other Castilian leaders<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> were taken captive and held for three days before being released.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaytor-3_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaytor-3-20">[20]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Exile">Exile</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In the <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Cabra" title="Battle of Cabra">Battle of Cabra</a> (1079), El Cid rallied his troops and turned the battle into a rout of Emir Abdullah of <a href="/info/en/?search=Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> and his ally García Ordóñez. This unauthorized expedition into Granada, however, greatly angered Alfonso and May 8, 1080 was the last time El Cid confirmed a document in King Alfonso's court. The most likely reason was El Cid's incursion into Toledo, which happened to be under the control of Alfonso’s vassal, Yahya Al-Qadir.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> Alfonso's anger over El Cid's unsanctioned incursion into his vassal's territory would lead him to exile the knight.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
This is the generally accepted reason for the exile of El Cid, although several others are plausible and indeed may have been contributing factors to the exile: jealous nobles turning Alfonso against El Cid through court intrigue, and Alfonso's own personal animosity towards El Cid. The song of El Cid and subsequent tales state that Alfonso’s and his court’s animosity toward Rodrigo was the primary reason the expulsion of the knights from León,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> as well as a possible misappropriation of some of the tribute from Seville by El Cid.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>At first he went to <a href="/info/en/?search=Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, where <a href="/info/en/?search=Ramon_Berenguer_II,_Count_of_Barcelona" title="Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona">Ramon Berenguer II</a> refused his offer of service.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Moorish_service">Moorish service</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Reinos_de_Taifas_1080.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Reinos_de_Taifas_1080.png/220px-Reinos_de_Taifas_1080.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Reinos_de_Taifas_1080.png/330px-Reinos_de_Taifas_1080.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Reinos_de_Taifas_1080.png/440px-Reinos_de_Taifas_1080.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>During his service to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Taifa_of_Zaragoza" title="Taifa of Zaragoza">Taifa of Zaragoza</a>, he had gained a prominent reputation and the title <i>El Cid</i> (the lord). He is also known to have developed links with the other <a href="/info/en/?search=Taifas" class="mw-redirect" title="Taifas">Taifas</a> in 1080.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:La_Aljafer%C3%ADa_-_Palacio_taifa_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/La_Aljafer%C3%ADa_-_Palacio_taifa_02.JPG/220px-La_Aljafer%C3%ADa_-_Palacio_taifa_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/La_Aljafer%C3%ADa_-_Palacio_taifa_02.JPG/330px-La_Aljafer%C3%ADa_-_Palacio_taifa_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/La_Aljafer%C3%ADa_-_Palacio_taifa_02.JPG/440px-La_Aljafer%C3%ADa_-_Palacio_taifa_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Aljafer%C3%ADa" title="Aljafería">Aljaferia palace</a>, in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Taifa_of_Zaragoza" title="Taifa of Zaragoza">Taifa of Zaragoza</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The exile was not the end of El Cid, either physically or as an important figure. After being rejected by <a href="/info/en/?search=Ramon_Berenguer_II,_Count_of_Barcelona" title="Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona">Ramon Berenguer II</a>, El Cid journeyed to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Taifa_of_Zaragoza" title="Taifa of Zaragoza">Taifa of Zaragoza</a>, where he received a warmer welcome. In 1081, El Cid went on to offer his services to the king of <a href="/info/en/?search=Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Yusuf_al-Mu%27taman_ibn_Hud" title="Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud">Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud</a>, and served both him and his successor, <a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Musta%27in_II" title="Al-Musta'in II">al-Musta'in II</a>. He was given the title <i>El Cid</i> (<i>The Master</i>) and served as a leading figure in a diverse Moorish force consisting of <a href="/info/en/?search=Muwallad" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwallad">Muwallads</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berbers</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Mali" title="Mali">Malians</a> within the respective Taifa.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>According to Moorish accounts:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusi</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Knight" title="Knight">Knights</a> found El Cid their foe ill, thirsty and exiled from the court of <a href="/info/en/?search=Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso</a>, he was presented before the elderly <a href="/info/en/?search=Yusuf_al-Mu%27taman_ibn_Hud" title="Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud">Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud</a> and accepted command of the forces of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Taifa_of_Zaragoza" title="Taifa of Zaragoza">Taifa of Zaragoza</a> as their Master.</p></blockquote>
<p>In his <i>History of Medieval Spain</i> (Cornell University Press, 1975), Joseph F. O'Callaghan writes:
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That kingdom was divided between <a href="/info/en/?search=Yusuf_al-Mu%27taman_ibn_Hud" title="Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud">al-Mutamin</a> (1081–1085) who ruled <a href="/info/en/?search=Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> proper, and his brother <a href="/info/en/?search=Mundhir_al-Hajib" title="Mundhir al-Hajib">al-Mundhir</a>, who ruled <a href="/info/en/?search=Taifa_of_Lleida" class="mw-redirect" title="Taifa of Lleida">Lérida</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Tortosa" title="Tortosa">Tortosa</a>. El Cid entered al-Mutamin's service and successfully defended Zaragoza against the assaults of al-Mundhir, <a href="/info/en/?search=Sancho_I_of_Arag%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancho I of Aragón">Sancho I of Aragón</a>, and Ramon Berenguer II, whom he held captive briefly in 1082.</p></blockquote>
<p>In 1082, the army of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Taifa_of_Zaragoza" title="Taifa of Zaragoza">Taifa of Zaragoza</a> under El Cid defeated the <a href="/info/en/?search=Taifa_of_Lleida" class="mw-redirect" title="Taifa of Lleida">Taifa of Lleida</a> at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Almenar_(1082)" title="Battle of Almenar (1082)">Battle of Almenar</a>. In 1084, he defeated the <a href="/info/en/?search=Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragonese</a> at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Morella" title="Battle of Morella">Battle of Morella</a> near <a href="/info/en/?search=Tortosa" title="Tortosa">Tortosa</a>, but in autumn the Castilians started a loose siege of <a href="/info/en/?search=Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> and later the next year the Christians captured <a href="/info/en/?search=Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a>, a stronghold of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Taifa_of_Toledo" title="Taifa of Toledo">Taifa of Toledo</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>In 1086, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a> invasion of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, through and around <a href="/info/en/?search=Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, began. The Almoravids, a <a href="/info/en/?search=Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> dynasty from <a href="/info/en/?search=North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, led by <a href="/info/en/?search=Yusuf_ibn_Tashfin" title="Yusuf ibn Tashfin">Yusuf ibn Tashfin</a>, were asked to help defend the divided Moors from Alfonso. The Almoravid army, joined by that of several Taifas, including <a href="/info/en/?search=Badajoz" title="Badajoz">Badajoz</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Tortosa" title="Tortosa">Tortosa</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, defeated a combined army of <a href="/info/en/?search=Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragón</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Sagrajas" title="Battle of Sagrajas">Battle of Sagrajas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1087, <a href="/info/en/?search=Raymond_of_Burgundy" title="Raymond of Burgundy">Raymond of Burgundy</a> and his Christian allies attempted to weaken the Taifa of Zaragoza's northernmost stronghold by initiating the <a href="/info/en/?search=Siege_of_Tudela" title="Siege of Tudela">Siege of Tudela</a> and Alfonso captured <a href="/info/en/?search=Aledo,_Murcia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aledo, Murcia">Aledo, Murcia</a>, blocking the route between the Taifas in the eastern and western Iberian Peninsula.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Recall_from_exile">Recall from exile</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:The_Cid_ordering_the_Execution_of_Ahmed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/The_Cid_ordering_the_Execution_of_Ahmed.jpg/220px-The_Cid_ordering_the_Execution_of_Ahmed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/The_Cid_ordering_the_Execution_of_Ahmed.jpg/330px-The_Cid_ordering_the_Execution_of_Ahmed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/The_Cid_ordering_the_Execution_of_Ahmed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>El Cid ordering the execution of <a href="/info/en/?search=Almoravid" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravid">Almoravid</a> allies after his conquest of Valencia in 1094</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Batalla_de_Cuarte.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Batalla_de_Cuarte.svg/220px-Batalla_de_Cuarte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Batalla_de_Cuarte.svg/330px-Batalla_de_Cuarte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Batalla_de_Cuarte.svg/440px-Batalla_de_Cuarte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Battle of <a href="/info/en/?search=Quart_de_Poblet" title="Quart de Poblet">Quart de Poblet</a> (21 October 1094). El Cid's troops are in green, <a href="/info/en/?search=Almoravid" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravid">Almoravid</a> troops are in red.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Terrified after his crushing defeat, Alfonso recalled El Cid, rewarding him lavishly with lands and lordships, such as the fortress of Gormaz. In the year 1087 Alfonso sent him to negotiate with the emboldened Taifa kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Catlos2015_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catlos2015-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>El Cid returned to Alfonso, but now he had his own plans. He only stayed a short while and then returned to Zaragoza. El Cid was content to let the Almoravid armies and the armies of Alfonso fight without his help, even when there was a chance that the Almoravids might defeat Alfonso and take over all of Alfonso's lands. El Cid chose not to fight because he was hoping that both armies would weaken themselves. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Conquest_of_Valencia">Conquest of Valencia</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Around this time, El Cid, with a combined Christian and Moorish army, began maneuvering in order to create his own fief in the Moorish <a href="/info/en/?search=Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> coastal city of <a href="/info/en/?search=Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>. Several obstacles lay in his way. First was Berenguer Ramon II, who ruled nearby <a href="/info/en/?search=Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>. In May 1090, El Cid defeated and captured Berenguer in the Battle of Tébar (nowadays Pinar de Tévar, near <a href="/info/en/?search=Monroyo" title="Monroyo">Monroyo</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Province_of_Teruel" title="Province of Teruel">Teruel</a>). Berenguer was later released and his nephew Ramon Berenguer III married El Cid's youngest daughter Maria to ward against future conflicts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Along the way to Valencia, El Cid also conquered other towns, many of which were near Valencia, such as <a href="/info/en/?search=El_Puig" title="El Puig">El Puig</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Quart_de_Poblet" title="Quart de Poblet">Quart de Poblet</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>El Cid gradually came to have more influence in Valencia, then ruled by <a href="/info/en/?search=Yahya_al-Qadir" title="Yahya al-Qadir">Yahya al-Qadir</a>, of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Hawwara" title="Hawwara">Hawwara</a> Berber <a href="/info/en/?search=Dhulnunid_dynasty" title="Dhulnunid dynasty">Dhulnunid dynasty</a>. In October 1092 an uprising occurred in Valencia, inspired by the city's chief judge Ibn Jahhaf and the Almoravids. El Cid began a siege of Valencia. A December 1093 attempt to break the siege failed. By the time the siege ended in May 1094, El Cid had carved out his own principality on the coast of the Mediterranean. Officially, El Cid ruled in the name of Alfonso; in practice, El Cid was fully independent. The city was both Christian and Muslim, and both Moors and Christians served in the army and as administrators. <a href="/info/en/?search=Jerome_of_P%C3%A9rigord" title="Jerome of Périgord">Jerome of Périgord</a> was made bishop.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Death">Death</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Burgos_-_Catedral_069_-_Tumba_del_Cid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Burgos_-_Catedral_069_-_Tumba_del_Cid.jpg/220px-Burgos_-_Catedral_069_-_Tumba_del_Cid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Burgos_-_Catedral_069_-_Tumba_del_Cid.jpg/330px-Burgos_-_Catedral_069_-_Tumba_del_Cid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Burgos_-_Catedral_069_-_Tumba_del_Cid.jpg/440px-Burgos_-_Catedral_069_-_Tumba_del_Cid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/info/en/?search=Tomb" title="Tomb">Tomb</a> of El Cid and his wife Doña Jimena at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Burgos_Cathedral" title="Burgos Cathedral">Burgos Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>El Cid and his wife <a href="/info/en/?search=Jimena_D%C3%ADaz" title="Jimena Díaz">Jimena Díaz</a> lived peacefully in Valencia until the Almoravids besieged the city.
But he defeated them and died 5 years later, on July 10, 1099.
</p><p>Afterward Valencia was captured by <a href="/info/en/?search=Mazdali_ibn_Tilankan" title="Mazdali ibn Tilankan">Mazdali</a> on May 5, 1102. Jimena fled to Burgos, Castile, in 1101. She rode into the town with her retinue and the body of El Cid. Originally buried in Castile in the monastery of <a href="/info/en/?search=San_Pedro_de_Carde%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="San Pedro de Cardeña">San Pedro de Cardeña</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasterio_de_San_Pedro_de_Carde%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Monasterio de San Pedro de Cardeña">es</a>; <a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_de_Carde%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="ca:San Pedro de Cardeña">ca</a>]</span>, his body now lies at the center of <a href="/info/en/?search=Burgos_Cathedral" title="Burgos Cathedral">Burgos Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Legend_of_posthumous_victory">Legend of posthumous victory</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>After his demise, but still during the siege of Valencia, legend holds that Jimena ordered that the corpse of El Cid be fitted with his armor and set on his horse, Babieca, to bolster the morale of his troops. In several variations of the story, the dead Rodrigo and his knights win a thundering charge against Valencia's besiegers, resulting in a war-is-lost-but-battle-is-won <a href="/info/en/?search=Catharsis" title="Catharsis">catharsis</a> for generations of Christian Spaniards to follow. It is believed that the legend originated shortly after Jimena entered Burgos, and that it is derived from the manner in which Jimena's procession rode into the city, i.e. alongside her deceased husband.<sup id="cite_ref-Perea_Rodríguez_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perea_Rodríguez-29">[29]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Warrior_and_general">Warrior and general</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Battle_tactics">Battle tactics</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>During his campaigns, El Cid often ordered that books by classic <a href="/info/en/?search=Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Greek</a> authors on military themes be read aloud to him and his troops, for both entertainment and inspiration before battle. El Cid's army had a novel approach to planning strategy as well, holding what might be called "<a href="/info/en/?search=Brainstorming" title="Brainstorming">brainstorming</a>" sessions before each battle to discuss tactics. They frequently used unexpected strategies, engaging in what modern generals would call <a href="/info/en/?search=Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a>—waiting for the enemy to be paralyzed with terror and then attacking them suddenly; distracting the enemy with a small group of soldiers, etc. (El Cid used this distraction in capturing the town of Castejón as depicted in <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Cantar_de_mio_Cid" title="Cantar de mio Cid">Cantar de mio Cid</a></i> (<i>The Song of my Cid</i>).) El Cid accepted or included suggestions from his troops. In <i>The Song</i> the man who served him as his closest adviser was his vassal and kinsman <a href="/info/en/?search=%C3%81lvar_F%C3%A1%C3%B1ez" title="Álvar Fáñez">Álvar Fáñez</a> "<i>Minaya</i>" (meaning <i>"My brother"</i>, a compound word of Spanish possessive <i>Mi</i> (My) and <i>Anaia</i>, the basque word for <i>brother</i>), although the historical Álvar Fáñez remained in Castile with Alfonso VI.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Babieca">Babieca</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Carde%C3%B1a_tumba_babieca_03320.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Carde%C3%B1a_tumba_babieca_03320.jpg/220px-Carde%C3%B1a_tumba_babieca_03320.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Carde%C3%B1a_tumba_babieca_03320.jpg/330px-Carde%C3%B1a_tumba_babieca_03320.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Carde%C3%B1a_tumba_babieca_03320.jpg/440px-Carde%C3%B1a_tumba_babieca_03320.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Babieca at the monastery of <a href="/info/en/?search=San_Pedro_de_Carde%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="San Pedro de Cardeña">San Pedro de Cardeña</a></figcaption></figure>
<p><b>Babieca</b>, or <b>Bavieca</b>, was El Cid's <a href="/info/en/?search=Warhorse" class="mw-redirect" title="Warhorse">warhorse</a>. Several stories exist about El Cid and Babieca. One well-known legend about El Cid describes how he acquired the <a href="/info/en/?search=Stallion" title="Stallion">stallion</a>. According to this story, Rodrigo's godfather, Pedro El Grande, was a monk at a <a href="/info/en/?search=Carthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian">Carthusian</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a>. Pedro's coming-of-age gift to El Cid was his pick of a horse from an <a href="/info/en/?search=Andalusian_horse" title="Andalusian horse">Andalusian</a> herd. El Cid picked a horse that his godfather thought was a weak, poor choice, causing the monk to exclaim "<i>Babieca!</i>" (stupid!). Hence, it became the name of El Cid's horse. Another legend states that in a competition of battle to become King Sancho's "Campeador", or champion, a knight on horseback wished to challenge El Cid. The King wished a fair fight and gave El Cid his finest horse, Babieca, or Bavieca. This version says Babieca was raised in the royal stables of Seville and was a highly trained and loyal war horse, not a foolish stallion. The name in this instance could suggest that the horse came from the Babia region in <a href="/info/en/?search=Le%C3%B3n_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="León (historical region)">León, Spain</a>. In the poem <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Carmen_Campidoctoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmen Campidoctoris">Carmen Campidoctoris</a></i>, Babieca appears as a gift from "a barbarian" to El Cid, so its name could also be derived from "Barbieca", or "horse of the barbarian".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
</p><p>Regardless, Babieca became a great warhorse, famous to the Christians, feared by El Cid's enemies, and loved by El Cid, who allegedly requested that Babieca be buried with him in the monastery of <a href="/info/en/?search=San_Pedro_de_Carde%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="San Pedro de Cardeña">San Pedro de Cardeña</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Quest_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quest-9">[9]</a></sup> Babieca is mentioned in several tales and historical documents about El Cid, including <i>The Lay of El Cid</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Swords">Swords</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>A weapon traditionally identified as El Cid's <a href="/info/en/?search=Sword" title="Sword">sword</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Tizona" title="Tizona">Tizona</a>, used to be displayed in the Army Museum (Museo del Ejército) in Toledo. In 1999, a small sample of the blade underwent metallurgical analysis which confirmed that the blade was made in Moorish <a href="/info/en/?search=C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a> in the eleventh century and contained amounts of <a href="/info/en/?search=Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Wiley_&_Sons,_Ltd_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Wiley_&_Sons,_Ltd-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2007, the Autonomous Community of <a href="/info/en/?search=Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile and León</a> bought the sword for €1.6 million,<sup id="cite_ref-Hill2014_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill2014-33">[33]</a></sup> and it is currently on display at the Museum of <a href="/info/en/?search=Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p><p>El Cid also had a sword called <a href="/info/en/?search=Colada" title="Colada">Colada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HamiltonMichael1984_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HamiltonMichael1984-35">[35]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Wife_and_children">Wife and children</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Cronica_del_muy_esfor%C3%A7ado_cauallero_el_Cid_ruy_diaz_campeador.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/29/Cronica_del_muy_esfor%C3%A7ado_cauallero_el_Cid_ruy_diaz_campeador.gif/220px-Cronica_del_muy_esfor%C3%A7ado_cauallero_el_Cid_ruy_diaz_campeador.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/29/Cronica_del_muy_esfor%C3%A7ado_cauallero_el_Cid_ruy_diaz_campeador.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>El Cid depicted on the title page of a 16th-century working of his story</figcaption></figure>
<p>El Cid married <a href="/info/en/?search=Jimena_D%C3%ADaz" title="Jimena Díaz">Jimena Díaz</a>, who was said to be part of an aristocratic family from Asturias, in the mid-1070s.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> The <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Historia_Roderici" title="Historia Roderici">Historia Roderici</a></i> calls her a daughter of a Count <a href="/info/en/?search=Diego_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Oviedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego Fernández de Oviedo">Diego Fernández de Oviedo</a>. Tradition states that when El Cid first laid eyes on her, he was enamoured of her great beauty. El Cid and Jimena had two daughters, Cristina and María, and a son. The latter, <a href="/info/en/?search=Diego_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(Son_of_El_Cid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego Rodríguez (Son of El Cid)">Diego Rodríguez</a>, was killed while fighting against the invading Muslim Almoravids from <a href="/info/en/?search=North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Consuegra" title="Battle of Consuegra">Battle of Consuegra</a> in 1097. El Cid's daughters <a href="/info/en/?search=Cristina_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(noble)" title="Cristina Rodríguez (noble)">Cristina Rodríguez</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Mar%C3%ADa_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Vivar" title="María Rodríguez de Vivar">María</a> both married into noble families. Cristina married <a href="/info/en/?search=Ramiro_S%C3%A1nchez,_Lord_of_Monz%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramiro Sánchez, Lord of Monzón">Ramiro</a>, Lord of <a href="/info/en/?search=Monz%C3%B3n" title="Monzón">Monzón</a> and grandson of <a href="/info/en/?search=Garc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_III_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="García Sánchez III of Navarre">García Sánchez III of Navarre</a>. Her own son, El Cid's grandson, would be elevated to the throne of <a href="/info/en/?search=Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a> as King <a href="/info/en/?search=Garc%C3%ADa_Ram%C3%ADrez_of_Navarre" title="García Ramírez of Navarre">García Ramírez</a>. The other daughter, <a href="/info/en/?search=Mar%C3%ADa_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Vivar" title="María Rodríguez de Vivar">María</a> (also known as Sol), is said first to have married a prince of Aragon, presumably the son of <a href="/info/en/?search=Peter_I_of_Aragon_and_Pamplona" title="Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona">Peter I</a>, and she later married <a href="/info/en/?search=Ramon_Berenguer_III,_Count_of_Barcelona" title="Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona">Ramon Berenguer III</a>, count of <a href="/info/en/?search=Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>. Both the poem and the chronicle may state a previous marriage to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Infantes_de_Carri%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infantes de Carrión (page does not exist)">infantes de Carrión</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/infantes_de_Carri%C3%B3n" class="extiw" title="es:infantes de Carrión">es</a>]</span>; however, these marriages are not a historical fact and are an important element in the construction of the poem.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup>
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<h2><span id="In_literature.2C_music.2C_video_games.2C_and_film"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="In_literature,_music,_video_games,_and_film">In literature, music, video games, and film</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The figure of El Cid has been the source for many literary works, beginning with the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Cantar_de_mio_Cid" title="Cantar de mio Cid">Cantar de mio Cid</a></i>, an <a href="/info/en/?search=Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic poem</a> from the 12th century which gives a partly-fictionalized account of his life, and was one of the early <a href="/info/en/?search=Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">chivalric romances</a>. This poem, along with similar later works such as the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Mocedades_de_Rodrigo" title="Mocedades de Rodrigo">Mocedades de Rodrigo</a></i>, contributed to portray El Cid as a chivalric hero of the Reconquista,<sup id="cite_ref-Woolf2011_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woolf2011-38">[38]</a></sup> making him a legendary figure in Spain. El Cid is one of the few examples of knight errantry formally recognized by the priest in <a href="/info/en/?search=Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>'s <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i> (1605-1615).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> In the early 17th century, the Spanish writer <a href="/info/en/?search=Guill%C3%A9n_de_Castro_y_Bellvis" title="Guillén de Castro y Bellvis">Guillén de Castro</a> wrote a play called <i>Las Mocedades del Cid</i>, on which French playwright <a href="/info/en/?search=Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Pierre Corneille</a> based one of his most famous tragicomedies, <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Le_Cid" title="Le Cid">Le Cid</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gale2016_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale2016-40">[40]</a></sup> He was also a popular source of inspiration for Spanish writers of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic period</a>, such as <a href="/info/en/?search=Juan_Eugenio_Hartzenbusch" title="Juan Eugenio Hartzenbusch">Juan Eugenio Hartzenbusch</a>, who wrote <i>La Jura de Santa Gadea</i>, or <a href="/info/en/?search=Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">José Zorrilla</a>, who wrote a long poem called <i>La Leyenda del Cid</i>. In 2019, <a href="/info/en/?search=Arturo_P%C3%A9rez-Reverte" title="Arturo Pérez-Reverte">Arturo Pérez-Reverte</a> published the novel entitled <i>Sidi: Un relato de frontera</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/info/en/?search=Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a> references El Cid when introducing the character of Samoa in Chapter 21 of <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Mardi" title="Mardi">Mardi</a></i> (1849): "He alighted about six paces from where we stood, and balancing his weapon, eyed us bravely as the Cid".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/info/en/?search=Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Georges Bizet</a> worked on <i>Don Rodrigue</i> in 1873 that was set aside and never completed. <a href="/info/en/?search=Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Jules Massenet</a> wrote an opera, <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Le_Cid_(opera)" title="Le Cid (opera)">Le Cid</a></i>, in 1885, based on Corneille's play of the same name. <a href="/info/en/?search=Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a> began work in 1890 on an opera, <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Rodrigue_et_Chim%C3%A8ne" title="Rodrigue et Chimène">Rodrigue et Chimène</a></i>, which he abandoned as unsuitable for his temperament; it was orchestrated for performance by <a href="/info/en/?search=Edison_Denisov" title="Edison Denisov">Edison Denisov</a> circa 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p>El Cid is portrayed by American actor <a href="/info/en/?search=Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> in a 1961 <a href="/info/en/?search=El_Cid_(film)" title="El Cid (film)">epic film of the same name</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fletcher1991_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher1991-45">[45]</a></sup> directed by <a href="/info/en/?search=Anthony_Mann" title="Anthony Mann">Anthony Mann</a>, where the character of Doña Ximena is portrayed by Italian actress <a href="/info/en/?search=Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2009_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2009-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gale_20168_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale_20168-47">[47]</a></sup> In 2020, <a href="/info/en/?search=Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Amazon Prime Video</a> premiered a <a href="/info/en/?search=El_Cid_(TV_series)" title="El Cid (TV series)">Spanish TV series</a> with <a href="/info/en/?search=Jaime_Lorente" title="Jaime Lorente">Jaime Lorente</a> starring as <i>El Cid</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1979, <a href="/info/en/?search=Crack_(band)" title="Crack (band)">Crack</a>, one of the most prominent progressive rock bands from Spain, released their first and only album <i>Si Todo Hiciera Crack</i> including "Marchando una del Cid", a song based on the epic legend of El Cid.<sup id="cite_ref-DiGioiaA2020_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiGioiaA2020-49">[49]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1980, <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Ruy,_the_Little_Cid" title="Ruy, the Little Cid">Ruy, the Little Cid</a></i> was an <a href="/info/en/?search=Anime" title="Anime">animated series</a> based on El Cid's childhood made by <a href="/info/en/?search=Nippon_Animation" title="Nippon Animation">Nippon Animation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup>
</p><p>El Cid was described to inspire Ferny about his Spanish heritage in "The Legend of Raloo", episode 16 of season 1 of <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Jakers!_The_Adventures_of_Piggley_Winks" title="Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks">Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks</a></i> in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the second <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Age_of_Empires" title="Age of Empires">Age of Empires</a></i> video game installment, <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Age_of_Empires_II:_The_Conquerors" title="Age of Empires II: The Conquerors">The Conquerors</a></i> expansion pack, there is a campaign starring El Cid Campeador.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup>
</p><p>In both the first and second <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Medieval:_Total_War" title="Medieval: Total War">Medieval: Total War</a></i> games, El Cid appears as a powerful independent general in the castle of Valencia.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2003, the Spanish animated film <i><a href="/info/en/?search=El_Cid:_The_Legend" title="El Cid: The Legend">El Cid: The Legend</a></i> was released.<sup id="cite_ref-Muñoz_2023_a617_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muñoz_2023_a617-55">[55]</a></sup>
</p><p><i><a href="/info/en/?search=El_ministerio_del_tiempo" title="El ministerio del tiempo">The Ministry of Time</a></i>, a Spanish science fiction television series, portrayed El Cid in season 2, episode 1.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup>
</p><p>El Cid is a playable character in the Mobile/PC Game <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Rise_of_Kingdoms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rise of Kingdoms (page does not exist)">Rise of Kingdoms</a>.
</p><p>El Cid is a playable character in <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Crusader_Kings_II" title="Crusader Kings II">Crusader Kings II</a></i> and Crusader Kings III in start dates corresponding to his historical rule over Valencia.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1021810730">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em 1.6em;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em 1.6em;text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid #eaecf0 1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:#fff!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Monumento_al_Cid_(Burgos)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="General view of the 1954 Juan Cristóbal González Quesada's statue of El Cid in Burgos"><img alt="General view of the 1954 Juan Cristóbal González Quesada's statue of El Cid in Burgos" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Monumento_al_Cid_%28Burgos%29_01.jpg/135px-Monumento_al_Cid_%28Burgos%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Monumento_al_Cid_%28Burgos%29_01.jpg/202px-Monumento_al_Cid_%28Burgos%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Monumento_al_Cid_%28Burgos%29_01.jpg/270px-Monumento_al_Cid_%28Burgos%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">General view of the 1954 Juan Cristóbal González Quesada's statue of El Cid in <a href="/info/en/?search=Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a></div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Burgos_-_Arco_de_Santa_Maria_-_El_Cid.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of El Cid included in the 14th- to 15th-century "Santa María" gateway, Burgos"><img alt="Statue of El Cid included in the 14th- to 15th-century "Santa María" gateway, Burgos" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Burgos_-_Arco_de_Santa_Maria_-_El_Cid.JPG/135px-Burgos_-_Arco_de_Santa_Maria_-_El_Cid.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Burgos_-_Arco_de_Santa_Maria_-_El_Cid.JPG/202px-Burgos_-_Arco_de_Santa_Maria_-_El_Cid.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Burgos_-_Arco_de_Santa_Maria_-_El_Cid.JPG/270px-Burgos_-_Arco_de_Santa_Maria_-_El_Cid.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Statue of El Cid included in the 14th- to 15th-century "Santa María" gateway, Burgos</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Cid.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1344 medieval miniature showing the decapitation of Count Lozano by El Cid"><img alt="1344 medieval miniature showing the decapitation of Count Lozano by El Cid" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cid.png/180px-Cid.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cid.png/270px-Cid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cid.png/360px-Cid.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="352" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">1344 medieval <a href="/info/en/?search=Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniature</a> showing the decapitation of Count Lozano by El Cid</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Burgos_gigantones_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Burgalese traditional representation (called "Gigantones") of El Cid that is taken to the streets during the town major festivity. Doña Jimena's representation is behind."><img alt="Burgalese traditional representation (called "Gigantones") of El Cid that is taken to the streets during the town major festivity. Doña Jimena's representation is behind." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Burgos_gigantones_1.jpg/180px-Burgos_gigantones_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Burgos_gigantones_1.jpg/270px-Burgos_gigantones_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Burgos_gigantones_1.jpg/360px-Burgos_gigantones_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="847" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Burgalese traditional representation (called "<i>Gigantones</i>") of El Cid that is taken to the streets during the town major festivity. Doña Jimena's representation is behind.</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Burgos._El_Solar_del_Cid.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The terrain known as the "Solar del Cid", where his house was located. The monument was erected in 1784. Photo taken in Burgos, c. 1865–1892."><img alt="The terrain known as the "Solar del Cid", where his house was located. The monument was erected in 1784. Photo taken in Burgos, c. 1865–1892." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Burgos._El_Solar_del_Cid.jpg/180px-Burgos._El_Solar_del_Cid.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Burgos._El_Solar_del_Cid.jpg/270px-Burgos._El_Solar_del_Cid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Burgos._El_Solar_del_Cid.jpg/360px-Burgos._El_Solar_del_Cid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1090" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The terrain known as the "Solar del Cid", where his house was located. The monument was erected in 1784. Photo taken in Burgos, c. 1865–1892.</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Rodrigo_Diaz_de_Vivar_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="El Cid depiction on the book Portraits of illustrious Spaniards (1791)"><img alt="El Cid depiction on the book Portraits of illustrious Spaniards (1791)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rodrigo_Diaz_de_Vivar_crop.jpg/140px-Rodrigo_Diaz_de_Vivar_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rodrigo_Diaz_de_Vivar_crop.jpg/209px-Rodrigo_Diaz_de_Vivar_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rodrigo_Diaz_de_Vivar_crop.jpg/279px-Rodrigo_Diaz_de_Vivar_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="437" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">El Cid depiction on the book <i>Portraits of illustrious Spaniards</i> (1791)</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Camino_del_Cid_Mecerreyes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In 2008, this El Cid statue made by Ángel Gil Cuevas was placed in Mecerreyes, at the path of the "Camino del Cid"."><img alt="In 2008, this El Cid statue made by Ángel Gil Cuevas was placed in Mecerreyes, at the path of the "Camino del Cid"." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Camino_del_Cid_Mecerreyes.jpg/180px-Camino_del_Cid_Mecerreyes.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Camino_del_Cid_Mecerreyes.jpg/270px-Camino_del_Cid_Mecerreyes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Camino_del_Cid_Mecerreyes.jpg/360px-Camino_del_Cid_Mecerreyes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2778" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">In 2008, this El Cid statue made by Ángel Gil Cuevas was placed in <a href="/info/en/?search=Mecerreyes" title="Mecerreyes">Mecerreyes</a>, at the path of the "<a href="/info/en/?search=Camino_del_Cid" title="Camino del Cid">Camino del Cid</a>".</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:La_Jura_de_Santa_Gadea._Armando_Menocal._1889.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Another version of the "Santa Gadea Oath", painted by Armando Menocal in 1889"><img alt="Another version of the "Santa Gadea Oath", painted by Armando Menocal in 1889" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/La_Jura_de_Santa_Gadea._Armando_Menocal._1889.JPG/154px-La_Jura_de_Santa_Gadea._Armando_Menocal._1889.JPG" decoding="async" width="154" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/La_Jura_de_Santa_Gadea._Armando_Menocal._1889.JPG/231px-La_Jura_de_Santa_Gadea._Armando_Menocal._1889.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/La_Jura_de_Santa_Gadea._Armando_Menocal._1889.JPG/308px-La_Jura_de_Santa_Gadea._Armando_Menocal._1889.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="701" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Another version of the "Santa Gadea Oath", painted by Armando Menocal in 1889</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:El_cofre_del_Cid.Catedral_de_Burgos_(4952394218).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="El Cid's chest at Burgos Cathedral"><img alt="El Cid's chest at Burgos Cathedral" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/El_cofre_del_Cid.Catedral_de_Burgos_%284952394218%29.jpg/180px-El_cofre_del_Cid.Catedral_de_Burgos_%284952394218%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/El_cofre_del_Cid.Catedral_de_Burgos_%284952394218%29.jpg/270px-El_cofre_del_Cid.Catedral_de_Burgos_%284952394218%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/El_cofre_del_Cid.Catedral_de_Burgos_%284952394218%29.jpg/360px-El_cofre_del_Cid.Catedral_de_Burgos_%284952394218%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">El Cid's chest at Burgos Cathedral</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:El_Cid_portrait_%C2%B7_HHWX54.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="El Cid portrait from The Historians' History of the World"><img alt="El Cid portrait from The Historians' History of the World" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/El_Cid_portrait_%C2%B7_HHWX54.svg/133px-El_Cid_portrait_%C2%B7_HHWX54.svg.png" decoding="async" width="133" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/El_Cid_portrait_%C2%B7_HHWX54.svg/200px-El_Cid_portrait_%C2%B7_HHWX54.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/El_Cid_portrait_%C2%B7_HHWX54.svg/267px-El_Cid_portrait_%C2%B7_HHWX54.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="488" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">El Cid portrait from <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World" title="The Historians' History of the World">The Historians' History of the World</a></i></div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:El_Cid-Med-Plaza_Mayor_(Salamanca).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="El Cid medallion (1733–34) at the Plaza Mayor, Salamanca"><img alt="El Cid medallion (1733–34) at the Plaza Mayor, Salamanca" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/El_Cid-Med-Plaza_Mayor_%28Salamanca%29.jpg/120px-El_Cid-Med-Plaza_Mayor_%28Salamanca%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/El_Cid-Med-Plaza_Mayor_%28Salamanca%29.jpg/180px-El_Cid-Med-Plaza_Mayor_%28Salamanca%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/El_Cid-Med-Plaza_Mayor_%28Salamanca%29.jpg/240px-El_Cid-Med-Plaza_Mayor_%28Salamanca%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">El Cid medallion (1733–34) at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Plaza_Mayor,_Salamanca" title="Plaza Mayor, Salamanca">Plaza Mayor, Salamanca</a></div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Vicents_Cots_Primera_haza%C3%B1a_del_Cid.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="1864 Juan Vicens Cots painting "La Primera hazaña de El Cid" depicts a young Rodrigo Díaz showing his father Diego Laínez the severed head of Count Lozano, the father of his future wife Doña Jimena. Count Lozano had previously mocked and slapped elderly Diego Laínez."><img alt="1864 Juan Vicens Cots painting "La Primera hazaña de El Cid" depicts a young Rodrigo Díaz showing his father Diego Laínez the severed head of Count Lozano, the father of his future wife Doña Jimena. Count Lozano had previously mocked and slapped elderly Diego Laínez." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Vicents_Cots_Primera_haza%C3%B1a_del_Cid.jpeg/180px-Vicents_Cots_Primera_haza%C3%B1a_del_Cid.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Vicents_Cots_Primera_haza%C3%B1a_del_Cid.jpeg/270px-Vicents_Cots_Primera_haza%C3%B1a_del_Cid.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Vicents_Cots_Primera_haza%C3%B1a_del_Cid.jpeg/360px-Vicents_Cots_Primera_haza%C3%B1a_del_Cid.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1384" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">1864 Juan Vicens Cots painting "<i>La Primera hazaña de El Cid</i>" depicts a young Rodrigo Díaz showing his father Diego Laínez the severed head of <a href="/info/en/?search=Count" title="Count">Count</a> Lozano, the father of his future wife <a href="/info/en/?search=Jimena_D%C3%ADaz" title="Jimena Díaz">Doña Jimena</a>. Count Lozano had previously mocked and slapped elderly Diego Laínez.</div>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Camino_del_Cid" title="Camino del Cid">Camino del Cid</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=El_Cid_(TV_series)" title="El Cid (TV series)">El Cid (TV series)</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarton2000" class="citation book cs1">Barton, Simon & Richard Fletcher (2000). <i>The world of El Cid: chronicles of the Spanish reconquest</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-7190-5225-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5225-4"><bdi>0-7190-5225-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45486279">45486279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+of+El+Cid%3A+chronicles+of+the+Spanish+reconquest&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45486279&rft.isbn=0-7190-5225-4&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Simon+%26+Richard+Fletcher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ventura Fuentes (1908). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/El_Cid" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/El Cid">El Cid</a>". In <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. <b>3.</b> New York: Robert Appleton Company.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Edward Watts (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cid,_The" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cid, The">Cid, The</a>". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <b>6.</b> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 361–362.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFgigatos2022" class="citation web cs1">gigatos (2022-03-12). <a class="external text" href="https://www.trenfo.com/en/history/biographies/el-cid">"El Cid"</a>. <i>Trenfo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trenfo&rft.atitle=El+Cid&rft.date=2022-03-12&rft.au=gigatos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trenfo.com%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Fbiographies%2Fel-cid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJuan_Carlos_Elorza_GuineaMaría_Pilar_Alonso_AbadCastilla_y_León_Junta2007" class="citation book cs1">Juan Carlos Elorza Guinea; María Pilar Alonso Abad; Castilla y León Junta (2007). <i>El Cid : del hombre a la leyenda: Claustro bajo de la Catedral de Burgos, septiembre–noviembre 2007</i>. Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León. p. 46. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-84-935781-4-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-935781-4-5"><bdi>978-84-935781-4-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/433366647">433366647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Cid+%3A+del+hombre+a+la+leyenda%3A+Claustro+bajo+de+la+Catedral+de+Burgos%2C+septiembre%E2%80%93noviembre+2007&rft.place=Valladolid&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Junta+de+Castilla+y+Le%C3%B3n&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F433366647&rft.isbn=978-84-935781-4-5&rft.au=Juan+Carlos+Elorza+Guinea&rft.au=Mar%C3%ADa+Pilar+Alonso+Abad&rft.au=Castilla+y+Le%C3%B3n+Junta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFIgnacio_Ruiz_Rodríguez2016" class="citation book cs1">Ignacio Ruiz Rodríguez, Félix Martínez Llorente (2016). <i>Recuerdos literarios en honor a un gran historiador de Castilla: Gonzalo Martínez Díez (1924–2015)</i>. Madrid. p. 315. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-84-9085-787-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9085-787-8"><bdi>978-84-9085-787-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/964290692">964290692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recuerdos+literarios+en+honor+a+un+gran+historiador+de+Castilla%3A+Gonzalo+Mart%C3%ADnez+D%C3%ADez+%281924%E2%80%932015%29&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=315&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F964290692&rft.isbn=978-84-9085-787-8&rft.aulast=Ignacio+Ruiz+Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=F%C3%A9lix+Mart%C3%ADnez+Llorente&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/info/en/?search=Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDeyermond2013" class="citation cs2">Deyermond, Alan (2013), "El Cantar de mio Cid y la épica anglosajona", <i>Sonando van sus nuevas allent parte del mar</i>, Presses universitaires du Midi, pp. 217–226, <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbooks.pumi.38431">10.4000/books.pumi.38431</a></span>, <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-2912025852" title="Special:BookSources/978-2912025852"><bdi>978-2912025852</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sonando+van+sus+nuevas+allent+parte+del+mar&rft.atitle=El+Cantar+de+mio+Cid+y+la+%C3%A9pica+anglosajona&rft.pages=217-226&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fbooks.pumi.38431&rft.isbn=978-2912025852&rft.aulast=Deyermond&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Mythology-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mythology_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFee,_Christopher_R.2011" class="citation book cs1">Fee, Christopher R. (2011). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hkx472N8Bk8C&q=Rodrigo+%22El+Cid%22+suspicious+alfonso&pg=PA161"><i>Mythology in the Middle Ages: Heroic Tales of Monsters, Magic, and Might</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 161. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0275984069" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275984069"><bdi>978-0275984069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythology+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+Heroic+Tales+of+Monsters%2C+Magic%2C+and+Might&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0275984069&rft.au=Fee%2C+Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHkx472N8Bk8C%26q%3DRodrigo%2B%2522El%2BCid%2522%2Bsuspicious%2Balfonso%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Quest-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quest_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quest_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher,_Richard_A.1989" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Richard A. (1989). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-MIChVmZwQC"><i>The Quest for El Cid</i></a>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 166–168, 198. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0195069556" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195069556"><bdi>978-0195069556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+El+Cid&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=166-168%2C+198&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0195069556&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW-MIChVmZwQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze201191-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze201191_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2011">Mikaberidze 2011</a>, p. 91.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">María Jesús Viguera Molins, «El Cid en las fuentes árabes», in César Hernández Alonso (coord.), <i>Actas del Congreso Internacional el Cid, Poema e Historia (12–16 de julio de 1999)</i>, Ayuntamiento de Burgos, 2000, pp. 55–92. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/84-87876-41-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-87876-41-2">84-87876-41-2</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-egoruderico-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-egoruderico_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Ramón Menéndez Pidal, <a class="external text" href="https://bibliotecadigital.jcyl.es/i18n/consulta/registro.cmd?id=4240">«Autógrafos inéditos del Cid y de Jimena en dos diplomas de 1098 y 1101»</a>, <i>Revista de Filología Española</i>, t. 5 (1918), Madrid, Sucesores de Hernando, 1918. Digital copy Valladolid, Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Cultura y Turismo. Dirección General de Promociones e Instituciones Culturales, 2009–2010. Original in Archivo de la Catedral de Salamanca, caja 43, legajo 2, n.º 72.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alberto Montaner Frutos y Ángel Escobar, «El <i>Carmen Campidoctoris</i> y la materia cidiana», in <i>Carmen Campidoctoris o Poema latino del Campeador</i>, Madrid, Sociedad Estatal España Nuevo Milenio, 2001, p. 73 [lam.]. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-84-95486-20-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-95486-20-2">978-84-95486-20-2</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alberto Montaner Frutos, <a class="external text" href="https://e-spania.revues.org/20201">«Rodrigo el Campeador como <i>princeps</i> en los siglos XI y XII»</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georges Martin <a class="external text" href="https://e-spania.revues.org/20087">«El primer testimonio cristiano sobre la toma de Valencia (1098)»</a>, en el <a class="external text" href="https://e-spania.revues.org/19945">número monográfico «Rodericus Campidoctor»</a> de la revista electrónica <a class="external text" href="https://e-spania.revues.org/"><i>e-Spania</i></a>, n.º 10 (diciembre de 2010). Online since 22 January 2011. Last time visited November 28th 2011. Complete text (Edition of the Latin text) in José Luis Martín Martín <i>& al.</i>, <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r0qwxJMJ7zoC&pg=PA79"><i>Documentos de los Archivos Catedralicio y Diocesano de Salamanca (siglos XII–XIII)</i>, Salamanca, Universidad, 1977, doc. 1, pp. 79–81</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-ThackerayFindling2012-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ThackerayFindling2012_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Watts2012" class="citation book cs1">Tim Watts (2012). Frank W. Thackeray; John E. Findling (eds.). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BRl1sWYShpcC&pg=PA19"><i>Events That Formed the Modern World</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 19. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-901-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-901-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-901-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Events+That+Formed+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-901-1&rft.au=Tim+Watts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBRl1sWYShpcC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2018" class="citation cs2">Weiss, Julian (2018-12-31), Bale, Anthony (ed.), <a class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781108672832%23CN-bp-12/type/book_part">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'El Cid' (Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar)"</a>, <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of the Crusades</i> (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 184–199, <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108672832.013">10.1017/9781108672832.013</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-108-67283-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-67283-2"><bdi>978-1-108-67283-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165471019">165471019</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-12</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Literature+of+the+Crusades&rft.atitle=%27El+Cid%27+%28Rodrigo+D%C3%ADaz+de+Vivar%29&rft.pages=184-199&rft.date=2018-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165471019%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108672832.013&rft.isbn=978-1-108-67283-2&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2F9781108672832%2523CN-bp-12%2Ftype%2Fbook_part&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCatlos2015" class="citation book cs1">Catlos, Brian (2015). "The Cid Rides Again". <i>Infidel kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, power, and violence in the age of crusade and jihad</i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cid+Rides+Again&rft.btitle=Infidel+kings+and+Unholy+Warriors%3A+Faith%2C+power%2C+and+violence+in+the+age+of+crusade+and+jihad&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Catlos&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2024" class="citation web cs1">Russell, Peter Edward (2024-04-18). <a class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/El-Cid-Castilian-military-leader">"El Cid"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=El+Cid&rft.date=2024-04-18&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Peter+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FEl-Cid-Castilian-military-leader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Chaytor-3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chaytor-3_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaytor-3_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChaytor,_Henry_John1933" class="citation book cs1">Chaytor, Henry John (1933). "Chapter 3: The Reconquest". <a class="external text" href="https://libro.uca.edu/chaytor/achistory.htm"><i>A History of Aragon and Catalonia</i></a>. London: Methuan. pp. 39–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+The+Reconquest&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Aragon+and+Catalonia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=39-40&rft.pub=Methuan&rft.date=1933&rft.au=Chaytor%2C+Henry+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Fchaytor%2Fachistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCatlos2015" class="citation book cs1">Catlos, Brian (2015). "The Cid Rides Again". <i>Infidel kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, power, and violence in the age of crusade and jihad</i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cid+Rides+Again&rft.btitle=Infidel+kings+and+Unholy+Warriors%3A+Faith%2C+power%2C+and+violence+in+the+age+of+crusade+and+jihad&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Catlos&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Historia_Roderici" title="Historia Roderici">Historia Roderici</a></i> says that the other two Castilian leaders were Diego Pérez and Lope Sánchez. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFde_los_Rios,_José_Amador1863" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de los Rios, José Amador (1863). "Capitulo 3: Primeros Monumentos Escritos de la Poesía Castellana (Chapter 3: First-Written Monuments of Castilian Poetry)". <i>Historia Crítica de la Literatura Española, Tomo III, (II Parte, Subciclo I) (The History and Criticism of Spanish Literature, Volume III (Second Part, subpart I))</i> (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: J. Rodriguez. p. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ADkLAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA104">104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Capitulo+3%3A+Primeros+Monumentos+Escritos+de+la+Poes%C3%ADa+Castellana+%28Chapter+3%3A+First-Written+Monuments+of+Castilian+Poetry%29&rft.btitle=Historia+Cr%C3%ADtica+de+la+Literatura+Espa%C3%B1ola%2C+Tomo+III%2C+%28II+Parte%2C+Subciclo+I%29+%28The+History+and+Criticism+of+Spanish+Literature%2C+Volume+III+%28Second+Part%2C+subpart+I%29%29&rft.place=Madrid%2C+Spain&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=J.+Rodriguez&rft.date=1863&rft.au=de+los+Rios%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Amador&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFÁngel_Ferreiro" class="citation web cs1">Ángel Ferreiro, Miguel. <a class="external text" href="https://elretohistorico.com/la-capitulacion-de-toledo-en-mayo-de-1085/.">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"La Conquista De Toledo, Mayo De 1085,"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>El Reto Histórico</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Reto+Hist%C3%B3rico&rft.atitle=%22La+Conquista+De+Toledo%2C+Mayo+De+1085%2C%22&rft.aulast=%C3%81ngel+Ferreiro&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felretohistorico.com%2Fla-capitulacion-de-toledo-en-mayo-de-1085%2F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía_Fitz2015" class="citation book cs1">García Fitz, Francisco (2015). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3o0CJVLbZKIC&pg=PA47"><i>Relaciones Políticas y Guerra: La Experiencia Castellano-Leonesa Frente Al Islam: Siglos XI–XIII</i></a>. Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla. pp. 47–48. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-8447207084" title="Special:BookSources/978-8447207084"><bdi>978-8447207084</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relaciones+Pol%C3%ADticas+y+Guerra%3A+La+Experiencia+Castellano-Leonesa+Frente+Al+Islam%3A+Siglos+XI%E2%80%93XIII&rft.pages=47-48&rft.pub=Sevilla%3A+Universidad+de+Sevilla&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-8447207084&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa+Fitz&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3o0CJVLbZKIC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFInti_Fernandez2018" class="citation book cs1">Inti Fernandez, Yanes (May 1, 2018). <a class="external text" href="https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/173380."><i>The Cross and the Sword: Political Myth-Making, Hegemony, and Intericonicity in the Christianization of the Iberian Peninsula and Britain</i></a>. OAKTrust. p. 138<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cross+and+the+Sword%3A+Political+Myth-Making%2C+Hegemony%2C+and+Intericonicity+in+the+Christianization+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula+and+Britain&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=OAKTrust&rft.date=2018-05-01&rft.aulast=Inti+Fernandez&rft.aufirst=Yanes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foaktrust.library.tamu.edu%2Fhandle%2F1969.1%2F173380.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBaerDupuyJohnsonBongard1994" class="citation journal cs1">Baer, George; Dupuy, Trevor N.; Johnson, Curt; Bongard, David L. (July 1994). <a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944137">"The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography"</a>. <i>The Journal of Military History</i>. <b>58</b> (3): 515. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2944137">10.2307/2944137</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0899-3718">0899-3718</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2944137">2944137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=The+Harper+Encyclopedia+of+Military+Biography.&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=515&rft.date=1994-07&rft.issn=0899-3718&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2944137%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2944137&rft.aulast=Baer&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Dupuy%2C+Trevor+N.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Curt&rft.au=Bongard%2C+David+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F2944137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Catlos2015-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Catlos2015_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCatlos2015" class="citation book cs1">Catlos, Brian A. (2015). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Z4WBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT127"><i>Infidel Kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, Power, and Violence in the Age of Crusade and Jihad</i></a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 127. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0809058372" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809058372"><bdi>978-0809058372</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infidel+Kings+and+Unholy+Warriors%3A+Faith%2C+Power%2C+and+Violence+in+the+Age+of+Crusade+and+Jihad&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0809058372&rft.aulast=Catlos&rft.aufirst=Brian+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Z4WBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Edward Watts (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cid,_The" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cid, The">Cid, The</a>" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <b>6.</b> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 361–362.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Perea_Rodríguez-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perea_Rodríguez_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPerea_Rodríguez" class="citation web cs1">Perea Rodríguez, Óscar. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414202417/http://www.mcnbiografias.com/">"Díaz de Vivar, Rodrigo o El Cid (1043–1099)"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.mcnbiografias.com">the original</a> on 14 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%ADaz+de+Vivar%2C+Rodrigo+o+El+Cid+%281043%E2%80%931099%29&rft.aulast=Perea+Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=%C3%93scar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcnbiografias.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBergen" class="citation web cs1">Bergen, Ard van. <a class="external text" href="https://www.genealogieonline.nl/en/maximum-test/I5666856869970026974.php">"Rodrigo 'el Cid' "El Cid" Díaz de Vivar príncipe de Valencia (± 1043–1099) » maximum test » Genealogy Online"</a>. <i>Genealogy Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genealogy+Online&rft.atitle=Rodrigo+%27el+Cid%27+%22El+Cid%22+D%C3%ADaz+de+Vivar+pr%C3%ADncipe+de+Valencia+%28%C2%B1+1043%E2%80%931099%29+%C2%BB+maximum+test+%C2%BB+Genealogy+Online&rft.aulast=Bergen&rft.aufirst=Ard+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genealogieonline.nl%2Fen%2Fmaximum-test%2FI5666856869970026974.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/6088/6088-h/6088-h.htm">"Project Gutenberg's "The Lay of the Cid"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.gutenberg.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=Project+Gutenberg%27s+%22The+Lay+of+the+Cid%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F6088%2F6088-h%2F6088-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-John_Wiley_&_Sons,_Ltd-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_Wiley_&_Sons,_Ltd_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAlonsoMartinezCriado1999" class="citation journal cs1">Alonso, J. I. Garcia; Martinez, J. A.; Criado, A. J. (1999). "Origin of El Cid's sword revealed by ICP-MS metal analysis". <i>Spectroscopy Europe</i>. <b>11</b> (4). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spectroscopy+Europe&rft.atitle=Origin+of+El+Cid%27s+sword+revealed+by+ICP-MS+metal+analysis&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Alonso&rft.aufirst=J.+I.+Garcia&rft.au=Martinez%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Criado%2C+A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hill2014-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hill2014_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Hill2014" class="citation book cs1">Tom Hill (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RhG_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT330"><i>Swords of El Cid: "Rodrigo! May God curse him!"</i></a>. Andrews UK Limited. p. 330. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-78333-651-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78333-651-7"><bdi>978-1-78333-651-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swords+of+El+Cid%3A+%22Rodrigo%21+May+God+curse+him%21%22&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=Andrews+UK+Limited&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78333-651-7&rft.au=Tom+Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRhG_BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LR5pCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1739"><i>Handbook of Medieval Culture</i></a>. De Gruyter. 31 August 2015. p. 1739. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-3-11-037761-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-037761-3"><bdi>978-3-11-037761-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Medieval+Culture&rft.pages=1739&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2015-08-31&rft.isbn=978-3-11-037761-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLR5pCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-HamiltonMichael1984-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HamiltonMichael1984_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRita_HamiltonIan_Michael1984" class="citation book cs1">Rita Hamilton; Ian Michael (1984). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dYPWN2RMcFoC&pg=PA187"><i>Cantar de mio Cid</i></a>. Penguin. p. 187. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044446-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044446-9"><bdi>978-0-14-044446-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cantar+de+mio+Cid&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044446-9&rft.au=Rita+Hamilton&rft.au=Ian+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdYPWN2RMcFoC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBartonFletcher2000" class="citation book cs1">Barton, Simon; Fletcher, Richard (2000). <a class="external text" href="https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781526112637/9781526112637.00013.xml?rskey=bpxyLl&result=2"><i>The World of El Cid</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 90. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1526112637" title="Special:BookSources/978-1526112637"><bdi>978-1526112637</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+El+Cid&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1526112637&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchesterhive.com%2Fview%2F9781526112637%2F9781526112637.00013.xml%3Frskey%3DbpxyLl%26result%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGirón_AlconchelPérez_Escribano1995" class="citation book cs1">Girón Alconchel, José Luis; Pérez Escribano, María Virginia (1995). <i>Cantar de mio Cid</i>. Madrid: Ed. Castalia. pp. 11–50. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/84-7039-719-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-7039-719-2"><bdi>84-7039-719-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cantar+de+mio+Cid&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=11-50&rft.pub=Ed.+Castalia&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=84-7039-719-2&rft.aulast=Gir%C3%B3n+Alconchel&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Luis&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez+Escribano%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Woolf2011-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woolf2011_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Woolf2011" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Woolf (2011). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7r7SaTXGXEC&pg=PA110"><i>A Global History of History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 110. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87575-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87575-2"><bdi>978-0-521-87575-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+History+of+History&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87575-2&rft.au=Daniel+Woolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ7r7SaTXGXEC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cervantes. Don Quixote of La Mancha. 1605.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Gale2016-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gale2016_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGale2016" class="citation book cs1">Gale (2016). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xtn2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT3"><i>A Study Guide for Pierre Corneille's "Le Cid"</i></a>. Gale, Cengage Learning. p. 3. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-4103-5088-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4103-5088-6"><bdi>978-1-4103-5088-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+Guide+for+Pierre+Corneille%27s+%22Le+Cid%22&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Gale%2C+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4103-5088-6&rft.au=Gale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXtn2DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPérez-Reverte2019" class="citation news cs1">Pérez-Reverte, Arturo (15 September 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/09/10/eps/1568111634_521646.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Sidi', un relato de frontera"</a>. <i>El País</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=%27Sidi%27%2C+un+relato+de+frontera&rft.date=2019-09-15&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez-Reverte&rft.aufirst=Arturo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Felpais%2F2019%2F09%2F10%2Feps%2F1568111634_521646.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPérez-Reverte2019" class="citation news cs1">Pérez-Reverte, Arturo (2 September 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://www.elmundo.es/cultura/laesferadepapel/2019/09/02/5d651af921efa0440b8b45b6.html">"Adelanto del primer capítulo de la nueva novela de Pérez-Reverte, 'Sidi'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>El Mundo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo&rft.atitle=Adelanto+del+primer+cap%C3%ADtulo+de+la+nueva+novela+de+P%C3%A9rez-Reverte%2C+%27Sidi%27&rft.date=2019-09-02&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez-Reverte&rft.aufirst=Arturo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Fcultura%2Flaesferadepapel%2F2019%2F09%2F02%2F5d651af921efa0440b8b45b6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMelville1922" class="citation book cs1">Melville, Herman (1922). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mUNVW_2p5U8C&dq=He+alighted+about+six+paces+from+where+we+stood%2C+and+balancing+his+weapon%2C+eyed+us+bravely+as+the+Cid&pg=PA76"><i>The Works of Herman Melville: no. 3. Mardi, and a voyage thither</i></a>. Constable Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Herman+Melville%3A+no.+3.+Mardi%2C+and+a+voyage+thither&rft.pub=Constable+Limited&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Melville&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmUNVW_2p5U8C%26dq%3DHe%2Balighted%2Babout%2Bsix%2Bpaces%2Bfrom%2Bwhere%2Bwe%2Bstood%252C%2Band%2Bbalancing%2Bhis%2Bweapon%252C%2Beyed%2Bus%2Bbravely%2Bas%2Bthe%2BCid%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDevoto2004" class="citation journal cs1">Devoto, Mark (December 2004). "Review: Claude Debussy Rodrigue et Chimène. Édition de Richard Langham Smith". <i>Notes: Quarterly Journal of the Music Library Association</i>. <b>61</b> (2). <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnot.2004.0131">10.1353/not.2004.0131</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194081830">194081830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes%3A+Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Music+Library+Association&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Claude+Debussy+Rodrigue+et+Chim%C3%A8ne.+%C3%89dition+de+Richard+Langham+Smith&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fnot.2004.0131&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194081830%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Devoto&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Fletcher1991-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher1991_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_A._Fletcher1991" class="citation book cs1">Richard A. Fletcher (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/questforelcid00flet"><i>The Quest for El Cid</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/questforelcid00flet/page/5">5</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506955-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506955-6"><bdi>978-0-19-506955-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+El+Cid&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506955-6&rft.au=Richard+A.+Fletcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquestforelcid00flet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Smith2009-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2009_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGary_Allen_Smith2009" class="citation book cs1">Gary Allen Smith (2009). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ihaBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA76"><i>Epic Films: Casts, Credits and Commentary on More Than 350 Historical Spectacle Movies</i></a> (2nd ed.). McFarland. p. 76. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0418-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0418-3"><bdi>978-1-4766-0418-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epic+Films%3A+Casts%2C+Credits+and+Commentary+on+More+Than+350+Historical+Spectacle+Movies&rft.pages=76&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-0418-3&rft.au=Gary+Allen+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DihaBCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Gale_20168-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gale_20168_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGale2016" class="citation book cs1">Gale (2016). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CxszDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT8"><i>A Study Guide for Anonymous's "Cantar de mio Cid (El Cid)"</i></a>. Gale, Cengage Learning. p. 8. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-4103-4239-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4103-4239-3"><bdi>978-1-4103-4239-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+Guide+for+Anonymous%27s+%22Cantar+de+mio+Cid+%28El+Cid%29%22&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Gale%2C+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4103-4239-3&rft.au=Gale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCxszDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSilvestre2019" class="citation news cs1">Silvestre, Juan (1 October 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://www.fotogramas.es/series-tv-noticias/a29318222/el-cid-amazon-prime-video-reparto/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'El Cid' de Jaime Lorente para Amazon Prime Video completa su reparto"</a>. <i>Fotogramas</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fotogramas&rft.atitle=%27El+Cid%27+de+Jaime+Lorente+para+Amazon+Prime+Video+completa+su+reparto&rft.date=2019-10-01&rft.aulast=Silvestre&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fotogramas.es%2Fseries-tv-noticias%2Fa29318222%2Fel-cid-amazon-prime-video-reparto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-DiGioiaA2020-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiGioiaA2020_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAmanda_DiGioia2020" class="citation book cs1">Amanda DiGioia (2020). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XyYNEAAAQBAJ"><i>Multilingual metal music: Sociocultural, linguistic, and literary perspectives on heavy metal music</i></a>. United Kingdom: Emerald Publishing Limited. pp. 61–77. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-8390-9950-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8390-9950-2"><bdi>978-1-8390-9950-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multilingual+metal+music%3A+Sociocultural%2C+linguistic%2C+and+literary+perspectives+on+heavy+metal+music&rft.pages=61-77&rft.pub=United+Kingdom%3A+Emerald+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-8390-9950-2&rft.au=Amanda+DiGioia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXyYNEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1304919/"><i>Ruy, el pequeño Cid</i></a> (Animation, Adventure, Drama), BRB Internacional S.A., Nippon Animation Co., Televisión Española (TVE), 1980-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-22</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruy%2C+el+peque%C3%B1o+Cid&rft.pub=BRB+Internacional+S.A.%2C+Nippon+Animation+Co.%2C+Televisi%C3%B3n+Espa%C3%B1ola+%28TVE%29&rft.date=1980-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1304919%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manual_201704/page/n1/mode/2up">"Age of Empires II: The Conquerors (Manual)"</a>. <i>Archive.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archive.org&rft.atitle=Age+of+Empires+II%3A+The+Conquerors+%28Manual%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanual_201704%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="33" class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manual_201704/mode/2up">"texts Age of Empires II: The Conquerors (Manual)"</a>. <i>Archive.org</i>. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archive.org&rft.atitle=texts+Age+of+Empires+II%3A+The+Conquerors+%28Manual%29&rft.pages=3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanual_201704%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHospodar2021" class="citation news cs1">Hospodar, Mark (2021-11-09). <a class="external text" href="https://gamerant.com/age-of-empires-ranked-best-worst/">"Every Age Of Empires Game, Ranked"</a>. GameRant. <q>In 2000, The Conquerors expansion was released, which added new campaigns such as Attila the Hun and El Cid.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Every+Age+Of+Empires+Game%2C+Ranked&rft.date=2021-11-09&rft.aulast=Hospodar&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgamerant.com%2Fage-of-empires-ranked-best-worst%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2002" class="citation web cs1">Adams, Dan (2002-01-09). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/01/09/medieval-total-war-6">"Medieval: Total War"</a>. <i>IGN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Medieval%3A+Total+War&rft.date=2002-01-09&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2002%2F01%2F09%2Fmedieval-total-war-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Muñoz_2023_a617-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muñoz_2023_a617_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMuñoz2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muñoz, Michel (2023-12-08). <a class="external text" href="https://eldiadigital.es/art/445618/las-miradas-sobre-mio-cid">"Las Miradas Sobre Mío Cid"</a> (in Spanish). El Diadigital<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Las+Miradas+Sobre+M%C3%ADo+Cid&rft.pub=El+Diadigital&rft.date=2023-12-08&rft.aulast=Mu%C3%B1oz&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feldiadigital.es%2Fart%2F445618%2Flas-miradas-sobre-mio-cid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://www.rtve.es/television/ministerio-del-tiempo/capitulos-completos/temporada-2/capitulo-9/index.shtml">"El Ministerio del Tiempo – Capítulo 9 – T2"</a>. <i>RTVE.es</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RTVE.es&rft.atitle=El+Ministerio+del+Tiempo+%E2%80%93+Cap%C3%ADtulo+9+%E2%80%93+T2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtve.es%2Ftelevision%2Fministerio-del-tiempo%2Fcapitulos-completos%2Ftemporada-2%2Fcapitulo-9%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Primary">Primary</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li>Kurtz, Barbara E. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040604054322/http://lilt.ilstu.edu/bekurtz/elcid.htm"><i>El Cid</i>.</a> University of Illinois.</li>
<li>I. Michael. <i>The Poem of El Cid</i>. Manchester: 1975.</li>
<li><i>The Song of El Cid.</i> Translated by Burton Raffel. Penguin Classics, 2009.</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.planetalibro.com.ar/ebooks/eam/ebook_view.php?ebooks_books_id=85"><i>Cantar de mío Cid</i> – Spanish</a> (free PDF)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206050934/http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Spain/treasures_en.xml">Poema de Mio Cid, Códice de Per Abbat</a> in the <a href="/info/en/?search=European_Library" title="European Library">European Library</a> (third item on page)</li>
<li>R. Selden Rose and Leonard Bacon (trans.) <i>The Lay of El Cid.</i> Semicentennial Publications of the University of California: 1868–1918. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997.</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TcgJAAAAQAAJ">Romancero e historia del muy valeroso caballero El Cid Ruy Díaz de Vibar</a> (1828)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0y1RAAAAcAAJ">Cronica del muy esforçado cavallero el Cid ruy diaz campeador</a> (1533)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://aymennaltamimi.substack.com/p/the-carmen-campidoctoris-poem-on">Carmen Campidoctoris, a Latin poem on El Cid</a></li></ul>
<h3><span id="Secondary_.28not_cited.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Secondary_(not_cited)">Secondary (not cited)</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li>Simon Barton and Richard Fletcher. <i>The world of El Cid, Chronicles of the Spanish reconquest</i>. Manchester: University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-7190-5225-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5225-4">0-7190-5225-4</a> hardback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-7190-5226-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5226-2">0-7190-5226-2</a> paperback.</li>
<li>Gonzalo Martínez Díez, "El Cid Histórico: Un Estudio Exhaustivo Sobre el Verdadero Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar", <a class="external text" href="https://www.editorial.planeta.es">Editorial Planeta</a> (Spain, June 1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/84-08-03161-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-08-03161-9">84-08-03161-9</a></li>
<li>C. Melville and A. Ubaydli (ed. and trans.), <i>Christians and Moors in Spain, vol. III, Arabic sources (711–1501)</i>. (Warminster, 1992).</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mikaberidze, Alexander, ed. (2011). "Almoravids". <i>Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. I. ABC-CLIO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Almoravids&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Conquest+in+the+Islamic+World%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Joseph F. O'Callaghan. <i>A History of Medieval Spain.</i> Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975</li>
<li>Peter Pierson. <i>The History of Spain.</i> Ed. John E. Findling and Frank W. Thacheray. Wesport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1999. 34–36.</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://libro.uca.edu/alfonso6/">Bernard F. Reilly. <i>The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109</i></a> Princeton, New Jersey: University Press, 1988.</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://balagan.info/industrial-warfare/reconquista">Steven Thomas. <i>711–1492: Al-Andalus and the Reconquista</i>.</a></li>
<li>M. J. Trow,<i>El Cid The Making of a Legend,</i> Sutton Publishing Limited, 2007.</li>
<li>Henry Edwards Watts. "The Story of El Cid (1026–1099)" in <i>The Christian Recovery of Spain: The Story of Spain from the Moorish Conquest to the Fall of Granada (711–1492 AD)</i>. New York: Putnam, 1894. 71–91.</li>
<li>T.Y. Henderson. "Conquests Of Valencia"</li>
<li>J. I. Garcia Alonso, J. A. Martinez, A. J. Criado, "Origin of El Cid's sword revealed by ICP-MS metal analysis", Spectroscopy Europe, 11/4 (1999).</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li>McNair, Alexander J. <a class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/294324954">"El Cid, the Impaler?: Line 1254 of the Poem of the Cid."</a> <i>Essays in Medieval Studies</i>, Volume 26, 2010, pp. 45–68</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://www.caminodelcid.org/Camino_TheRouteofElCid.aspx">Information about The Route of El Cid – English</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cid, The"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cid,_The">"Cid, The" </a></span>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 361–362.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cid%2C+The&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=361-362&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Cid" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Jahaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Jahaf">Ibn Jahaf</a><br /><small>(as King of Valencia)</small></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/info/en/?search=Taifa_of_Valencia" title="Taifa of Valencia">Prince of Valencia</a> </b><br />1094–1099
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ximena_D%C3%ADaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ximena Díaz">Ximena Díaz</a><br /><small>(as Lady of Valencia)</small></div>
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</tbody></table>
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transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:Rodrigo_D%C3%ADaz" title="Template talk:Rodrigo Díaz"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:Rodrigo_D%C3%ADaz" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rodrigo Díaz"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rodrigo_Díaz_de_Vivar_(&quot;El_Cid&quot;)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar ("El Cid")</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Prince of <a href="/info/en/?search=Taifa_of_Valencia" title="Taifa of Valencia">Valencia</a> (1094–1099)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Graus" title="Battle of Graus">Battle of Graus</a> (1063)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Llantada" title="Battle of Llantada">Battle of Llantada</a> (1068)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Golpejera" title="Battle of Golpejera">Battle of Golpejera</a> (1072)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Cabra" title="Battle of Cabra">Battle of Cabra</a> (1079)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Almenar_(1082)" title="Battle of Almenar (1082)">Battle of Almenar (1082)</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Morella" title="Battle of Morella">Battle of Morella</a> (1084–1088)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Bair%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bairén">Battle of Bairén</a> (1097)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Swords</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tizona" title="Tizona">Tizona</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Colada" title="Colada">Colada</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jimena_D%C3%ADaz" title="Jimena Díaz">Jimena Díaz</a> (wife)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Diego_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(son_of_El_Cid)" title="Diego Rodríguez (son of El Cid)">Diego Rodríguez</a> (son)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cristina_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(noble)" title="Cristina Rodríguez (noble)">Cristina Rodríguez</a> (daughter)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mar%C3%ADa_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Vivar" title="María Rodríguez de Vivar">María Rodríguez</a> (daughter)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Garc%C3%ADa_Ram%C3%ADrez_of_Navarre" title="García Ramírez of Navarre">García Ramírez of Navarre</a> (grandson)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Diego_Fern%C3%A1ndez_of_Oviedo" title="Diego Fernández of Oviedo">Diego Fernández of Oviedo</a> (father-in-law)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Camino_del_Cid" title="Camino del Cid">Camino del Cid</a> (cultural itinerary)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Burgos_Cathedral" title="Burgos Cathedral">Tomb of El Cid and Doña Jimena</a> (tomb)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Torrecid" title="Torrecid">Torrecid</a> (camp)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vivar_del_Cid" title="Vivar del Cid">Vivar del Cid</a> (birthplace)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Carmen_Campidoctoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmen Campidoctoris">Carmen Campidoctoris</a></i> (epic poem, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1083</span>)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Alqama" title="Ibn Alqama">Ibn Alqama</a> (historian, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span>)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibn_Bassam" title="Ibn Bassam">Ibn Bassam</a> (historian, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1109</span>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Historia_Roderici" title="Historia Roderici">Historia Roderici</a></i> (chronicle, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1181–1190</span>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Cr%C3%B3nica_particular_del_Cid" title="Crónica particular del Cid">Crónica particular del Cid</a></i> (biography, 1512)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Cantar_de_mio_Cid" title="Cantar de mio Cid">Cantar de mio Cid</a></i> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Cantar_de_gesta" title="Cantar de gesta">cantar de gesta</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1140–1207</span>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Mocedades_de_Rodrigo" title="Mocedades de Rodrigo">Mocedades de Rodrigo</a></i> (cantar de gesta, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1360</span>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Cr%C3%B3nica_popular_del_Cid" title="Crónica popular del Cid">Crónica popular del Cid</a></i> (biography, 1498)</li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Le_Cid" title="Le Cid">Le Cid</a></i> (tragicomedy, 1637)</li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Le_Cid_(opera)" title="Le Cid (opera)">Le Cid</a></i> (opera, 1885)</li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=El_Cid_Campeador_(sculpture)" title="El Cid Campeador (sculpture)">El Cid Campeador</a></i> (sculpture, 1927)</li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=El_Cid_(film)" title="El Cid (film)">El Cid</a></i> (film, 1961)</li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Ruy,_the_Little_Cid" title="Ruy, the Little Cid">Ruy, the Little Cid</a></i> (animated series, 1980)</li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Rodrigue_et_Chim%C3%A8ne" title="Rodrigue et Chimène">Rodrigue et Chimène</a></i> (opera, 1993)</li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=El_Cid:_The_Legend" title="El Cid: The Legend">El Cid: The Legend</a></i> (animated film, 2003)</li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=El_Cid_(TV_series)" title="El Cid (TV series)">El Cid</a></i> (TV series, 2020)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43958#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43958#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43958#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1812582/">FAST</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000092605752">ISNI</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22938662">VIAF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90507314">Norway</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/56801">2</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX911556">Spain</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12000313m">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12000313m">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000050333">Argentina</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614936106706">Catalonia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118838989">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259614105171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14579455">Belgium</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82117610">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000062235&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00650069">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700304&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35921279">Australia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070830002">Netherlands</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810590640005606">Poland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/14144">Vatican</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118838989.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1146478">Trove</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028101545">IdRef</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |