Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Early inhabitants of prehistoric Japan}}
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[[File:Sannai IMG 20161009 143947.jpg|thumb|Diorama of Jomon people at Sannai Maruyama.]]
{{nihongo|'''Jōmon people'''|[[wikt:縄文|縄文]] [[wikt:人#Japanese|人]]|Jōmon jin}} is the generic name of the indigenous [[hunter-gatherer]] population that lived in the [[Japanese archipelago]] during the [[Jōmon period]] ({{circa|14,000 to 300 BC}}). They were united through a common Jōmon culture, which reached a considerable degree of [[sedentism]] and cultural complexity.Skibbdy1`]dbnbj vskib7fyd[; u ;ll yh
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The Jōmon people are characterized by a deeply diverged [[East Asian people|East Asian]] ancestry and contributed around 10-15% ancestry to modern Japanese people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Furuichi |first=Yu |date=11 June 2019 |title='Jomon woman' helps solve Japan's genetic mystery |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/555/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611032509/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/555/ |archive-date=11 June 2019 |work=NHK WORLD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite bioRxiv |biorxiv=10.1101/579177 |first1=Takashi |last1=Gakuhari |first2=Shigeki |last2=Nakagome |title=Jomon genome sheds light on East Asian population history |date=15 March 2019 |last3=Rasmussen |first3=Simon |last4=Allentoft |first4=Morten |last5=Sato |first5=Takehiro |last6=Korneliussen |first6=Thorfinn |last7=Chuinneagáin |first7=Blánaid |last8=Matsumae |first8=Hiromi |last9=Koganebuchi |first9=Kae |last10=Schmidt |first10=Ryan |last11=Mizushima |first11=Souichiro |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{cite journal |last1=Osada |first1=Naoki |last2=Kawai |first2=Yosuke |date=2021 |title=Exploring models of human migration to the Japanese archipelago using genome-wide genetic data |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/129/1/129_201215/_article |journal=Anthropological Science |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–58 |doi=10.1537/ase.201215 |s2cid=234247309 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Niall P. |last2=Mattiangeli |first2=Valeria |last3=Cassidy |first3=Lara M. |last4=Okazaki |first4=Kenji |last5=Stokes |first5=Caroline A. |last6=Onbe |first6=Shin |last7=Hatakeyama |first7=Satoshi |last8=Machida |first8=Kenichi |last9=Kasai |first9=Kenji |last10=Tomioka |first10=Naoto |last11=Matsumoto |first11=Akihiko |last12=Ito |first12=Masafumi |last13=Kojima |first13=Yoshitaka |last14=Bradley |first14=Daniel G. |last15=Gakuhari |first15=Takashi |year=2021 |title=Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations |journal=Science Advances |volume=7 |issue=38 |pages=eabh2419 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.2419C |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh2419 |pmc=8448447 |pmid=34533991 |quote=This is consistent with the mean Jomon component of 9.31% in the present-day Japanese individuals estimated from our ADMIXTURE analysis (Fig. 2C). Table S17 qpAdm admixture: 12.8% and 13.1%. |last16=Nakagome |first16=Shigeki}}</ref> Population genomic data from multiple Jōmon period remains suggest that they diverged from "Ancestral East Asians" prior to the divergence of [[Ancient Northern East Asian|Northern]] and [[Ancient Southern East Asian|Southern East Asians]], sometime between 30,000 to 20,000 years ago, but after the divergence of "Basal East Asian" [[Tianyuan man|Tianyuan]] and [[Hoabinhian]] lineages. After their migration into the Japanese archipelago, they became largely isolated from outside geneflow at c. 15,000 to 20,000 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Niall P. |last2=Mattiangeli |first2=Valeria |last3=Cassidy |first3=Lara M. |last4=Okazaki |first4=Kenji |last5=Stokes |first5=Caroline A. |last6=Onbe |first6=Shin |last7=Hatakeyama |first7=Satoshi |last8=Machida |first8=Kenichi |last9=Kasai |first9=Kenji |last10=Tomioka |first10=Naoto |last11=Matsumoto |first11=Akihiko |date=September 2021 |title=Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations |journal=Science Advances |language=EN |volume=7 |issue=38 |pages=eabh2419 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.2419C |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh2419 |pmc=8448447 |pmid=34533991}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Gakuhari |first1=Takashi |last2=Nakagome |first2=Shigeki |last3=Rasmussen |first3=Simon |last4=Allentoft |first4=Morten E. |last5=Sato |first5=Takehiro |last6=Korneliussen |first6=Thorfinn |last7=Chuinneagáin |first7=Blánaid Ní |last8=Matsumae |first8=Hiromi |last9=Koganebuchi |first9=Kae |last10=Schmidt |first10=Ryan |last11=Mizushima |first11=Souichiro |last12=Kondo |first12=Osamu |last13=Shigehara |first13=Nobuo |last14=Yoneda |first14=Minoru |last15=Kimura |first15=Ryosuke |date=25 August 2020 |title=Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations |journal=Communications Biology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=437 |doi=10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2 |issn=2399-3642 |pmc=7447786 |pmid=32843717}}</ref><ref name=":42"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jeong |first1=Gichan |last2=Gill |first2=Haechan |last3=Moon |first3=Hyungmin |last4=Jeong |first4=Choongwon |date=2023-12-11 |title=An ancient genome perspective on the dynamic history of the prehistoric Jomon people in and around the Japanese archipelago |url=https://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/3/4/0008 |journal=Human Population Genetics and Genomics |language=en |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=0 |doi=10.47248/hpgg2303040008 |issn=2770-5005|doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Culture ==
{{See also|Jōmon period}}
The culture of the Jōmon people was largely based on food collection and hunting, but it is also suggested that the Jōmon people practiced early [[agriculture]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crawford |first=Gary W. |date=October 2011 |title=Advances in Understanding Early Agriculture in Japan |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/658369 |journal=Current Anthropology |language=en |volume=52 |issue=S4 |pages=S331–S345 |doi=10.1086/658369 |s2cid=143756517 |issn=0011-3204}}</ref> They gathered [[tree nuts]] and [[shellfish]], were involved in [[hunting]] and [[fishing]], and also practiced some degree of [[agriculture]], such as the cultivation of the [[Adzuki bean]] and [[Soybean]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Takahashi |first1=Yu |last2=Nasu |first2=Hiroo |last3=Nakayama |first3=Seiji |last4=Tomooka |first4=Norihiko |date=2023 |title=Domestication of azuki bean and soybean in Japan: From the insight of archeological and molecular evidence |url=https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.22074 |journal=Breeding Science |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=117–131 |doi=10.1270/jsbbs.22074 |issn=1344-7610 |pmc=10316305 |pmid=37404345}}</ref> The Jōmon people also used [[stoneware]] and [[pottery]], and generally lived in [[Pit dwelling|pit dwellings]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crawford |first1=Gary W. |year=2011 |title=Advances in Understanding Early Agriculture in Japan |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=52 |issue=S4 |pages=S331–S345 |doi=10.1086/658369 |jstor=10.1086/658369 |s2cid=143756517}}</ref>
Some elements of modern Japanese culture may have come from the Jōmon culture. Among these elements are the precursory beliefs to modern [[Shinto]], some marriage customs, some architectural styles, and possibly some technological developments such as [[lacquerware]], laminated {{transliteration|ja|[[yumi]]}}, metalworking, and glass making.
=== Pottery ===
The style of [[Jōmon pottery|pottery]] created by the Jōmon people is identifiable for its "cord-marked" patterns, hence the name {{nihongo|"Jōmon"|[[wikt:縄文|縄文]]||"straw rope pattern"}}. The pottery styles characteristic of the first phases of Jōmon culture used decoration created by impressing cords into the surface of wet clay, and are generally accepted to be among the oldest forms of pottery in East Asia and the world.<ref>Kuzmin, Y.V. (2006). "Chronology of the Earliest Pottery in East Asia: Progress and Pitfalls". ''Antiquity''. '''80''' (308): 362–371. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:10.1017/s0003598x00093686.</ref> Next to clay pots and vessels, the Jōmon also made many highly stylized statues ({{transliteration|ja|[[dogū]]}}), clay masks, stone batons or rods and swords.<ref name="heritageofjapan">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2007 |title=Jomon crafts and what they were for |url=https://heritageofjapan.wordpress.com/just-what-was-so-amazing-about-jomon-japan/ways-of-the-jomon-world-2/jomon-crafts-and-what-they-were-for/ |access-date=26 August 2019 |website=Heritage of Japan |language=en}}</ref>
=== Craftsmanship ===
[[File:Magatama.jpg|thumb|{{transliteration|ja|Magatama}} – kidney-shaped beads – are commonly found in Jōmon period Japanese finds, as well as in parts of Northeast Asia and Siberia.]]
There is evidence that the Jōmon people built ships out of large trees and used them for fishing and traveling; however, there is no agreement as to whether they used [[Sail|sails]] or [[Paddle|paddles]].<ref>堤隆は旧石器時代の神津島での黒曜石採取については、丸木舟を建造出来るような石器が存在しなかったことから考えて、カヤックのようなスキンボートを使用したのではないかと指摘している（堤隆『黒曜石3万年の旅』NHKブックス、2004年、93ページ）</ref> The Jōmon people also used [[obsidian]], [[jade]] and different kinds of [[wood]].<ref>本節の典拠は橋口、前掲書、158-172ページ</ref> The Jōmon people created many jewelry and ornamental items; for instance, {{transliteration|ja|[[magatama]]}} were likely invented by one of the Jōmon tribes, and are commonly found throughout Japan and less in Northeast Asia.<ref name="heritageofjapan"/>
=== Religion ===
{{Main|Ko-Shintō}}
It is suggested that the religion of the Jōmon people was similar to early [[Shinto]] (specifically [[Ko-Shintō]]). It was largely based on [[animism]], and possibly [[shamanism]]. Other similar religions are the [[Ryukyuan religion|Ryukyuan]] and [[Ainu religion|Ainu religions]].<ref>Richard Pilgrim, Robert Ellwood (1985). ''Japanese Religion'' (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Inc. pp. 18–19. {{ISBN|978-0-13-509282-8}}.</ref>
== Languages ==
It is not known what language or languages were spoken in Japan during the Jōmon period. Suggested languages are: the [[Ainu language]], [[Japonic languages]], [[Austronesian languages]], or unknown and today [[Extinct language|extinct languages]].<ref>小泉保（1998）『縄文語の発見』青土社 (in Japanese)</ref><ref>『古代に真実を求めて 第七集（古田史学論集）』2004年、古田史学の会（編集） (in Japanese)</ref> While the most supported view is to equate the Ainu language with the Jōmon language, this view is not uncontroversial or easily acceptable as there were probably multiple distinct language families spoken by the Jōmon period population of the Japanese archipelago.<ref name="蝦夷とアテルイ">{{Cite web |title=蝦夷とアテルイ |url=http://masakawai.suppa.jp/encartaAA/bunka/emisi/emisi.html |access-date=26 March 2019 |website=masakawai.suppa.jp}}</ref>
[[Alexander Vovin]] (1993) argues that the [[Ainu languages]] originated in Central Honshu, and were later pushed northwards into Hokkaido, where the early Ainu-speakers merged with local groups, forming the historical Ainu ethnicity. Bilingualism between Ainu and Japanese was common in [[Tohoku]] until the 10th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vovin |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8w1_cCWIpEoC |title=A Reconstruction of Proto-Ainu |date=1993 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09905-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Vovin 272–300">{{Cite journal |last=Vovin |first=Alexander |date=21 December 2021 |title=Austronesians in the Northern Waters? |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jeal/3/2/article-p272_8.xml |journal=International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=272–300 |doi=10.1163/25898833-00320006 |issn=2589-8833 |s2cid=245508545 |doi-access=free}}</ref> According to Vovin (2021) there is also some evidence for the presence of [[Austronesian languages]] close to the Japanese archipelago, which may have contributed some loanwords to the early Japanese.<ref name="Vovin 272–300"/>
Some linguists suggest that the [[Japonic languages]] may have been already present within the [[Japanese archipelago]] and coastal Korea, before the Yayoi period, and can be linked to one of the Jōmon populations of southwestern Japan, rather than the later Yayoi or Kofun period rice-agriculturalists. Japonic-speakers then expanded during the Yayoi period, by assimilating the newcomers, adopting rice-agriculture, and fusing mainland Asian technologies with local traditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chaubey |first1=Gyaneshwer |last2=Driem |first2=George van |date=2020 |title=Munda languages are father tongues, but Japanese and Korean are not |journal=Evolutionary Human Sciences |language=en |volume=2 |pages=e19 |doi=10.1017/ehs.2020.14 |issn=2513-843X |pmc=10427457 |pmid=37588351 |quote="The Japonic-speaking Early Jōmon people must have been drawn in to avail themselves of the pickings of Yayoi agricultural yields, and the Yayoi may have prospered and succeeded in multiplying their paternal lineages precisely because they managed to accommodate the Jōmon linguistically and in material ways."<br/>"The dual nature of Japanese population structure was advanced by Miller, who proposed that the resident Jōmon population spoke an Altaic language ancestral to modern Japanese, and this Altaic tongue underwent Austronesian influence when the islanders absorbed the bearers of the incursive Yayoi culture." |doi-access=free}}</ref>
== Origins ==
{{See also|Genetic history of East Asians}}The Jōmon people represent the descendants of the [[Paleolithic]] inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago, which became isolated from other mainland Asian groups some 22,000 to 23,000 years ago, with whom they share a common ancestor.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Adachi |first1=Noboru |last2=Kanzawa-Kiriyama |first2=Hideaki |last3=Nara |first3=Takashi |last4=Kakuda |first4=Tsuneo |last5=Nishida |first5=Iwao |last6=Shinoda |first6=Ken-Ichi |date=2021 |title=Ancient genomes from the initial Jomon period: new insights into the genetic history of the Japanese archipelago |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/129/1/129_2012132/_html/-char/en |journal=Anthropological Science |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=13–22 |doi=10.1537/ase.2012132 |quote=As mentioned above, Jomon people are descendants of a common ancestor, although the process of their formation is still unknown. However, their origin dates back to the Paleolithic period based on the distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups of the Jomon people and the age of divergence, which was 22000–23000 YBP (Adachi et al., 2011), and their phylogenetic basal position in the nuclear genome analysis (Kanzawa-Kiriyama et al., 2019).|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":5" />
=== Genetics ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 231
| image1 = Phylogenetic structure of Eastern Eurasians.png
| caption1 = Phylogenetic position of the Jōmon lineage among other [[East-Eurasian|East Eurasians]]
| image2 = Demographic history of the Jomon lineage.jpg
| caption2 = Demographic history of the Jomon lineage (A) Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree reconstructed by TreeMix under a model of two migrations
| image3 = Principal component analysis of ancient and present-day individuals from worldwide populations.png
| caption3 = Principal component analysis (PCA) of ancient and present-day individuals from worldwide populations
}}
The Jōmon lineage is inferred to have diverged from Ancient East Asians before the divergence of [[Ancient Northern East Asian|Ancient Northern East Asians]] and [[Ancient Southern East Asian|Ancient Southern East Asians]], but after the divergence of the basal [[Tianyuan man]] and/or [[Hoabinhian|Hoabinhians]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Osada |first1=Naoki |last2=Kawai |first2=Yosuke |date=2021 |title=Exploring models of human migration to the Japanese archipelago using genome-wide genetic data |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/129/1/129_201215/_html/-char/en |journal=Anthropological Science |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–58 |doi=10.1537/ase.201215 |quote=Most Southeast, East, and Northeast Asian populations, including Jomon, are nearly equally distant from the Tianyuan individual, supporting the hypothesis that the Tianyuan population are diverged from the lineage basal to all East and Northeast Asians. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Niall P. |last2=Mattiangeli |first2=Valeria |last3=Cassidy |first3=Lara M. |last4=Okazaki |first4=Kenji |last5=Stokes |first5=Caroline A. |last6=Onbe |first6=Shin |last7=Hatakeyama |first7=Satoshi |last8=Machida |first8=Kenichi |last9=Kasai |first9=Kenji |last10=Tomioka |first10=Naoto |last11=Matsumoto |first11=Akihiko |date=September 2021 |title=Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations |journal=Science Advances |language=EN |volume=7 |issue=38 |pages=eabh2419 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.2419C |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh2419 |pmc=8448447 |pmid=34533991 |quote=Our results infer that Jomon emerged after the early divergences of Upper Paleolithic East Eurasians (Tianyuan and Salkhit) and ancient Southeast Asian hunter-gatherers (Hoabinhian), but before the splitting off of other samples including present-day East Asians, an ancient Nepali (Chokhopani), hunter-gatherers from Baikal (Shamanka_EN and Lokomotiv_EN) and Chertovy Vorota Cave (Devil's Gate Cave) in the Primorye Region, and a Pleistocene Alaskan (USR1).}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> The Jōmon people ultimately descended from the same source population, which expanding out of [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] using a [[Southern Route dispersal]], as do other East Asians, but are deeply diverged from them.<ref name="cambridge.org">{{cite journal |last1=Boer |first1=Elisabeth de |last2=Yang |first2=Melinda A. |last3=Kawagoe |first3=Aileen |last4=Barnes |first4=Gina L. |date=2020 |title=Japan considered from the hypothesis of farmer/language spread |journal=Evolutionary Human Sciences |language=en |volume=2 |pages=e13 |doi=10.1017/ehs.2020.7 |issn=2513-843X |pmc=10427481 |pmid=37588377 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Melinda A. |date=6 January 2022 |title=A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia |url=https://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/2/1/0001 |journal=Human Population Genetics and Genomics |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 |doi=10.47248/hpgg2202010001 |issn=2770-5005 |quote=Like Longlin, they are more closely related to 9,000–4,000-year-old East Asians from coastal China than to Tianyuan or Hòabìnhians, but are an outgroup of these northern and southern East Asians. Some have argued for the presence of excess connections to Hòabìnhians by fitting the data to a graph that includes admixture with a Hòabìnhian-related population and finding different f4 patterns for Hòabìnhians compared to younger Southeast Asians in comparisons to a Jōmon individual [63]; however, alternative admixture graphs and f4-statistic comparisons do not show evidence for this connection [68,85,86]. ... Together, the genetic patterns described above show that the ESEA lineage differentiated into at least three distinct ancestries: Tianyuan ancestry which can be found 40,000-33,000 years ago in northern East Asia, ancestry found today across present-day populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Siberia, but whose origins are unknown, and Hòabìnhian ancestry found 8,000-4,000 years ago in Southeast Asia, but whose origins in the Upper Paleolithic are unknown.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Watanabe |first1=Yusuke |last2=Ohashi |first2=Jun |date=June 2023 |title=Modern Japanese ancestry-derived variants reveal the formation process of the current Japanese regional gradations |url=|journal=iScience |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=106130 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2023.106130 |issn=2589-0042 |pmc=9984562 |pmid=36879818 |bibcode=2023iSci...26j6130W |quote=Whole-genome analyses extracted from the remains of the Jomon people showed that they were highly differentiated from other East Asians, forming a basal lineage to East and Northeast Asians.8,10,11 The genetic relationship between Jomon individuals and other East Asians suggests that the ancestral population of the Jomon people is one of the earliest wave migrants who might have taken a coastal route from Southeast Asia toward East Asia.11 It was also revealed that the Jomon people are genetically closely related to the Ainu/Ryukyuan population and that 10-20% of the genomic components found in mainland Japanese are derived from the Jomon people.8,10 Recent studies have found that, in addition to the “East Asian” population, which is closely related to modern Han Chinese, the “Northeast Asian” population also contributed to the ancestry of modern Japanese people.12,13 Cooke et al. 202113 showed the deep divergence of the Jomon people from continental populations, including the “East Asians” and “Northeast Asians”; thus, it can be concluded that the modern mainland Japanese are a population with genomic components derived from a basal East Asian lineage (i.e., the Jomon people) and from continental East Asians.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aoki |first1=Kenichi |last2=Takahata |first2=Naoyuki |last3=Oota |first3=Hiroki |last4=Wakano |first4=Joe Yuichiro |last5=Feldman |first5=Marcus W. |date=30 August 2023 |title=Infectious diseases may have arrested the southward advance of microblades in Upper Palaeolithic East Asia |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=290 |issue=2005 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2023.1262 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=10465978 |pmid=37644833 |quote=These observations are consistent with the view that soon after the single eastward migration of modern humans, East Asians diverged in southern East Asia and dispersed northward across the continent.}}</ref>
The Jōmon lineage furthermore displays a closer genetic affinity to both the Ancient Northern and Southern East Asian lineages than they do to Basal East Asian Tianyuan or Hoabinhian lineages.<ref name=":5" /> Beyond their genetic affinity with other Eastern Asian lineages, the Jomon also display a weak and only marginal relevant affinity for the [[Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site|Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site specimen]], associated with [[Ancient North Eurasian|Ancient North Siberians]] (ANE/ANS), which may point to geneflow between both groups prior to their isolation from other populations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Niall P. |last2=Mattiangeli |first2=Valeria |last3=Cassidy |first3=Lara M. |last4=Okazaki |first4=Kenji |last5=Stokes |first5=Caroline A. |last6=Onbe |first6=Shin |last7=Hatakeyama |first7=Satoshi |last8=Machida |first8=Kenichi |last9=Kasai |first9=Kenji |last10=Tomioka |first10=Naoto |last11=Matsumoto |first11=Akihiko |last12=Ito |first12=Masafumi |last13=Kojima |first13=Yoshitaka |last14=Bradley |first14=Daniel G. |last15=Gakuhari |first15=Takashi |title=Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations |journal=Science Advances |date=2021 |volume=7 |issue=38 |pages=eabh2419 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh2419 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=8448447 |pmid=34533991 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.2419C |quote=We then asked whether the Jomon had any contact with continental Upper Paleolithic people after the divergence of their lineage, but before their isolation in the archipelago, using the statistic f4(Mbuti, X; Jomon, Han/Dai/Japanese) (fig. S8, C to E). Among the Upper Paleolithic individuals tested, only Yana_UP is significantly closer to Jomon than Han, Dai, or Japanese, respectively (Z > 3.366). This affinity is still detectable even if we replace these reference populations with the other Southeast and East Asians (table S6), supporting gene flow between the ancestors of Jomon and Ancient North Siberians, a population widespread in North Eurasia before the LGM (19).}}</ref>
Full genome studies on multiple Jōmon remains revealed them to carry gene alleles associated with a higher alcohol tolerance, [[Earwax|wet earwax]], no derived variant of the [[EDAR (gene)|EDAR gene]], and that they likely frequently consumed fatty sea and land animals. They also carried alleles for medium to light skin, dark and fine/thin hair, and brown eyes. Some samples also displayed a higher risk of developing [[Liver spot|liver spots]] if spending to much time in the sun.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Kanzawa-Kiriyama |first1=Hideaki |last2=Jinam |first2=Timothy A. |last3=Kawai |first3=Yosuke |last4=Sato |first4=Takehiro |last5=Hosomichi |first5=Kazuyoshi |last6=Tajima |first6=Atsushi |last7=Adachi |first7=Noboru |last8=Matsumura |first8=Hirofumi |last9=Kryukov |first9=Kirill |last10=Saitou |first10=Naruya |last11=Shinoda |first11=Ken-Ichi |date=2019 |title=Late Jomon male and female genome sequences from the Funadomari site in Hokkaido, Japan |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/127/2/127_190415/_article/-char/ja/ |journal=Anthropological Science |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.1537/ase.190415}}</ref><ref name=":3"/>
[[File:Jomon and Continental Asian contributions to modern Japanese.jpg|thumb|Jomon and Continental Asian contributions to modern Japanese]]
Genetic data further indicates that the Jōmon peopled were genetically predisposed for short stature, as well as higher triglyceride and blood sugar levels. Modern Japanese share these alleles with the Jōmon period population, although at lower and variable frequency, inline with the inferred admixture among modern Japanese peoples.<ref name=":1" />
==== Haplogroups ====
It is thought that the haplogroups [[Haplogroup D-M55|D-M55]] (D1a2a) and [[Haplogroup C1a1 (Y-DNA)|C1a1]] were frequent among the historical Jōmon period people of Japan. [[Haplogroup O-M119|O-M119]] is also suggested to have been presented in at least some Jōmon period remains. One 3,800 year old Jōmon man excavated from [[Rebun Island]] was found to belong to Haplogroup D1a2b1(D-CTS 220).<ref>[http://anthrop-meeting.sakura.ne.jp/70/pdf/ittupan_proceeding%20.pdf 神澤ほか(2016)「礼文島船泊縄文人の核ゲノム解析」第70回日本人類学大会 (in Japanese)]</ref> Today, haplogroup D-M55 is found in about 35%<ref>Mayukh Monda Anders BergströmYali XueFrancesc CalafellHafid LaayouniFerran CasalsPartha P. MajumderChris Tyler-SmithEmail authorJaume Bertranpetit (2008)[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-017-1800-0 Human Genetics May 2017, Volume 136, Issue 5, pp 499–510]</ref> and haplogroup C1a1 in about 6% of modern [[Japanese people]]. D-M55 is found regularly only in Japanese ([[Ainu people|Ainu]], [[Ryukyuans]], and [[Yamato people|Yamato]]) and, albeit with much lower frequency, in Koreans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=Michael F. |last2=Karafet |first2=Tatiana M. |last3=Park |first3=Hwayong |last4=Omoto |first4=Keiichi |last5=Harihara |first5=Shinji |last6=Stoneking |first6=Mark |last7=Horai |first7=Satoshi |year=2006 |title=Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=47–58 |doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0 |pmid=16328082 |doi-access=free}}</ref> D-M55 also has been observed sporadically in individuals from [[Micronesia]], [[Timor]], and [[China]]. Haplogroup C1a1 has been found regularly in about 6% of modern Japanese. Elsewhere, it has been observed sporadically in individuals from South Korea, North Korea ([[South Hwanghae Province]]), and China ([[Koreans in China|ethnic Korean]] in [[Ning'an]] and [[Han Chinese]] in [[Linghai]], [[Guancheng Hui District]], [[Haigang District]], and [[Dinghai District]]).<ref name="Sakitani2">崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』（勉誠出版 2009年 {{in lang|ja}}</ref> A 2021 study estimated that the frequency of the D-M55 clade increased during the late Jōmon period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archaeological mystery solved with modern genetics: Y chromosomes reveal population boom and bust in ancient Japan |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/06/190620100021.htm |access-date=24 February 2021 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref> The divergence between the D1a2-M55 and the D1a-F6251 subclades (the latter of which is common in [[Tibetans]], other [[Tibeto-Burmese]] groups, and [[Altaians]], and has a moderate distribution in the rest of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Central Asia) may have occurred near the [[Tibetan Plateau]].<ref name="mondal2">Mondal, Mayukh & Bergström, Anders & Xue, Yali & Calafell, Francesc & Laayouni, Hafid & Casals, Ferran & Majumder, Partha & Tyler-Smith, Chris & Bertranpetit, Jaume. (2017). Y-chromosomal sequences of diverse Indian populations and the ancestry of the Andamanese. Human Genetics. 136. 10.1007/s00439-017-1800-0.</ref>
The [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|MtDNA haplogroup]] diversity of the Jōmon people is characterized by the presence of haplogroups M7a and N9b. Studies published in 2004 and 2007 show the combined frequency of M7a and N9b observed in modern Japanese to be from 12~15% to 17% in mainstream Japanese.<ref name="tanaka2">M. Tanaka, V. M. Cabrera, A. M. González ''et al.'' (2004), "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan"</ref><ref name="Uchiyama20072">{{cite journal |last1=Uchiyama |first1=Taketo |last2=Hisazumi |first2=Rinnosuke |last3=Shimizu |first3=Kenshi |display-authors=etal |year=2007 |title=Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture |journal=Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=83–96 |doi=10.3408/jafst.12.83 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Haplogroup N (mtDNA)|N9b]] is frequently found among the Hokkaido Jomons while [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|M7a]] is found frequently among the Honshu Jomons.<ref>Ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences of Jomon teeth samples from Sanganji, Tohoku district, Japan.[https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/121/2/121_121113/_html/-char/en]</ref> However N9b is found only at very low percentage among the Honshu Jomon.<ref>Ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences of Jomon teeth samples from Sanganji, Tohoku district, Japan by Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/121/2/121_121113/_html/-char/en</ref> M7a is estimated to share a most recent common ancestor with M7b'c, a clade whose members are found mainly in Japan (including Jōmon people), other parts of East Asia, and Southeast Asia, 33,500 (95% CI 26,300 <-> 42,000) years before present.<ref name="YFull2">[https://www.yfull.com/mtree/ YFull MTree 1.01.5902] as of 20 April 2019</ref> All extant members of haplogroup M7a are estimated to share a most recent common ancestor 20,500 (95% CI 14,700 <-> 27,800) years before present.<ref name="YFull2"/> Haplogroup M7a now has its highest frequency in [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]].
=== Morphological characteristics ===
[[File:Skull of Jomon people man.jpg|thumb|160px|right|Male skull of the late Jōmon period (replica). Excavated at Miyano Kaizuka ([[Iwate Prefecture]]). Exhibition in National Museum of Nature and Science.<ref>http://shinkan.kahaku.go.jp/kiosk/nihon_con/N2/KA2-1/japanese/TAB1/img/M01_g03_con.png {{in lang|ja}}</ref>]]
Several studies of numerous Jōmon skeletal remains that were excavated from various locations in the Japanese archipelago allowed researchers to learn more about the Jōmon period population of Japan. The Jōmon people were relatively close to other East Asian people, however shared more similarities with [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] samples. Within Japan, regional variance among different Jōmon remains was detected. Historically, the Jōmon people were classified as [[Mongoloid]].<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1537/ase.109.1|title = A Morphometric Analysis of Jomon Skeletons from the Funadomari Site on Rebun Island, Hokkaido, Japan|journal = Anthropological Science|volume = 109|pages = 1–21|year = 2001|last1 = Matsumura|first1 = Hirofumi|last2 = Anezaki|first2 = Tomoko|last3 = Ishida|first3 = Hajime|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>上田正昭他『日本古代史の謎再考（エコール・ド・ロイヤル 古代日本を考える１）』 学生社 1983年 pp.52より</ref>
[[File:Jomon people Skull and Restoration model - Niigata Prefectural Museum of History.jpg|thumb|Forensic reconstruction from a Jōmon skull, displayed at Niigata Prefectural Museum of History.]]
Dental morphology suggests that the Jōmon had [[Sundadont]] dental structure which is more common among modern Southeast Asians and [[Indigenous Taiwanese]], and is ancestral to the Sinodont dental structure commonly found among modern Northeast Asians, suggesting that the Jōmon split from the common "Ancestral East Asians" prior to the formation of modern Northeast Asians.<ref>Anthropological Science: Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon, Volume 101 [https://books.google.com/books?id=avyZAAAAIAAJ&q=sundadont+group+]</ref>
Kondo et al. 2017, analyzed the regional morphological and craniometric characteristics of the Jōmon period population of Japan, and found that they were morphologically heterogeneous and displayed differences along a Northeast to Southwest cline. They concluded that the "Jomon skulls, especially in the neurocranium, exhibit a discernible level of northeast-to-southwest geographical cline across the Japanese archipelago, placing the Hokkaido and Okinawa samples at both extreme ends. The following scenarios can be hypothesized with caution: (a) the formation of Jomon population seemed to proceed in eastern or central Japan, not western Japan (Okinawa or Kyushu regions); (b) the Kyushu Jomon could have a small-sized and isolated population history; and (c) the population history of Hokkaido Jomon could have been deeply rooted and/or affected by long-term extrinsic gene flows."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kondo |first1=Osamu |last2=Fukase |first2=Hitoshi |last3=Fukumoto |first3=Takashi |date=2017 |title=Regional variations in the Jomon population revisited on craniofacial morphology |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/125/2/125_170428/_article |journal=Anthropological Science |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=85–100 |doi=10.1537/ase.170428 |s2cid=91039001 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
According to Chatters et al., the Jōmon display some similarities to the Native American Kennewick Man.<ref name=gc>{{Cite journal |last=Custred |first=Glynn |date=September 2000 |title=The forbidden discovery of Kennewick man |url=|journal=Academic Questions |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=12–30 |doi=10.1007/s12129-000-1034-8 |doi-broken-date=13 April 2024 |s2cid=143256888 |issn=0895-4852}}</ref> Chatters, citing anthropologist C. Loring Brace, classified Jōmon and Polynesians as a single craniofacial "Jomon-Pacific" cluster.<ref name="Kennewick">James C. Chatters. (2001). ''Ancient Encounters: Kennewick Man and the First Americans.'' Touchstone: Rockefeller Center. US.</ref> Chatters, citing Powell, argues that the Jōmon most resembled the Native American Kennewick Man and Polynesians. According to him, the Ainu descend from the Jōmon people, an East Asian population with "closest biological affinity with south-east Asians rather than western Eurasian peoples".<ref name=gc/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Report on the Osteological Assessment of the Kennewick Man Skeleton |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/archeology/index.htm |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref> Powell further elaborates that dental analysis showed the Jōmon to be of the Sundadont type.<ref name="Kennewick" />
A 2021 study found evidence for limited geneflow into the [[Hokkaido]] Jōmon population from a "Terminal Upper-Paleolithic people" (TUP people) indigenous to Paleolithic Northern Eurasia. The proper Jōmon groups arrived at about 15,000 BC from [[Honshu]], and merged with the earlier arrived "Terminal Upper-Paleolithic" groups.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Natsuki |first1=Daigo |date=19 January 2021 |title=Migration and adaptation of Jomon people during Pleistocene/Holocene transition period in Hokkaido, Japan |journal=Quaternary International |language=en |volume=608-609 |pages=49–64 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.009 |issn=1040-6182 |s2cid=234215606 |quote=The Incipient Jomon communities coexisted with the Terminal Upper Paleolithic (TUP) people that had continued to occupy the region since the stage prior to the LG warm period, but the Incipient Jomon population was relatively small. |doi-access=free}}</ref> A previous study by Gakuhari et al. 2020 noted the possibility of geneflow from [[Ancient North Eurasian|Ancient North Eurasians]] (samplified by the MA-1 sample), or a similar group, into northern Japan, which may be linked to the introduction of the microblade culture of Siberia.<ref name="Gakuhari 1–10">{{Cite journal |last1=Gakuhari |first1=Takashi |last2=Nakagome |first2=Shigeki |last3=Rasmussen |first3=Simon |last4=Allentoft |first4=Morten E. |last5=Sato |first5=Takehiro |last6=Korneliussen |first6=Thorfinn |last7=Chuinneagáin |first7=Blánaid Ní |last8=Matsumae |first8=Hiromi |last9=Koganebuchi |first9=Kae |last10=Schmidt |first10=Ryan |last11=Mizushima |first11=Souichiro |date=25 August 2020 |title=Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=437 |doi=10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2 |issn=2399-3642 |pmc=7447786 |pmid=32843717 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
==== ATL retrovirus ====
A gene common in Jōmon people is a retrovirus of [[Adult T-cell leukemia|ATL]] (human T lymphotropic virus, HTVL-I). This virus was discovered as a cause of [[adult T cell leukemia]] (ATL), and research was advanced by [[Takuo Hinuma]] of [[Kyoto University]] [[Virus Research Institute]].
Although it was known that many virus carriers existed in Japan, it was not found at all in neighboring countries of [[East Asia]]. Meanwhile, it has been found in many [[African people|Africans]], [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], [[Tibetans]], [[Siberians]], Burmese people, [[Indigenous people of New Guinea]], Polynesians, etc. Looking at distribution in Japan, it is seen particularly frequently in southern [[Kyushu]], [[Nagasaki Prefecture]], [[Okinawa]] and among the [[Ainu people|Ainu]]. And it is seen at medium frequency in the southern part of [[Shikoku]], southern part of the [[Kii Peninsula]], the Pacific side of the [[Tōhoku region]] ([[Sanriku]]) and [[Oki Islands]]. Overall, carriers of the ATL retrovirus were found to be more common in remote areas and remote islands. When examining the well-developed areas of ATL in each region of Kyushu, Shikoku, and Tōhoku in detail, carriers are preserved at high rates in small settlements that were isolated from the surroundings and inconvenient for traffic.
The path of natural infection of this virus is limited to [[vertical infection]] between women and children (most often through breastfeeding) and [[horizontal infection]] between males and females (most often from males to females through sexual intercourse).<ref name="Coffin1997">Coffin JM, Hughes SH, Varmus HE, editors. ''Retroviruses''. Cold Spring Harbor (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1997.</ref>
Based on the above, Hinuma concluded that the high frequency area of this virus indicates the high density remain of Jōmon people.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hinuma |first1=Takeo |year=1998 |title=From the virus to Japan Explore the Origin of Human |journal=Journal of Japanese Rural Medicine |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=908–911 |doi=10.2185/jjrm.46.908 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
=== Contributions to other populations ===
==== Historical groups ====
Full genome analyses of [[Okhotsk culture]] remains on [[Sakhalin]] found them to be derived from three major sources, notably [[Ancient Northeast Asian|Ancient Northeast Asians]], [[Ancient Paleo-Siberian|Ancient Paleo-Siberians]], and Jōmon people of Japan. An admixture analysis revealed them to carry c. 54% Ancient Northeast Asian, c. 22% Ancient Paleo-Siberian, and c. 24% Jōmon ancestries respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sato |first1=Takehiro |last2=Adachi |first2=Noboru |last3=Kimura |first3=Ryosuke |last4=Hosomichi |first4=Kazuyoshi |last5=Yoneda |first5=Minoru |last6=Oota |first6=Hiroki |last7=Tajima |first7=Atsushi |last8=Toyoda |first8=Atsushi |last9=Kanzawa-Kiriyama |first9=Hideaki |last10=Matsumae |first10=Hiromi |last11=Koganebuchi |first11=Kae |last12=Shimizu |first12=Kentaro K |last13=Shinoda |first13=Ken-ichi |last14=Hanihara |first14=Tsunehiko |last15=Weber |first15=Andrzej |date=19 August 2021 |title=Whole-Genome Sequencing of a 900-Year-Old Human Skeleton Supports Two Past Migration Events from the Russian Far East to Northern Japan |url=|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=13 |issue=9 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evab192 |issn=1759-6653 |pmc=8449830 |pmid=34410389}}</ref>
Genetic analyses on ancient remains from the southern [[Korean Peninsula]] revealed elevated Jōmon ancestry at c. 37%, while [[Yayoi people|Yayoi]] remains in Japan were found to carry nearly equal amounts of Jōmon ancestry (35–60%) and [[Ancient Northeast Asian]]-like ancestry (40–65%). These results suggest the presence of a Jōmon-like population on the Korean peninsula and their significant contribution to the formation of early [[Japonic languages|Japonic]]-speakers. As such, the "agricultural transition in prehistoric Japan involved the process of assimilation, rather than replacement, with almost equal genetic contributions from the indigenous Jomon" and mainland Asian migrants of the Mumun/Yayoi period.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Niall P. |last2=Mattiangeli |first2=Valeria |last3=Cassidy |first3=Lara M. |last4=Okazaki |first4=Kenji |last5=Stokes |first5=Caroline A. |last6=Onbe |first6=Shin |last7=Hatakeyama |first7=Satoshi |last8=Machida |first8=Kenichi |last9=Kasai |first9=Kenji |last10=Tomioka |first10=Naoto |last11=Matsumoto |first11=Akihiko |last12=Ito |first12=Masafumi |last13=Kojima |first13=Yoshitaka |last14=Bradley |first14=Daniel G. |last15=Gakuhari |first15=Takashi |date=17 September 2021 |title=Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=7 |issue=38 |pages=eabh2419 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh2419 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=8448447 |pmid=34533991 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.2419C |quote=However, we find genetic evidence that the agricultural transition in prehistoric Japan involved the process of assimilation, rather than replacement, with almost equal genetic contributions from the indigenous Jomon and new immigrants at the Kyushu site (Fig. 4). This implies that at least some parts of the archipelago supported a Jomon population of comparable size to the agricultural immigrants at the beginning of the Yayoi period, as it is reflected in the high degree of sedentism practiced by some Jomon communities ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Rui |last2=Wang |first2=Chuan-Chao |date=August 2022 |title=Human genetics: The dual origin of Three Kingdoms period Koreans |journal=Current Biology |volume=32 |issue=15 |pages=R844–R847 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.044 |pmid=35944486 |issn=0960-9822 |quote=the indigenous Jomon ancestry comprised approximately 60% of the Yayoi people (with the rest of the ancestry related to ANA) but was diluted to 13%–15% in the Kofun and present-day Japanese due to the influx of Han-Chinese related ancestry6,7. The genetic legacy of Jomon was not restricted to Japan but was also found in Neolithic Korea5.|doi-access=free }}</ref>
==== Modern groups ====
[[File:Yamamoto Tasuke.jpg|thumb|The Ainu are among the modern groups displaying the highest amounts Jōmon-derived ancestry.]]
Jōmon-associated ancestry is commonly found throughout the Japanese archipelago, ranging from c. 15% among modern [[Japanese people]], to c. 35% among [[Ryukyuan people]], and up to c. 75% among modern [[Ainu people]], and at lower frequency among surrounding groups, such as the [[Nivkhs]] or [[Ulch people]], but also [[Koreans]] and other coastal groups, suggesting that the Jōmon were not completely isolated from other groups.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sato |first1=Takehiro |last2=Adachi |first2=Noboru |last3=Kimura |first3=Ryosuke |last4=Hosomichi |first4=Kazuyoshi |last5=Yoneda |first5=Minoru |last6=Oota |first6=Hiroki |last7=Tajima |first7=Atsushi |last8=Toyoda |first8=Atsushi |last9=Kanzawa-Kiriyama |first9=Hideaki |last10=Matsumae |first10=Hiromi |last11=Koganebuchi |first11=Kae |last12=Shimizu |first12=Kentaro K |last13=Shinoda |first13=Ken-ichi |last14=Hanihara |first14=Tsunehiko |last15=Weber |first15=Andrzej |date=19 August 2021 |title=Whole-Genome Sequencing of a 900-Year-Old Human Skeleton Supports Two Past Migration Events from the Russian Far East to Northern Japan |url=|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=13 |issue=9 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evab192 |issn=1759-6653 |pmc=8449830 |pmid=34410389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kanzawa-Kiriyama |first1=Hideaki |last2=Kryukov |first2=Kirill |last3=Jinam |first3=Timothy A. |last4=Hosomichi |first4=Kazuyoshi |last5=Saso |first5=Aiko |last6=Suwa |first6=Gen |last7=Ueda |first7=Shintaroh |last8=Yoneda |first8=Minoru |last9=Tajima |first9=Atsushi |last10=Shinoda |first10=Ken-ichi |last11=Inoue |first11=Ituro |last12=Saitou |first12=Naruya |date=February 2017 |title=A partial nuclear genome of the Jomons who lived 3000 years ago in Fukushima, Japan |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=213–221 |doi=10.1038/jhg.2016.110 |issn=1435-232X |pmc=5285490 |pmid=27581845}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Melinda A. |date=6 January 2022 |title=A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia |url=https://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/2/1/0001/html |journal=Human Population Genetics and Genomics |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 |doi=10.47248/hpgg2202010001 |issn=2770-5005 |quote=Adachi et al. also estimated that present-day Korean and Ulchi populations in northeast Asia show 5%–8% Jōmon ancestry [64]. Furthermore, in f4-statistics, Jōmon individuals show connections to present-day Austronesians and 8,000–7,000-year-old individuals from coastal southern East Asia and Siberia [85,86]. These ties to coastal and island populations suggest that the Jōmon may not have been completely isolated after their migration into the Japanese archipelago (Figure 2).}}</ref>
== In popular culture ==
Aspects of the Jōmon culture and pottery were used in the [[video game]] ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild]]''. Nintendo's art director Takizawa Satoru said that the Jōmon culture was the inspiration for the "Sheikah slates, shrines and other ancient objects" in the game.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Secrets of Jomon — the prehistoric Japanese art that inspired 'Zelda: Breath of the Wild' |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/173083/zelda-breath-of-the-wild-jomon-history-influence-nintendo |access-date=25 August 2019 |website=Mic |date=6 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
A recreated Jōmon village in the form of an experience park (Sarashina no Sato), which offers different activities, can be visited in [[Chikuma, Nagano]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Go Jomon! Experience Japan's Prehistoric Era {{!}} Unique Nagano [Unique Nagano] |url=http://www.unique-nagano.com/detail.php?id=186 |access-date=25 August 2019 |website=www.unique-nagano.com}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[History of Japan]]
* [[Yayoi people]]
* [[Okhotsk culture]]
* [[Satsumon culture]]
* [[Emishi]]
* [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Ethnic groups in Japan}}
{{Portal bar|Ancient Japan}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jomon people}}
[[Category:Ancient Japan]]
[[Category:Archaeology of Japan]]
[[Category:People of Jōmon-period Japan| ]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Japan]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '`.jp/nhkworld/en/nessue=38 |pages=eabh2419 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.2419C |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh2419 |pmc=8448447 |pmid=34533991}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Gakuhari |first1=Takashi |last2=Nakagome |first2=Shigeki |last3=Rasmussen |first3=Simon |last4=Allentoft |first4=Morten E. |last5=Sato |first5=Takehiro |last6=Korneliussen |first6=Thorfinn |last7=Chuinneagáin |first7=Blánaid Ní |last8=Matsumae |first8=Hiromi |last9=Koganebuchi |first9=Kae |last10=Schmidt |first10=Ryan |last11=Mizushima |first11=Souichiro |last12=Kondo |first12=Osamu |last13=Shigehara |first13=Nobuo |last14=Yoneda |first14=Minoru |last15=Kimura |first15=Ryosuke |date=25 August 2020 |title=Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations |journal=Communications Biology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=437 |doi=10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2 |issn=2399-3642 |pmc=7447786 |pmid=32843717}}</ref><ref name=":42"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jeong |first1=Gichan |last2=Gill |first2=Haechan |last3=Moon |first3=Hyungmin |last4=Jeong |first4=Choongwon |date=2023-12-11 |title=An ancient genome perspective on the dynamic history of the prehistoric Jomon people in and around the Japanese archipelago |url=https://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/3/4/0008 |journal=Human Population Genetics and Genomics |language=en |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=0 |doi=10.47248/hpgg2303040008 |issn=2770-5005|doi-access=free }}</ref>skibbdy skibbdy ur mom ur mom ur mom
== Culture ==
{{See also|Jōmon period}}
The culture of the Jōmon people was largely based on food collection and hunting, but it is also suggested that the Jōmon people practiced early [[agriculture]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crawford |first=Gary W. |date=October 2011 |title=Advances in Understanding Early Agriculture in Japan |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/658369 |journal=Current Anthropology |language=en |volume=52 |issue=S4 |pages=S331–S345 |doi=10.1086/658369 |s2cid=143756517 |issn=0011-3204}}</ref> They gathered [[tree nuts]] and [[shellfish]], were involved in [[hunting]] and [[fishing]], and also practiced some degree of [[agriculture]], such as the cultivation of the [[Adzuki bean]] and [[Soybean]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Takahashi |first1=Yu |last2=Nasu |first2=Hiroo |last3=Nakayama |first3=Seiji |last4=Tomooka |first4=Norihiko |date=2023 |title=Domestication of azuki bean and soybean in Japan: From the insight of archeological and molecular evidence |url=https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.22074 |journal=Breeding Science |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=117–131 |doi=10.1270/jsbbs.22074 |issn=1344-7610 |pmc=10316305 |pmid=37404345}}</ref> The Jōmon people also used [[stoneware]] and [[pottery]], and generally lived in [[Pit dwelling|pit dwellings]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crawford |first1=Gary W. |year=2011 |title=Advances in Understanding Early Agriculture in Japan |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=52 |issue=S4 |pages=S331–S345 |doi=10.1086/658369 |jstor=10.1086/658369 |s2cid=143756517}}</ref>
Some elements of modern Japanese culture may have come from the Jōmon culture. Among these elements are the precursory beliefs to modern [[Shinto]], some marriage customs, some architectural styles, and possibly some technological developments such as [[lacquerware]], laminated {{transliteration|ja|[[yumi]]}}, metalworking, and glass making.
=== Pottery ===
The style of [[Jōmon pottery|pottery]] created by the Jōmon people is identifiable for its "cord-marked" patterns, hence the name {{nihongo|"Jōmon"|[[wikt:縄文|縄文]]||"straw rope pattern"}}. The pottery styles characteristic of the first phases of Jōmon culture used decoration created by impressing cords into the surface of wet clay, and are generally accepted to be among the oldest forms of pottery in East Asia and the world.<ref>Kuzmin, Y.V. (2006). "Chronology of the Earliest Pottery in East Asia: Progress and Pitfalls". ''Antiquity''. '''80''' (308): 362–371. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:10.1017/s0003598x00093686.</ref> Next to clay pots and vessels, the Jōmon also made many highly stylized statues ({{transliteration|ja|[[dogū]]}}), clay masks, stone batons or rods and swords.<ref name="heritageofjapan">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2007 |title=Jomon crafts and what they were for |url=https://heritageofjapan.wordpress.com/just-what-was-so-amazing-about-jomon-japan/ways-of-the-jomon-world-2/jomon-crafts-and-what-they-were-for/ |access-date=26 August 2019 |website=Heritage of Japan |language=en}}</ref>
=== Craftsmanship ===
[[File:Magatama.jpg|thumb|{{transliteration|ja|Magatama}} – kidney-shaped beads – are commonly found in Jōmon period Japanese finds, as well as in parts of Northeast Asia and Siberia.]]
There is evidence that the Jōmon people built ships out of large trees and used them for fishing and traveling; however, there is no agreement as to whether they used [[Sail|sails]] or [[Paddle|paddles]].<ref>堤隆は旧石器時代の神津島での黒曜石採取については、丸木舟を建造出来るような石器が存在しなかったことから考えて、カヤックのようなスキンボートを使用したのではないかと指摘している（堤隆『黒曜石3万年の旅』NHKブックス、2004年、93ページ）</ref> The Jōmon people also used [[obsidian]], [[jade]] and different kinds of [[wood]].<ref>本節の典拠は橋口、前掲書、158-172ページ</ref> The Jōmon people created many jewelry and ornamental items; for instance, {{transliteration|ja|[[magatama]]}} were likely invented by one of the Jōmon tribes, and are commonly found throughout Japan and less in Northeast Asia.<ref name="heritageofjapan"/>
=== Religion ===
{{Main|Ko-Shintō}}
It is suggested that the religion of the Jōmon people was similar to early [[Shinto]] (specifically [[Ko-Shintō]]). It was largely based on [[animism]], and possibly [[shamanism]]. Other similar religions are the [[Ryukyuan religion|Ryukyuan]] and [[Ainu religion|Ainu religions]].<ref>Richard Pilgrim, Robert Ellwood (1985). ''Japanese Religion'' (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Inc. pp. 18–19. {{ISBN|978-0-13-509282-8}}.</ref>
== Languages ==
It is not known what language or languages were spoken in Japan during the Jōmon period. Suggested languages are: the [[Ainu language]], [[Japonic languages]], [[Austronesian languages]], or unknown and today [[Extinct language|extinct languages]].<ref>小泉保（1998）『縄文語の発見』青土社 (in Japanese)</ref><ref>『古代に真実を求めて 第七集（古田史学論集）』2004年、古田史学の会（編集） (in Japanese)</ref> While the most supported view is to equate the Ainu language with the Jōmon language, this view is not uncontroversial or easily acceptable as there were probably multiple distinct language families spoken by the Jōmon period population of the Japanese archipelago.<ref name="蝦夷とアテルイ">{{Cite web |title=蝦夷とアテルイ |url=http://masakawai.suppa.jp/encartaAA/bunka/emisi/emisi.html |access-date=26 March 2019 |website=masakawai.suppa.jp}}</ref>
[[Alexander Vovin]] (1993) argues that the [[Ainu languages]] originated in Central Honshu, and were later pushed northwards into Hokkaido, where the early Ainu-speakers merged with local groups, forming the historical Ainu ethnicity. Bilingualism between Ainu and Japanese was common in [[Tohoku]] until the 10th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vovin |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8w1_cCWIpEoC |title=A Reconstruction of Proto-Ainu |date=1993 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09905-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Vovin 272–300">{{Cite journal |last=Vovin |first=Alexander |date=21 December 2021 |title=Austronesians in the Northern Waters? |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jeal/3/2/article-p272_8.xml |journal=International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=272–300 |doi=10.1163/25898833-00320006 |issn=2589-8833 |s2cid=245508545 |doi-access=free}}</ref> According to Vovin (2021) there is also some evidence for the presence of [[Austronesian languages]] close to the Japanese archipelago, which may have contributed some loanwords to the early Japanese.<ref name="Vovin 272–300"/>
Some linguists suggest that the [[Japonic languages]] may have been already present within the [[Japanese archipelago]] and coastal Korea, before the Yayoi period, and can be linked to one of the Jōmon populations of southwestern Japan, rather than the later Yayoi or Kofun period rice-agriculturalists. Japonic-speakers then expanded during the Yayoi period, by assimilating the newcomers, adopting rice-agriculture, and fusing mainland Asian technologies with local traditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chaubey |first1=Gyaneshwer |last2=Driem |first2=George van |date=2020 |title=Munda languages are father tongues, but Japanese and Korean are not |journal=Evolutionary Human Sciences |language=en |volume=2 |pages=e19 |doi=10.1017/ehs.2020.14 |issn=2513-843X |pmc=10427457 |pmid=37588351 |quote="The Japonic-speaking Early Jōmon people must have been drawn in to avail themselves of the pickings of Yayoi agricultural yields, and the Yayoi may have prospered and succeeded in multiplying their paternal lineages precisely because they managed to accommodate the Jōmon linguistically and in material ways."<br/>"The dual nature of Japanese population structure was advanced by Miller, who proposed that the resident Jōmon population spoke an Altaic language ancestral to modern Japanese, and this Altaic tongue underwent Austronesian influence when the islanders absorbed the bearers of the incursive Yayoi culture." |doi-access=free}}</ref>
== Origins ==
{{See also|Genetic history of East Asians}}The Jōmon people represent the descendants of the [[Paleolithic]] inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago, which became isolated from other mainland Asian groups some 22,000 to 23,000 years ago, with whom they share a common ancestor.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Adachi |first1=Noboru |last2=Kanzawa-Kiriyama |first2=Hideaki |last3=Nara |first3=Takashi |last4=Kakuda |first4=Tsuneo |last5=Nishida |first5=Iwao |last6=Shinoda |first6=Ken-Ichi |date=2021 |title=Ancient genomes from the initial Jomon period: new insights into the genetic history of the Japanese archipelago |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/129/1/129_2012132/_html/-char/en |journal=Anthropological Science |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=13–22 |doi=10.1537/ase.2012132 |quote=As mentioned above, Jomon people are descendants of a common ancestor, although the process of their formation is still unknown. However, their origin dates back to the Paleolithic period based on the distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups of the Jomon people and the age of divergence, which was 22000–23000 YBP (Adachi et al., 2011), and their phylogenetic basal position in the nuclear genome analysis (Kanzawa-Kiriyama et al., 2019).|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":5" />
=== Genetics ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 231
| image1 = Phylogenetic structure of Eastern Eurasians.png
| caption1 = Phylogenetic position of the Jōmon lineage among other [[East-Eurasian|East Eurasians]]
| image2 = Demographic history of the Jomon lineage.jpg
| caption2 = Demographic history of the Jomon lineage (A) Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree reconstructed by TreeMix under a model of two migrations
| image3 = Principal component analysis of ancient and present-day individuals from worldwide populations.png
| caption3 = Principal component analysis (PCA) of ancient and present-day individuals from worldwide populations
}}
The Jōmon lineage is inferred to have diverged from Ancient East Asians before the divergence of [[Ancient Northern East Asian|Ancient Northern East Asians]] and [[Ancient Southern East Asian|Ancient Southern East Asians]], but after the divergence of the basal [[Tianyuan man]] and/or [[Hoabinhian|Hoabinhians]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Osada |first1=Naoki |last2=Kawai |first2=Yosuke |date=2021 |title=Exploring models of human migration to the Japanese archipelago using genome-wide genetic data |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/129/1/129_201215/_html/-char/en |journal=Anthropological Science |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–58 |doi=10.1537/ase.201215 |quote=Most Southeast, East, and Northeast Asian populations, including Jomon, are nearly equally distant from the Tianyuan individual, supporting the hypothesis that the Tianyuan population are diverged from the lineage basal to all East and Northeast Asians. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Niall P. |last2=Mattiangeli |first2=Valeria |last3=Cassidy |first3=Lara M. |last4=Okazaki |first4=Kenji |last5=Stokes |first5=Caroline A. |last6=Onbe |first6=Shin |last7=Hatakeyama |first7=Satoshi |last8=Machida |first8=Kenichi |last9=Kasai |first9=Kenji |last10=Tomioka |first10=Naoto |last11=Matsumoto |first11=Akihiko |date=September 2021 |title=Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations |journal=Science Advances |language=EN |volume=7 |issue=38 |pages=eabh2419 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.2419C |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh2419 |pmc=8448447 |pmid=34533991 |quote=Our results infer that Jomon emerged after the early divergences of Upper Paleolithic East Eurasians (Tianyuan and Salkhit) and ancient Southeast Asian hunter-gatherers (Hoabinhian), but before the splitting off of other samples including present-day East Asians, an ancient Nepali (Chokhopani), hunter-gatherers from Baikal (Shamanka_EN and Lokomotiv_EN) and Chertovy Vorota Cave (Devil's Gate Cave) in the Primorye Region, and a Pleistocene Alaskan (USR1).}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> The Jōmon people ultimately descended from the same source population, which expanding out of [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] using a [[Southern Route dispersal]], as do other East Asians, but are deeply diverged from them.<ref name="cambridge.org">{{cite journal |last1=Boer |first1=Elisabeth de |last2=Yang |first2=Melinda A. |last3=Kawagoe |first3=Aileen |last4=Barnes |first4=Gina L. |date=2020 |title=Japan considered from the hypothesis of farmer/language spread |journal=Evolutionary Human Sciences |language=en |volume=2 |pages=e13 |doi=10.1017/ehs.2020.7 |issn=2513-843X |pmc=10427481 |pmid=37588377 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Melinda A. |date=6 January 2022 |title=A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia |url=https://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/2/1/0001 |journal=Human Population Genetics and Genomics |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 |doi=10.47248/hpgg2202010001 |issn=2770-5005 |quote=Like Longlin, they are more closely related to 9,000–4,000-year-old East Asians from coastal China than to Tianyuan or Hòabìnhians, but are an outgroup of these northern and southern East Asians. Some have argued for the presence of excess connections to Hòabìnhians by fitting the data to a graph that includes admixture with a Hòabìnhian-related population and finding different f4 patterns for Hòabìnhians compared to younger Southeast Asians in comparisons to a Jōmon individual [63]; however, alternative admixture graphs and f4-statistic comparisons do not show evidence for this connection [68,85,86]. ... Together, the genetic patterns described above show that the ESEA lineage differentiated into at least three distinct ancestries: Tianyuan ancestry which can be found 40,000-33,000 years ago in northern East Asia, ancestry found today across present-day populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Siberia, but whose origins are unknown, and Hòabìnhian ancestry found 8,000-4,000 years ago in Southeast Asia, but whose origins in the Upper Paleolithic are unknown.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Watanabe |first1=Yusuke |last2=Ohashi |first2=Jun |date=June 2023 |title=Modern Japanese ancestry-derived variants reveal the formation process of the current Japanese regional gradations |url=|journal=iScience |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=106130 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2023.106130 |issn=2589-0042 |pmc=9984562 |pmid=36879818 |bibcode=2023iSci...26j6130W |quote=Whole-genome analyses extracted from the remains of the Jomon people showed that they were highly differentiated from other East Asians, forming a basal lineage to East and Northeast Asians.8,10,11 The genetic relationship between Jomon individuals and other East Asians suggests that the ancestral population of the Jomon people is one of the earliest wave migrants who might have taken a coastal route from Southeast Asia toward East Asia.11 It was also revealed that the Jomon people are genetically closely related to the Ainu/Ryukyuan population and that 10-20% of the genomic components found in mainland Japanese are derived from the Jomon people.8,10 Recent studies have found that, in addition to the “East Asian” population, which is closely related to modern Han Chinese, the “Northeast Asian” population also contributed to the ancestry of modern Japanese people.12,13 Cooke et al. 202113 showed the deep divergence of the Jomon people from continental populations, including the “East Asians” and “Northeast Asians”; thus, it can be concluded that the modern mainland Japanese are a population with genomic components derived from a basal East Asian lineage (i.e., the Jomon people) and from continental East Asians.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aoki |first1=Kenichi |last2=Takahata |first2=Naoyuki |last3=Oota |first3=Hiroki |last4=Wakano |first4=Joe Yuichiro |last5=Feldman |first5=Marcus W. |date=30 August 2023 |title=Infectious diseases may have arrested the southward advance of microblades in Upper Palaeolithic East Asia |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=290 |issue=2005 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2023.1262 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=10465978 |pmid=37644833 |quote=These observations are consistent with the view that soon after the single eastward migration of modern humans, East Asians diverged in southern East Asia and dispersed northward across the continent.}}</ref>
The Jōmon lineage furthermore displays a closer genetic affinity to both the Ancient Northern and Southern East Asian lineages than they do to Basal East Asian Tianyuan or Hoabinhian lineages.<ref name=":5" /> Beyond their genetic affinity with other Eastern Asian lineages, the Jomon also display a weak and only marginal relevant affinity for the [[Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site|Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site specimen]], associated with [[Ancient North Eurasian|Ancient North Siberians]] (ANE/ANS), which may point to geneflow between both groups prior to their isolation from other populations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Niall P. |last2=Mattiangeli |first2=Valeria |last3=Cassidy |first3=Lara M. |last4=Okazaki |first4=Kenji |last5=Stokes |first5=Caroline A. |last6=Onbe |first6=Shin |last7=Hatakeyama |first7=Satoshi |last8=Machida |first8=Kenichi |last9=Kasai |first9=Kenji |last10=Tomioka |first10=Naoto |last11=Matsumoto |first11=Akihiko |last12=Ito |first12=Masafumi |last13=Kojima |first13=Yoshitaka |last14=Bradley |first14=Daniel G. |last15=Gakuhari |first15=Takashi |title=Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations |journal=Science Advances |date=2021 |volume=7 |issue=38 |pages=eabh2419 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh2419 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=8448447 |pmid=34533991 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.2419C |quote=We then asked whether the Jomon had any contact with continental Upper Paleolithic people after the divergence of their lineage, but before their isolation in the archipelago, using the statistic f4(Mbuti, X; Jomon, Han/Dai/Japanese) (fig. S8, C to E). Among the Upper Paleolithic individuals tested, only Yana_UP is significantly closer to Jomon than Han, Dai, or Japanese, respectively (Z > 3.366). This affinity is still detectable even if we replace these reference populations with the other Southeast and East Asians (table S6), supporting gene flow between the ancestors of Jomon and Ancient North Siberians, a population widespread in North Eurasia before the LGM (19).}}</ref>
Full genome studies on multiple Jōmon remains revealed them to carry gene alleles associated with a higher alcohol tolerance, [[Earwax|wet earwax]], no derived variant of the [[EDAR (gene)|EDAR gene]], and that they likely frequently consumed fatty sea and land animals. They also carried alleles for medium to light skin, dark and fine/thin hair, and brown eyes. Some samples also displayed a higher risk of developing [[Liver spot|liver spots]] if spending to much time in the sun.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Kanzawa-Kiriyama |first1=Hideaki |last2=Jinam |first2=Timothy A. |last3=Kawai |first3=Yosuke |last4=Sato |first4=Takehiro |last5=Hosomichi |first5=Kazuyoshi |last6=Tajima |first6=Atsushi |last7=Adachi |first7=Noboru |last8=Matsumura |first8=Hirofumi |last9=Kryukov |first9=Kirill |last10=Saitou |first10=Naruya |last11=Shinoda |first11=Ken-Ichi |date=2019 |title=Late Jomon male and female genome sequences from the Funadomari site in Hokkaido, Japan |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/127/2/127_190415/_article/-char/ja/ |journal=Anthropological Science |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.1537/ase.190415}}</ref><ref name=":3"/>
[[File:Jomon and Continental Asian contributions to modern Japanese.jpg|thumb|Jomon and Continental Asian contributions to modern Japanese]]
Genetic data further indicates that the Jōmon peopled were genetically predisposed for short stature, as well as higher triglyceride and blood sugar levels. Modern Japanese share these alleles with the Jōmon period population, although at lower and variable frequency, inline with the inferred admixture among modern Japanese peoples.<ref name=":1" />
==== Haplogroups ====
It is thought that the haplogroups [[Haplogroup D-M55|D-M55]] (D1a2a) and [[Haplogroup C1a1 (Y-DNA)|C1a1]] were frequent among the historical Jōmon period people of Japan. [[Haplogroup O-M119|O-M119]] is also suggested to have been presented in at least some Jōmon period remains. One 3,800 year old Jōmon man excavated from [[Rebun Island]] was found to belong to Haplogroup D1a2b1(D-CTS 220).<ref>[http://anthrop-meeting.sakura.ne.jp/70/pdf/ittupan_proceeding%20.pdf 神澤ほか(2016)「礼文島船泊縄文人の核ゲノム解析」第70回日本人類学大会 (in Japanese)]</ref> Today, haplogroup D-M55 is found in about 35%<ref>Mayukh Monda Anders BergströmYali XueFrancesc CalafellHafid LaayouniFerran CasalsPartha P. MajumderChris Tyler-SmithEmail authorJaume Bertranpetit (2008)[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-017-1800-0 Human Genetics May 2017, Volume 136, Issue 5, pp 499–510]</ref> and haplogroup C1a1 in about 6% of modern [[Japanese people]]. D-M55 is found regularly only in Japanese ([[Ainu people|Ainu]], [[Ryukyuans]], and [[Yamato people|Yamato]]) and, albeit with much lower frequency, in Koreans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=Michael F. |last2=Karafet |first2=Tatiana M. |last3=Park |first3=Hwayong |last4=Omoto |first4=Keiichi |last5=Harihara |first5=Shinji |last6=Stoneking |first6=Mark |last7=Horai |first7=Satoshi |year=2006 |title=Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=47–58 |doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0 |pmid=16328082 |doi-access=free}}</ref> D-M55 also has been observed sporadically in individuals from [[Micronesia]], [[Timor]], and [[China]]. Haplogroup C1a1 has been found regularly in about 6% of modern Japanese. Elsewhere, it has been observed sporadically in individuals from South Korea, North Korea ([[South Hwanghae Province]]), and China ([[Koreans in China|ethnic Korean]] in [[Ning'an]] and [[Han Chinese]] in [[Linghai]], [[Guancheng Hui District]], [[Haigang District]], and [[Dinghai District]]).<ref name="Sakitani2">崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』（勉誠出版 2009年 {{in lang|ja}}</ref> A 2021 study estimated that the frequency of the D-M55 clade increased during the late Jōmon period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archaeological mystery solved with modern genetics: Y chromosomes reveal population boom and bust in ancient Japan |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/06/190620100021.htm |access-date=24 February 2021 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref> The divergence between the D1a2-M55 and the D1a-F6251 subclades (the latter of which is common in [[Tibetans]], other [[Tibeto-Burmese]] groups, and [[Altaians]], and has a moderate distribution in the rest of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Central Asia) may have occurred near the [[Tibetan Plateau]].<ref name="mondal2">Mondal, Mayukh & Bergström, Anders & Xue, Yali & Calafell, Francesc & Laayouni, Hafid & Casals, Ferran & Majumder, Partha & Tyler-Smith, Chris & Bertranpetit, Jaume. (2017). Y-chromosomal sequences of diverse Indian populations and the ancestry of the Andamanese. Human Genetics. 136. 10.1007/s00439-017-1800-0.</ref>
The [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|MtDNA haplogroup]] diversity of the Jōmon people is characterized by the presence of haplogroups M7a and N9b. Studies published in 2004 and 2007 show the combined frequency of M7a and N9b observed in modern Japanese to be from 12~15% to 17% in mainstream Japanese.<ref name="tanaka2">M. Tanaka, V. M. Cabrera, A. M. González ''et al.'' (2004), "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan"</ref><ref name="Uchiyama20072">{{cite journal |last1=Uchiyama |first1=Taketo |last2=Hisazumi |first2=Rinnosuke |last3=Shimizu |first3=Kenshi |display-authors=etal |year=2007 |title=Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture |journal=Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=83–96 |doi=10.3408/jafst.12.83 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Haplogroup N (mtDNA)|N9b]] is frequently found among the Hokkaido Jomons while [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|M7a]] is found frequently among the Honshu Jomons.<ref>Ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences of Jomon teeth samples from Sanganji, Tohoku district, Japan.[https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/121/2/121_121113/_html/-char/en]</ref> However N9b is found only at very low percentage among the Honshu Jomon.<ref>Ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences of Jomon teeth samples from Sanganji, Tohoku district, Japan by Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/121/2/121_121113/_html/-char/en</ref> M7a is estimated to share a most recent common ancestor with M7b'c, a clade whose members are found mainly in Japan (including Jōmon people), other parts of East Asia, and Southeast Asia, 33,500 (95% CI 26,300 <-> 42,000) years before present.<ref name="YFull2">[https://www.yfull.com/mtree/ YFull MTree 1.01.5902] as of 20 April 2019</ref> All extant members of haplogroup M7a are estimated to share a most recent common ancestor 20,500 (95% CI 14,700 <-> 27,800) years before present.<ref name="YFull2"/> Haplogroup M7a now has its highest frequency in [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]].
=== Morphological characteristics ===
[[File:Skull of Jomon people man.jpg|thumb|160px|right|Male skull of the late Jōmon period (replica). Excavated at Miyano Kaizuka ([[Iwate Prefecture]]). Exhibition in National Museum of Nature and Science.<ref>http://shinkan.kahaku.go.jp/kiosk/nihon_con/N2/KA2-1/japanese/TAB1/img/M01_g03_con.png {{in lang|ja}}</ref>]]
Several studies of numerous Jōmon skeletal remains that were excavated from various locations in the Japanese archipelago allowed researchers to learn more about the Jōmon period population of Japan. The Jōmon people were relatively close to other East Asian people, however shared more similarities with [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] samples. Within Japan, regional variance among different Jōmon remains was detected. Historically, the Jōmon people were classified as [[Mongoloid]].<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1537/ase.109.1|title = A Morphometric Analysis of Jomon Skeletons from the Funadomari Site on Rebun Island, Hokkaido, Japan|journal = Anthropological Science|volume = 109|pages = 1–21|year = 2001|last1 = Matsumura|first1 = Hirofumi|last2 = Anezaki|first2 = Tomoko|last3 = Ishida|first3 = Hajime|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>上田正昭他『日本古代史の謎再考（エコール・ド・ロイヤル 古代日本を考える１）』 学生社 1983年 pp.52より</ref>
[[File:Jomon people Skull and Restoration model - Niigata Prefectural Museum of History.jpg|thumb|Forensic reconstruction from a Jōmon skull, displayed at Niigata Prefectural Museum of History.]]
Dental morphology suggests that the Jōmon had [[Sundadont]] dental structure which is more common among modern Southeast Asians and [[Indigenous Taiwanese]], and is ancestral to the Sinodont dental structure commonly found among modern Northeast Asians, suggesting that the Jōmon split from the common "Ancestral East Asians" prior to the formation of modern Northeast Asians.<ref>Anthropological Science: Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon, Volume 101 [https://books.google.com/books?id=avyZAAAAIAAJ&q=sundadont+group+]</ref>
Kondo et al. 2017, analyzed the regional morphological and craniometric characteristics of the Jōmon period population of Japan, and found that they were morphologically heterogeneous and displayed differences along a Northeast to Southwest cline. They concluded that the "Jomon skulls, especially in the neurocranium, exhibit a discernible level of northeast-to-southwest geographical cline across the Japanese archipelago, placing the Hokkaido and Okinawa samples at both extreme ends. The following scenarios can be hypothesized with caution: (a) the formation of Jomon population seemed to proceed in eastern or central Japan, not western Japan (Okinawa or Kyushu regions); (b) the Kyushu Jomon could have a small-sized and isolated population history; and (c) the population history of Hokkaido Jomon could have been deeply rooted and/or affected by long-term extrinsic gene flows."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kondo |first1=Osamu |last2=Fukase |first2=Hitoshi |last3=Fukumoto |first3=Takashi |date=2017 |title=Regional variations in the Jomon population revisited on craniofacial morphology |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/125/2/125_170428/_article |journal=Anthropological Science |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=85–100 |doi=10.1537/ase.170428 |s2cid=91039001 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
According to Chatters et al., the Jōmon display some similarities to the Native American Kennewick Man.<ref name=gc>{{Cite journal |last=Custred |first=Glynn |date=September 2000 |title=The forbidden discovery of Kennewick man |url=|journal=Academic Questions |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=12–30 |doi=10.1007/s12129-000-1034-8 |doi-broken-date=13 April 2024 |s2cid=143256888 |issn=0895-4852}}</ref> Chatters, citing anthropologist C. Loring Brace, classified Jōmon and Polynesians as a single craniofacial "Jomon-Pacific" cluster.<ref name="Kennewick">James C. Chatters. (2001). ''Ancient Encounters: Kennewick Man and the First Americans.'' Touchstone: Rockefeller Center. US.</ref> Chatters, citing Powell, argues that the Jōmon most resembled the Native American Kennewick Man and Polynesians. According to him, the Ainu descend from the Jōmon people, an East Asian population with "closest biological affinity with south-east Asians rather than western Eurasian peoples".<ref name=gc/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Report on the Osteological Assessment of the Kennewick Man Skeleton |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/archeology/index.htm |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref> Powell further elaborates that dental analysis showed the Jōmon to be of the Sundadont type.<ref name="Kennewick" />
A 2021 study found evidence for limited geneflow into the [[Hokkaido]] Jōmon population from a "Terminal Upper-Paleolithic people" (TUP people) indigenous to Paleolithic Northern Eurasia. The proper Jōmon groups arrived at about 15,000 BC from [[Honshu]], and merged with the earlier arrived "Terminal Upper-Paleolithic" groups.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Natsuki |first1=Daigo |date=19 January 2021 |title=Migration and adaptation of Jomon people during Pleistocene/Holocene transition period in Hokkaido, Japan |journal=Quaternary International |language=en |volume=608-609 |pages=49–64 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.009 |issn=1040-6182 |s2cid=234215606 |quote=The Incipient Jomon communities coexisted with the Terminal Upper Paleolithic (TUP) people that had continued to occupy the region since the stage prior to the LG warm period, but the Incipient Jomon population was relatively small. |doi-access=free}}</ref> A previous study by Gakuhari et al. 2020 noted the possibility of geneflow from [[Ancient North Eurasian|Ancient North Eurasians]] (samplified by the MA-1 sample), or a similar group, into northern Japan, which may be linked to the introduction of the microblade culture of Siberia.<ref name="Gakuhari 1–10">{{Cite journal |last1=Gakuhari |first1=Takashi |last2=Nakagome |first2=Shigeki |last3=Rasmussen |first3=Simon |last4=Allentoft |first4=Morten E. |last5=Sato |first5=Takehiro |last6=Korneliussen |first6=Thorfinn |last7=Chuinneagáin |first7=Blánaid Ní |last8=Matsumae |first8=Hiromi |last9=Koganebuchi |first9=Kae |last10=Schmidt |first10=Ryan |last11=Mizushima |first11=Souichiro |date=25 August 2020 |title=Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=437 |doi=10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2 |issn=2399-3642 |pmc=7447786 |pmid=32843717 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
==== ATL retrovirus ====
A gene common in Jōmon people is a retrovirus of [[Adult T-cell leukemia|ATL]] (human T lymphotropic virus, HTVL-I). This virus was discovered as a cause of [[adult T cell leukemia]] (ATL), and research was advanced by [[Takuo Hinuma]] of [[Kyoto University]] [[Virus Research Institute]].
Although it was known that many virus carriers existed in Japan, it was not found at all in neighboring countries of [[East Asia]]. Meanwhile, it has been found in many [[African people|Africans]], [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], [[Tibetans]], [[Siberians]], Burmese people, [[Indigenous people of New Guinea]], Polynesians, etc. Looking at distribution in Japan, it is seen particularly frequently in southern [[Kyushu]], [[Nagasaki Prefecture]], [[Okinawa]] and among the [[Ainu people|Ainu]]. And it is seen at medium frequency in the southern part of [[Shikoku]], southern part of the [[Kii Peninsula]], the Pacific side of the [[Tōhoku region]] ([[Sanriku]]) and [[Oki Islands]]. Overall, carriers of the ATL retrovirus were found to be more common in remote areas and remote islands. When examining the well-developed areas of ATL in each region of Kyushu, Shikoku, and Tōhoku in detail, carriers are preserved at high rates in small settlements that were isolated from the surroundings and inconvenient for traffic.
The path of natural infection of this virus is limited to [[vertical infection]] between women and children (most often through breastfeeding) and [[horizontal infection]] between males and females (most often from males to females through sexual intercourse).<ref name="Coffin1997">Coffin JM, Hughes SH, Varmus HE, editors. ''Retroviruses''. Cold Spring Harbor (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1997.</ref>
Based on the above, Hinuma concluded that the high frequency area of this virus indicates the high density remain of Jōmon people.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hinuma |first1=Takeo |year=1998 |title=From the virus to Japan Explore the Origin of Human |journal=Journal of Japanese Rural Medicine |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=908–911 |doi=10.2185/jjrm.46.908 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
=== Contributions to other populations ===
==== Historical groups ====
Full genome analyses of [[Okhotsk culture]] remains on [[Sakhalin]] found them to be derived from three major sources, notably [[Ancient Northeast Asian|Ancient Northeast Asians]], [[Ancient Paleo-Siberian|Ancient Paleo-Siberians]], and Jōmon people of Japan. An admixture analysis revealed them to carry c. 54% Ancient Northeast Asian, c. 22% Ancient Paleo-Siberian, and c. 24% Jōmon ancestries respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sato |first1=Takehiro |last2=Adachi |first2=Noboru |last3=Kimura |first3=Ryosuke |last4=Hosomichi |first4=Kazuyoshi |last5=Yoneda |first5=Minoru |last6=Oota |first6=Hiroki |last7=Tajima |first7=Atsushi |last8=Toyoda |first8=Atsushi |last9=Kanzawa-Kiriyama |first9=Hideaki |last10=Matsumae |first10=Hiromi |last11=Koganebuchi |first11=Kae |last12=Shimizu |first12=Kentaro K |last13=Shinoda |first13=Ken-ichi |last14=Hanihara |first14=Tsunehiko |last15=Weber |first15=Andrzej |date=19 August 2021 |title=Whole-Genome Sequencing of a 900-Year-Old Human Skeleton Supports Two Past Migration Events from the Russian Far East to Northern Japan |url=|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=13 |issue=9 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evab192 |issn=1759-6653 |pmc=8449830 |pmid=34410389}}</ref>
Genetic analyses on ancient remains from the southern [[Korean Peninsula]] revealed elevated Jōmon ancestry at c. 37%, while [[Yayoi people|Yayoi]] remains in Japan were found to carry nearly equal amounts of Jōmon ancestry (35–60%) and [[Ancient Northeast Asian]]-like ancestry (40–65%). These results suggest the presence of a Jōmon-like population on the Korean peninsula and their significant contribution to the formation of early [[Japonic languages|Japonic]]-speakers. As such, the "agricultural transition in prehistoric Japan involved the process of assimilation, rather than replacement, with almost equal genetic contributions from the indigenous Jomon" and mainland Asian migrants of the Mumun/Yayoi period.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Niall P. |last2=Mattiangeli |first2=Valeria |last3=Cassidy |first3=Lara M. |last4=Okazaki |first4=Kenji |last5=Stokes |first5=Caroline A. |last6=Onbe |first6=Shin |last7=Hatakeyama |first7=Satoshi |last8=Machida |first8=Kenichi |last9=Kasai |first9=Kenji |last10=Tomioka |first10=Naoto |last11=Matsumoto |first11=Akihiko |last12=Ito |first12=Masafumi |last13=Kojima |first13=Yoshitaka |last14=Bradley |first14=Daniel G. |last15=Gakuhari |first15=Takashi |date=17 September 2021 |title=Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=7 |issue=38 |pages=eabh2419 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh2419 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=8448447 |pmid=34533991 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.2419C |quote=However, we find genetic evidence that the agricultural transition in prehistoric Japan involved the process of assimilation, rather than replacement, with almost equal genetic contributions from the indigenous Jomon and new immigrants at the Kyushu site (Fig. 4). This implies that at least some parts of the archipelago supported a Jomon population of comparable size to the agricultural immigrants at the beginning of the Yayoi period, as it is reflected in the high degree of sedentism practiced by some Jomon communities ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Rui |last2=Wang |first2=Chuan-Chao |date=August 2022 |title=Human genetics: The dual origin of Three Kingdoms period Koreans |journal=Current Biology |volume=32 |issue=15 |pages=R844–R847 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.044 |pmid=35944486 |issn=0960-9822 |quote=the indigenous Jomon ancestry comprised approximately 60% of the Yayoi people (with the rest of the ancestry related to ANA) but was diluted to 13%–15% in the Kofun and present-day Japanese due to the influx of Han-Chinese related ancestry6,7. The genetic legacy of Jomon was not restricted to Japan but was also found in Neolithic Korea5.|doi-access=free }}</ref>
==== Modern groups ====
[[File:Yamamoto Tasuke.jpg|thumb|The Ainu are among the modern groups displaying the highest amounts Jōmon-derived ancestry.]]
Jōmon-associated ancestry is commonly found throughout the Japanese archipelago, ranging from c. 15% among modern [[Japanese people]], to c. 35% among [[Ryukyuan people]], and up to c. 75% among modern [[Ainu people]], and at lower frequency among surrounding groups, such as the [[Nivkhs]] or [[Ulch people]], but also [[Koreans]] and other coastal groups, suggesting that the Jōmon were not completely isolated from other groups.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sato |first1=Takehiro |last2=Adachi |first2=Noboru |last3=Kimura |first3=Ryosuke |last4=Hosomichi |first4=Kazuyoshi |last5=Yoneda |first5=Minoru |last6=Oota |first6=Hiroki |last7=Tajima |first7=Atsushi |last8=Toyoda |first8=Atsushi |last9=Kanzawa-Kiriyama |first9=Hideaki |last10=Matsumae |first10=Hiromi |last11=Koganebuchi |first11=Kae |last12=Shimizu |first12=Kentaro K |last13=Shinoda |first13=Ken-ichi |last14=Hanihara |first14=Tsunehiko |last15=Weber |first15=Andrzej |date=19 August 2021 |title=Whole-Genome Sequencing of a 900-Year-Old Human Skeleton Supports Two Past Migration Events from the Russian Far East to Northern Japan |url=|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=13 |issue=9 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evab192 |issn=1759-6653 |pmc=8449830 |pmid=34410389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kanzawa-Kiriyama |first1=Hideaki |last2=Kryukov |first2=Kirill |last3=Jinam |first3=Timothy A. |last4=Hosomichi |first4=Kazuyoshi |last5=Saso |first5=Aiko |last6=Suwa |first6=Gen |last7=Ueda |first7=Shintaroh |last8=Yoneda |first8=Minoru |last9=Tajima |first9=Atsushi |last10=Shinoda |first10=Ken-ichi |last11=Inoue |first11=Ituro |last12=Saitou |first12=Naruya |date=February 2017 |title=A partial nuclear genome of the Jomons who lived 3000 years ago in Fukushima, Japan |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=213–221 |doi=10.1038/jhg.2016.110 |issn=1435-232X |pmc=5285490 |pmid=27581845}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Melinda A. |date=6 January 2022 |title=A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia |url=https://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/2/1/0001/html |journal=Human Population Genetics and Genomics |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 |doi=10.47248/hpgg2202010001 |issn=2770-5005 |quote=Adachi et al. also estimated that present-day Korean and Ulchi populations in northeast Asia show 5%–8% Jōmon ancestry [64]. Furthermore, in f4-statistics, Jōmon individuals show connections to present-day Austronesians and 8,000–7,000-year-old individuals from coastal southern East Asia and Siberia [85,86]. These ties to coastal and island populations suggest that the Jōmon may not have been completely isolated after their migration into the Japanese archipelago (Figure 2).}}</ref>
== In popular culture ==
Aspects of the Jōmon culture and pottery were used in the [[video game]] ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild]]''. Nintendo's art director Takizawa Satoru said that the Jōmon culture was the inspiration for the "Sheikah slates, shrines and other ancient objects" in the game.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Secrets of Jomon — the prehistoric Japanese art that inspired 'Zelda: Breath of the Wild' |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/173083/zelda-breath-of-the-wild-jomon-history-influence-nintendo |access-date=25 August 2019 |website=Mic |date=6 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
A recreated Jōmon village in the form of an experience park (Sarashina no Sato), which offers different activities, can be visited in [[Chikuma, Nagano]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Go Jomon! Experience Japan's Prehistoric Era {{!}} Unique Nagano [Unique Nagano] |url=http://www.unique-nagano.com/detail.php?id=186 |access-date=25 August 2019 |website=www.unique-nagano.com}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[History of Japan]]
* [[Yayoi people]]
* [[Okhotsk culture]]
* [[Satsumon culture]]
* [[Emishi]]
* [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Ethnic groups in Japan}}
{{Portal bar|Ancient Japan}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jomon people}}
[[Category:Ancient Japan]]
[[Category:Archaeology of Japan]]
[[Category:People of Jōmon-period Japan| ]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Japan]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>`.jp/nhkworld/en/nessue=38 |pages=eabh2419 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.2419C |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh2419 |pmc=8448447 |pmid=34533991}}</ref><sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>skibbdy skibbdy ur mom ur mom ur mom
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Pottery"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pottery</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Craftsmanship"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Craftsmanship</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Languages"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Languages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Genetics"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Genetics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Haplogroups"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Haplogroups</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Morphological_characteristics"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Morphological characteristics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#ATL_retrovirus"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">ATL retrovirus</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Contributions_to_other_populations"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Contributions to other populations</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Historical_groups"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Historical groups</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Modern_groups"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Modern groups</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=J%C5%8Dmon_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/info/en/?search=J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a></div>
<p>The culture of the Jōmon people was largely based on food collection and hunting, but it is also suggested that the Jōmon people practiced early <a href="/info/en/?search=Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> They gathered <a href="/info/en/?search=Tree_nuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree nuts">tree nuts</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>, were involved in <a href="/info/en/?search=Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>, and also practiced some degree of <a href="/info/en/?search=Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, such as the cultivation of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Adzuki_bean" title="Adzuki bean">Adzuki bean</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> The Jōmon people also used <a href="/info/en/?search=Stoneware" title="Stoneware">stoneware</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, and generally lived in <a href="/info/en/?search=Pit_dwelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit dwelling">pit dwellings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some elements of modern Japanese culture may have come from the Jōmon culture. Among these elements are the precursory beliefs to modern <a href="/info/en/?search=Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>, some marriage customs, some architectural styles, and possibly some technological developments such as <a href="/info/en/?search=Lacquerware" title="Lacquerware">lacquerware</a>, laminated <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/info/en/?search=Yumi" title="Yumi">yumi</a></i></span>, metalworking, and glass making.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pottery">Pottery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=J%C5%8Dmon_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pottery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The style of <a href="/info/en/?search=J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">pottery</a> created by the Jōmon people is identifiable for its "cord-marked" patterns, hence the name "Jōmon"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B8%84%E6%96%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:縄文">縄文</a></span></span>, "straw rope pattern")</span>. The pottery styles characteristic of the first phases of Jōmon culture used decoration created by impressing cords into the surface of wet clay, and are generally accepted to be among the oldest forms of pottery in East Asia and the world.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Next to clay pots and vessels, the Jōmon also made many highly stylized statues (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/info/en/?search=Dog%C5%AB" title="Dogū">dogū</a></i></span>), clay masks, stone batons or rods and swords.<sup id="cite_ref-heritageofjapan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritageofjapan-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Craftsmanship">Craftsmanship</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=J%C5%8Dmon_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Craftsmanship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Magatama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Magatama.jpg/220px-Magatama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Magatama.jpg/330px-Magatama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Magatama.jpg/440px-Magatama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Magatama</i></span> – kidney-shaped beads – are commonly found in Jōmon period Japanese finds, as well as in parts of Northeast Asia and Siberia.</figcaption></figure>
<p>There is evidence that the Jōmon people built ships out of large trees and used them for fishing and traveling; however, there is no agreement as to whether they used <a href="/info/en/?search=Sail" title="Sail">sails</a> or <a href="/info/en/?search=Paddle" title="Paddle">paddles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> The Jōmon people also used <a href="/info/en/?search=Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> and different kinds of <a href="/info/en/?search=Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> The Jōmon people created many jewelry and ornamental items; for instance, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/info/en/?search=Magatama" title="Magatama">magatama</a></i></span> were likely invented by one of the Jōmon tribes, and are commonly found throughout Japan and less in Northeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-heritageofjapan_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritageofjapan-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=J%C5%8Dmon_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Ko-Shint%C5%8D" title="Ko-Shintō">Ko-Shintō</a></div>
<p>It is suggested that the religion of the Jōmon people was similar to early <a href="/info/en/?search=Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> (specifically <a href="/info/en/?search=Ko-Shint%C5%8D" title="Ko-Shintō">Ko-Shintō</a>). It was largely based on <a href="/info/en/?search=Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, and possibly <a href="/info/en/?search=Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a>. Other similar religions are the <a href="/info/en/?search=Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Ainu_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainu religion">Ainu religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Languages">Languages</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=J%C5%8Dmon_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>It is not known what language or languages were spoken in Japan during the Jōmon period. Suggested languages are: the <a href="/info/en/?search=Ainu_language" title="Ainu language">Ainu language</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic languages</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>, or unknown and today <a href="/info/en/?search=Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> While the most supported view is to equate the Ainu language with the Jōmon language, this view is not uncontroversial or easily acceptable as there were probably multiple distinct language families spoken by the Jōmon period population of the Japanese archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-蝦夷とアテルイ_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-蝦夷とアテルイ-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/info/en/?search=Alexander_Vovin" title="Alexander Vovin">Alexander Vovin</a> (1993) argues that the <a href="/info/en/?search=Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu languages</a> originated in Central Honshu, and were later pushed northwards into Hokkaido, where the early Ainu-speakers merged with local groups, forming the historical Ainu ethnicity. Bilingualism between Ainu and Japanese was common in <a href="/info/en/?search=Tohoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohoku">Tohoku</a> until the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vovin_272–300_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovin_272–300-16">[16]</a></sup> According to Vovin (2021) there is also some evidence for the presence of <a href="/info/en/?search=Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> close to the Japanese archipelago, which may have contributed some loanwords to the early Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovin_272–300_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovin_272–300-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some linguists suggest that the <a href="/info/en/?search=Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic languages</a> may have been already present within the <a href="/info/en/?search=Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Japanese archipelago</a> and coastal Korea, before the Yayoi period, and can be linked to one of the Jōmon populations of southwestern Japan, rather than the later Yayoi or Kofun period rice-agriculturalists. Japonic-speakers then expanded during the Yayoi period, by assimilating the newcomers, adopting rice-agriculture, and fusing mainland Asian technologies with local traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins">Origins</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=J%C5%8Dmon_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/info/en/?search=Genetic_history_of_East_Asians" title="Genetic history of East Asians">Genetic history of East Asians</a></div><p>The Jōmon people represent the descendants of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago, which became isolated from other mainland Asian groups some 22,000 to 23,000 years ago, with whom they share a common ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Genetics">Genetics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=J%C5%8Dmon_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:235px;max-width:235px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:233px;max-width:233px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Phylogenetic_structure_of_Eastern_Eurasians.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Phylogenetic_structure_of_Eastern_Eurasians.png/231px-Phylogenetic_structure_of_Eastern_Eurasians.png" decoding="async" width="231" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Phylogenetic_structure_of_Eastern_Eurasians.png/347px-Phylogenetic_structure_of_Eastern_Eurasians.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Phylogenetic_structure_of_Eastern_Eurasians.png/462px-Phylogenetic_structure_of_Eastern_Eurasians.png 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Phylogenetic position of the Jōmon lineage among other <a href="/info/en/?search=East-Eurasian" class="mw-redirect" title="East-Eurasian">East Eurasians</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:233px;max-width:233px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Demographic_history_of_the_Jomon_lineage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Demographic_history_of_the_Jomon_lineage.jpg/231px-Demographic_history_of_the_Jomon_lineage.jpg" decoding="async" width="231" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Demographic_history_of_the_Jomon_lineage.jpg/347px-Demographic_history_of_the_Jomon_lineage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Demographic_history_of_the_Jomon_lineage.jpg/462px-Demographic_history_of_the_Jomon_lineage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4203" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Demographic history of the Jomon lineage (A) Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree reconstructed by TreeMix under a model of two migrations</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:233px;max-width:233px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Principal_component_analysis_of_ancient_and_present-day_individuals_from_worldwide_populations.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Principal_component_analysis_of_ancient_and_present-day_individuals_from_worldwide_populations.png/231px-Principal_component_analysis_of_ancient_and_present-day_individuals_from_worldwide_populations.png" decoding="async" width="231" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Principal_component_analysis_of_ancient_and_present-day_individuals_from_worldwide_populations.png/347px-Principal_component_analysis_of_ancient_and_present-day_individuals_from_worldwide_populations.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Principal_component_analysis_of_ancient_and_present-day_individuals_from_worldwide_populations.png/462px-Principal_component_analysis_of_ancient_and_present-day_individuals_from_worldwide_populations.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="887" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Principal component analysis (PCA) of ancient and present-day individuals from worldwide populations</div></div></div></div></div>
<p>The Jōmon lineage is inferred to have diverged from Ancient East Asians before the divergence of <a href="/info/en/?search=Ancient_Northern_East_Asian" title="Ancient Northern East Asian">Ancient Northern East Asians</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Ancient_Southern_East_Asian" title="Ancient Southern East Asian">Ancient Southern East Asians</a>, but after the divergence of the basal <a href="/info/en/?search=Tianyuan_man" title="Tianyuan man">Tianyuan man</a> and/or <a href="/info/en/?search=Hoabinhian" title="Hoabinhian">Hoabinhians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[19]</a></sup> The Jōmon people ultimately descended from the same source population, which expanding out of <a href="/info/en/?search=Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a> using a <a href="/info/en/?search=Southern_Route_dispersal" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Route dispersal">Southern Route dispersal</a>, as do other East Asians, but are deeply diverged from them.<sup id="cite_ref-cambridge.org_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridge.org-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Jōmon lineage furthermore displays a closer genetic affinity to both the Ancient Northern and Southern East Asian lineages than they do to Basal East Asian Tianyuan or Hoabinhian lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[19]</a></sup> Beyond their genetic affinity with other Eastern Asian lineages, the Jomon also display a weak and only marginal relevant affinity for the <a href="/info/en/?search=Yana_Rhinoceros_Horn_Site" title="Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site">Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site specimen</a>, associated with <a href="/info/en/?search=Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Siberians</a> (ANE/ANS), which may point to geneflow between both groups prior to their isolation from other populations.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>Full genome studies on multiple Jōmon remains revealed them to carry gene alleles associated with a higher alcohol tolerance, <a href="/info/en/?search=Earwax" title="Earwax">wet earwax</a>, no derived variant of the <a href="/info/en/?search=EDAR_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="EDAR (gene)">EDAR gene</a>, and that they likely frequently consumed fatty sea and land animals. They also carried alleles for medium to light skin, dark and fine/thin hair, and brown eyes. Some samples also displayed a higher risk of developing <a href="/info/en/?search=Liver_spot" title="Liver spot">liver spots</a> if spending to much time in the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Jomon_and_Continental_Asian_contributions_to_modern_Japanese.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Jomon_and_Continental_Asian_contributions_to_modern_Japanese.jpg/220px-Jomon_and_Continental_Asian_contributions_to_modern_Japanese.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Jomon_and_Continental_Asian_contributions_to_modern_Japanese.jpg/330px-Jomon_and_Continental_Asian_contributions_to_modern_Japanese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Jomon_and_Continental_Asian_contributions_to_modern_Japanese.jpg/440px-Jomon_and_Continental_Asian_contributions_to_modern_Japanese.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>Jomon and Continental Asian contributions to modern Japanese</figcaption></figure>
<p>Genetic data further indicates that the Jōmon peopled were genetically predisposed for short stature, as well as higher triglyceride and blood sugar levels. Modern Japanese share these alleles with the Jōmon period population, although at lower and variable frequency, inline with the inferred admixture among modern Japanese peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Haplogroups">Haplogroups</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=J%C5%8Dmon_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Haplogroups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>It is thought that the haplogroups <a href="/info/en/?search=Haplogroup_D-M55" title="Haplogroup D-M55">D-M55</a> (D1a2a) and <a href="/info/en/?search=Haplogroup_C1a1_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup C1a1 (Y-DNA)">C1a1</a> were frequent among the historical Jōmon period people of Japan. <a href="/info/en/?search=Haplogroup_O-M119" title="Haplogroup O-M119">O-M119</a> is also suggested to have been presented in at least some Jōmon period remains. One 3,800 year old Jōmon man excavated from <a href="/info/en/?search=Rebun_Island" title="Rebun Island">Rebun Island</a> was found to belong to Haplogroup D1a2b1(D-CTS 220).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> Today, haplogroup D-M55 is found in about 35%<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> and haplogroup C1a1 in about 6% of modern <a href="/info/en/?search=Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese people</a>. D-M55 is found regularly only in Japanese (<a href="/info/en/?search=Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Ryukyuans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryukyuans">Ryukyuans</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato</a>) and, albeit with much lower frequency, in Koreans.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> D-M55 also has been observed sporadically in individuals from <a href="/info/en/?search=Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=China" title="China">China</a>. Haplogroup C1a1 has been found regularly in about 6% of modern Japanese. Elsewhere, it has been observed sporadically in individuals from South Korea, North Korea (<a href="/info/en/?search=South_Hwanghae_Province" title="South Hwanghae Province">South Hwanghae Province</a>), and China (<a href="/info/en/?search=Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">ethnic Korean</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Ning%27an" title="Ning'an">Ning'an</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Linghai" title="Linghai">Linghai</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Guancheng_Hui_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Guancheng Hui District">Guancheng Hui District</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Haigang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Haigang District">Haigang District</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Dinghai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinghai District">Dinghai District</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sakitani2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sakitani2-30">[30]</a></sup> A 2021 study estimated that the frequency of the D-M55 clade increased during the late Jōmon period.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> The divergence between the D1a2-M55 and the D1a-F6251 subclades (the latter of which is common in <a href="/info/en/?search=Tibetans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetans">Tibetans</a>, other <a href="/info/en/?search=Tibeto-Burmese" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibeto-Burmese">Tibeto-Burmese</a> groups, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Altaians" class="mw-redirect" title="Altaians">Altaians</a>, and has a moderate distribution in the rest of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Central Asia) may have occurred near the <a href="/info/en/?search=Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mondal2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mondal2-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup">MtDNA haplogroup</a> diversity of the Jōmon people is characterized by the presence of haplogroups M7a and N9b. Studies published in 2004 and 2007 show the combined frequency of M7a and N9b observed in modern Japanese to be from 12~15% to 17% in mainstream Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-tanaka2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanaka2-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uchiyama20072_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uchiyama20072-34">[34]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Haplogroup_N_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup N (mtDNA)">N9b</a> is frequently found among the Hokkaido Jomons while <a href="/info/en/?search=Haplogroup_M_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup M (mtDNA)">M7a</a> is found frequently among the Honshu Jomons.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> However N9b is found only at very low percentage among the Honshu Jomon.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> M7a is estimated to share a most recent common ancestor with M7b'c, a clade whose members are found mainly in Japan (including Jōmon people), other parts of East Asia, and Southeast Asia, 33,500 (95% CI 26,300 <-> 42,000) years before present.<sup id="cite_ref-YFull2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YFull2-37">[37]</a></sup> All extant members of haplogroup M7a are estimated to share a most recent common ancestor 20,500 (95% CI 14,700 <-> 27,800) years before present.<sup id="cite_ref-YFull2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YFull2-37">[37]</a></sup> Haplogroup M7a now has its highest frequency in <a href="/info/en/?search=Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Morphological_characteristics">Morphological characteristics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=J%C5%8Dmon_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Morphological characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Skull_of_Jomon_people_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Skull_of_Jomon_people_man.jpg/160px-Skull_of_Jomon_people_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Skull_of_Jomon_people_man.jpg/240px-Skull_of_Jomon_people_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Skull_of_Jomon_people_man.jpg/320px-Skull_of_Jomon_people_man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="2440" /></a><figcaption>Male skull of the late Jōmon period (replica). Excavated at Miyano Kaizuka (<a href="/info/en/?search=Iwate_Prefecture" title="Iwate Prefecture">Iwate Prefecture</a>). Exhibition in National Museum of Nature and Science.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Several studies of numerous Jōmon skeletal remains that were excavated from various locations in the Japanese archipelago allowed researchers to learn more about the Jōmon period population of Japan. The Jōmon people were relatively close to other East Asian people, however shared more similarities with <a href="/info/en/?search=Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> samples. Within Japan, regional variance among different Jōmon remains was detected. Historically, the Jōmon people were classified as <a href="/info/en/?search=Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">Mongoloid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Jomon_people_Skull_and_Restoration_model_-_Niigata_Prefectural_Museum_of_History.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Jomon_people_Skull_and_Restoration_model_-_Niigata_Prefectural_Museum_of_History.jpg/220px-Jomon_people_Skull_and_Restoration_model_-_Niigata_Prefectural_Museum_of_History.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Jomon_people_Skull_and_Restoration_model_-_Niigata_Prefectural_Museum_of_History.jpg/330px-Jomon_people_Skull_and_Restoration_model_-_Niigata_Prefectural_Museum_of_History.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Jomon_people_Skull_and_Restoration_model_-_Niigata_Prefectural_Museum_of_History.jpg/440px-Jomon_people_Skull_and_Restoration_model_-_Niigata_Prefectural_Museum_of_History.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2916" /></a><figcaption>Forensic reconstruction from a Jōmon skull, displayed at Niigata Prefectural Museum of History.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Dental morphology suggests that the Jōmon had <a href="/info/en/?search=Sundadont" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundadont">Sundadont</a> dental structure which is more common among modern Southeast Asians and <a href="/info/en/?search=Indigenous_Taiwanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Taiwanese">Indigenous Taiwanese</a>, and is ancestral to the Sinodont dental structure commonly found among modern Northeast Asians, suggesting that the Jōmon split from the common "Ancestral East Asians" prior to the formation of modern Northeast Asians.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p>Kondo et al. 2017, analyzed the regional morphological and craniometric characteristics of the Jōmon period population of Japan, and found that they were morphologically heterogeneous and displayed differences along a Northeast to Southwest cline. They concluded that the "Jomon skulls, especially in the neurocranium, exhibit a discernible level of northeast-to-southwest geographical cline across the Japanese archipelago, placing the Hokkaido and Okinawa samples at both extreme ends. The following scenarios can be hypothesized with caution: (a) the formation of Jomon population seemed to proceed in eastern or central Japan, not western Japan (Okinawa or Kyushu regions); (b) the Kyushu Jomon could have a small-sized and isolated population history; and (c) the population history of Hokkaido Jomon could have been deeply rooted and/or affected by long-term extrinsic gene flows."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to Chatters et al., the Jōmon display some similarities to the Native American Kennewick Man.<sup id="cite_ref-gc_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gc-43">[43]</a></sup> Chatters, citing anthropologist C. Loring Brace, classified Jōmon and Polynesians as a single craniofacial "Jomon-Pacific" cluster.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennewick_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennewick-44">[44]</a></sup> Chatters, citing Powell, argues that the Jōmon most resembled the Native American Kennewick Man and Polynesians. According to him, the Ainu descend from the Jōmon people, an East Asian population with "closest biological affinity with south-east Asians rather than western Eurasian peoples".<sup id="cite_ref-gc_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gc-43">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[45]</a></sup> Powell further elaborates that dental analysis showed the Jōmon to be of the Sundadont type.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennewick_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennewick-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p>A 2021 study found evidence for limited geneflow into the <a href="/info/en/?search=Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> Jōmon population from a "Terminal Upper-Paleolithic people" (TUP people) indigenous to Paleolithic Northern Eurasia. The proper Jōmon groups arrived at about 15,000 BC from <a href="/info/en/?search=Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a>, and merged with the earlier arrived "Terminal Upper-Paleolithic" groups.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> A previous study by Gakuhari et al. 2020 noted the possibility of geneflow from <a href="/info/en/?search=Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasians</a> (samplified by the MA-1 sample), or a similar group, into northern Japan, which may be linked to the introduction of the microblade culture of Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-Gakuhari_1–10_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gakuhari_1–10-47">[47]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="ATL_retrovirus">ATL retrovirus</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=J%C5%8Dmon_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: ATL retrovirus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>A gene common in Jōmon people is a retrovirus of <a href="/info/en/?search=Adult_T-cell_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult T-cell leukemia">ATL</a> (human T lymphotropic virus, HTVL-I). This virus was discovered as a cause of <a href="/info/en/?search=Adult_T_cell_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult T cell leukemia">adult T cell leukemia</a> (ATL), and research was advanced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Takuo_Hinuma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takuo Hinuma (page does not exist)">Takuo Hinuma</a> of <a href="/info/en/?search=Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto University</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Virus_Research_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virus Research Institute (page does not exist)">Virus Research Institute</a>.
</p><p>Although it was known that many virus carriers existed in Japan, it was not found at all in neighboring countries of <a href="/info/en/?search=East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. Meanwhile, it has been found in many <a href="/info/en/?search=African_people" class="mw-redirect" title="African people">Africans</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Tibetans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetans">Tibetans</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Siberians" title="Siberians">Siberians</a>, Burmese people, <a href="/info/en/?search=Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Indigenous people of New Guinea</a>, Polynesians, etc. Looking at distribution in Japan, it is seen particularly frequently in southern <a href="/info/en/?search=Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Nagasaki_Prefecture" title="Nagasaki Prefecture">Nagasaki Prefecture</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Okinawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawa">Okinawa</a> and among the <a href="/info/en/?search=Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a>. And it is seen at medium frequency in the southern part of <a href="/info/en/?search=Shikoku" title="Shikoku">Shikoku</a>, southern part of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Kii_Peninsula" title="Kii Peninsula">Kii Peninsula</a>, the Pacific side of the <a href="/info/en/?search=T%C5%8Dhoku_region" title="Tōhoku region">Tōhoku region</a> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Sanriku" title="Sanriku">Sanriku</a>) and <a href="/info/en/?search=Oki_Islands" title="Oki Islands">Oki Islands</a>. Overall, carriers of the ATL retrovirus were found to be more common in remote areas and remote islands. When examining the well-developed areas of ATL in each region of Kyushu, Shikoku, and Tōhoku in detail, carriers are preserved at high rates in small settlements that were isolated from the surroundings and inconvenient for traffic.
</p><p>The path of natural infection of this virus is limited to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vertical_infection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vertical infection (page does not exist)">vertical infection</a> between women and children (most often through breastfeeding) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Horizontal_infection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horizontal infection (page does not exist)">horizontal infection</a> between males and females (most often from males to females through sexual intercourse).<sup id="cite_ref-Coffin1997_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coffin1997-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>Based on the above, Hinuma concluded that the high frequency area of this virus indicates the high density remain of Jōmon people.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Contributions_to_other_populations">Contributions to other populations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=J%C5%8Dmon_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Contributions to other populations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_groups">Historical groups</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=J%C5%8Dmon_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historical groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Full genome analyses of <a href="/info/en/?search=Okhotsk_culture" title="Okhotsk culture">Okhotsk culture</a> remains on <a href="/info/en/?search=Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a> found them to be derived from three major sources, notably <a href="/info/en/?search=Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian">Ancient Northeast Asians</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Ancient_Paleo-Siberian" title="Ancient Paleo-Siberian">Ancient Paleo-Siberians</a>, and Jōmon people of Japan. An admixture analysis revealed them to carry c. 54% Ancient Northeast Asian, c. 22% Ancient Paleo-Siberian, and c. 24% Jōmon ancestries respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup>
</p><p>Genetic analyses on ancient remains from the southern <a href="/info/en/?search=Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a> revealed elevated Jōmon ancestry at c. 37%, while <a href="/info/en/?search=Yayoi_people" title="Yayoi people">Yayoi</a> remains in Japan were found to carry nearly equal amounts of Jōmon ancestry (35–60%) and <a href="/info/en/?search=Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian">Ancient Northeast Asian</a>-like ancestry (40–65%). These results suggest the presence of a Jōmon-like population on the Korean peninsula and their significant contribution to the formation of early <a href="/info/en/?search=Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a>-speakers. As such, the "agricultural transition in prehistoric Japan involved the process of assimilation, rather than replacement, with almost equal genetic contributions from the indigenous Jomon" and mainland Asian migrants of the Mumun/Yayoi period.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_groups">Modern groups</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=J%C5%8Dmon_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Yamamoto_Tasuke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yamamoto_Tasuke.jpg/220px-Yamamoto_Tasuke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yamamoto_Tasuke.jpg/330px-Yamamoto_Tasuke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yamamoto_Tasuke.jpg/440px-Yamamoto_Tasuke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption>The Ainu are among the modern groups displaying the highest amounts Jōmon-derived ancestry.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Jōmon-associated ancestry is commonly found throughout the Japanese archipelago, ranging from c. 15% among modern <a href="/info/en/?search=Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese people</a>, to c. 35% among <a href="/info/en/?search=Ryukyuan_people" title="Ryukyuan people">Ryukyuan people</a>, and up to c. 75% among modern <a href="/info/en/?search=Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu people</a>, and at lower frequency among surrounding groups, such as the <a href="/info/en/?search=Nivkhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivkhs">Nivkhs</a> or <a href="/info/en/?search=Ulch_people" title="Ulch people">Ulch people</a>, but also <a href="/info/en/?search=Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a> and other coastal groups, suggesting that the Jōmon were not completely isolated from other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=J%C5%8Dmon_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Aspects of the Jōmon culture and pottery were used in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Breath_of_the_Wild" title="The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild">The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild</a></i>. Nintendo's art director Takizawa Satoru said that the Jōmon culture was the inspiration for the "Sheikah slates, shrines and other ancient objects" in the game.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup>
</p><p>A recreated Jōmon village in the form of an experience park (Sarashina no Sato), which offers different activities, can be visited in <a href="/info/en/?search=Chikuma,_Nagano" title="Chikuma, Nagano">Chikuma, Nagano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=J%C5%8Dmon_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History of Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Yayoi_people" title="Yayoi people">Yayoi people</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Okhotsk_culture" title="Okhotsk culture">Okhotsk culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Satsumon_culture" title="Satsumon culture">Satsumon culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Emishi" title="Emishi">Emishi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=J%C5%8Dmon_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
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</li>
<li id="cite_note-:42-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:42_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>:42</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJeongGillMoonJeong2023" class="citation journal cs1">Jeong, Gichan; Gill, Haechan; Moon, Hyungmin; Jeong, Choongwon (2023-12-11). <a class="external text" href="https://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/3/4/0008">"An ancient genome perspective on the dynamic history of the prehistoric Jomon people in and around the Japanese archipelago"</a>. <i>Human Population Genetics and Genomics</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 0. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.47248%2Fhpgg2303040008">10.47248/hpgg2303040008</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2770-5005">2770-5005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Population+Genetics+and+Genomics&rft.atitle=An+ancient+genome+perspective+on+the+dynamic+history+of+the+prehistoric+Jomon+people+in+and+around+the+Japanese+archipelago&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=0&rft.date=2023-12-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.47248%2Fhpgg2303040008&rft.issn=2770-5005&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Gichan&rft.au=Gill%2C+Haechan&rft.au=Moon%2C+Hyungmin&rft.au=Jeong%2C+Choongwon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pivotscipub.com%2Fhpgg%2F3%2F4%2F0008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2011" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford, Gary W. (October 2011). <a class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/658369">"Advances in Understanding Early Agriculture in Japan"</a>. <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>52</b> (S4): S331–S345. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F658369">10.1086/658369</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3204">0011-3204</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143756517">143756517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Advances+in+Understanding+Early+Agriculture+in+Japan&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=S4&rft.pages=S331-S345&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143756517%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0011-3204&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F658369&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F658369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTakahashiNasuNakayamaTomooka2023" class="citation journal cs1">Takahashi, Yu; Nasu, Hiroo; Nakayama, Seiji; Tomooka, Norihiko (2023). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.22074">"Domestication of azuki bean and soybean in Japan: From the insight of archeological and molecular evidence"</a>. <i>Breeding Science</i>. <b>73</b> (2): 117–131. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1270%2Fjsbbs.22074">10.1270/jsbbs.22074</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1344-7610">1344-7610</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10316305">10316305</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37404345">37404345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Breeding+Science&rft.atitle=Domestication+of+azuki+bean+and+soybean+in+Japan%3A+From+the+insight+of+archeological+and+molecular+evidence&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-131&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10316305%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1344-7610&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37404345&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1270%2Fjsbbs.22074&rft.aulast=Takahashi&rft.aufirst=Yu&rft.au=Nasu%2C+Hiroo&rft.au=Nakayama%2C+Seiji&rft.au=Tomooka%2C+Norihiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1270%2Fjsbbs.22074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2011" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford, Gary W. (2011). "Advances in Understanding Early Agriculture in Japan". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>52</b> (S4): S331–S345. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F658369">10.1086/658369</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/658369">10.1086/658369</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143756517">143756517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Advances+in+Understanding+Early+Agriculture+in+Japan&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=S4&rft.pages=S331-S345&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143756517%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F658369%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F658369&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuzmin, Y.V. (2006). "Chronology of the Earliest Pottery in East Asia: Progress and Pitfalls". <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>80</b> (308): 362–371. <a href="/info/en/?search=Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:10.1017/s0003598x00093686.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-heritageofjapan-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heritageofjapan_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heritageofjapan_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://heritageofjapan.wordpress.com/just-what-was-so-amazing-about-jomon-japan/ways-of-the-jomon-world-2/jomon-crafts-and-what-they-were-for/">"Jomon crafts and what they were for"</a>. <i>Heritage of Japan</i>. 12 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+of+Japan&rft.atitle=Jomon+crafts+and+what+they+were+for&rft.date=2007-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheritageofjapan.wordpress.com%2Fjust-what-was-so-amazing-about-jomon-japan%2Fways-of-the-jomon-world-2%2Fjomon-crafts-and-what-they-were-for%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">堤隆は旧石器時代の神津島での黒曜石採取については、丸木舟を建造出来るような石器が存在しなかったことから考えて、カヤックのようなスキンボートを使用したのではないかと指摘している（堤隆『黒曜石3万年の旅』NHKブックス、2004年、93ページ）</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">本節の典拠は橋口、前掲書、158-172ページ</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Pilgrim, Robert Ellwood (1985). <i>Japanese Religion</i> (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Inc. pp. 18–19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-13-509282-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-509282-8">978-0-13-509282-8</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">小泉保（1998）『縄文語の発見』青土社 (in Japanese)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">『古代に真実を求めて 第七集（古田史学論集）』2004年、古田史学の会（編集） (in Japanese)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-蝦夷とアテルイ-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-蝦夷とアテルイ_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://masakawai.suppa.jp/encartaAA/bunka/emisi/emisi.html">"蝦夷とアテルイ"</a>. <i>masakawai.suppa.jp</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=masakawai.suppa.jp&rft.atitle=%E8%9D%A6%E5%A4%B7%E3%81%A8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmasakawai.suppa.jp%2FencartaAA%2Fbunka%2Femisi%2Femisi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVovin1993" class="citation book cs1">Vovin, Alexander (1993). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8w1_cCWIpEoC"><i>A Reconstruction of Proto-Ainu</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09905-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09905-0"><bdi>978-90-04-09905-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reconstruction+of+Proto-Ainu&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09905-0&rft.aulast=Vovin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8w1_cCWIpEoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Vovin_272–300-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vovin_272–300_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovin_272–300_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVovin2021" class="citation journal cs1">Vovin, Alexander (21 December 2021). <a class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/jeal/3/2/article-p272_8.xml">"Austronesians in the Northern Waters?"</a>. <i>International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 272–300. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F25898833-00320006">10.1163/25898833-00320006</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2589-8833">2589-8833</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245508545">245508545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Eurasian+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Austronesians+in+the+Northern+Waters%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=272-300&rft.date=2021-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245508545%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2589-8833&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F25898833-00320006&rft.aulast=Vovin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fjeal%2F3%2F2%2Farticle-p272_8.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChaubeyDriem2020" class="citation journal cs1">Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Driem, George van (2020). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10427457">"Munda languages are father tongues, but Japanese and Korean are not"</a>. <i>Evolutionary Human Sciences</i>. <b>2</b>: e19. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fehs.2020.14">10.1017/ehs.2020.14</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2513-843X">2513-843X</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10427457">10427457</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37588351">37588351</a>. <q>The Japonic-speaking Early Jōmon people must have been drawn in to avail themselves of the pickings of Yayoi agricultural yields, and the Yayoi may have prospered and succeeded in multiplying their paternal lineages precisely because they managed to accommodate the Jōmon linguistically and in material ways."<br />"The dual nature of Japanese population structure was advanced by Miller, who proposed that the resident Jōmon population spoke an Altaic language ancestral to modern Japanese, and this Altaic tongue underwent Austronesian influence when the islanders absorbed the bearers of the incursive Yayoi culture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Human+Sciences&rft.atitle=Munda+languages+are+father+tongues%2C+but+Japanese+and+Korean+are+not&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=e19&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10427457%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2513-843X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37588351&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fehs.2020.14&rft.aulast=Chaubey&rft.aufirst=Gyaneshwer&rft.au=Driem%2C+George+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10427457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAdachiKanzawa-KiriyamaNaraKakuda2021" class="citation journal cs1">Adachi, Noboru; Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Nara, Takashi; Kakuda, Tsuneo; Nishida, Iwao; Shinoda, Ken-Ichi (2021). <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/129/1/129_2012132/_html/-char/en">"Ancient genomes from the initial Jomon period: new insights into the genetic history of the Japanese archipelago"</a>. <i>Anthropological Science</i>. <b>129</b> (1): 13–22. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1537%2Fase.2012132">10.1537/ase.2012132</a></span>. <q>As mentioned above, Jomon people are descendants of a common ancestor, although the process of their formation is still unknown. However, their origin dates back to the Paleolithic period based on the distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups of the Jomon people and the age of divergence, which was 22000–23000 YBP (Adachi et al., 2011), and their phylogenetic basal position in the nuclear genome analysis (Kanzawa-Kiriyama et al., 2019).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Science&rft.atitle=Ancient+genomes+from+the+initial+Jomon+period%3A+new+insights+into+the+genetic+history+of+the+Japanese+archipelago&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-22&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1537%2Fase.2012132&rft.aulast=Adachi&rft.aufirst=Noboru&rft.au=Kanzawa-Kiriyama%2C+Hideaki&rft.au=Nara%2C+Takashi&rft.au=Kakuda%2C+Tsuneo&rft.au=Nishida%2C+Iwao&rft.au=Shinoda%2C+Ken-Ichi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fase%2F129%2F1%2F129_2012132%2F_html%2F-char%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:5-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFYang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Melinda A. (6 January 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/2/1/0001">"A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia"</a>. <i>Human Population Genetics and Genomics</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 1–32. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.47248%2Fhpgg2202010001">10.47248/hpgg2202010001</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2770-5005">2770-5005</a>. <q>Like Longlin, they are more closely related to 9,000–4,000-year-old East Asians from coastal China than to Tianyuan or Hòabìnhians, but are an outgroup of these northern and southern East Asians. Some have argued for the presence of excess connections to Hòabìnhians by fitting the data to a graph that includes admixture with a Hòabìnhian-related population and finding different f4 patterns for Hòabìnhians compared to younger Southeast Asians in comparisons to a Jōmon individual [63]; however, alternative admixture graphs and f4-statistic comparisons do not show evidence for this connection [68,85,86]. ... Together, the genetic patterns described above show that the ESEA lineage differentiated into at least three distinct ancestries: Tianyuan ancestry which can be found 40,000-33,000 years ago in northern East Asia, ancestry found today across present-day populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Siberia, but whose origins are unknown, and Hòabìnhian ancestry found 8,000-4,000 years ago in Southeast Asia, but whose origins in the Upper Paleolithic are unknown.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Population+Genetics+and+Genomics&rft.atitle=A+genetic+history+of+migration%2C+diversification%2C+and+admixture+in+Asia&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-32&rft.date=2022-01-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.47248%2Fhpgg2202010001&rft.issn=2770-5005&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Melinda+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pivotscipub.com%2Fhpgg%2F2%2F1%2F0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOsadaKawai2021" class="citation journal cs1">Osada, Naoki; Kawai, Yosuke (2021). <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/129/1/129_201215/_html/-char/en">"Exploring models of human migration to the Japanese archipelago using genome-wide genetic data"</a>. <i>Anthropological Science</i>. <b>129</b> (1): 45–58. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1537%2Fase.201215">10.1537/ase.201215</a></span>. <q>Most Southeast, East, and Northeast Asian populations, including Jomon, are nearly equally distant from the Tianyuan individual, supporting the hypothesis that the Tianyuan population are diverged from the lineage basal to all East and Northeast Asians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Science&rft.atitle=Exploring+models+of+human+migration+to+the+Japanese+archipelago+using+genome-wide+genetic+data&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-58&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1537%2Fase.201215&rft.aulast=Osada&rft.aufirst=Naoki&rft.au=Kawai%2C+Yosuke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fase%2F129%2F1%2F129_201215%2F_html%2F-char%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCookeMattiangeliCassidyOkazaki2021" class="citation journal cs1">Cooke, Niall P.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Cassidy, Lara M.; Okazaki, Kenji; Stokes, Caroline A.; Onbe, Shin; Hatakeyama, Satoshi; Machida, Kenichi; Kasai, Kenji; Tomioka, Naoto; Matsumoto, Akihiko (September 2021). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8448447">"Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>7</b> (38): eabh2419. <a href="/info/en/?search=Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021SciA....7.2419C">2021SciA....7.2419C</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abh2419">10.1126/sciadv.abh2419</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8448447">8448447</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34533991">34533991</a>. <q>Our results infer that Jomon emerged after the early divergences of Upper Paleolithic East Eurasians (Tianyuan and Salkhit) and ancient Southeast Asian hunter-gatherers (Hoabinhian), but before the splitting off of other samples including present-day East Asians, an ancient Nepali (Chokhopani), hunter-gatherers from Baikal (Shamanka_EN and Lokomotiv_EN) and Chertovy Vorota Cave (Devil's Gate Cave) in the Primorye Region, and a Pleistocene Alaskan (USR1).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Ancient+genomics+reveals+tripartite+origins+of+Japanese+populations&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=eabh2419&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8448447%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34533991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abh2419&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021SciA....7.2419C&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Niall+P.&rft.au=Mattiangeli%2C+Valeria&rft.au=Cassidy%2C+Lara+M.&rft.au=Okazaki%2C+Kenji&rft.au=Stokes%2C+Caroline+A.&rft.au=Onbe%2C+Shin&rft.au=Hatakeyama%2C+Satoshi&rft.au=Machida%2C+Kenichi&rft.au=Kasai%2C+Kenji&rft.au=Tomioka%2C+Naoto&rft.au=Matsumoto%2C+Akihiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8448447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-cambridge.org-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cambridge.org_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBoerYangKawagoeBarnes2020" class="citation journal cs1">Boer, Elisabeth de; Yang, Melinda A.; Kawagoe, Aileen; Barnes, Gina L. (2020). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10427481">"Japan considered from the hypothesis of farmer/language spread"</a>. <i>Evolutionary Human Sciences</i>. <b>2</b>: e13. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fehs.2020.7">10.1017/ehs.2020.7</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2513-843X">2513-843X</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10427481">10427481</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37588377">37588377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Human+Sciences&rft.atitle=Japan+considered+from+the+hypothesis+of+farmer%2Flanguage+spread&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=e13&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10427481%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2513-843X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37588377&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fehs.2020.7&rft.aulast=Boer&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth+de&rft.au=Yang%2C+Melinda+A.&rft.au=Kawagoe%2C+Aileen&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Gina+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10427481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWatanabeOhashi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Watanabe, Yusuke; Ohashi, Jun (June 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9984562">"Modern Japanese ancestry-derived variants reveal the formation process of the current Japanese regional gradations"</a>. <i>iScience</i>. <b>26</b> (3): 106130. <a href="/info/en/?search=Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023iSci...26j6130W">2023iSci...26j6130W</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.isci.2023.106130">10.1016/j.isci.2023.106130</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2589-0042">2589-0042</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9984562">9984562</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36879818">36879818</a>. <q>Whole-genome analyses extracted from the remains of the Jomon people showed that they were highly differentiated from other East Asians, forming a basal lineage to East and Northeast Asians.8,10,11 The genetic relationship between Jomon individuals and other East Asians suggests that the ancestral population of the Jomon people is one of the earliest wave migrants who might have taken a coastal route from Southeast Asia toward East Asia.11 It was also revealed that the Jomon people are genetically closely related to the Ainu/Ryukyuan population and that 10-20% of the genomic components found in mainland Japanese are derived from the Jomon people.8,10 Recent studies have found that, in addition to the "East Asian" population, which is closely related to modern Han Chinese, the "Northeast Asian" population also contributed to the ancestry of modern Japanese people.12,13 Cooke et al. 202113 showed the deep divergence of the Jomon people from continental populations, including the "East Asians" and "Northeast Asians"; thus, it can be concluded that the modern mainland Japanese are a population with genomic components derived from a basal East Asian lineage (i.e., the Jomon people) and from continental East Asians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=iScience&rft.atitle=Modern+Japanese+ancestry-derived+variants+reveal+the+formation+process+of+the+current+Japanese+regional+gradations&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=106130&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9984562%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023iSci...26j6130W&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36879818&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.isci.2023.106130&rft.issn=2589-0042&rft.aulast=Watanabe&rft.aufirst=Yusuke&rft.au=Ohashi%2C+Jun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9984562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAokiTakahataOotaWakano2023" class="citation journal cs1">Aoki, Kenichi; Takahata, Naoyuki; Oota, Hiroki; Wakano, Joe Yuichiro; Feldman, Marcus W. (30 August 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10465978">"Infectious diseases may have arrested the southward advance of microblades in Upper Palaeolithic East Asia"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>290</b> (2005). <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2023.1262">10.1098/rspb.2023.1262</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452">0962-8452</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10465978">10465978</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37644833">37644833</a>. <q>These observations are consistent with the view that soon after the single eastward migration of modern humans, East Asians diverged in southern East Asia and dispersed northward across the continent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Infectious+diseases+may+have+arrested+the+southward+advance+of+microblades+in+Upper+Palaeolithic+East+Asia&rft.volume=290&rft.issue=2005&rft.date=2023-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10465978%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8452&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37644833&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2023.1262&rft.aulast=Aoki&rft.aufirst=Kenichi&rft.au=Takahata%2C+Naoyuki&rft.au=Oota%2C+Hiroki&rft.au=Wakano%2C+Joe+Yuichiro&rft.au=Feldman%2C+Marcus+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10465978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCookeMattiangeliCassidyOkazaki2021" class="citation journal cs1">Cooke, Niall P.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Cassidy, Lara M.; Okazaki, Kenji; Stokes, Caroline A.; Onbe, Shin; Hatakeyama, Satoshi; Machida, Kenichi; Kasai, Kenji; Tomioka, Naoto; Matsumoto, Akihiko; Ito, Masafumi; Kojima, Yoshitaka; Bradley, Daniel G.; Gakuhari, Takashi (2021). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8448447">"Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>7</b> (38): eabh2419. <a href="/info/en/?search=Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021SciA....7.2419C">2021SciA....7.2419C</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abh2419">10.1126/sciadv.abh2419</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548">2375-2548</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8448447">8448447</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34533991">34533991</a>. <q>We then asked whether the Jomon had any contact with continental Upper Paleolithic people after the divergence of their lineage, but before their isolation in the archipelago, using the statistic f4(Mbuti, X; Jomon, Han/Dai/Japanese) (fig. S8, C to E). Among the Upper Paleolithic individuals tested, only Yana_UP is significantly closer to Jomon than Han, Dai, or Japanese, respectively (Z > 3.366). This affinity is still detectable even if we replace these reference populations with the other Southeast and East Asians (table S6), supporting gene flow between the ancestors of Jomon and Ancient North Siberians, a population widespread in North Eurasia before the LGM (19).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Ancient+genomics+reveals+tripartite+origins+of+Japanese+populations&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=eabh2419&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8448447%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021SciA....7.2419C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34533991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abh2419&rft.issn=2375-2548&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Niall+P.&rft.au=Mattiangeli%2C+Valeria&rft.au=Cassidy%2C+Lara+M.&rft.au=Okazaki%2C+Kenji&rft.au=Stokes%2C+Caroline+A.&rft.au=Onbe%2C+Shin&rft.au=Hatakeyama%2C+Satoshi&rft.au=Machida%2C+Kenichi&rft.au=Kasai%2C+Kenji&rft.au=Tomioka%2C+Naoto&rft.au=Matsumoto%2C+Akihiko&rft.au=Ito%2C+Masafumi&rft.au=Kojima%2C+Yoshitaka&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Daniel+G.&rft.au=Gakuhari%2C+Takashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8448447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:4-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKanzawa-KiriyamaJinamKawaiSato2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Jinam, Timothy A.; Kawai, Yosuke; Sato, Takehiro; Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi; Tajima, Atsushi; Adachi, Noboru; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Kryukov, Kirill; Saitou, Naruya; Shinoda, Ken-Ichi (2019). <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/127/2/127_190415/_article/-char/ja/">"Late Jomon male and female genome sequences from the Funadomari site in Hokkaido, Japan"</a>. <i>Anthropological Science</i>. <b>127</b> (2): 83–108. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1537%2Fase.190415">10.1537/ase.190415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Science&rft.atitle=Late+Jomon+male+and+female+genome+sequences+from+the+Funadomari+site+in+Hokkaido%2C+Japan&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=83-108&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1537%2Fase.190415&rft.aulast=Kanzawa-Kiriyama&rft.aufirst=Hideaki&rft.au=Jinam%2C+Timothy+A.&rft.au=Kawai%2C+Yosuke&rft.au=Sato%2C+Takehiro&rft.au=Hosomichi%2C+Kazuyoshi&rft.au=Tajima%2C+Atsushi&rft.au=Adachi%2C+Noboru&rft.au=Matsumura%2C+Hirofumi&rft.au=Kryukov%2C+Kirill&rft.au=Saitou%2C+Naruya&rft.au=Shinoda%2C+Ken-Ichi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fase%2F127%2F2%2F127_190415%2F_article%2F-char%2Fja%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://anthrop-meeting.sakura.ne.jp/70/pdf/ittupan_proceeding%20.pdf">神澤ほか(2016)「礼文島船泊縄文人の核ゲノム解析」第70回日本人類学大会 (in Japanese)</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayukh Monda Anders BergströmYali XueFrancesc CalafellHafid LaayouniFerran CasalsPartha P. MajumderChris Tyler-SmithEmail authorJaume Bertranpetit (2008)<a class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-017-1800-0">Human Genetics May 2017, Volume 136, Issue 5, pp 499–510</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHammerKarafetParkOmoto2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi (2006). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10038-005-0322-0">"Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes"</a>. <i>Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 47–58. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10038-005-0322-0">10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16328082">16328082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Dual+origins+of+the+Japanese%3A+Common+ground+for+hunter-gatherer+and+farmer+Y+chromosomes&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-58&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10038-005-0322-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16328082&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft.au=Karafet%2C+Tatiana+M.&rft.au=Park%2C+Hwayong&rft.au=Omoto%2C+Keiichi&rft.au=Harihara%2C+Shinji&rft.au=Stoneking%2C+Mark&rft.au=Horai%2C+Satoshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10038-005-0322-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Sakitani2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sakitani2_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』（勉誠出版 2009年 <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/06/190620100021.htm">"Archaeological mystery solved with modern genetics: Y chromosomes reveal population boom and bust in ancient Japan"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Archaeological+mystery+solved+with+modern+genetics%3A+Y+chromosomes+reveal+population+boom+and+bust+in+ancient+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2019%2F06%2F190620100021.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-mondal2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mondal2_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mondal, Mayukh & Bergström, Anders & Xue, Yali & Calafell, Francesc & Laayouni, Hafid & Casals, Ferran & Majumder, Partha & Tyler-Smith, Chris & Bertranpetit, Jaume. (2017). Y-chromosomal sequences of diverse Indian populations and the ancestry of the Andamanese. Human Genetics. 136. 10.1007/s00439-017-1800-0.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-tanaka2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tanaka2_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Tanaka, V. M. Cabrera, A. M. González <i>et al.</i> (2004), "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan"</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Uchiyama20072-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Uchiyama20072_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFUchiyamaHisazumiShimizu2007" class="citation journal cs1">Uchiyama, Taketo; Hisazumi, Rinnosuke; Shimizu, Kenshi; et al. (2007). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3408%2Fjafst.12.83">"Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture"</a>. <i>Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 83–96. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3408%2Fjafst.12.83">10.3408/jafst.12.83</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Forensic+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+Sequence+Variation+and+Phylogenetic+Analysis+in+Japanese+Individuals+from+Miyazaki+Prefecture&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-96&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3408%2Fjafst.12.83&rft.aulast=Uchiyama&rft.aufirst=Taketo&rft.au=Hisazumi%2C+Rinnosuke&rft.au=Shimizu%2C+Kenshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3408%252Fjafst.12.83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences of Jomon teeth samples from Sanganji, Tohoku district, Japan.<a class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/121/2/121_121113/_html/-char/en">[1]</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences of Jomon teeth samples from Sanganji, Tohoku district, Japan by Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama <a class="external free" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/121/2/121_121113/_html/-char/en">https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/121/2/121_121113/_html/-char/en</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-YFull2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YFull2_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YFull2_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.yfull.com/mtree/">YFull MTree 1.01.5902</a> as of 20 April 2019</span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://shinkan.kahaku.go.jp/kiosk/nihon_con/N2/KA2-1/japanese/TAB1/img/M01_g03_con.png">http://shinkan.kahaku.go.jp/kiosk/nihon_con/N2/KA2-1/japanese/TAB1/img/M01_g03_con.png</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKondoFukaseFukumoto2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kondo, Osamu; Fukase, Hitoshi; Fukumoto, Takashi (2017). <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/125/2/125_170428/_article">"Regional variations in the Jomon population revisited on craniofacial morphology"</a>. <i>Anthropological Science</i>. <b>125</b> (2): 85–100. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1537%2Fase.170428">10.1537/ase.170428</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91039001">91039001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Science&rft.atitle=Regional+variations+in+the+Jomon+population+revisited+on+craniofacial+morphology&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=85-100&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1537%2Fase.170428&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A91039001%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kondo&rft.aufirst=Osamu&rft.au=Fukase%2C+Hitoshi&rft.au=Fukumoto%2C+Takashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fase%2F125%2F2%2F125_170428%2F_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-gc-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gc_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gc_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCustred2000" class="citation journal cs1">Custred, Glynn (September 2000). "The forbidden discovery of Kennewick man". <i>Academic Questions</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 12–30. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12129-000-1034-8">10.1007/s12129-000-1034-8</a> (inactive 13 April 2024). <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0895-4852">0895-4852</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143256888">143256888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academic+Questions&rft.atitle=The+forbidden+discovery+of+Kennewick+man&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=12-30&rft.date=2000-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143256888%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0895-4852&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12129-000-1034-8&rft.aulast=Custred&rft.aufirst=Glynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (<a href="/info/en/?search=Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_April_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Kennewick-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennewick_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennewick_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James C. Chatters. (2001). <i>Ancient Encounters: Kennewick Man and the First Americans.</i> Touchstone: Rockefeller Center. US.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-:2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/subjects/archeology/index.htm">"Report on the Osteological Assessment of the Kennewick Man Skeleton"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+Osteological+Assessment+of+the+Kennewick+Man+Skeleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fsubjects%2Farcheology%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNatsuki2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Natsuki, Daigo (19 January 2021). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2021.01.009">"Migration and adaptation of Jomon people during Pleistocene/Holocene transition period in Hokkaido, Japan"</a>. <i>Quaternary International</i>. 608–609: 49–64. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2021.01.009">10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.009</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182">1040-6182</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234215606">234215606</a>. <q>The Incipient Jomon communities coexisted with the Terminal Upper Paleolithic (TUP) people that had continued to occupy the region since the stage prior to the LG warm period, but the Incipient Jomon population was relatively small.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=Migration+and+adaptation+of+Jomon+people+during+Pleistocene%2FHolocene+transition+period+in+Hokkaido%2C+Japan&rft.volume=608-609&rft.pages=49-64&rft.date=2021-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234215606%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1040-6182&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2021.01.009&rft.aulast=Natsuki&rft.aufirst=Daigo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.quaint.2021.01.009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSatoAdachiKimuraHosomichi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sato, Takehiro; Adachi, Noboru; Kimura, Ryosuke; Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi; Yoneda, Minoru; Oota, Hiroki; Tajima, Atsushi; Toyoda, Atsushi; Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Shimizu, Kentaro K; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Hanihara, Tsunehiko; Weber, Andrzej (19 August 2021). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8449830">"Whole-Genome Sequencing of a 900-Year-Old Human Skeleton Supports Two Past Migration Events from the Russian Far East to Northern Japan"</a>. <i>Genome Biology and Evolution</i>. <b>13</b> (9). <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevab192">10.1093/gbe/evab192</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1759-6653">1759-6653</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8449830">8449830</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34410389">34410389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Whole-Genome+Sequencing+of+a+900-Year-Old+Human+Skeleton+Supports+Two+Past+Migration+Events+from+the+Russian+Far+East+to+Northern+Japan&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2021-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8449830%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1759-6653&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34410389&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevab192&rft.aulast=Sato&rft.aufirst=Takehiro&rft.au=Adachi%2C+Noboru&rft.au=Kimura%2C+Ryosuke&rft.au=Hosomichi%2C+Kazuyoshi&rft.au=Yoneda%2C+Minoru&rft.au=Oota%2C+Hiroki&rft.au=Tajima%2C+Atsushi&rft.au=Toyoda%2C+Atsushi&rft.au=Kanzawa-Kiriyama%2C+Hideaki&rft.au=Matsumae%2C+Hiromi&rft.au=Koganebuchi%2C+Kae&rft.au=Shimizu%2C+Kentaro+K&rft.au=Shinoda%2C+Ken-ichi&rft.au=Hanihara%2C+Tsunehiko&rft.au=Weber%2C+Andrzej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8449830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCookeMattiangeliCassidyOkazaki2021" class="citation journal cs1">Cooke, Niall P.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Cassidy, Lara M.; Okazaki, Kenji; Stokes, Caroline A.; Onbe, Shin; Hatakeyama, Satoshi; Machida, Kenichi; Kasai, Kenji; Tomioka, Naoto; Matsumoto, Akihiko; Ito, Masafumi; Kojima, Yoshitaka; Bradley, Daniel G.; Gakuhari, Takashi (17 September 2021). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8448447">"Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>7</b> (38): eabh2419. <a href="/info/en/?search=Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021SciA....7.2419C">2021SciA....7.2419C</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abh2419">10.1126/sciadv.abh2419</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548">2375-2548</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8448447">8448447</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34533991">34533991</a>. <q>However, we find genetic evidence that the agricultural transition in prehistoric Japan involved the process of assimilation, rather than replacement, with almost equal genetic contributions from the indigenous Jomon and new immigrants at the Kyushu site (Fig. 4). This implies that at least some parts of the archipelago supported a Jomon population of comparable size to the agricultural immigrants at the beginning of the Yayoi period, as it is reflected in the high degree of sedentism practiced by some Jomon communities ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Ancient+genomics+reveals+tripartite+origins+of+Japanese+populations&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=eabh2419&rft.date=2021-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8448447%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021SciA....7.2419C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34533991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abh2419&rft.issn=2375-2548&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Niall+P.&rft.au=Mattiangeli%2C+Valeria&rft.au=Cassidy%2C+Lara+M.&rft.au=Okazaki%2C+Kenji&rft.au=Stokes%2C+Caroline+A.&rft.au=Onbe%2C+Shin&rft.au=Hatakeyama%2C+Satoshi&rft.au=Machida%2C+Kenichi&rft.au=Kasai%2C+Kenji&rft.au=Tomioka%2C+Naoto&rft.au=Matsumoto%2C+Akihiko&rft.au=Ito%2C+Masafumi&rft.au=Kojima%2C+Yoshitaka&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Daniel+G.&rft.au=Gakuhari%2C+Takashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8448447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWangWang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Rui; Wang, Chuan-Chao (August 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.06.044">"Human genetics: The dual origin of Three Kingdoms period Koreans"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>32</b> (15): R844–R847. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.06.044">10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.044</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35944486">35944486</a>. <q>the indigenous Jomon ancestry comprised approximately 60% of the Yayoi people (with the rest of the ancestry related to ANA) but was diluted to 13%–15% in the Kofun and present-day Japanese due to the influx of Han-Chinese related ancestry6,7. The genetic legacy of Jomon was not restricted to Japan but was also found in Neolithic Korea5.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Human+genetics%3A+The+dual+origin+of+Three+Kingdoms+period+Koreans&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=R844-R847&rft.date=2022-08&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35944486&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.06.044&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Rui&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chuan-Chao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2022.06.044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSatoAdachiKimuraHosomichi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sato, Takehiro; Adachi, Noboru; Kimura, Ryosuke; Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi; Yoneda, Minoru; Oota, Hiroki; Tajima, Atsushi; Toyoda, Atsushi; Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Shimizu, Kentaro K; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Hanihara, Tsunehiko; Weber, Andrzej (19 August 2021). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8449830">"Whole-Genome Sequencing of a 900-Year-Old Human Skeleton Supports Two Past Migration Events from the Russian Far East to Northern Japan"</a>. <i>Genome Biology and Evolution</i>. <b>13</b> (9). <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevab192">10.1093/gbe/evab192</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1759-6653">1759-6653</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8449830">8449830</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34410389">34410389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Whole-Genome+Sequencing+of+a+900-Year-Old+Human+Skeleton+Supports+Two+Past+Migration+Events+from+the+Russian+Far+East+to+Northern+Japan&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2021-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8449830%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1759-6653&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34410389&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevab192&rft.aulast=Sato&rft.aufirst=Takehiro&rft.au=Adachi%2C+Noboru&rft.au=Kimura%2C+Ryosuke&rft.au=Hosomichi%2C+Kazuyoshi&rft.au=Yoneda%2C+Minoru&rft.au=Oota%2C+Hiroki&rft.au=Tajima%2C+Atsushi&rft.au=Toyoda%2C+Atsushi&rft.au=Kanzawa-Kiriyama%2C+Hideaki&rft.au=Matsumae%2C+Hiromi&rft.au=Koganebuchi%2C+Kae&rft.au=Shimizu%2C+Kentaro+K&rft.au=Shinoda%2C+Ken-ichi&rft.au=Hanihara%2C+Tsunehiko&rft.au=Weber%2C+Andrzej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8449830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKanzawa-KiriyamaKryukovJinamHosomichi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Kryukov, Kirill; Jinam, Timothy A.; Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi; Saso, Aiko; Suwa, Gen; Ueda, Shintaroh; Yoneda, Minoru; Tajima, Atsushi; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Inoue, Ituro; Saitou, Naruya (February 2017). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5285490">"A partial nuclear genome of the Jomons who lived 3000 years ago in Fukushima, Japan"</a>. <i>Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>62</b> (2): 213–221. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fjhg.2016.110">10.1038/jhg.2016.110</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1435-232X">1435-232X</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5285490">5285490</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27581845">27581845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=A+partial+nuclear+genome+of+the+Jomons+who+lived+3000+years+ago+in+Fukushima%2C+Japan&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-221&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5285490%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1435-232X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27581845&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fjhg.2016.110&rft.aulast=Kanzawa-Kiriyama&rft.aufirst=Hideaki&rft.au=Kryukov%2C+Kirill&rft.au=Jinam%2C+Timothy+A.&rft.au=Hosomichi%2C+Kazuyoshi&rft.au=Saso%2C+Aiko&rft.au=Suwa%2C+Gen&rft.au=Ueda%2C+Shintaroh&rft.au=Yoneda%2C+Minoru&rft.au=Tajima%2C+Atsushi&rft.au=Shinoda%2C+Ken-ichi&rft.au=Inoue%2C+Ituro&rft.au=Saitou%2C+Naruya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5285490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFYang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Melinda A. (6 January 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/2/1/0001/html">"A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia"</a>. <i>Human Population Genetics and Genomics</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 1–32. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.47248%2Fhpgg2202010001">10.47248/hpgg2202010001</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2770-5005">2770-5005</a>. <q>Adachi et al. also estimated that present-day Korean and Ulchi populations in northeast Asia show 5%–8% Jōmon ancestry [64]. Furthermore, in f4-statistics, Jōmon individuals show connections to present-day Austronesians and 8,000–7,000-year-old individuals from coastal southern East Asia and Siberia [85,86]. These ties to coastal and island populations suggest that the Jōmon may not have been completely isolated after their migration into the Japanese archipelago (Figure 2).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Population+Genetics+and+Genomics&rft.atitle=A+genetic+history+of+migration%2C+diversification%2C+and+admixture+in+Asia&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-32&rft.date=2022-01-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.47248%2Fhpgg2202010001&rft.issn=2770-5005&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Melinda+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pivotscipub.com%2Fhpgg%2F2%2F1%2F0001%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.mic.com/articles/173083/zelda-breath-of-the-wild-jomon-history-influence-nintendo">"Secrets of Jomon — the prehistoric Japanese art that inspired 'Zelda: Breath of the Wild'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Mic</i>. 6 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mic&rft.atitle=Secrets+of+Jomon+%E2%80%94+the+prehistoric+Japanese+art+that+inspired+%27Zelda%3A+Breath+of+the+Wild%27&rft.date=2017-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mic.com%2Farticles%2F173083%2Fzelda-breath-of-the-wild-jomon-history-influence-nintendo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.unique-nagano.com/detail.php?id=186">"Go Jomon! Experience Japan's Prehistoric Era | Unique Nagano [Unique Nagano]"</a>. <i>www.unique-nagano.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unique-nagano.com&rft.atitle=Go+Jomon%21+Experience+Japan%27s+Prehistoric+Era+%7C+Unique+Nagano+%5BUnique+Nagano%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unique-nagano.com%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C5%8Dmon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div></div>
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transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Japan" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ethnic_groups_of_Japan" title="Ethnic groups of Japan">Ethnic groups of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jōmon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Yayoi_people" title="Yayoi people">Yayoi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Toraijin" title="Toraijin">Toraijin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Azumi_people" title="Azumi people">Azumi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Emishi" title="Emishi">Emishi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hayato_people" title="Hayato people">Hayato</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Koshibito" title="Koshibito">Koshibito</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kumabito" title="Kumabito">Kumabito</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kumaso" title="Kumaso">Kumaso</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kuzu" title="Kuzu">Kuzu</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mishihase" title="Mishihase">Mishihase</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Okhotsk_culture" title="Okhotsk culture">Okhotsk</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Saeki_people" title="Saeki people">Saeki</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Satsumon_culture" title="Satsumon culture">Satsumon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tsuchigumo" title="Tsuchigumo">Tsuchigumo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wajin_(ancient_people)" title="Wajin (ancient people)">Wajin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ishikari_Ainu" title="Ishikari Ainu">Ishikari Ainu</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Menasunkur_Ainu" title="Menasunkur Ainu">Menasunkur Ainu</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sumunkur_Ainu" title="Sumunkur Ainu">Sumunkur Ainu</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu">Hāfu</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Matagi" title="Matagi">Matagi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=%C5%8Cbeikei_Islanders" title="Ōbeikei Islanders">Ōbeikei Islanders</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ryukyuan_people" title="Ryukyuan people">Ryukyuans</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Arabs_in_Japan" title="Arabs in Japan">Arabs</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Brazilians_in_Japan" title="Brazilians in Japan">Brazilians</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dekasegi" title="Dekasegi">Dekasegi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Chinese_people_in_Japan" title="Chinese people in Japan">Chinese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Thirty-six_families_from_Min" title="Thirty-six families from Min">Min</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=French_people_in_Japan" title="French people in Japan">French</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Irish_people_in_Japan" title="Irish people in Japan">Irish</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Jews</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Koreans_in_Japan" title="Koreans in Japan">Koreans</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kurds_in_Japan" title="Kurds in Japan">Kurds</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people">Nivkh</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Oroks" title="Oroks">Oroks</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Russians_in_Japan" title="Russians in Japan">Russians</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E3%82%BF%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="ja:日本のタタール人">Tatars</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Thais_in_Japan" title="Thais in Japan">Thais</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Turks_in_Japan" title="Turks in Japan">Turks</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Ethnic nationalism in Japan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li>See also: <a href="/info/en/?search=Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese people</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/info/en/?search=Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Japan" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Japan">Category</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Shiki_no_Fuji%2C_%C5%8Cmuro_fukin_by_Takahashi_Sh%C5%8Dtei.jpg/21px-Shiki_no_Fuji%2C_%C5%8Cmuro_fukin_by_Takahashi_Sh%C5%8Dtei.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Shiki_no_Fuji%2C_%C5%8Cmuro_fukin_by_Takahashi_Sh%C5%8Dtei.jpg/32px-Shiki_no_Fuji%2C_%C5%8Cmuro_fukin_by_Takahashi_Sh%C5%8Dtei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Shiki_no_Fuji%2C_%C5%8Cmuro_fukin_by_Takahashi_Sh%C5%8Dtei.jpg/42px-Shiki_no_Fuji%2C_%C5%8Cmuro_fukin_by_Takahashi_Sh%C5%8Dtei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1366" /></span></span> <a href="/info/en/?search=Portal:Ancient_Japan" title="Portal:Ancient Japan">Ancient Japan</a></li></ul></div></div>' |