Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|National park in Florida (US)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{featured article}}
{{Infobox protected area
|name = Everglades National Park
|iucn_category = II
|photo = Sunset over the River of Grass, NPSphoto, G.Gardner (9255157507).jpg
|photo_caption = Sunset over the Everglades river of grass, January 2013
|map = Florida#USA
|relief = 1
|map_caption = Location in Florida##Location in the United States
|location = [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Miami-Dade]], [[Monroe County, Florida|Monroe]], & [[Collier County, Florida|Collier]] counties, [[Florida]], United States
|nearest_city = [[Florida City, Florida|Florida City]]<br />[[Everglades City, Florida|Everglades City]]
|coordinates = {{coord|25.3125000|-80.6875000|region:US-FL_type:landmark_scale:40000_source:GNIS|format=dms|display=it}}
|coords_ref = <ref name=gnis>{{cite gnis|id=293666|name=Everglades National Park|access-date=March 28, 2017|entrydate=August 28, 1987}}</ref>
|area_acre = 1,508,976
|area_ref = <br /><span style="font-size:100%;">{{convert|1,508,243|acre|mi2|1}} federal</span><ref name="area">{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/NPIndex2012-2016.pdf |title=The National Parks: Index 2012–2016 |website=nps.gov |publisher=National Park Service |page=47 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113065657/https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/NPIndex2012-2016.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=November 19, 2018}}</ref>
|authorized = {{start date and age|1934|5|30}}
|established = {{Start date|1947|12|06}}
|visitation_num = 1,155,193
|visitation_year = 2022
|visitation_ref = <ref name=visits>{{NPS Visitation|access-date=July 26, 2023}}</ref>
|governing_body = [[National Park Service]]
|website = [https://www.nps.gov/ever/ Everglades National Park]
|embedded1 = {{designation list|embed=yes
|designation1 = WHS
|designation1_date = 1979 <small>(3rd [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
|designation1_type = Natural
|designation1_criteria = viii, ix, x
|designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/76 76]
|designation1_free1name = Region
|designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in North America|Europe and North America]]
|designation1_free2name = [[List of World Heritage in Danger|Endangered]]
|designation1_free2value = 1993–2007;<br />2010–''present''
|designation2 = Ramsar
|designation2_date = 4 June 1987
|designation2_number = 374<ref>{{Cite web|title=Everglades National Park|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/374|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
}}
}}
'''Everglades National Park''' is an American [[national park]] that protects the southern twenty percent of the original [[Everglades]] in [[Florida]]. The park is the largest tropical wilderness in the United States and the largest wilderness of any kind east of the [[Mississippi River]]. An average of one million people visit the park each year.<ref name=parkstats>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/management/statistics.htm |title=Park Statistics|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|access-date=March 28, 2017}}</ref> Everglades is the third-largest national park in the [[contiguous United States]] after [[Death Valley National Park|Death Valley]] and [[Yellowstone National Park|Yellowstone]]. [[UNESCO]] declared the [[Everglades & Dry Tortugas Biosphere Reserve]] in 1976 and listed the park as a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1979, and the [[Ramsar Convention]] included the park on its list of [[List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance|Wetlands of International Importance]] in 1987. Everglades is one of only three locations in the world to appear on all three lists.<ref>Maltby, E., P.J. Dugan, "Wetland Ecosystem Management, and Restoration: An International Perspective" in Everglades: The Ecosystem and its Restoration, Steven Davis and John Ogden, eds. (1994), St. Lucie Press. {{ISBN|0-9634030-2-8}}.</ref>
Most national parks preserve unique geographic features; Everglades National Park was the first created to protect a fragile [[ecosystem]]. The Everglades are a network of wetlands and forests fed by a river flowing {{convert|0.25|mi|km}} per day out of [[Lake Okeechobee]], southwest into [[Florida Bay]].<ref>Whitney, p. 167.</ref> The park is the most significant breeding ground for tropical [[wading bird]]s in North America and contains the largest [[Florida mangroves|mangrove]] ecosystem in the Western Hemisphere.<ref name="main">{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/index.htm|title=Everglades National Park|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=December 5, 2007}}</ref> Thirty-six [[threatened species|threatened]] or protected species inhabit the park, including the [[Florida panther]], the [[American crocodile]], and the [[West Indian manatee]], along with 350 species of birds, 300 species of fresh and saltwater fish, 40 species of mammals, and 50 species of reptiles.<ref>Robertson, pp. 27, 21, 38.</ref> The majority of [[South Florida]]'s fresh water, which is stored in the [[Biscayne Aquifer]], is recharged in the park.<ref>A few locations in [[Palm Beach County, Florida|Palm Beach County]], primarily [[Highland Beach, Florida|Highland Beach]], get their fresh water from the [[Floridan aquifer]], treating the high saline and mineral content before providing it for human use. ([http://highlandbeach.us/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/2014-Annual-Water-Quality-Report.pdf Town of Highland Beach Water Quality Report] (2014). Retrieved on April 25, 2017.)(Lodge, p. 39.)</ref>
Humans have lived for thousands of years in or around the Everglades. Plans arose in 1882 to drain the wetlands and develop the land for agricultural and residential use. As the 20th century progressed, water flow from Lake Okeechobee was increasingly controlled and diverted to enable explosive growth of the [[Miami metropolitan area]]. The park was established in 1934, to protect the quickly vanishing Everglades, and dedicated in 1947, as major canal-building projects were initiated across South Florida. The ecosystems in Everglades National Park have suffered significantly from human activity, and [[restoration of the Everglades]] is a politically charged issue in South Florida.
==Geography==
[[File:NPS everglades-map.jpg|thumb|left|Park map]]
Everglades National Park covers {{convert|1,508,976|acre|sqmi km2|1}}, throughout [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Dade]], [[Monroe County, Florida|Monroe]], and [[Collier County, Florida|Collier]] counties in Florida, at the southern tip of the [[Atlantic coastal plain]].<ref name="area"/> The elevation typically ranges from 0 to {{convert|8|ft|m}} above [[sea level]], but a [[Calusa]]-built [[shell mound]] on the [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]] rises {{convert|20|ft|m}} above sea level.
==Geology==
The terrain of South Florida is relatively and consistently flat. The [[limestone]] that underlies the Everglades is integral to the diverse ecosystems within the park. Florida was once part of the African portion of the supercontinent [[Gondwana]]. After it separated, conditions allowed a shallow marine environment to deposit [[calcium carbonate]] in sand, shells, and coral to be converted into limestone.<ref>Lodge, p. 3</ref> Tiny bits of shell, sand, and [[bryozoan]]s compressed over multiple layers forming structures in the limestone called [[ooids]], which created permeable conditions that hold water.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/naturescience/evergeology.htm |publisher=National Park Service |title=Everglades Geology |access-date=February 8, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209162956/https://www.nps.gov/ever/naturescience/evergeology.htm |archive-date=December 9, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The Florida peninsula appeared above sea level between 100,000 and 150,000 years ago. As sea levels rose at the end of the [[Wisconsin glaciation|Wisconsin ice age]], the [[water table]] appeared closer to land. Lake Okeechobee began to flood, and convection thunderstorms were created.<ref>McCally, pp. 9–10.</ref> Vast [[peat]] deposits south of Lake Okeechobee indicate that regular flooding had occurred about 5,000 years ago. Plants began to migrate, subtropical ones from the northern part of Florida, and tropicals carried as seeds by birds from islands in the [[Caribbean]].<ref>Whitney, p. 108.</ref> The limestone shelf appears to be flat, but there are slight rises—called pinnacles—and depressions caused by the erosion of limestone by the acidic properties of the water. The amount of time throughout the year that water is present in a location in the Everglades determines the type of soil, of which there only two in the Everglades: peat, created by many years of decomposing plant matter, and [[marl]], the result of dried [[periphyton]], or chunks of algae and microorganisms that create a grayish mud. Portions of the Everglades that remain flooded for more than nine months out of the year are usually covered by peat. Areas that are flooded for six months or less are covered by marl. Plant communities are determined by the type of soil and the amount of water present.<ref>McCally, pp. 12–19.</ref><ref>Lodge, pp. 37–38.</ref>
==Climate==
According to the [[Köppen climate classification]] system, Royal Palm at Everglades National Park has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am''). Summers are long, hot, and very wet and winters are warm and dry.
{{Weather box|width=auto
|location = Royal Palm Ranger Station, Florida, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1949–present
|single line = Y
|Jan avg record high F = 86.8
|Feb avg record high F = 88.4
|Mar avg record high F = 91.2
|Apr avg record high F = 93.3
|May avg record high F = 95.9
|Jun avg record high F = 97.1
|Jul avg record high F = 97.3
|Aug avg record high F = 97.3
|Sep avg record high F = 96.8
|Oct avg record high F = 94.7
|Nov avg record high F = 90.1
|Dec avg record high F = 87.5
|year avg record high F = 99.4
| Jan high F = 78.0
| Feb high F = 80.9
| Mar high F = 83.3
| Apr high F = 86.4
| May high F = 89.4
| Jun high F = 91.1
| Jul high F = 92.5
| Aug high F = 92.6
| Sep high F = 91.3
| Oct high F = 88.0
| Nov high F = 83.2
| Dec high F = 80.0
|year high F = 86.4
|Jan mean F = 66.6
|Feb mean F = 68.7
|Mar mean F = 70.7
|Apr mean F = 74.2
|May mean F = 78.0
|Jun mean F = 81.6
|Jul mean F = 83.0
|Aug mean F = 83.5
|Sep mean F = 82.8
|Oct mean F = 79.4
|Nov mean F = 73.5
|Dec mean F = 69.3
|year mean F = 75.9
| Jan low F = 55.1
| Feb low F = 56.5
| Mar low F = 58.0
| Apr low F = 62.0
| May low F = 66.6
| Jun low F = 72.0
| Jul low F = 73.5
| Aug low F = 74.3
| Sep low F = 74.2
| Oct low F = 70.9
| Nov low F = 63.8
| Dec low F = 58.6
|year low F = 65.5
|Jan avg record low F = 38.9
|Feb avg record low F = 41.7
|Mar avg record low F = 43.7
|Apr avg record low F = 50.3
|May avg record low F = 58.0
|Jun avg record low F = 67.8
|Jul avg record low F = 70.3
|Aug avg record low F = 71.0
|Sep avg record low F = 70.8
|Oct avg record low F = 61.3
|Nov avg record low F = 53.1
|Dec avg record low F = 44.5
|year avg record low F = 35.8
|Jan record high F = 92
|Feb record high F = 97
|Mar record high F = 101
|Apr record high F = 102
|May record high F = 107
|Jun record high F = 104
|Jul record high F = 102
|Aug record high F = 103
|Sep record high F = 105
|Oct record high F = 106
|Nov record high F = 99
|Dec record high F = 95
|year record high F =
|Jan record low F = 24
|Feb record low F = 29
|Mar record low F = 31
|Apr record low F = 37
|May record low F = 49
|Jun record low F = 50
|Jul record low F = 66
|Aug record low F = 66
|Sep record low F = 64
|Oct record low F = 49
|Nov record low F = 31
|Dec record low F = 27
|year record low F =
|precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 1.70
| Feb precipitation inch = 1.82
| Mar precipitation inch = 1.93
| Apr precipitation inch = 2.85
| May precipitation inch = 5.84
| Jun precipitation inch = 9.00
| Jul precipitation inch = 6.82
| Aug precipitation inch = 8.57
| Sep precipitation inch = 9.01
| Oct precipitation inch = 5.55
| Nov precipitation inch = 2.39
| Dec precipitation inch = 1.88
|year precipitation inch = 57.36
| unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
| Jan precipitation days = 6.6
| Feb precipitation days = 6.5
| Mar precipitation days = 6.7
| Apr precipitation days = 6.3
| May precipitation days = 10.9
| Jun precipitation days = 17.2
| Jul precipitation days = 17.2
| Aug precipitation days = 19.2
| Sep precipitation days = 18.3
| Oct precipitation days = 12.6
| Nov precipitation days = 7.8
| Dec precipitation days = 6.6
| year precipitation days = 135.9
|Jan snow inch =
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|unit snow days = 0.1 in
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|source 1 = NOAA<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mfl
| title = NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = June 12, 2021
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00087760&format=pdf
| title = Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = June 12, 2021
}}</ref> }}
==Hydrography==
While they are common in the northern portion of [[Florida]], no underground [[spring (hydrosphere)|spring]]s feed water into the Everglades system. An underground reservoir called the [[Floridan aquifer]] lies about {{convert|1000|ft|m}} below the surface of [[South Florida]].<ref>Whitney, p. 166.</ref> The Everglades has an immense capacity for water storage, owing to the permeable limestone beneath the exposed land. Most of the water arrives in the form of rainfall, and a significant amount is stored in the limestone. Water evaporating from the Everglades becomes rain over metropolitan areas, providing the fresh water supply for the region. Water also flows into the park after falling as rain to the north onto the watersheds of the [[Kissimmee River]] and other sources of Lake Okeechobee, to appear in the Everglades days later. Water overflows Lake Okeechobee into a river {{convert|40 to 70|mi|km}} wide, which moves almost imperceptibly.<ref>Whitney, pp. 167, 169.</ref>
==Ecosystems==
{{Main|Geography and ecology of the Everglades}}
At the turn of the 20th century, common concepts of what should be protected in national parks invariably included formidable geologic features like mountains, geysers, or canyons. As Florida's population began to grow significantly and urban areas near the Everglades were developed, proponents of the park's establishment faced difficulty in persuading the federal government and the people of Florida that the subtle and constantly shifting ecosystems in the Everglades were just as worthy of protection.<ref>Davis, pp. 366–369.</ref> When the park was established in 1947, it became the first area within the U.S. to protect flora and fauna native to a region as opposed to geologic scenery.<ref name=superreport>[http://home.nps.gov/ever/parkmgmt/upload/2008%20DRTO%20EVER%20Final%20Supt%20Annual%20Report.pdf Everglades National Park / Dry Tortugas National Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320020752/http://home.nps.gov/ever/parkmgmt/upload/2008%20DRTO%20EVER%20Final%20Supt%20Annual%20Report.pdf |date=March 20, 2012 }} Superintendent's Report, 2008 Fiscal Year. Retrieved on May 26, 2010.</ref> The National Park Service recognizes nine distinct interdependent ecosystems within the park that constantly shift in size owing to the amount of water present and other environmental factors.
===Freshwater sloughs and marl prairies===
[[File:Everglades Natl Park Alligator.jpg|thumb|[[American alligator|Alligators]] thrive in freshwater [[Swamp|slough]]s and [[marl prairie]]s.]]
Freshwater [[Slough (hydrology)|sloughs]] are perhaps the most common ecosystem associated with Everglades National Park. These drainage channels are characterized by low-lying areas covered in fresh water, flowing at an almost imperceptible {{convert|100|ft|m}} per day.<ref name="Robertson, p. 9">Robertson, p. 9.</ref> [[Shark River (Florida)|Shark River Slough]] and [[Taylor Slough]] are significant features of the park. [[Cladium|Sawgrass]] growing to a height of {{convert|6|ft|m}} or more, and broad-leafed marsh plants, are so prominent in this region that they gave the Everglades its nickname [[The Everglades: River of Grass|"River of Grass"]], cemented in the public imagination in the title for [[Marjory Stoneman Douglas]]'s book (1947), which culminated years of her advocacy for considering the Everglades ecosystem as more than a "swamp". Excellent feeding locations for birds, sloughs in the Everglades attract a great variety of waders such as [[heron]]s, [[egret]]s, [[roseate spoonbill]]s (''Platalea ajaja''), [[ibis]]es and [[brown pelican]]s (''Pelecanus occidentalis''), as well as [[limpkin]]s (''Aramus guarauna'') and [[snail kite]]s that eat [[Ampullariidae|apple snails]], which in turn feed on the sawgrass. The sloughs' availability of fish, amphibians, and young birds attract a variety of freshwater turtles, [[American alligator|alligator]] (''Alligator mississippiensis''), [[Florida cottonmouth|water moccasin]] (''Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti''), and [[eastern diamondback rattlesnake]] (''Crotalus adamanteus'').<ref>Lodge, pp. 25–31.</ref>
[[File:Everglades - Blue Heron.jpg|thumb|left|A [[great blue heron]] along the Anhinga Trail]]
Freshwater [[marl prairie]]s are similar to sloughs but lack the slow movement of surface water; instead, water seeps through a calcitic mud called [[marl]]. [[Algae]] and other microscopic organisms form [[periphyton]], which attaches to limestone. When it dries it turns into a gray mud.<ref>Whitney, p. 164</ref> Sawgrass and other water plants grow shorter in freshwater marl than they do in [[peat]], the other type of soil in the Everglades which is found where water remains present longer throughout the year. Marl prairies are usually under water from three to seven months of the year, whereas sloughs may remain submerged for longer than nine months and sometimes remain under water from one year to the next. Sawgrass may dominate sloughs, creating a [[monoculture]]. Other grasses, such as muhly grass (''[[Muhlenbergia sericea]]'') and broad-leafed water plants can be found in marl prairies.<ref>Lodge, pp. 29–32.</ref> Animals living in the freshwater sloughs also inhabit marl prairies. Marl prairies may go dry in some parts of the year; alligators play a vital role in maintaining life in remote parts of the Everglades by burrowing in the mud during the dry season, creating pools of water where fish and amphibians survive from one year to the next. Alligator holes also attract other animals who congregate to feed on smaller prey. When the region floods again during the wet season, the fish and amphibians which were sustained in the alligator holes then repopulate freshwater marl prairies.<ref>Lodge, p. 35.</ref>
===Tropical hardwood hammocks===
{{Main|Tropical hardwood hammock}}
[[South Florida rocklands#Rockland hammock|Hammocks]] are often the only dry land within the park. They rise several inches above the grass-covered river and are dominated by diverse plant life consisting of subtropical and tropical trees, such as large southern live oaks (''[[Quercus virginiana]]''). Trees often form [[canopy (forest)|canopies]] under which animals thrive amongst scrub bushes of wild coffee (''[[Psychotria]]''), white indigoberry (''[[Randia aculeata]]''), poisonwood (''[[Metopium toxiferum]]'') and saw palmetto (''[[Serenoa repens]]''). The park features thousands of these tree islands amid sloughs—which often form the shape of a teardrop when seen from above (see park map) because of the slowly moving water around them—but they can also be found in pineland and mangroves. Trees in the Everglades, including wild tamarind (''[[Lysiloma latisiliquum]]'') and gumbo-limbo (''[[Bursera simaruba]]''), rarely grow higher than {{convert|50|ft|m}} because of wind, fire, and climate.<ref name="flmnh hammocks">{{cite web|publisher=[[Florida Museum of Natural History]] |url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/southflorida/habitats/hardwood-hammocks/about|title=Hardwood Hammocks |date=April 12, 2017|access-date=April 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://crocdoc.ifas.ufl.edu/publications/msrpmap/tropicalhardwoodhammock/|title=Tropical Hardwood Hammock |year=1999|access-date=November 18, 2007|publisher=[[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]]}}</ref>
[[File:Florida Panther (1), NPSPhoto, Rodney Cammauf (9255082055).jpg|thumb|About 160 [[Florida panther]]s inhabit hammocks and pinelands of the Everglades.]]
The plant growth around the hammock base is nearly impenetrable; beneath the canopy hammocks is an ideal habitat for animals. Reptiles (such as various species of snake and [[anole]]) and amphibians (such as the [[American green tree frog]], ''Hyla cinerea''), live in the hardwood hammocks. Birds such as [[barred owl]]s (''Strix varia''), [[woodpecker]]s, [[northern cardinal]]s (''Cardinalis cardinalis''), and [[bald eagle|southern bald eagle]]s (''Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus'') nest in hammock trees. Mammal species living in hardwood hammocks include [[Florida black bear]]s (''Ursus americanus floridanus''), [[red fox]]es (''Vulpes vulpes''), [[American mink|mink]]s (''Neogale vison''), [[marsh rabbit]]s (''Sylvilagus palustris''), [[gray fox]]es (''Urocyon cinereoargenteus''), [[white-tailed deer]] (''Odocoileus virginianus''), and the rare, [[Critically endangered species|critically endangered]] [[Florida panther]] (''Puma concolor couguar'').<ref name="flmnh hammocks"/>
===Pineland===
[[File:South Florida rocklands on Everglades National Park Long Pine Key Nature Trail.jpg|thumb|left|Sunrise on the [[South Florida rocklands|pine rocklands]] on Long Pine Key Nature Trail]]
[[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Miami-Dade County]] was once covered in {{convert|186000|acre|sqmi km2|1}} of [[South Florida rocklands|pine rockland]] forests, but most of it was harvested by the [[lumber]] industry.<ref>National Park Service (2005). "Habitats in the Park" (brochure).</ref> [[South Florida rocklands#Pine rockland|Pineland]] ecosystems (or pine rocklands) are characterized by shallow, dry sandy [[loam]] over a limestone [[Stratum|substrate]] covered almost exclusively by slash pines (''[[Pinus elliottii]] var. densa''). Trees in this ecosystem grow in [[sinkhole|solution holes]], where the soft limestone has worn away and filled with soil, allowing plants to take hold.<ref>Robertson, p. 11</ref> Pinelands require regular maintenance by fire to ensure their existence. South Florida slash pines are uniquely adapted to promote fire by dropping a large amount of dried pine needles and shedding dry bark. Pine cones require heat from fires to open, allowing seeds to disperse and take hold. The trunks and roots of slash pines are resistant to fire. [[Prescribed burn]]s in these areas take place every three to seven years; without regular fires, hardwood trees begin to grow in this region, and pinelands become recategorized as mixed swamp forests.<ref name=fws>U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. "[http://www.fws.gov/southeast/vbpdfs/commun/pr.pdf Pine Rocklands: Multispecies recovery plan for South Florida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111003517/http://www.fws.gov/southeast/vbpdfs/commun/pr.pdf |date=November 11, 2012 }}".</ref> Most plants in the area bloom about 16 weeks after a fire.<ref>Whitney, p. 107</ref> Nearly all pinelands have an understory of palm shrubs and a diverse ground covering of wild herbs.<ref name="fws"/>
Pine rocklands are considered one of the most threatened habitats in Florida; less than {{convert|4000|acre|sqmi km2|1}} of pineland exist outside the park.<ref>Whitney, pp. 105–107</ref> Within the park, {{convert|20000|acre|sqmi km2|1}} of pineland are protected.<ref>Hammer, p. 8.</ref> A variety of animal species meet their needs for food, shelter, nesting, and rooking in pine rocklands. Woodpeckers, [[eastern meadowlark]]s (''Sturnella magna''), [[loggerhead shrike]]s (''Lanius ludovicianus''), [[grackle]]s, and [[northern mockingbird]]s (''Mimus polyglottos'') are commonly found in pinelands. Black bears and Florida panthers also live in this habitat.<ref name=fws/>
===Cypress and mangrove===
[[File:Cypres dome with Alligator, NPSphoto, G.Gardner (9101883836).jpg|thumb|Alligator in a [[cypress dome]]]]
[[Taxodium|Cypress]] trees are [[conifer]]s that are adapted to live in standing fresh water. They grow in compact structures called cypress domes and in long strands over limestone. Water levels may fluctuate dramatically around cypress domes and strands, so cypresses develop "knees" that protrude from the water at high levels to provide oxygen for the root systems. Dwarf cypress trees grow in drier areas with poorer soil. [[Epiphyte]]s, such as [[Bromeliaceae|bromeliads]], Spanish moss (''[[Tillandsia usneoides]]''), [[Orchidaceae|orchids]] and ferns grow on the branches and trunks of cypress trees. Everglades National Park features twenty-five species of orchids.<ref name="int'l">{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/glac/learn/management/international-designations.htm|title=International Designations|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=April 12, 2017}}</ref> Tall cypress trees provide excellent nesting areas for birds including [[wild turkey]] (''Meleagris gallopavo''), ibis, herons, egrets, [[anhinga]]s (''Anhinga anhinga''), and [[belted kingfisher]] (''Megaceryle alcyon''). Mammals in cypress regions include white-tailed deer, squirrels, [[raccoon]]s, [[Virginia opossum|opossum]]s, skunks, swamp rabbits, [[North American river otter|river otters]] (''Lontra canadensis''), and [[bobcat]]s, as well as small rodents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/kuchlers/k091/all.html#DESCRIPTION |title=Kuchler type: Cypress savanna |last=Sullivan |first=Janet |year=1994 |publisher=[[USDA Forest Service]] |access-date=November 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806083819/http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/kuchlers/k091/all.html |archive-date=August 6, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Hammer, p. 10.</ref>
[[Mangrove]] trees cover the coastlines of South Florida, sometimes growing inland depending on the amount of salt water present within the Everglades ecosystems. During drier years when less fresh water flows to the coast, mangroves will appear among fresh water plants. When rain is abundant, sawgrass and other fresh water plants may be found closer to the coast. Three species of mangrove trees—red (''[[Rhizophora mangle]]''), black (''[[Avicennia germinans]]''), and white (''[[Laguncularia racemosa]]'')—can be found in the Everglades. With a high tolerance of salt water, winds, extreme tides, high temperatures, and muddy soils, mangrove trees are uniquely adapted to extreme conditions. They act as nurseries for many marine and bird species. They are also Florida's first defense against the destructive forces of hurricanes, absorbing flood waters and preventing [[coastal erosion]].<ref>McCally, pp. 76–78.</ref> The mangrove system in Everglades National Park is the largest continuous system of mangroves in the world.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Alan J. Southward|last=Katherisen |first=K.|year=2001|chapter=Biology of Mangroves and Mangrove Ecosystems|title=Advances in Marine Biology |volume=40|pages=18–251|isbn=978-0-12-026140-6}}</ref>
[[File:Manatee 1670 EVER, NPSPhoto, Nov 76 (9257870564).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[West Indian manatee|Manatees]] inhabit shallow water around mangroves.]]
Within the [[Florida mangroves|Florida mangrove]] systems live 220 species of fish, and a variety of crabs, [[crayfish]], shrimp, [[mollusk]]s, and other [[invertebrate]]s, which serve as the main source of food for many birds.<ref>Whitney, pp. 292–293.</ref> Dozens of bird species use mangroves as nurseries and food stores, including [[pelican]]s, [[grebe]]s, [[tricolored heron]]s (''Egretta tricolor''), [[gull]]s, [[tern]]s, hawks and kites, and arboreal birds like [[mangrove cuckoo]]s (''Coccyzus minor''), [[yellow warbler]]s (''Dendroica petechia''), and [[white-crowned pigeon]]s (''Patagioenas leucocephala'').<ref>Whitney, pp. 295–296</ref> The mangroves also support 24 species of amphibians and reptiles, and 18 species of mammals, including the endangered [[green sea turtle|green turtle]] (''Chelonia mydas''), [[hawksbill turtle]] (''Eretmochelys imbricata''), and [[West Indian manatee]] (''Trichechus manatus'').<ref>Whitney, p. 297.</ref>
===Coastal lowlands===
Coastal lowlands, or wet prairies, are salt water marshes that absorb marine water when it gets high or fresh water when rains are heavy. Floods occur during hurricane and tropical [[storm surge]]s when ocean water can rise several feet over the land.<ref>Whitney, p. 163.</ref> Heavy wet seasons also cause floods when rain from the north flows into the Everglades. Few trees can survive in the conditions of this region, but plants—[[succulent]]s like [[Batis (plant)|saltwort]] and [[Salicornia|glasswort]]—tolerate salt, brackish water, and desert conditions. Animal life in this zone is dependent upon the amount of water present, but commonly found animals include [[Cape Sable seaside sparrow]] (''Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis''), [[snail kite|Everglades snail kite]] (''Rostrhamus sociabilis''), [[wood stork]] (''Mycteria americana''), [[eastern indigo snake]] (''Drymarchon couperi''), and small mammals such as rats, mice, and rabbits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://crocdoc.ifas.ufl.edu/publications/msrpmap/wetprairies/|title=Wet Prairie|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|year=1999|access-date=November 20, 2007}}</ref>
===Marine and estuarine===
[[File:Everglades Nat'l Park Mangrove.jpg|thumb|[[Mangrove]]s reduce coastal erosion and shelter wildlife.]]
The largest body of water within the park is [[Florida Bay]], which extends from the mangrove swamps of the mainland's southern tip to the [[Florida Keys]]. Over {{convert|800|sqmi|km2}} of marine ecosystem lies in this range. [[Coral]], [[sponge]]s, and [[seagrass]]es serve as shelter and food for [[crustacean]]s and [[Mollusca|mollusks]], which in turn are the primary food source for larger marine animals. Sharks, [[stingray]]s, and [[barracuda]]s also live in this ecosystem. Pelicans, [[Wader|shorebirds]], terns, and [[black skimmer]]s (''Rynchops niger'') are among the birds frequenting park shorelines.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/naturescience/marineestuarine.htm |title=Marine & Estuarine Ecosystems |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=November 20, 2007}}</ref> The bay also has its own resident population of [[common bottlenose dolphin|bottlenose dolphin]] (''Tursiops truncatus'').<ref>{{cite report|title=Common Bottlenose Dolphin (''Tursiops truncatus'') Florida Bay Stock|publisher=NOAA|date=December 2009|access-date=August 5, 2016|url=http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/publications/tm/tm219/475_BODO_FBES.pdf}}</ref>
The bay's many basins are broken up by [[Shoal|sandbanks]] that serve as plentiful [[recreational fishing]] grounds for [[Common snook|snook]] (''Centropomus undecimalis''), [[Red drum|redfish]] (''Sciaenops ocellatus''), [[Cynoscion nebulosus|spotted seatrout]] (''Cynoscion nebulosus)'', [[Atlantic tarpon|tarpon]] (''Megaflops atlanticus),'' [[bonefish]] (''Albula vulpes)'', and [[Permit (fish)|permit]] (''Trichinous falcatus)'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.saltwatersportsman.com/florida-everglades-national-park-flats-fishing-tips#page-3|title=Florida Bay and Everglades National Park: Flats-Fishing Paradise|author=John Brownlee|date=April 22, 2013|website=saltwatersportsman.com|publisher=Salt Water Sportsman, Bonnier Corporation|access-date=November 12, 2018|language=en}}</ref> as well as [[Northern red snapper|snapper]] (Lutjanus campechanus), [[bluegill]] (Lepomis macrochirus), and [[Bass (fish)|bass]].<ref>[https://home.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/fishing.htm "Fishing"]. ''nps.gov''. National Park Service. September 25, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2018.</ref> Wading birds such as [[roseate spoonbill]]s (''Platalea ajaja''), [[reddish egret]]s (''Egretta rufescens''), and [[Great blue heron|great white herons]] (''Ardea herodias occidentalis'') have unique subpopulations that are largely restricted to Florida Bay.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Powell|first1=George V. N.|last2=Bjork|first2=Robin D.|last3=Ogden|first3=John C.|last4=Paul|first4=Richard T.|last5=Powell|first5=A. Harriett|last6=Robertson|first6=William B.|date=1989|title=Population Trends in Some Florida Bay Wading Birds|jstor=4162751|journal=The Wilson Bulletin|volume=101|issue=3|pages=436–457}}</ref> Other bird species include [[bald eagle]]s, [[cormorant]]s, and [[osprey]]s. Mammals along the shoreline include [[raccoon]]s, [[opossum]]s, [[bobcat]]s, and [[fox squirrel]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/photosmultimedia/upload/Florida-Bay-Bistro.pdf|title=Florida Bay Bistro|publisher=National Park Service|website=nps.gov|access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref>
==Human history==
===Native peoples===
[[File:Calusa chickee and terrace.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Calusa]] chickee at the [[Florida Museum of Natural History]]]]
{{main|Indigenous people of the Everglades region}}
Humans likely first inhabited the South Florida region 10,000 to 20,000 years ago.<ref name="Tebeau_17">Tebeau (1963), p. 17</ref> Two tribes of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] developed on the peninsula's southern tip: the [[Tequesta]] lived on the eastern side and the [[Calusa]], greater in numbers, on the western side. The Everglades served as a natural boundary between them. The Tequesta lived in a single large community near the mouth of the [[Miami River (Florida)|Miami River]], while the Calusa lived in 30 villages. Both groups traveled through the Everglades but rarely lived within them, remaining mostly along the coast.<ref name="Tebeau_17"/>
The diets of both groups consisted mostly of [[shellfish]] and fish, small mammals, game, and wild plants. Having access only to soft limestone, most of the tools fashioned by Native Americans in the region were made of shell, bone, wood, and animal teeth; shark teeth were used as cutting blades,<ref name="Tebeau 1963, p. 19">Tebeau (1963), p. 19.</ref> and sharpened reeds became arrows and spears.<ref>Robertson, p. 55</ref> [[Shell mound]]s still exist today within the park, giving [[archaeologist]]s and [[anthropologist]]s evidence of the raw materials available to the indigenous people for tool construction. Spanish explorers estimated the number of Tequesta at first contact to be around 800, and Calusa at 2,000; the National Park Service reports there were probably about 20,000 natives living in or near the Everglades when the Spanish established contact in the late 16th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/historyculture/nativepeoples.htm |title=Native Peoples |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=November 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111172029/https://www.nps.gov/ever/historyculture/nativepeoples.htm |archive-date=November 11, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Calusa lived in [[Social hierarchy|social strata]] and were able to create [[canal]]s, [[earthworks (engineering)|earthwork]]s, and [[earthworks (archaeology)|shellwork]]s. The Calusa were also able to resist Spanish attempts at conquest.<ref name="Tebeau 1963, p. 19"/>
The Spanish had contact with these societies and established missions further north, near [[Lake Okeechobee]]. In the 18th century, invading [[Creek people|Creek]]s incorporated the dwindling numbers of the Tequesta into their own. Neither the Tequesta nor Calusa tribe existed by 1800.<ref>Tebeau (1963), p. 23.</ref> Disease, warfare, and capture for slavery were the reasons for the eradication of both groups. The only evidence of their existence within the park boundaries is a series of shell mounds that were built by the Calusa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/historyculture/people.htm |title=Native People |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=April 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125124933/https://www.nps.gov/ever/historyculture/people.htm |archive-date=November 25, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In the early 19th century, [[Muscogee|Creeks]], escaped African slaves, and other Indians from northern Florida displaced by the [[Creek War]], formed the area's [[Seminole]] nation. After the end of the [[Seminole Wars]] in 1842, the Seminoles faced relocation to [[Indian territory]] near [[Oklahoma]]. A few hundred Seminole hunters and scouts settled within what is today [[Big Cypress National Preserve]], to escape the forced emigration to the west.<ref>Tebeau (1963), p. 28.</ref> From 1859 to about 1930, the Seminoles and [[Miccosukee]], a similar but linguistically unique tribe, lived in relative isolation, making their living by trading. In 1928, surveying and construction began on the [[Tamiami Trail]], along the northern border of Everglades National Park. The road bisected the Everglades, introducing a steady, if small, traffic of white settlers into the Everglades.<ref>Tebeau (1963), p. 31.</ref>
Some members of the Miccosukee and Seminole tribes continue to live within park boundaries. Management of the park includes approval of new policies and procedures by tribal representatives "in such a manner that they do not conflict with the park purpose".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/parknews/currentissues.htm |title=Current issues |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=January 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206103224/https://www.nps.gov/ever/parknews/currentissues.htm |archive-date=December 6, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===American settlements===
Following the end of the [[Seminole Wars]], Americans began settling at isolated points along the coast in what is now the park, from the [[Ten Thousand Islands]] to [[Cape Sable]]. Communities developed on the two largest pieces of dry ground in the area, on [[Chokoloskee, Florida|Chokoloskee Island]] and at [[Flamingo, Florida|Flamingo]] on Cape Sable, both of which established post offices in the early 1890s.<ref name="nps pioneer"/> Chokoloskee Island is a shell mound, a [[midden]] built roughly 20 feet (6 m) high over thousands of years of occupation by the Calusa. The settlements in Chokoloskee and Flamingo served as trading centers for small populations of farmers, fishermen, and charcoal burners settled in the Ten Thousand Islands. Both settlements and the more isolated homesteads could only be reached by boat until well into the 20th century. [[Everglades City, Florida|Everglades City]], on the mainland near Chokoloskee, enjoyed a brief period of prosperity when, beginning in 1920, it served as the headquarters for the construction of the [[Tamiami Trail]]. A dirt road from [[Florida City, Florida|Florida City]] reached Flamingo in 1922, while a [[causeway]] finally connected Chokoloskee to the mainland's Everglades City in 1956.<ref>Tebeau (1955), pp. 6, 15, 21, 59.</ref><ref>Tebeau (1968), pp. 37, 142–65</ref> [[File:Ted Smallwood Store on Chokoloskee Island.jpg|thumb|Ted Smallwood Store on Chokoloskee Island]]After the park was established, private property in the Flamingo area was claimed by [[eminent domain]], and the site was incorporated into the park as a visitor center.<ref name="nps pioneer">{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/historyculture/pioneersettlement.htm|title=Pioneer Settlements|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=April 12, 2017}}</ref>
===Land development and conservation===
{{main|Draining and development of the Everglades}}
[[File:Everglades Canal lock.jpg|thumb|A [[canal lock]] being constructed in the Everglades in 1906]]
Several attempts were made to drain and develop the Everglades in the 1880s. The first canals built in the Everglades did little harm to the ecosystem, as they were unable to drain much of it.<ref>Robertson, p. 82.</ref> [[Napoleon Bonaparte Broward]] based the majority of his 1904 campaign for governor on how drainage would create "The Empire of the Everglades".<ref>Douglas, p. 312.</ref> Broward ordered the drainage that took place between 1905 and 1910, and it was successful enough that land developers sold tracts for $30 per acre, settling the town of [[Davie, Florida|Davie]], and developing regions in [[Lee County, Florida|Lee]] and Dade counties. The canals also cleared water that made way for agricultural fields growing [[sugarcane]].<ref>Douglas, p. 318.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evergladesonline.com/50years/swamp.htm |title=Swampland for sale |access-date=January 23, 2008 |work=The Everglade Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304171918/http://www.evergladesonline.com/50years/swamp.htm |archive-date=March 4, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In the 1920s, a population boom in South Florida created the [[Florida land boom of the 1920s|Florida land boom]], which was described by author Michael Grunwald as "insanity".<ref>Grunwald, p. 178.</ref> Land was sold before any homes or structures were built on it and in some cases before any plans for construction were in place. New landowners, eager to make good on their investments, hastily constructed homes and small towns on recently drained land. Mangrove trees on the coasts were taken down for better views and replaced with shallow-rooted palm trees. The [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] began construction on larger canals to control the rising waters in the Everglades. Nevertheless, Lake Okeechobee continued to rise and fall, the region was covered with rain, and city planners continued to battle the water. The [[1926 Miami Hurricane]] caused Lake Okeechobee [[levee]]s to fail; hundreds of people south of the lake drowned. Two years later, the [[1928 Okeechobee Hurricane]] claimed 2,500 lives when Lake Okeechobee once again surged over its levees. Politicians who declared the Everglades uninhabitable were silenced when a four-story wall, the [[Herbert Hoover Dike]], was built around Lake Okeechobee. This wall effectively cut off the water source from the Everglades.<ref>Grunwald, p. 195.</ref>
Following the wall's construction, South Florida endured a drought severe enough to cause serious wildfires in 1939. The influx of humans had a detrimental effect on the plants and animals of the region when melaleuca trees (''[[Melaleuca quinquenervia]]'') were introduced to help with drainage, along with [[Casuarinaceae|Australian pine]]s brought in by developers as [[windbreak]]s. The region's timber was devastated for lumber supplies. Alligators, birds, frogs, and fish were hunted on a large scale. Entire rookeries of wading birds were shot to collect their plumes, which were used in women's hats in the early 20th century.<ref>Tebeau (1963), pp. 131–132</ref> The largest impact people had on the region was the diversion of water away from the Everglades. Canals were deepened and widened, and water levels fell dramatically, causing chaos in [[food web]]s.<ref>Grunwald, pp. 201–203.</ref> Salt water replaced fresh water in the canals, and by 1997 scientists noticed that salt water was seeping into the Biscayne Aquifer, South Florida's water source.<ref>{{cite news |last=Richey|first=Warren|date=September 3, 1997|title=Reviving Florida's Fragile 'River of Grass'|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|page=4}}</ref>
In the 1940s, [[Marjory Stoneman Douglas]], a freelance writer and former reporter for ''[[The Miami Herald]]'', began to research the Everglades for an assignment about the [[Miami River (Florida)|Miami River]]. She studied the land and water for five years and published ''[[The Everglades: River of Grass]]'' in 1947, describing the area in great detail, including a chapter on its disappearance. She wrote: "What had been a river of grass and sweet water that had given meaning and life and uniqueness to this enormous geography through centuries in which man had no place here was made, in one chaotic gesture of greed and ignorance and folly, a river of fire."<ref>Douglas, p. 375</ref> The book has sold 500,000 copies since its publication, and Douglas's continued dedication to ecology conservation earned her the nicknames "Grand Dame of the Everglades", "Grandmother of the Everglades" and "the anti-Christ" for her singular focus at the expense of some political interests.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Davis|first=Jack E.|year=2003|title='Conservation is now a dead word': Marjory Stoneman Douglas and the transformation of American environmentalism |journal=Environmental History |volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–76|doi=10.2307/3985972|jstor=3985972|s2cid=145203614}}</ref> She founded and served as president for an organization called Friends of the Everglades, initially intended to protest the construction of a proposed Big Cypress jetport in 1968. Successful in that confrontation, the organization has grown to over 4,000 members, committed to the preservation of the Everglades.<ref>{{cite news|last=Klinkenberg|first=Jeff|date=February 9, 1992|title=Marjory Stoneman Douglas, 101: Grande Dame of the Everglades|work=[[St. Petersburg Times]]|location=Florida|page=1F}}</ref> She wrote and spoke about the importance of the Everglades until her death at age 108 in 1998.
==Park history==
{{Further|Ernest F. Coe}}
[[File:Cape Sable by Sentinel-2.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Cape Sable]] seen from Sentinel-2 Satellite]]
Floridians hoping to preserve at least part of the Everglades began to express their concern over diminishing resources in the early 20th century. [[Royal Palm State Park]] was created in 1916 and protected Paradise Key; it included several trails and a visitor center several miles from [[Homestead, Florida|Homestead]]. Miami-based naturalists first proposed that the area become a national park in 1923. Five years later, the Florida state legislature established the Tropical Everglades National Park Commission to study the formation of a protected area.<ref name=grunwald208209/> The commission was led by [[Ernest F. Coe]], a land developer turned conservationist, who was eventually nicknamed Father of Everglades National Park.<ref>Clement, Gail. [http://everglades.fiu.edu/reclaim/bios/coe.htm Everglades Biographies: Ernest F. Coe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127014507/http://everglades.fiu.edu/reclaim/bios/coe.htm |date=November 27, 2020 }}, Everglades Digital Library. Retrieved on July 6, 2009.</ref> Coe's original plan for the park included more than {{convert|2000000|acre|sqmi km2|1}} including [[Key Largo, Florida|Key Largo]] and [[Big Cypress National Preserve|Big Cypress]], and his unwillingness to compromise almost prevented the park's creation. Various other interests, including land developers and sport hunters, demanded that the size of the park be decreased.<ref name=grunwald208209>Grunwald, pp. 208–209.</ref>
The commission was also tasked with proposing a method to raise the money to purchase the land.<ref name="Tebeau 1963, p. 137">Tebeau (1963), p. 137.</ref> The search coincided with the arrival of the [[Great Depression]] in the United States, and money for land purchase was scarce.<ref name=klinkenberg>{{cite news|last=Klinkenberg |first=Jeff|date=December 7, 1997|title=50 Years of Everglades National Park|work=St. Petersburg Times |location=Floridapage=1A}}</ref> The [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] authorized the creation of the new national park on May 30, 1934, but the Act (HR 2837),<ref>An act to provide for the establishment of the Everglades National Park in the State of Florida and for other purposes, [https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/73rd-congress/session-2/c73s2ch371.pdf H.R. 2837], 73rd Cong. (1934).</ref> which permanently reserved lands donated by public or private donation as wilderness, passed only with a rider that ensured no money would be allotted to the project for at least five years.<ref name="Tebeau 1963, p. 137"/> Coe's passion and [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] [[Spessard Holland]]'s politicking helped to fully establish the park, after Holland was able to negotiate {{convert|1300000|acre|sqmi km2|1}} of the park, leaving out Big Cypress, Key Largo, the [[Turner River Site|Turner River area]], and a {{convert|22000|acre|sqmi km2|1|adj=on}} tract of land called "The Hole in the Donut" that was too highly valued for agriculture. ''Miami Herald'' editor John Pennekamp was instrumental in pushing the Florida Legislature to raise $2 million to purchase the private land inside the park boundaries.<ref>Grunwald, pp. 212–214</ref> It was dedicated by President [[Harry Truman]] on December 6, 1947, one month after Marjory Stoneman Douglas's book ''The Everglades: River of Grass'' was released.<ref>Grunwald, pp. 206–215</ref> The same year, several tropical storms struck South Florida, prompting the construction of {{convert|1400|mi|km}} of canals, sending water unwanted by farmers and residents to the ocean.<ref name=klinkenberg/>
[[File:Everglades Pinelands.jpg|thumb|left|The park protects the last stands of pine rockland in Florida.]]
The [[Central and Southern Florida Flood Control Project]] (C&SF) was authorized by Congress to construct more than one thousand miles of canals and flood control structures across South Florida. The C&SF, run by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, established an agricultural area directly south of Lake Okeechobee, and three water conservation areas, all bordered by canals that diverted excess water either to urban areas or into the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico or Florida Bay. South of these manmade regions was Everglades National Park, which had been effectively cut off from its water supply. By the 1960s, the park was visibly suffering. The C&SF was directed to provide enough water to sustain the park; it did not follow through.<ref>Grunwald, p. 252.</ref> A proposed airport that would have [[Environmental Impact of the Big Cypress Swamp Jetport|dire environmental effects]] on Everglades National Park became the center of a battle that helped to initiate the environmental movement into local and national politics. The airport proposal was eventually abandoned, and in 1972 a bill was introduced to curb development in South Florida and ensure the national park would receive the amount of water it needed. Efforts turned to repairing the damage wrought by decades of mismanagement: the Army Corps of Engineers changed its focus in 1990 from constructing dams and canals to constructing "purely environmental projects".<ref>Grunwald, pp. 275–276.</ref>
Regions originally included in Ernest Coe's vision for a national park were slowly added over the years to the park or incorporated into other protected areas: [[Biscayne National Park]], [[Big Cypress National Preserve]], [[John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park]] on Key Largo, [[Ten Thousand Islands]] National Wildlife Refuge, and [[Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary]] were all protected after the park's opening in 1947. Everglades National Park was designated an [[International Biosphere Reserve]] on October 26, 1976. On November 10, 1978, {{convert|1,296,500|acre|sqmi km2|1}}, about 86% of the park, was declared a [[National Wilderness Preservation System|wilderness area]]. It was renamed the Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness in 1997.<ref name="area"/> It was listed as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] on October 24, 1979, and as a [[Ramsar Convention|Wetland of International Importance]] on June 4, 1987.<ref name="parkstats"/> It was placed on the [[List of World Heritage in Danger]] from 1993 until 2007 and then again in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage Committee inscribes Everglades National Park on List of World Heritage in Danger|access-date=March 24, 2012|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/638}}</ref> The park was added again due to the continued degradation of the set causing significant indications of eutrophication (for example algal blooms) negatively impacting the marine life causing the US government to request UNESCO and IUCN for assistance in development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2010/07/346462-everglades-returns-unesco-list-global-heritage-sites-danger|title = Everglades returns to UNESCO list of global heritage sites in danger|date = July 30, 2010}}</ref>
===Restoration efforts===
{{Further|Restoration of the Everglades}}
[[File:Little Blue Heron - Egretta caerulea, Anhinga Trail, Everglades National Park, Homestead, Florida.jpg|thumb|A [[little blue heron]] hunting in water near the [[Anhinga Trail]]]]
President [[George H. W. Bush]] signed the Everglades National Park Protection and Expansion Act on December 13, 1989, that added {{convert|109506|acre|sqmi km2|1}} to the eastern side of the park, closed the park to [[airboat]]s, directed the Department of the Army to restore water to improve the ecosystems within Everglades National Park, and "Direct(ed) the [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] to manage the Park in order to maintain the natural abundance, diversity, and ecological integrity of native plants and animals, as well as the behavior of native animals, as part of their ecosystem."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/archive/ever/presskit/legislat.htm |title=Legislative Direction: Everglades National Park |publisher=National Park Service |year=2002 |access-date=November 21, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206032941/https://www.nps.gov/archive/ever/presskit/legislat.htm |archive-date=December 6, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bush remarked in his statement when signing the act, "Through this legislation that river of grass may now be restored to its natural flow of water".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=17941|last=Bush|first=George H. W.|author-link=George H. W. Bush|title=Statement on Signing the Everglades National Park Protection and Expansion Act of 1989|date=December 13, 1989|access-date=November 21, 2007}}</ref>
In 2000, [[United States Congress|Congress]] approved the [[Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan]] (CERP), a federal effort to restore the Everglades with the objectives of "restoration, preservation and protection of the south Florida ecosystem while providing for other water-related needs of the region",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evergladesplan.org/facts_info/faqs_cerp.aspx |title=FAQs: What you should know about the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) |year=2002 |access-date=December 3, 2007 |publisher=[[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027024249/http://www.evergladesplan.org/facts_info/faqs_cerp.aspx |archive-date=October 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and claiming to be the largest environmental restoration in history. It was a controversial plan; detractors worried that it "relies on uncertain technologies, overlooks water quality, subsidizes damaging growth and delays its environmental benefits".<ref name=postgrunwald>{{cite news|last=Grunwald|first=Michael |date=June 26, 2002|title=Among Environmentalists, the Great Divide|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|page=A13}}</ref> Supporters of the plan included the [[National Audubon Society]], who were accused by Friends of the Everglades and the Biodiversity Legal Foundation of prioritizing agricultural and business interests.<ref name=postgrunwald/>
[[File:Anhinga crop.jpg|upright|thumb|left|The namesake of [[Anhinga]] Trail dries its feathers]]
CERP projects are designed to capture {{convert|1.7|e9USgal|m3}} of fresh water every day, store it in underground reservoirs, and release the water to areas within 16 counties in South Florida. Approximately {{convert|35600|acre|sqmi km2|1}} of man-made wetlands are to be constructed to confine contaminated water before it is released to the Everglades, and {{convert|240|mi|km}} of canals that divert water away from the Everglades are to be destroyed.<ref>CERP (May 2006). "Fact Sheet: The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP)." The Journey to Restore America's Everglades.</ref> During the first five years of implementation, CERP was responsible for the purchase of {{convert|207000|acre|sqmi km2|1}} of land at a cost of $1 billion. The plan aims to spend $10.5 billion over 30 years, combining 50 different projects and giving them 5-year timelines.<ref>CERP (2005). "The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan: The first 5 years." The Journey to Restore America's Everglades.</ref> <!-- NEED MORE RECENT DATA; THIS IS 10 YEARS OLD The State of Florida has invested more than $2 billion into restoring the Everglades, but the funds have not been matched by the U.S. government.<ref>[http://www.dep.state.fl.us/evergladesforever/ Restoring the River of Grass], Florida Department of Environmental Protection (2006). Retrieved May 24, 2008.</ref> As of June 2008, the U.S. government has spent only $400 million of the $7.8 billion legislated.<ref>June 9, 2008. [http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/opinion/sfl-editafpicayunesbjun09,0,2043626.story "Picayune Strand a model for what Everglades restoration will mean"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621044535/http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/opinion/sfl-editafpicayunesbjun09%2C0%2C2043626.story |date=June 21, 2008 }} ''South Florida Sun-Sentinel|Sun-Sentinel '' (Ft. Lauderdale, Florida).</ref> Initiatives that could aid Everglades restoration include the U.S. Sugar Land Corp transaction, the C-111 spreader canal and the Tamiami Trail bridging. These projects are supported by groups such as the [[Everglades Foundation]], whose mission is to aid in the efforts of saving America's Everglades for future generations.<ref>South Florida Water Management District. [http://my.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/xweb%20protecting%20and%20restoring/other%20everglades Northern Everglades and Estuaries Protection Program.] Retrieved July 23, 2010.</ref> In spite of this, Everglades National Park was removed in 2007 from the List of World Heritage in Danger.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/76|title=Everglades National Park|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=December 3, 2007}}</ref> It was listed again on the List of World Heritage in Danger in 2010.<ref>Jansen, Bart (August 3, 2010).[http://www.news-press.com/article/20100803/GREEN/8030340/1007/RSS0105 "Everglades deemed again in danger"]{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} News-Press.com</ref> The [[United States National Research Council|National Research Council]] reported in September 2008 that no CERP projects had been completed, and the lack of progress on water deliveries to Everglades National Park "is one of the most discouraging stories in Everglades restoration".<ref name="nrc2008">[http://dels.nas.edu/dels/rpt_briefs/everglades_brief_final.pdf "Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: Second Biennial Review (Brief)"], National Research Council (September 2008).</ref> -->
Everglades National Park was directly hit by Hurricanes [[Hurricane Katrina|Katrina]], [[Hurricane Wilma|Wilma]], and [[Hurricane Rita|Rita]] in 2005. Such storms are a natural part of the park's ecosystem; 1960's [[Hurricane Donna]] left nothing in the mangroves but "standing dead snags" several miles wide, but 30 years later the area had completely recovered.<ref name="Robertson, p. 9"/> Predictably, what suffered the most in the park from the 2005 hurricanes were man-made structures. In 2009 the visitor center and lodge at Flamingo were irreparably damaged by {{convert|125|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} winds and an {{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[storm surge]]; the lodge had been functioning for 50 years when it was torn down; nothing is slated to replace it.<ref>Morgan, Curtis (March 23, 2009). "Landmark Hotel in Everglades Now Pile of Rubble", ''The Miami Herald'', State and Regional News.</ref>
===Park economics===
Everglades National Park reported in 2005 a budget of over $28 million. Of that, $14.8 million was granted from the National Park Service and $13.5 million from various sources including CERP, donations, and other grants.<ref name=annual>Everglades National Park/Dry Tortugas National Park: Superintendent's Annual Report (2005)</ref> The entry fee for private vehicles in 2021 is $30. Of the nearly one million visitors to Everglades National Park in 2006, more than 38,000 were overnight campers, paying $16 a night or $10 a night for backcountry permits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/feesandreservations.htm |title=Fees & Reservations|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=December 6, 2007}}</ref> Visitors spent $2.6 million<ref name=annual/> within the park and $48 million in local economies.<ref name="econ"/> More than 900 jobs were sustained or created within or by the park, and the park added value of $35 million to local economies.<ref name=econ>Stynes, Daniel (November 2007). "National Park Visitor Spending and Payroll Impacts 2006." U.S. Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resource Studies; Michigan State University; and National Park Service Social Science Program.</ref>
=== Leadership and administration ===
Everglades National Park has had 19 superintendents since it was dedicated in 1947. The park's first superintendent, Daniel Beard (1947-1958), was also its longest-serving. After Superintendent Beard, Warren F. Hamilton served between 1958 and 1963, followed by Stanley C. Joseph (1963-1966), Roger W. Allin (1966-1968), John C. Raftery (1968-1970), Joseph Brown (1970-1971), Jack E. Stark (1971-1976), John M. Good (1976-1980), John M. Morehead (1980-1986), Marueen E. Finnerty (Acting Superintendent, 1986), Michael V. Finley (1986-1989), Robert L. Arnberger (Acting Superintendent, 1989), Robert S. Chandler (1989-1992), Dick Ring (1992-2000), Marueen E. Finnerty (2000-2003), Dan Kimball (2004-2014), Shawn Benge (Acting Superintendent, 2014), Bob Krumenaker (Acting Superintendent, 2014-2015), and finally Pedro Ramos, who was appointed in 2015 and continues to serve.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Park Service: Historic Listings of NPS Officials|url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/tolson/histlist7e.htm|website=www.nps.gov|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shawn Benge Appointed Acting Superintendent - Everglades National Park (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/news/shawnbengeactingsuperintendentpr.htm|last=Everglades National Park|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bob Krumenaker Appointed Acting Superintendent - Everglades National Park (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/news/new-acting-supt-krumenaker.htm|last=Everglades National Park|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pedro Ramos Selected as New Superintendent - Everglades National Park (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/news/pedro-ramos-selected-as-new-superintendent.htm|last=Everglades National Park|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref>
The park was placed into Administrative Region I in 1937, when the regions were first established. Region I was retitled the Southeast Region in 1962, which was restructured into the Southeast Area in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Administrative Histories {{!}} Park History Program|url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/HISNPS/NPSHistory/adminhistory.htm|website=www.nps.gov|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref> The reorganized unified Interior regions put it in the new Region 2.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What We Do (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/index.htm|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref>
==Activities==
The busiest season for visitors is from December to March, when temperatures are lowest and mosquitoes are least active. The park features five visitor centers: on the Tamiami Trail (part of [[U.S. Route 41 in Florida|U.S. Route 41]]) directly west of Miami is the ''[[Shark Valley]] Visitor Center''. A fifteen-mile (24 km) round trip path leads from this center to a two-story observation tower. Tram tours are available during the busy season. Closest to [[Homestead, Florida|Homestead]] on State Road 9336 is the ''Ernest F. Coe Visitor Center'', where a {{convert|38|mi|km|adj=on}} road begins, winding through pine rockland, cypress, freshwater marl prairie, coastal prairie, and mangrove ecosystems. Various hiking trails are accessible from the road, which runs to the ''Flamingo Visitor Center'' and marina, open and staffed during the busier time of the year. The ''Gulf Coast Visitor Center'' is closest to [[Everglades City, Florida|Everglades City]] on [[Florida State Road 29|State Road 29]] along the west coast. The Gulf Coast Visitor Center gives canoers access to the [[The Everglades Wilderness Waterway|Wilderness Waterway]], a 99-mile (160 km) canoe trail that extends to the Flamingo Visitor Center.<ref name="brochure"/> The former [[Royal Palm State Park]] was the site of the first Everglades National Park visitor center and later became the ''Royal Palm Visitor Center'' within the park.<ref name=VIS>{{cite web |last1=Markos |first1=Stevn L |title=Royal Palm Visitor Center |url=https://npplan.com/parks-by-state/florida-national-parks/everglades-national-park-park-at-a-glance/everglades-national-park-royal-palm-area/ |website=National Park Planner |publisher=National Park Planner |access-date=10 February 2023}}</ref>
The western coast of the park and the [[Ten Thousand Islands]] and the various key islands in Florida Bay are accessible only by boat.
===Trails===
[[File:Anhingatrail.jpg|thumb|right|A view of vast [[Cladium|sawgrass]] expanse north of the [[Anhinga Trail]] gives visitors an opportunity to see a freshwater slough up close.]]
Several walking trails in the park vary in hiking difficulty on Pine Island, where visitors can cross hardwood hammocks, pinelands, and freshwater sloughs. Starting at the Royal Palm Visitor Center, the Anhinga Trail is a half-mile self-guided tour through a sawgrass marsh where visitors can see alligators, marsh and wading birds, turtles, and bromeliads. Its proximity to Homestead and its accessibility makes it one of the most visited sites in the park. The nearby Gumbo Limbo Trail is also self-guided, at half-mile long. It loops through a canopy of hardwood hammocks that include gumbo limbo (''[[Bursera simaruba]]''), royal palms (''[[Roystonea]]''), strangler figs (''[[Ficus aurea]]''), and a variety of epiphytes.<ref>Hammer, pp. 28–32.</ref>
Twenty-eight miles (45 km) of trails start near the Long Pine Key campgrounds and wind through Long Pine Key, well-suited for [[offroad cycling]] through the pine rocklands in the Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness Area. Two boardwalks allow visitors to walk through a cypress forest at Pa-Hay-O-Kee, which also features a two-story overlook, and another at Mahogany Hammock (referring to ''[[Swietenia mahagoni]]'') that takes hikers through a dense forest in the middle of a freshwater marl prairie.<ref>Hammer, pp. 40–53.</ref> Closer to Flamingo, more rugged trails take visitors through mangrove swamps, along Florida Bay. Christian Point Trail, Snake [[bight (geography)|Bight]] Trail, Rowdy Bend Trail and Coastal Prairie Trail allow viewing of shorebirds and wading birds among the mangroves. Portions of the trails may be impassable depending on the time of year, because of mosquitoes and water levels. Ranger-led tours take place in the busier season only.<ref>Hammer, pp. 64–69.</ref>
===Camping and recreation===
Camping is available year-round in Everglades National Park. Camping with some services is available at Long Pine Key, close to the Ernest F. Coe Visitor Center, where 108 sites are accessible by car. Near Flamingo, 234 campsites with some services are also available. [[Recreational vehicle]] camping is available at these sites, but not with all necessary services. Back-country permits are required for campsites along the Wilderness Waterway, Gulf Coast sites, and sites in the various keys. Several back-country sites are [[chickee]]s; others are beach and ground sites.<ref>Hammer, pp. 33–35, 100–104, 147.</ref>
Low-powered motorboats are allowed in the park; the majority of salt water areas are [[Wake (physics)|no-wake zone]]s to protect manatees and other marine animals from harm. [[Jet ski]]s, airboats, and other motorized personal watercraft are prohibited. Many trails allow kayaks and canoes. A state license is required for fishing. Fresh water licenses are not sold in the park, but a salt water license may be available. Swimming is not recommended within the park boundaries; water moccasins, snapping turtles (''[[Chelydra serpentina]]''), alligators, and crocodiles thrive in fresh water. Sharks, barracuda, and sharp dangerous coral are plentiful in salt water. Visibility is low in both salt water and fresh water areas.<ref>Hammer, pp. 22–23, 25–26.</ref>
Everglades National Park is an important part of the [[Great Florida Birding Trail]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://floridabirdingtrail.com/trail/trail-sections/south-section/everglades-np-main-entrance/ |title=Everglades National Park: Main Entrance |work=Great Florida Birding and Wildlife Trail |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007045019/http://floridabirdingtrail.com/index.php/trip/trail/Everglades_National_Park_Main_Entrance |archive-date=October 7, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It has great biodiversity and many species of birds for bird watching and bird photography also.
<gallery mode="packed">
Everglades Campground at Flamingo.jpg|The campground at Flamingo
Rynchops_niger-flock.jpg|[[Black skimmer]]s at Flamingo campground
</gallery>
===Dark skies site===
[[File:Milky Way from Everglades National Park April, 2018.jpg|thumb|upright|Twenty second exposure of the Milky Way from the road to [[Flamingo, Monroe County, Florida|Flamingo]]]]
Portions of Everglades National Park are ideal for dark sky observations in South Florida.<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/nature/lightscape.htm "Lightscape / Night Sky"]. National Park Service. July 27, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2018.</ref><ref>[http://www.ournationalparks.us/south_florida/everglades/everglades_offers_ideal_location_to_view_night_sky/ "Everglades are ideal to view night sky"]. December 4, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2018.</ref> The best viewing locations are in the remote southern and western areas of the Everglades, such as [[Flamingo, Monroe County, Florida|Flamingo]] and the [[Ten Thousand Islands]]. The Milky Way appears brightest when looking south, toward the least light-polluted areas.<ref>[https://darksitefinder.com/maps/world.html#9/25.2844/-81.1368 "Light Pollution Map - Dark Site Finder"]. Retrieved October 29, 2018.</ref>
==Threats to the park and ecology==
===Diversion and quality of water===
[[File:Great Egret (2), NPSPhoto, R. Cammauf (1) (9101528256).jpg|thumb|[[Bromeliaceae|Bromeliads]] flourish on [[Taxodium distichum|bald cypress]] trees as a [[great egret]] hunts in the water]]
Less than 50 percent of the Everglades which existed prior to drainage attempts remains intact today. Populations of wading birds dwindled 90 percent from their original numbers between the 1940s and 2000s.<ref>Grunwald, p. 202.</ref> The diversion of water to South Florida's still-growing metropolitan areas is the Everglades National Park's number one threat. In the 1950s and 1960s, {{convert|1400|mi|km}} of canals and levees, 150 gates and spillways, and 16 pumping stations were constructed to direct water toward cities and away from the Everglades. Low levels of water leave fish vulnerable to reptiles and birds, and as sawgrass dries it can burn or die off, which in turn kills apple snails and other animals that wading birds feed upon.<ref name="brochure">National Park Service (2005). "Everglades." (Brochure)</ref> Populations of birds fluctuate; in 2009, the South Florida Water Management District claimed wading birds across South Florida increased by 335 percent.<ref>SFWMD (2010), p. 6-1.</ref> Following three years of increasing numbers, ''The Miami Herald'' reported in 2009 that populations of wading birds within the park decreased by 29 percent.<ref>Sessa, Whitney (March 1, 2009). "Taking A Dive: The Wading Bird Population at Everglades National Park Dropped by 29 Percent in 2008 ...", ''The Miami Herald'', State and Regional News.</ref>
Cities along the west coast of Florida rely on [[desalinization]] for fresh water; the quantity demanded is too great for the land to provide. [[Nitrate]]s in the underground water system and high levels of [[mercury (element)|mercury]] also impact the quality of fresh water the park receives.<ref name=brochure/> In 1998, a Florida panther was found dead in Shark Water Slough, with levels of mercury high enough to kill a human.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.p2pays.org/ref%5C01/00337.htm|title=Florida's mercury menace|last=Stephenson|first=Frank|year=1998|work=Florida State University Research in Review|access-date=November 20, 2007|archive-date=March 5, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305032820/http://www.p2pays.org/ref%5C01/00337.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Increased occurrences of [[algal bloom]]s and [[red tide]] in [[Biscayne Bay]] and Florida Bay have been traced to the amounts of controlled water released from Lake Okeechobee.<ref>{{cite news|last=Morgan|first=Curtis|date=September 24, 2006|title=Mass of green algae is creeping into Biscayne Bay|work=The Miami Herald|location=Florida}} Domestic News.</ref> The brochure given to visitors at Everglades National Park includes a statement that reads, "Freshwater flowing into the park is engineered. With the help of pumps, floodgates, and retention ponds along the park's boundary, the Everglades is presently on life support, alive but diminished."<ref name=brochure/>
===Urban encroachment===
A series of levees on the park's eastern border marks the line between urban and protected areas, but development into these areas threatens the park system. Florida still attracts nearly a thousand new residents every day,<ref>[http://www.flchamber.com/did-you-know-that-floridas-population-could-increase-to-nearly-26-million-by-2030/ Florida's population could increase to nearly 26 million by 2030]</ref> and building residential, commercial and industrial zones near Everglades National Park stresses the water balance and ecosystems within the park. On the park's western border, [[Fort Myers]], [[Naples, Florida|Naples]], and [[Cape Coral]] are expanding, but no system of levees exists to mark that border.<ref>Grunwald, pp. 363–366</ref> ''[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]'' rated both Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve the lowest-scoring parks in North America, at 32 out of 100. Their scoring system rated 55 parks by their [[sustainable tourism]], destination quality, and park management. The experts who compiled the results justified the score by stating: "Encroachment by housing and retail development has thrown the precious ecosystem into a tailspin, and if humankind doesn't back off, there will be nothing left of one of this country's most amazing treasures".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0627_050627_bestparks.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050630005529/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0627_050627_bestparks.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 30, 2005|title=Surprise finds top list of best national parks|last=Hamashige|first=Hope|date=July 27, 2005|work=National Geographic News|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|access-date=November 20, 2007}}</ref>
===Endangered and threatened animals===
[[File:Everglades American Crocodile.jpg|thumb|The [[American crocodile]] has notable differences from the alligator. Habitat destruction and vehicle collisions are some of the largest threats it experiences.]]
Thirty-six federally protected animals live in the park, some of which face grave threats to their survival.
In the United States, the [[American crocodile]]'s only habitat is within South Florida. They were once overhunted for their hides. They are protected today from hunting but are still threatened by habitat destruction and injury from vehicle collisions when crossing roads to reach waterways. About 2,000 crocodiles live in Florida, and there are roughly 100 nests in the Everglades and [[Biscayne National Park]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://crocdoc.ifas.ufl.edu/publications/factsheets/crocodileindicator.pdf |title= American crocodile |publisher= University of Florida |access-date= March 21, 2018}}</ref> Crocodiles populations in South Florida have increased as has the number of alligators. Crocodiles were reclassified from "endangered" to "threatened" in the United States in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|last=Morgan|first=Curtis|date=March 20, 2007|title=Crocodiles remain rare but are no longer endangered|work=The Miami Herald|location=Florida}} Domestic News.</ref>
The [[Florida panther]] is one of the most endangered mammals on earth. About 230 live in the wild, primarily in the Everglades and the Big Cypress Swamp.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/southeast/news/2017/02/florida-panther-population-estimate-updated/|title=Florida panther|publisher=Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission|access-date=March 21, 2018}}</ref> The biggest threats to the panther include habitat destruction from human development, vehicle collisions, [[inbreeding]] due to their limited gene pool, parasites, diseases, and [[mercury poisoning]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenders.org/florida-panther/basic-facts|title=Florida panther|publisher=Defenders of Wildlife|access-date=April 12, 2017}}</ref>
Four Everglade species of sea turtle including the Atlantic green sea turtle, the Atlantic [[Hawksbill sea turtle|hawksbill]], the Atlantic loggerhead (''[[Caretta caretta]]''), and the Atlantic ridley (''[[Lepidochelys kempii]]'') are endangered. Also, the leatherback sea turtle (''[[Dermochelys coriacea]]'') is threatened. Numbers are difficult to determine, since males and juveniles do not return to their birthplace; females lay eggs in the same location every year. Habitat loss, illegal [[poaching]], and destructive fishing practices are the biggest threats to these animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenders.org/sea-turtles/basic-facts|title=Sea turtles |publisher=Defenders of Wildlife|access-date=April 12, 2017}}</ref>
The range of the [[Cape Sable seaside sparrow]] is restricted to Everglades National Park and the Big Cypress Swamp.<ref>[http://www.evergladesplan.org/facts_info/sywtkma_sparrow.aspx So you Want to Know More About ... Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305093904/http://www.evergladesplan.org/facts_info/sywtkma_sparrow.aspx |date=March 5, 2008 }} Retrieved February 12, 2008.</ref> In 1981 6,656 Cape Sable seaside sparrows were reported in park boundaries, but surveys over 10 years documented a decline to an estimated 2,624 birds by 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/birds/songbirds/cape-sable-seaside-sparrow/|title=Species Spotlight: Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|access-date=November 21, 2007|archive-date=April 21, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421054412/http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/birds/songbirds/cape-sable-seaside-sparrow/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Attempts to return natural levels of water to the park have been controversial; Cape Sable seaside sparrows nest about a foot off the ground, and rising water levels may harm future populations, as well as threaten the locally endangered [[snail kite]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Morgan|first=Curtis|date=November 1, 2006|title=Officials move to protect Fla. habitat of endangered bird|work=The Miami Herald|location=Florida}} Domestic News.</ref> The Everglades snail kite eats [[apple snail]]s almost exclusively, and the Everglades is the only location in the United States where this [[bird of prey]] exists. There is some evidence that the population may be increasing, but the loss of habitat and food sources keep the estimated number of these birds at several hundred.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enature.com/fieldguides/detail.asp?recnum=BD0105|title=Snail Kite Rostrhamus sociabilis|publisher=Enature.com|access-date=November 21, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305042718/http://www.enature.com/fieldguides/detail.asp?recnum=BD0105|archive-date=March 5, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
The [[West Indian manatee]] has been upgraded from endangered to threatened. Collisions with boats and habitat loss are still its biggest threats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenders.org/wildlife_and_habitat/wildlife/manatee.php |title=Florida manatee |publisher=Defenders of Wildlife |access-date=January 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220103207/http://defenders.org/wildlife_and_habitat/wildlife/manatee.php |archive-date=February 20, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Drought, fire, and rising sea levels===
Fire naturally occurs after lightning storms but takes its heaviest toll when water levels are low. Hardwood hammock and cypress trees are susceptible to heavy damage from fire, and some may take decades to grow back.<ref name=brochure/> [[Peat]] built up over centuries in the marsh can cause fires to burn deep scars in the soil. In 2007, Fred Sklar of the [[South Florida Water Management District]] said: "An extreme drought can be viewed (as) almost as catastrophic as a volcano. It can reshape the entire landscape. It can take 1,000 years to produce two inches of peat, and you can lose those couple of inches in a week."<ref>{{cite news|last=Morgan|first=Curtis |date=April 12, 2007|title=Drought could cripple Everglades' life|work=The Miami Herald|location=Florida}} Domestic News.</ref>
Rising sea levels caused by [[global warming]] are another threat to the future of the park. Since 1932, ocean levels at [[Key West]] have steadily risen over {{convert|0.7|ft|m|1}}, which could have disastrous consequences for land so close to the ocean.<ref>Lodge, p.100.</ref> It is estimated that within 500 years freshwater habitats in the Everglades National Park will be obliterated by salt water, leaving only the northernmost portion of the Everglades. Cost estimates for raising or replacing the Tamiami Trail and [[Alligator Alley]] with bridges are in the hundreds of millions of dollars.<ref>Lodge, p.254.</ref>
Through Trump Administration, The Florida Department of Transportation, and Everglades National Park, there are plans to execute and complete the Next Steps project to help fix these various water issues, along with other parts of the park. This completion plan was announced in September 2020, will begin November 2020, and should be done by the end of 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contract Awarded for Completion of Tamiami Trail Next Steps Project |url=https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1207/contract-awarded-for-completion-of-tamiami-trail-next-steps-project.htm |website=NPS |access-date=7 October 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
===Non-native species===
{{Further|List of invasive species in the Everglades|Burmese pythons in Florida}}
[[File:Gator and Python.jpg|thumb|A struggle between a [[Burmese python]] and an [[American alligator|alligator]]]]
The introduction of non-native species into South Florida is a considerable problem for the park. Many of the biological controls such as weather, disease, and consumers who naturally limit plants in their native environments do not exist in the Everglades, causing many to grow larger and multiply far beyond their average numbers in their native habitats. Approximately 26 percent of all fish, reptiles, birds, and mammal species in South Florida are exotic—more than in any other part of the U.S.—and the region hosts one of the highest numbers of exotic plant species in the world.<ref>Ferriter, ''et al.'' (2004), p. 1.</ref>
Species that adapt the most aggressively to conditions in the Everglades, by spreading quickly or competing with native species that sometimes are threatened or endangered, are called "invasive". Thousands of exotic plant species have been observed in South Florida, usually introduced as ornamental landscaping, but park staff must eradicate such invasive plants as melaleuca tree (''[[Melaleuca quinquenervia]]''), Brazilian pepper (''[[Schinus terebinthifolius]]''), and Old World climbing fern (''[[Lygodium microphyllum]]'').<ref>Rodgers, et al., pp. 9–2.</ref> Similarly, animals often do not find the predators or natural barriers to reproduction in the Everglades as they do where they originate, thus they often reproduce more quickly and efficiently. Lobate lac scale insects (''[[Paratachardina pseudolobata]]'') kill shrubs and other plants in hardwood hammocks. Bromeliad beetles (''[[Metamasius callizona]]'') destroy bromeliads and the ecosystems they host.<ref>Howard, F.W.; Pemberton, Robert; Hamon, Avas; Hodges, Greg; Steinberg, Bryan; Mannion, Catherine; McLean, David; Wofford, Jeannette (November 2002). [http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN47100.pdf Lobate Lac Scale, Paratachardina lobata lobata (Chamberlin) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Kerriidae)], University of Florida IFAS. Retrieved on February 3, 2010.</ref>
Walking catfish (''[[Clarias batrachus]]'') can deplete aquaculture stocks and they carry enteric septicemia.<ref>Brogan, Christine (September 30, 2003). [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Clarius_batrachus.html Walking Catfish (Clarius batrachus)], Columbia University Introduced Species Summary Project. Retrieved on February 17, 2010.</ref> The [[Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission]] (FWC) listed eight "Reptiles of Concern", including the Burmese python (''[[Python molurus bivittatus]]''), focusing on them for their large sizes and aggressive natures, allowing licensed hunters to kill any listed animals in protected areas and sell their meat and hides.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wctv.tv/home/headlines/84949187.html |title=FWC creates special season for capture and removal of reptiles of concern |publisher=[[Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission]]/[[WCTV]] |date=February 22, 2010 |access-date=February 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226134830/http://www.myfwc.com/NEWSROOM/10/south/News_10_S_ROC_SpecialSeason.htm |archive-date=February 26, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Rodgers, pp. 9–15.</ref> [[Burmese python]]s, two subspecies of African rock pythons (''[[Python sebae]]''; northern and southern), and yellow anacondas (''[[Eunectes notaeus]]'') were banned from import into the U.S. in 2012. [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] [[Ken Salazar]] announced the inclusion of these reptiles at Everglades National Park.<ref>Segal, Kim (January 17, 2012). [http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/17/us/florida-python-ban/index.html U.S. bans imports of 4 exotic snake species], CNN. Retrieved on January 17, 2012.</ref> Exotic species control falls under the management of the [[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]], which has been compiling and disseminating information about invasive species since 1994. Control of invasive species costs $500 million per year, but {{convert|1700000|acre|sqmi km2|1}} of land in South Florida remains infested.<ref name=invaders>[https://www.nps.gov/ever/naturescience/upload/2008%20Florida%20Invaders%20For%20Web.pdf Florida Invaders], National Park Service and Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Retrieved on February 3, 2010.</ref>
==See also==
*[[List of birds of Everglades National Park]]
*[[List of national parks of the United States]]
*[[Dry Tortugas National Park]]
*[[Environmental Impact of the Big Cypress Swamp Jetport]]
*[[HM-69|Nike Missile Site HM-69]]
*[[World Heritage Sites in Danger]]
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}
==Bibliography==
{{Colbegin}}
*Davis, Jack (2009), ''An Everglades Providence: Marjory Stoneman Douglas and the American Environmental Century'', University of Georgia Press (2009). {{ISBN|0-8203-3071-X}}
*[[Marjory Stoneman Douglas|Douglas, Marjory]] (1947). ''[[The Everglades: River of Grass]]''. Florida Classics Library. {{ISBN|0-912451-44-0}}
*Ferriter, Amy; Serbesoff-King, Kristina; Bodle, Mike; Goodyear, Carole; Doren, Bob; Langeland, Ken (2004). [https://my.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/pg_grp_sfwmd_sfer/portlet_prevreport/final/chapters/ch8e.pdf Chapter 8E: Exotic Species in the Everglades Protection Area], South Florida Water Management District
*Grunwald, Michael (2006). ''The Swamp: The Everglades, Florida, and the Politics of Paradise''. Simon & Schuster. {{ISBN|978-0-7432-5105-1}}
*Hammer, Roger (2005). ''Everglades National Park and the Surrounding Area: A Guide to Exploring the Great Outdoors'', Morris Book Publishing, LLC. {{ISBN|978-0-7627-3432-0}}
*Lodge, Thomas (2005). ''The Everglades Handbook: Understanding the Ecosystem''. CRC Press. {{ISBN|1-56670-614-9}}
*McCally, David (1999). ''The Everglades: An Environmental History''. University Press of Florida. {{ISBN|0-8130-2302-5}}
*Robertson, Jr. William (1989). ''Everglades: The Park Story.'' Florida National Parks & Monuments Association, Inc. {{ISBN|0-945142-01-3}}
*Rodgers, LeRoy; Bodle, Mike; Laroche, Francois (2010). [https://my.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/pg_grp_sfwmd_sfer/portlet_sfer/tab2236037/2010%20report/v1/chapters/v1_ch9.pdf Chapter 9: Status of Nonindigenous Species in the South Florida Environment], ''2010 South Florida Environmental Report'' (Volume I), South Florida Water Management District.
*South Florida Water Management District (2010). [https://my.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/pg_grp_sfwmd_sfer/portlet_sfer/tab2236037/2010%20report/v1/chapters/v1_ch6.pdf Chapter 6: Ecology of the Everglades Protection Area]. ''2010 South Florida Environmental Report: Volume I—The South Florida Environment''. Retrieved on May 26, 2010.
*[[Charlton W. Tebeau|Tebeau, Charlton W.]] (1955). ''The Story of the Chokoloskee Bay County and the Reminiscences of Pioneer C. S. "Ted" Smallwood'', University of Miami Press.
*Tebeau, Charlton W. (1963) ''They Lived in the Park: The Story of Man in the Everglades National Park'', University of Miami Press.
*Tebeau, Charlton W. (1968) ''Man in the Everglades'', University of Miami Press. {{ISBN|978-0-87024-073-7}}
*Whitney, Ellie et al., eds. (2004). ''Priceless Florida: Natural Ecosystems and Native Species'', Pineapple Press, Inc. {{ISBN|978-1-56164-309-7}}
{{Colend}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Category:Everglades National Park|b=no|n=no|q=no|s=no|v=no|voy=Everglades National Park|species=no|d=no}}
*{{Official website}}
* [https://artsandculture.google.com/story/PwXRePhnekHkHw Everglades National Park] UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070710101132/http://www.floridamemory.com/PhotographicCollection/photo_exhibits/everglades.cfm The Everglades in the Time of Marjory Stoneman Douglas] - photo exhibit created by the [[State Library and Archives of Florida|State Archives of Florida]]
*[http://everglades.fiu.edu/reclaim/index.htm Reclaiming the Everglades: South Florida's Natural History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103151039/http://everglades.fiu.edu/reclaim/index.htm |date=January 3, 2019 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160703220621/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d101%3AHR01727%3A%40%40%40L&summ2=m& Everglades National Park Protection and Expansion Act]
*[https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=76 UNESCO World Heritage Centre]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180516014515/https://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&sec=wildView&wname=Marjory%20Stoneman%20Douglas%20Wilderness Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness]
*[https://vimeo.com/56510939 Short public television episode on the Florida Everglades]
*[http://www.everglades.national-park.com/ U.S. National Parks Net: Everglades National Park]
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}}
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[[Category:Everglades National Park| ]]
[[Category:Everglades|*]]
[[Category:National parks in Florida]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Florida]]
[[Category:Biosphere reserves of the United States]]
[[Category:Parks in Collier County, Florida]]
[[Category:Parks in Miami-Dade County, Florida]]
[[Category:Parks in Monroe County, Florida]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in Florida]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1947]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in the United States]]
[[Category:Wilderness areas of Florida]]
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[[Category:Shell middens in Florida]]
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[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Danger]]
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New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|National park in Florida (US)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{featured article}}
{{Infobox protected area
|name = Everglades National Park
|iucn_category = II
|photo = Sunset over the River of Grass, NPSphoto, G.Gardner (9255157507).jpg
|photo_caption = Sunset over the Everglades river of grass, January 2013
|map = Florida#USA
|relief = 1
|map_caption = Location in Florida##Location in the United States
|location = [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Miami-Dade]], [[Monroe County, Florida|Monroe]], & [[Collier County, Florida|Collier]] counties, [[Florida]], United States
|nearest_city = [[Florida City, Florida|Florida City]]<br />[[Everglades City, Florida|Everglades City]]
|coordinates = {{coord|25.3125000|-80.6875000|region:US-FL_type:landmark_scale:40000_source:GNIS|format=dms|display=it}}
|coords_ref = <ref name=gnis>{{cite gnis|id=293666|name=Everglades National Park|access-date=March 28, 2017|entrydate=August 28, 1987}}</ref>
|area_acre = 1,508,976
|area_ref = <br /><span style="font-size:100%;">{{convert|1,508,243|acre|mi2|1}} federal</span><ref name="area">{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/NPIndex2012-2016.pdf |title=The National Parks: Index 2012–2016 |website=nps.gov |publisher=National Park Service |page=47 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113065657/https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/NPIndex2012-2016.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=November 19, 2018}}</ref>
|authorized = {{start date and age|1934|5|30}}
|established = {{Start date|1947|12|06}}
|visitation_num = 1,155,193
|visitation_year = 2022
|visitation_ref = <ref name=visits>{{NPS Visitation|access-date=July 26, 2023}}</ref>
|governing_body = [[National Park Service]]
|website = [https://www.nps.gov/ever/ Everglades National Park]
|embedded1 = {{designation list|embed=yes
|designation1 = WHS
|designation1_date = 1979 <small>(3rd [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
|designation1_type = Natural
|designation1_criteria = viii, ix, x
|designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/76 76]
|designation1_free1name = Region
|designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in North America|Europe and North America]]
|designation1_free2name = [[List of World Heritage in Danger|Endangered]]
|designation1_free2value = 1993–2007;<br />2010–''present''
|designation2 = Ramsar
|designation2_date = 4 June 1987
|designation2_number = 374<ref>{{Cite web|title=Everglades National Park|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/374|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
}}
}}
'''Everglades National Park''' is an American [[national park]] that protects the southern twenty percent of the original [[Everglades]] in [[Florida]]. The park is the largest tropical wilderness in the United States and the largest wilderness of any kind east of the [[Mississippi River]]. An average of one million people visit the park each year.<ref name=parkstats>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/management/statistics.htm |title=Park Statistics|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|access-date=March 28, 2017}}</ref> Everglades is the third-largest national park in the [[contiguous United States]] after [[Death Valley National Park|Death Valley]] and [[Yellowstone National Park|Yellowstone]]. [[UNESCO]] declared the [[Everglades & Dry Tortugas Biosphere Reserve]] in 1976 and listed the park as a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1979, and the [[Ramsar Convention]] included the park on its list of [[List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance|Wetlands of International Importance]] in 1987. Everglades is one of only three locations in the world to appear on all three lists.<ref>Maltby, E., P.J. Dugan, "Wetland Ecosystem Management, and Restoration: An International Perspective" in Everglades: The Ecosystem and its Restoration, Steven Davis and John Ogden, eds. (1994), St. Lucie Press. {{ISBN|0-9634030-2-8}}.</ref>
Most national parks preserve unique geographic features; Everglades National Park was the first created to protect a fragile [[ecosystem]]. The Everglades are a network of wetlands and forests fed by a river flowing {{convert|0.25|mi|km}} per day out of [[Lake Okeechobee]], southwest into [[Florida Bay]].<ref>Whitney, p. 167.</ref> The park is the most significant breeding ground for tropical [[wading bird]]s in North America and contains the largest [[Florida mangroves|mangrove]] ecosystem in the Western Hemisphere.<ref name="main">{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/index.htm|title=Everglades National Park|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=December 5, 2007}}</ref> Thirty-six [[threatened species|threatened]] or protected species inhabit the park, including the [[Florida panther]], the [[American crocodile]], and the [[West Indian manatee]], along with 350 species of birds, 300 species of fresh and saltwater fish, 40 species of mammals, and 50 species of reptiles.<ref>Robertson, pp. 27, 21, 38.</ref> The majority of [[South Florida]]'s fresh water, which is stored in the [[Biscayne Aquifer]], is recharged in the park.<ref>A few locations in [[Palm Beach County, Florida|Palm Beach County]], primarily [[Highland Beach, Florida|Highland Beach]], get their fresh water from the [[Floridan aquifer]], treating the high saline and mineral content before providing it for human use. ([http://highlandbeach.us/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/2014-Annual-Water-Quality-Report.pdf Town of Highland Beach Water Quality Report] (2014). Retrieved on April 25, 2017.)(Lodge, p. 39.)</ref>
Humans have lived for thousands of years in or around the Everglades. Plans arose in 1882 to drain the wetlands and develop the land for agricultural and residential use. As the 20th century progressed, water flow from Lake Okeechobee was increasingly controlled and diverted to enable explosive growth of the [[Miami metropolitan area]]. The park was established in 1934, to protect the quickly vanishing Everglades, and dedicated in 1947, as major canal-building projects were initiated across South Florida. The ecosystems in Everglades National Park have suffered significantly from human activity, and [[restoration of the Everglades]] is a politically charged issue in South Florida.
==Geography==
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==Geology==
The terrain of South Florida is relatively and consistently flat. The [[limestone]] that underlies the Everglades is integral to the diverse ecosystems within the park. Florida was once part of the African portion of the supercontinent [[Gondwana]]. After it separated, conditions allowed a shallow marine environment to deposit [[calcium carbonate]] in sand, shells, and coral to be converted into limestone.<ref>Lodge, p. 3</ref> Tiny bits of shell, sand, and [[bryozoan]]s compressed over multiple layers forming structures in the limestone called [[ooids]], which created permeable conditions that hold water.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/naturescience/evergeology.htm |publisher=National Park Service |title=Everglades Geology |access-date=February 8, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209162956/https://www.nps.gov/ever/naturescience/evergeology.htm |archive-date=December 9, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The Florida peninsula appeared above sea level between 100,000 and 150,000 years ago. As sea levels rose at the end of the [[Wisconsin glaciation|Wisconsin ice age]], the [[water table]] appeared closer to land. Lake Okeechobee began to flood, and convection thunderstorms were created.<ref>McCally, pp. 9–10.</ref> Vast [[peat]] deposits south of Lake Okeechobee indicate that regular flooding had occurred about 5,000 years ago. Plants began to migrate, subtropical ones from the northern part of Florida, and tropicals carried as seeds by birds from islands in the [[Caribbean]].<ref>Whitney, p. 108.</ref> The limestone shelf appears to be flat, but there are slight rises—called pinnacles—and depressions caused by the erosion of limestone by the acidic properties of the water. The amount of time throughout the year that water is present in a location in the Everglades determines the type of soil, of which there only two in the Everglades: peat, created by many years of decomposing plant matter, and [[marl]], the result of dried [[periphyton]], or chunks of algae and microorganisms that create a grayish mud. Portions of the Everglades that remain flooded for more than nine months out of the year are usually covered by peat. Areas that are flooded for six months or less are covered by marl. Plant communities are determined by the type of soil and the amount of water present.<ref>McCally, pp. 12–19.</ref><ref>Lodge, pp. 37–38.</ref>
==Climate==
According to the [[Köppen climate classification]] system, Royal Palm at Everglades National Park has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am''). Summers are long, hot, and very wet and winters are warm and dry.
{{Weather box|width=auto
|location = Royal Palm Ranger Station, Florida, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1949–present
|single line = Y
|Jan avg record high F = 86.8
|Feb avg record high F = 88.4
|Mar avg record high F = 91.2
|Apr avg record high F = 93.3
|May avg record high F = 95.9
|Jun avg record high F = 97.1
|Jul avg record high F = 97.3
|Aug avg record high F = 97.3
|Sep avg record high F = 96.8
|Oct avg record high F = 94.7
|Nov avg record high F = 90.1
|Dec avg record high F = 87.5
|year avg record high F = 99.4
| Jan high F = 78.0
| Feb high F = 80.9
| Mar high F = 83.3
| Apr high F = 86.4
| May high F = 89.4
| Jun high F = 91.1
| Jul high F = 92.5
| Aug high F = 92.6
| Sep high F = 91.3
| Oct high F = 88.0
| Nov high F = 83.2
| Dec high F = 80.0
|year high F = 86.4
|Jan mean F = 66.6
|Feb mean F = 68.7
|Mar mean F = 70.7
|Apr mean F = 74.2
|May mean F = 78.0
|Jun mean F = 81.6
|Jul mean F = 83.0
|Aug mean F = 83.5
|Sep mean F = 82.8
|Oct mean F = 79.4
|Nov mean F = 73.5
|Dec mean F = 69.3
|year mean F = 75.9
| Jan low F = 55.1
| Feb low F = 56.5
| Mar low F = 58.0
| Apr low F = 62.0
| May low F = 66.6
| Jun low F = 72.0
| Jul low F = 73.5
| Aug low F = 74.3
| Sep low F = 74.2
| Oct low F = 70.9
| Nov low F = 63.8
| Dec low F = 58.6
|year low F = 65.5
|Jan avg record low F = 38.9
|Feb avg record low F = 41.7
|Mar avg record low F = 43.7
|Apr avg record low F = 50.3
|May avg record low F = 58.0
|Jun avg record low F = 67.8
|Jul avg record low F = 70.3
|Aug avg record low F = 71.0
|Sep avg record low F = 70.8
|Oct avg record low F = 61.3
|Nov avg record low F = 53.1
|Dec avg record low F = 44.5
|year avg record low F = 35.8
|Jan record high F = 92
|Feb record high F = 97
|Mar record high F = 101
|Apr record high F = 102
|May record high F = 107
|Jun record high F = 104
|Jul record high F = 102
|Aug record high F = 103
|Sep record high F = 105
|Oct record high F = 106
|Nov record high F = 99
|Dec record high F = 95
|year record high F =
|Jan record low F = 24
|Feb record low F = 29
|Mar record low F = 31
|Apr record low F = 37
|May record low F = 49
|Jun record low F = 50
|Jul record low F = 66
|Aug record low F = 66
|Sep record low F = 64
|Oct record low F = 49
|Nov record low F = 31
|Dec record low F = 27
|year record low F =
|precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 1.70
| Feb precipitation inch = 1.82
| Mar precipitation inch = 1.93
| Apr precipitation inch = 2.85
| May precipitation inch = 5.84
| Jun precipitation inch = 9.00
| Jul precipitation inch = 6.82
| Aug precipitation inch = 8.57
| Sep precipitation inch = 9.01
| Oct precipitation inch = 5.55
| Nov precipitation inch = 2.39
| Dec precipitation inch = 1.88
|year precipitation inch = 57.36
| unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
| Jan precipitation days = 6.6
| Feb precipitation days = 6.5
| Mar precipitation days = 6.7
| Apr precipitation days = 6.3
| May precipitation days = 10.9
| Jun precipitation days = 17.2
| Jul precipitation days = 17.2
| Aug precipitation days = 19.2
| Sep precipitation days = 18.3
| Oct precipitation days = 12.6
| Nov precipitation days = 7.8
| Dec precipitation days = 6.6
| year precipitation days = 135.9
|Jan snow inch =
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|source 1 = NOAA<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mfl
| title = NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = June 12, 2021
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00087760&format=pdf
| title = Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = June 12, 2021
}}</ref> }}
==Hydrography==
While they are common in the northern portion of [[Florida]], no underground [[spring (hydrosphere)|spring]]s feed water into the Everglades system. An underground reservoir called the [[Floridan aquifer]] lies about {{convert|1000|ft|m}} below the surface of [[South Florida]].<ref>Whitney, p. 166.</ref> The Everglades has an immense capacity for water storage, owing to the permeable limestone beneath the exposed land. Most of the water arrives in the form of rainfall, and a significant amount is stored in the limestone. Water evaporating from the Everglades becomes rain over metropolitan areas, providing the fresh water supply for the region. Water also flows into the park after falling as rain to the north onto the watersheds of the [[Kissimmee River]] and other sources of Lake Okeechobee, to appear in the Everglades days later. Water overflows Lake Okeechobee into a river {{convert|40 to 70|mi|km}} wide, which moves almost imperceptibly.<ref>Whitney, pp. 167, 169.</ref>
==Ecosystems==
{{Main|Geography and ecology of the Everglades}}
At the turn of the 20th century, common concepts of what should be protected in national parks invariably included formidable geologic features like mountains, geysers, or canyons. As Florida's population began to grow significantly and urban areas near the Everglades were developed, proponents of the park's establishment faced difficulty in persuading the federal government and the people of Florida that the subtle and constantly shifting ecosystems in the Everglades were just as worthy of protection.<ref>Davis, pp. 366–369.</ref> When the park was established in 1947, it became the first area within the U.S. to protect flora and fauna native to a region as opposed to geologic scenery.<ref name=superreport>[http://home.nps.gov/ever/parkmgmt/upload/2008%20DRTO%20EVER%20Final%20Supt%20Annual%20Report.pdf Everglades National Park / Dry Tortugas National Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320020752/http://home.nps.gov/ever/parkmgmt/upload/2008%20DRTO%20EVER%20Final%20Supt%20Annual%20Report.pdf |date=March 20, 2012 }} Superintendent's Report, 2008 Fiscal Year. Retrieved on May 26, 2010.</ref> The National Park Service recognizes nine distinct interdependent ecosystems within the park that constantly shift in size owing to the amount of water present and other environmental factors.
===Freshwater sloughs and marl prairies===
[[File:Everglades Natl Park Alligator.jpg|thumb|[[American alligator|Alligators]] thrive in freshwater [[Swamp|slough]]s and [[marl prairie]]s.]]
Freshwater [[Slough (hydrology)|sloughs]] are perhaps the most common ecosystem associated with Everglades National Park. These drainage channels are characterized by low-lying areas covered in fresh water, flowing at an almost imperceptible {{convert|100|ft|m}} per day.<ref name="Robertson, p. 9">Robertson, p. 9.</ref> [[Shark River (Florida)|Shark River Slough]] and [[Taylor Slough]] are significant features of the park. [[Cladium|Sawgrass]] growing to a height of {{convert|6|ft|m}} or more, and broad-leafed marsh plants, are so prominent in this region that they gave the Everglades its nickname [[The Everglades: River of Grass|"River of Grass"]], cemented in the public imagination in the title for [[Marjory Stoneman Douglas]]'s book (1947), which culminated years of her advocacy for considering the Everglades ecosystem as more than a "swamp". Excellent feeding locations for birds, sloughs in the Everglades attract a great variety of waders such as [[heron]]s, [[egret]]s, [[roseate spoonbill]]s (''Platalea ajaja''), [[ibis]]es and [[brown pelican]]s (''Pelecanus occidentalis''), as well as [[limpkin]]s (''Aramus guarauna'') and [[snail kite]]s that eat [[Ampullariidae|apple snails]], which in turn feed on the sawgrass. The sloughs' availability of fish, amphibians, and young birds attract a variety of freshwater turtles, [[American alligator|alligator]] (''Alligator mississippiensis''), [[Florida cottonmouth|water moccasin]] (''Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti''), and [[eastern diamondback rattlesnake]] (''Crotalus adamanteus'').<ref>Lodge, pp. 25–31.</ref>
[[File:Everglades - Blue Heron.jpg|thumb|left|A [[great blue heron]] along the Anhinga Trail]]
Freshwater [[marl prairie]]s are similar to sloughs but lack the slow movement of surface water; instead, water seeps through a calcitic mud called [[marl]]. [[Algae]] and other microscopic organisms form [[periphyton]], which attaches to limestone. When it dries it turns into a gray mud.<ref>Whitney, p. 164</ref> Sawgrass and other water plants grow shorter in freshwater marl than they do in [[peat]], the other type of soil in the Everglades which is found where water remains present longer throughout the year. Marl prairies are usually under water from three to seven months of the year, whereas sloughs may remain submerged for longer than nine months and sometimes remain under water from one year to the next. Sawgrass may dominate sloughs, creating a [[monoculture]]. Other grasses, such as muhly grass (''[[Muhlenbergia sericea]]'') and broad-leafed water plants can be found in marl prairies.<ref>Lodge, pp. 29–32.</ref> Animals living in the freshwater sloughs also inhabit marl prairies. Marl prairies may go dry in some parts of the year; alligators play a vital role in maintaining life in remote parts of the Everglades by burrowing in the mud during the dry season, creating pools of water where fish and amphibians survive from one year to the next. Alligator holes also attract other animals who congregate to feed on smaller prey. When the region floods again during the wet season, the fish and amphibians which were sustained in the alligator holes then repopulate freshwater marl prairies.<ref>Lodge, p. 35.</ref>
===Tropical hardwood hammocks===
{{Main|Tropical hardwood hammock}}
[[South Florida rocklands#Rockland hammock|Hammocks]] are often the only dry land within the park. They rise several inches above the grass-covered river and are dominated by diverse plant life consisting of subtropical and tropical trees, such as large southern live oaks (''[[Quercus virginiana]]''). Trees often form [[canopy (forest)|canopies]] under which animals thrive amongst scrub bushes of wild coffee (''[[Psychotria]]''), white indigoberry (''[[Randia aculeata]]''), poisonwood (''[[Metopium toxiferum]]'') and saw palmetto (''[[Serenoa repens]]''). The park features thousands of these tree islands amid sloughs—which often form the shape of a teardrop when seen from above (see park map) because of the slowly moving water around them—but they can also be found in pineland and mangroves. Trees in the Everglades, including wild tamarind (''[[Lysiloma latisiliquum]]'') and gumbo-limbo (''[[Bursera simaruba]]''), rarely grow higher than {{convert|50|ft|m}} because of wind, fire, and climate.<ref name="flmnh hammocks">{{cite web|publisher=[[Florida Museum of Natural History]] |url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/southflorida/habitats/hardwood-hammocks/about|title=Hardwood Hammocks |date=April 12, 2017|access-date=April 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://crocdoc.ifas.ufl.edu/publications/msrpmap/tropicalhardwoodhammock/|title=Tropical Hardwood Hammock |year=1999|access-date=November 18, 2007|publisher=[[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]]}}</ref>
[[File:Florida Panther (1), NPSPhoto, Rodney Cammauf (9255082055).jpg|thumb|About 160 [[Florida panther]]s inhabit hammocks and pinelands of the Everglades.]]
The plant growth around the hammock base is nearly impenetrable; beneath the canopy hammocks is an ideal habitat for animals. Reptiles (such as various species of snake and [[anole]]) and amphibians (such as the [[American green tree frog]], ''Hyla cinerea''), live in the hardwood hammocks. Birds such as [[barred owl]]s (''Strix varia''), [[woodpecker]]s, [[northern cardinal]]s (''Cardinalis cardinalis''), and [[bald eagle|southern bald eagle]]s (''Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus'') nest in hammock trees. Mammal species living in hardwood hammocks include [[Florida black bear]]s (''Ursus americanus floridanus''), [[red fox]]es (''Vulpes vulpes''), [[American mink|mink]]s (''Neogale vison''), [[marsh rabbit]]s (''Sylvilagus palustris''), [[gray fox]]es (''Urocyon cinereoargenteus''), [[white-tailed deer]] (''Odocoileus virginianus''), and the rare, [[Critically endangered species|critically endangered]] [[Florida panther]] (''Puma concolor couguar'').<ref name="flmnh hammocks"/>
===Pineland===
[[File:South Florida rocklands on Everglades National Park Long Pine Key Nature Trail.jpg|thumb|left|Sunrise on the [[South Florida rocklands|pine rocklands]] on Long Pine Key Nature Trail]]
[[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Miami-Dade County]] was once covered in {{convert|186000|acre|sqmi km2|1}} of [[South Florida rocklands|pine rockland]] forests, but most of it was harvested by the [[lumber]] industry.<ref>National Park Service (2005). "Habitats in the Park" (brochure).</ref> [[South Florida rocklands#Pine rockland|Pineland]] ecosystems (or pine rocklands) are characterized by shallow, dry sandy [[loam]] over a limestone [[Stratum|substrate]] covered almost exclusively by slash pines (''[[Pinus elliottii]] var. densa''). Trees in this ecosystem grow in [[sinkhole|solution holes]], where the soft limestone has worn away and filled with soil, allowing plants to take hold.<ref>Robertson, p. 11</ref> Pinelands require regular maintenance by fire to ensure their existence. South Florida slash pines are uniquely adapted to promote fire by dropping a large amount of dried pine needles and shedding dry bark. Pine cones require heat from fires to open, allowing seeds to disperse and take hold. The trunks and roots of slash pines are resistant to fire. [[Prescribed burn]]s in these areas take place every three to seven years; without regular fires, hardwood trees begin to grow in this region, and pinelands become recategorized as mixed swamp forests.<ref name=fws>U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. "[http://www.fws.gov/southeast/vbpdfs/commun/pr.pdf Pine Rocklands: Multispecies recovery plan for South Florida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111003517/http://www.fws.gov/southeast/vbpdfs/commun/pr.pdf |date=November 11, 2012 }}".</ref> Most plants in the area bloom about 16 weeks after a fire.<ref>Whitney, p. 107</ref> Nearly all pinelands have an understory of palm shrubs and a diverse ground covering of wild herbs.<ref name="fws"/>
Pine rocklands are considered one of the most threatened habitats in Florida; less than {{convert|4000|acre|sqmi km2|1}} of pineland exist outside the park.<ref>Whitney, pp. 105–107</ref> Within the park, {{convert|20000|acre|sqmi km2|1}} of pineland are protected.<ref>Hammer, p. 8.</ref> A variety of animal species meet their needs for food, shelter, nesting, and rooking in pine rocklands. Woodpeckers, [[eastern meadowlark]]s (''Sturnella magna''), [[loggerhead shrike]]s (''Lanius ludovicianus''), [[grackle]]s, and [[northern mockingbird]]s (''Mimus polyglottos'') are commonly found in pinelands. Black bears and Florida panthers also live in this habitat.<ref name=fws/>
===Cypress and mangrove===
[[File:Cypres dome with Alligator, NPSphoto, G.Gardner (9101883836).jpg|thumb|Alligator in a [[cypress dome]]]]
[[Taxodium|Cypress]] trees are [[conifer]]s that are adapted to live in standing fresh water. They grow in compact structures called cypress domes and in long strands over limestone. Water levels may fluctuate dramatically around cypress domes and strands, so cypresses develop "knees" that protrude from the water at high levels to provide oxygen for the root systems. Dwarf cypress trees grow in drier areas with poorer soil. [[Epiphyte]]s, such as [[Bromeliaceae|bromeliads]], Spanish moss (''[[Tillandsia usneoides]]''), [[Orchidaceae|orchids]] and ferns grow on the branches and trunks of cypress trees. Everglades National Park features twenty-five species of orchids.<ref name="int'l">{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/glac/learn/management/international-designations.htm|title=International Designations|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=April 12, 2017}}</ref> Tall cypress trees provide excellent nesting areas for birds including [[wild turkey]] (''Meleagris gallopavo''), ibis, herons, egrets, [[anhinga]]s (''Anhinga anhinga''), and [[belted kingfisher]] (''Megaceryle alcyon''). Mammals in cypress regions include white-tailed deer, squirrels, [[raccoon]]s, [[Virginia opossum|opossum]]s, skunks, swamp rabbits, [[North American river otter|river otters]] (''Lontra canadensis''), and [[bobcat]]s, as well as small rodents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/kuchlers/k091/all.html#DESCRIPTION |title=Kuchler type: Cypress savanna |last=Sullivan |first=Janet |year=1994 |publisher=[[USDA Forest Service]] |access-date=November 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806083819/http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/kuchlers/k091/all.html |archive-date=August 6, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Hammer, p. 10.</ref>
[[Mangrove]] trees cover the coastlines of South Florida, sometimes growing inland depending on the amount of salt water present within the Everglades ecosystems. During drier years when less fresh water flows to the coast, mangroves will appear among fresh water plants. When rain is abundant, sawgrass and other fresh water plants may be found closer to the coast. Three species of mangrove trees—red (''[[Rhizophora mangle]]''), black (''[[Avicennia germinans]]''), and white (''[[Laguncularia racemosa]]'')—can be found in the Everglades. With a high tolerance of salt water, winds, extreme tides, high temperatures, and muddy soils, mangrove trees are uniquely adapted to extreme conditions. They act as nurseries for many marine and bird species. They are also Florida's first defense against the destructive forces of hurricanes, absorbing flood waters and preventing [[coastal erosion]].<ref>McCally, pp. 76–78.</ref> The mangrove system in Everglades National Park is the largest continuous system of mangroves in the world.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Alan J. Southward|last=Katherisen |first=K.|year=2001|chapter=Biology of Mangroves and Mangrove Ecosystems|title=Advances in Marine Biology |volume=40|pages=18–251|isbn=978-0-12-026140-6}}</ref>
[[File:Manatee 1670 EVER, NPSPhoto, Nov 76 (9257870564).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[West Indian manatee|Manatees]] inhabit shallow water around mangroves.]]
Within the [[Florida mangroves|Florida mangrove]] systems live 220 species of fish, and a variety of crabs, [[crayfish]], shrimp, [[mollusk]]s, and other [[invertebrate]]s, which serve as the main source of food for many birds.<ref>Whitney, pp. 292–293.</ref> Dozens of bird species use mangroves as nurseries and food stores, including [[pelican]]s, [[grebe]]s, [[tricolored heron]]s (''Egretta tricolor''), [[gull]]s, [[tern]]s, hawks and kites, and arboreal birds like [[mangrove cuckoo]]s (''Coccyzus minor''), [[yellow warbler]]s (''Dendroica petechia''), and [[white-crowned pigeon]]s (''Patagioenas leucocephala'').<ref>Whitney, pp. 295–296</ref> The mangroves also support 24 species of amphibians and reptiles, and 18 species of mammals, including the endangered [[green sea turtle|green turtle]] (''Chelonia mydas''), [[hawksbill turtle]] (''Eretmochelys imbricata''), and [[West Indian manatee]] (''Trichechus manatus'').<ref>Whitney, p. 297.</ref>
===Coastal lowlands===
Coastal lowlands, or wet prairies, are salt water marshes that absorb marine water when it gets high or fresh water when rains are heavy. Floods occur during hurricane and tropical [[storm surge]]s when ocean water can rise several feet over the land.<ref>Whitney, p. 163.</ref> Heavy wet seasons also cause floods when rain from the north flows into the Everglades. Few trees can survive in the conditions of this region, but plants—[[succulent]]s like [[Batis (plant)|saltwort]] and [[Salicornia|glasswort]]—tolerate salt, brackish water, and desert conditions. Animal life in this zone is dependent upon the amount of water present, but commonly found animals include [[Cape Sable seaside sparrow]] (''Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis''), [[snail kite|Everglades snail kite]] (''Rostrhamus sociabilis''), [[wood stork]] (''Mycteria americana''), [[eastern indigo snake]] (''Drymarchon couperi''), and small mammals such as rats, mice, and rabbits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://crocdoc.ifas.ufl.edu/publications/msrpmap/wetprairies/|title=Wet Prairie|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|year=1999|access-date=November 20, 2007}}</ref>
===Marine and estuarine===
[[File:Everglades Nat'l Park Mangrove.jpg|thumb|[[Mangrove]]s reduce coastal erosion and shelter wildlife.]]
The largest body of water within the park is [[Florida Bay]], which extends from the mangrove swamps of the mainland's southern tip to the [[Florida Keys]]. Over {{convert|800|sqmi|km2}} of marine ecosystem lies in this range. [[Coral]], [[sponge]]s, and [[seagrass]]es serve as shelter and food for [[crustacean]]s and [[Mollusca|mollusks]], which in turn are the primary food source for larger marine animals. Sharks, [[stingray]]s, and [[barracuda]]s also live in this ecosystem. Pelicans, [[Wader|shorebirds]], terns, and [[black skimmer]]s (''Rynchops niger'') are among the birds frequenting park shorelines.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/naturescience/marineestuarine.htm |title=Marine & Estuarine Ecosystems |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=November 20, 2007}}</ref> The bay also has its own resident population of [[common bottlenose dolphin|bottlenose dolphin]] (''Tursiops truncatus'').<ref>{{cite report|title=Common Bottlenose Dolphin (''Tursiops truncatus'') Florida Bay Stock|publisher=NOAA|date=December 2009|access-date=August 5, 2016|url=http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/publications/tm/tm219/475_BODO_FBES.pdf}}</ref>
The bay's many basins are broken up by [[Shoal|sandbanks]] that serve as plentiful [[recreational fishing]] grounds for [[Common snook|snook]] (''Centropomus undecimalis''), [[Red drum|redfish]] (''Sciaenops ocellatus''), [[Cynoscion nebulosus|spotted seatrout]] (''Cynoscion nebulosus)'', [[Atlantic tarpon|tarpon]] (''Megaflops atlanticus),'' [[bonefish]] (''Albula vulpes)'', and [[Permit (fish)|permit]] (''Trichinous falcatus)'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.saltwatersportsman.com/florida-everglades-national-park-flats-fishing-tips#page-3|title=Florida Bay and Everglades National Park: Flats-Fishing Paradise|author=John Brownlee|date=April 22, 2013|website=saltwatersportsman.com|publisher=Salt Water Sportsman, Bonnier Corporation|access-date=November 12, 2018|language=en}}</ref> as well as [[Northern red snapper|snapper]] (Lutjanus campechanus), [[bluegill]] (Lepomis macrochirus), and [[Bass (fish)|bass]].<ref>[https://home.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/fishing.htm "Fishing"]. ''nps.gov''. National Park Service. September 25, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2018.</ref> Wading birds such as [[roseate spoonbill]]s (''Platalea ajaja''), [[reddish egret]]s (''Egretta rufescens''), and [[Great blue heron|great white herons]] (''Ardea herodias occidentalis'') have unique subpopulations that are largely restricted to Florida Bay.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Powell|first1=George V. N.|last2=Bjork|first2=Robin D.|last3=Ogden|first3=John C.|last4=Paul|first4=Richard T.|last5=Powell|first5=A. Harriett|last6=Robertson|first6=William B.|date=1989|title=Population Trends in Some Florida Bay Wading Birds|jstor=4162751|journal=The Wilson Bulletin|volume=101|issue=3|pages=436–457}}</ref> Other bird species include [[bald eagle]]s, [[cormorant]]s, and [[osprey]]s. Mammals along the shoreline include [[raccoon]]s, [[opossum]]s, [[bobcat]]s, and [[fox squirrel]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/photosmultimedia/upload/Florida-Bay-Bistro.pdf|title=Florida Bay Bistro|publisher=National Park Service|website=nps.gov|access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref>
==Human history==
===Native peoples===
[[File:Calusa chickee and terrace.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Calusa]] chickee at the [[Florida Museum of Natural History]]]]
{{main|Indigenous people of the Everglades region}}
Humans likely first inhabited the South Florida region 10,000 to 20,000 years ago.<ref name="Tebeau_17">Tebeau (1963), p. 17</ref> Two tribes of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] developed on the peninsula's southern tip: the [[Tequesta]] lived on the eastern side and the [[Calusa]], greater in numbers, on the western side. The Everglades served as a natural boundary between them. The Tequesta lived in a single large community near the mouth of the [[Miami River (Florida)|Miami River]], while the Calusa lived in 30 villages. Both groups traveled through the Everglades but rarely lived within them, remaining mostly along the coast.<ref name="Tebeau_17"/>
The diets of both groups consisted mostly of [[shellfish]] and fish, small mammals, game, and wild plants. Having access only to soft limestone, most of the tools fashioned by Native Americans in the region were made of shell, bone, wood, and animal teeth; shark teeth were used as cutting blades,<ref name="Tebeau 1963, p. 19">Tebeau (1963), p. 19.</ref> and sharpened reeds became arrows and spears.<ref>Robertson, p. 55</ref> [[Shell mound]]s still exist today within the park, giving [[archaeologist]]s and [[anthropologist]]s evidence of the raw materials available to the indigenous people for tool construction. Spanish explorers estimated the number of Tequesta at first contact to be around 800, and Calusa at 2,000; the National Park Service reports there were probably about 20,000 natives living in or near the Everglades when the Spanish established contact in the late 16th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/historyculture/nativepeoples.htm |title=Native Peoples |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=November 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111172029/https://www.nps.gov/ever/historyculture/nativepeoples.htm |archive-date=November 11, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Calusa lived in [[Social hierarchy|social strata]] and were able to create [[canal]]s, [[earthworks (engineering)|earthwork]]s, and [[earthworks (archaeology)|shellwork]]s. The Calusa were also able to resist Spanish attempts at conquest.<ref name="Tebeau 1963, p. 19"/>
The Spanish had contact with these societies and established missions further north, near [[Lake Okeechobee]]. In the 18th century, invading [[Creek people|Creek]]s incorporated the dwindling numbers of the Tequesta into their own. Neither the Tequesta nor Calusa tribe existed by 1800.<ref>Tebeau (1963), p. 23.</ref> Disease, warfare, and capture for slavery were the reasons for the eradication of both groups. The only evidence of their existence within the park boundaries is a series of shell mounds that were built by the Calusa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/historyculture/people.htm |title=Native People |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=April 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125124933/https://www.nps.gov/ever/historyculture/people.htm |archive-date=November 25, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In the early 19th century, [[Muscogee|Creeks]], escaped African slaves, and other Indians from northern Florida displaced by the [[Creek War]], formed the area's [[Seminole]] nation. After the end of the [[Seminole Wars]] in 1842, the Seminoles faced relocation to [[Indian territory]] near [[Oklahoma]]. A few hundred Seminole hunters and scouts settled within what is today [[Big Cypress National Preserve]], to escape the forced emigration to the west.<ref>Tebeau (1963), p. 28.</ref> From 1859 to about 1930, the Seminoles and [[Miccosukee]], a similar but linguistically unique tribe, lived in relative isolation, making their living by trading. In 1928, surveying and construction began on the [[Tamiami Trail]], along the northern border of Everglades National Park. The road bisected the Everglades, introducing a steady, if small, traffic of white settlers into the Everglades.<ref>Tebeau (1963), p. 31.</ref>
Some members of the Miccosukee and Seminole tribes continue to live within park boundaries. Management of the park includes approval of new policies and procedures by tribal representatives "in such a manner that they do not conflict with the park purpose".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/parknews/currentissues.htm |title=Current issues |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=January 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206103224/https://www.nps.gov/ever/parknews/currentissues.htm |archive-date=December 6, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===American settlements===
Following the end of the [[Seminole Wars]], Americans began settling at isolated points along the coast in what is now the park, from the [[Ten Thousand Islands]] to [[Cape Sable]]. Communities developed on the two largest pieces of dry ground in the area, on [[Chokoloskee, Florida|Chokoloskee Island]] and at [[Flamingo, Florida|Flamingo]] on Cape Sable, both of which established post offices in the early 1890s.<ref name="nps pioneer"/> Chokoloskee Island is a shell mound, a [[midden]] built roughly 20 feet (6 m) high over thousands of years of occupation by the Calusa. The settlements in Chokoloskee and Flamingo served as trading centers for small populations of farmers, fishermen, and charcoal burners settled in the Ten Thousand Islands. Both settlements and the more isolated homesteads could only be reached by boat until well into the 20th century. [[Everglades City, Florida|Everglades City]], on the mainland near Chokoloskee, enjoyed a brief period of prosperity when, beginning in 1920, it served as the headquarters for the construction of the [[Tamiami Trail]]. A dirt road from [[Florida City, Florida|Florida City]] reached Flamingo in 1922, while a [[causeway]] finally connected Chokoloskee to the mainland's Everglades City in 1956.<ref>Tebeau (1955), pp. 6, 15, 21, 59.</ref><ref>Tebeau (1968), pp. 37, 142–65</ref> [[File:Ted Smallwood Store on Chokoloskee Island.jpg|thumb|Ted Smallwood Store on Chokoloskee Island]]After the park was established, private property in the Flamingo area was claimed by [[eminent domain]], and the site was incorporated into the park as a visitor center.<ref name="nps pioneer">{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/historyculture/pioneersettlement.htm|title=Pioneer Settlements|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=April 12, 2017}}</ref>
===Land development and conservation===
{{main|Draining and development of the Everglades}}
[[File:Everglades Canal lock.jpg|thumb|A [[canal lock]] being constructed in the Everglades in 1906]]
Several attempts were made to drain and develop the Everglades in the 1880s. The first canals built in the Everglades did little harm to the ecosystem, as they were unable to drain much of it.<ref>Robertson, p. 82.</ref> [[Napoleon Bonaparte Broward]] based the majority of his 1904 campaign for governor on how drainage would create "The Empire of the Everglades".<ref>Douglas, p. 312.</ref> Broward ordered the drainage that took place between 1905 and 1910, and it was successful enough that land developers sold tracts for $30 per acre, settling the town of [[Davie, Florida|Davie]], and developing regions in [[Lee County, Florida|Lee]] and Dade counties. The canals also cleared water that made way for agricultural fields growing [[sugarcane]].<ref>Douglas, p. 318.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evergladesonline.com/50years/swamp.htm |title=Swampland for sale |access-date=January 23, 2008 |work=The Everglade Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304171918/http://www.evergladesonline.com/50years/swamp.htm |archive-date=March 4, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In the 1920s, a population boom in South Florida created the [[Florida land boom of the 1920s|Florida land boom]], which was described by author Michael Grunwald as "insanity".<ref>Grunwald, p. 178.</ref> Land was sold before any homes or structures were built on it and in some cases before any plans for construction were in place. New landowners, eager to make good on their investments, hastily constructed homes and small towns on recently drained land. Mangrove trees on the coasts were taken down for better views and replaced with shallow-rooted palm trees. The [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] began construction on larger canals to control the rising waters in the Everglades. Nevertheless, Lake Okeechobee continued to rise and fall, the region was covered with rain, and city planners continued to battle the water. The [[1926 Miami Hurricane]] caused Lake Okeechobee [[levee]]s to fail; hundreds of people south of the lake drowned. Two years later, the [[1928 Okeechobee Hurricane]] claimed 2,500 lives when Lake Okeechobee once again surged over its levees. Politicians who declared the Everglades uninhabitable were silenced when a four-story wall, the [[Herbert Hoover Dike]], was built around Lake Okeechobee. This wall effectively cut off the water source from the Everglades.<ref>Grunwald, p. 195.</ref>
Following the wall's construction, South Florida endured a drought severe enough to cause serious wildfires in 1939. The influx of humans had a detrimental effect on the plants and animals of the region when melaleuca trees (''[[Melaleuca quinquenervia]]'') were introduced to help with drainage, along with [[Casuarinaceae|Australian pine]]s brought in by developers as [[windbreak]]s. The region's timber was devastated for lumber supplies. Alligators, birds, frogs, and fish were hunted on a large scale. Entire rookeries of wading birds were shot to collect their plumes, which were used in women's hats in the early 20th century.<ref>Tebeau (1963), pp. 131–132</ref> The largest impact people had on the region was the diversion of water away from the Everglades. Canals were deepened and widened, and water levels fell dramatically, causing chaos in [[food web]]s.<ref>Grunwald, pp. 201–203.</ref> Salt water replaced fresh water in the canals, and by 1997 scientists noticed that salt water was seeping into the Biscayne Aquifer, South Florida's water source.<ref>{{cite news |last=Richey|first=Warren|date=September 3, 1997|title=Reviving Florida's Fragile 'River of Grass'|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|page=4}}</ref>
In the 1940s, [[Marjory Stoneman Douglas]], a freelance writer and former reporter for ''[[The Miami Herald]]'', began to research the Everglades for an assignment about the [[Miami River (Florida)|Miami River]]. She studied the land and water for five years and published ''[[The Everglades: River of Grass]]'' in 1947, describing the area in great detail, including a chapter on its disappearance. She wrote: "What had been a river of grass and sweet water that had given meaning and life and uniqueness to this enormous geography through centuries in which man had no place here was made, in one chaotic gesture of greed and ignorance and folly, a river of fire."<ref>Douglas, p. 375</ref> The book has sold 500,000 copies since its publication, and Douglas's continued dedication to ecology conservation earned her the nicknames "Grand Dame of the Everglades", "Grandmother of the Everglades" and "the anti-Christ" for her singular focus at the expense of some political interests.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Davis|first=Jack E.|year=2003|title='Conservation is now a dead word': Marjory Stoneman Douglas and the transformation of American environmentalism |journal=Environmental History |volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–76|doi=10.2307/3985972|jstor=3985972|s2cid=145203614}}</ref> She founded and served as president for an organization called Friends of the Everglades, initially intended to protest the construction of a proposed Big Cypress jetport in 1968. Successful in that confrontation, the organization has grown to over 4,000 members, committed to the preservation of the Everglades.<ref>{{cite news|last=Klinkenberg|first=Jeff|date=February 9, 1992|title=Marjory Stoneman Douglas, 101: Grande Dame of the Everglades|work=[[St. Petersburg Times]]|location=Florida|page=1F}}</ref> She wrote and spoke about the importance of the Everglades until her death at age 108 in 1998.
==Park history==
{{Further|Ernest F. Coe}}
[[File:Cape Sable by Sentinel-2.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Cape Sable]] seen from Sentinel-2 Satellite]]
Floridians hoping to preserve at least part of the Everglades began to express their concern over diminishing resources in the early 20th century. [[Royal Palm State Park]] was created in 1916 and protected Paradise Key; it included several trails and a visitor center several miles from [[Homestead, Florida|Homestead]]. Miami-based naturalists first proposed that the area become a national park in 1923. Five years later, the Florida state legislature established the Tropical Everglades National Park Commission to study the formation of a protected area.<ref name=grunwald208209/> The commission was led by [[Ernest F. Coe]], a land developer turned conservationist, who was eventually nicknamed Father of Everglades National Park.<ref>Clement, Gail. [http://everglades.fiu.edu/reclaim/bios/coe.htm Everglades Biographies: Ernest F. Coe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127014507/http://everglades.fiu.edu/reclaim/bios/coe.htm |date=November 27, 2020 }}, Everglades Digital Library. Retrieved on July 6, 2009.</ref> Coe's original plan for the park included more than {{convert|2000000|acre|sqmi km2|1}} including [[Key Largo, Florida|Key Largo]] and [[Big Cypress National Preserve|Big Cypress]], and his unwillingness to compromise almost prevented the park's creation. Various other interests, including land developers and sport hunters, demanded that the size of the park be decreased.<ref name=grunwald208209>Grunwald, pp. 208–209.</ref>
The commission was also tasked with proposing a method to raise the money to purchase the land.<ref name="Tebeau 1963, p. 137">Tebeau (1963), p. 137.</ref> The search coincided with the arrival of the [[Great Depression]] in the United States, and money for land purchase was scarce.<ref name=klinkenberg>{{cite news|last=Klinkenberg |first=Jeff|date=December 7, 1997|title=50 Years of Everglades National Park|work=St. Petersburg Times |location=Floridapage=1A}}</ref> The [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] authorized the creation of the new national park on May 30, 1934, but the Act (HR 2837),<ref>An act to provide for the establishment of the Everglades National Park in the State of Florida and for other purposes, [https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/73rd-congress/session-2/c73s2ch371.pdf H.R. 2837], 73rd Cong. (1934).</ref> which permanently reserved lands donated by public or private donation as wilderness, passed only with a rider that ensured no money would be allotted to the project for at least five years.<ref name="Tebeau 1963, p. 137"/> Coe's passion and [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] [[Spessard Holland]]'s politicking helped to fully establish the park, after Holland was able to negotiate {{convert|1300000|acre|sqmi km2|1}} of the park, leaving out Big Cypress, Key Largo, the [[Turner River Site|Turner River area]], and a {{convert|22000|acre|sqmi km2|1|adj=on}} tract of land called "The Hole in the Donut" that was too highly valued for agriculture. ''Miami Herald'' editor John Pennekamp was instrumental in pushing the Florida Legislature to raise $2 million to purchase the private land inside the park boundaries.<ref>Grunwald, pp. 212–214</ref> It was dedicated by President [[Harry Truman]] on December 6, 1947, one month after Marjory Stoneman Douglas's book ''The Everglades: River of Grass'' was released.<ref>Grunwald, pp. 206–215</ref> The same year, several tropical storms struck South Florida, prompting the construction of {{convert|1400|mi|km}} of canals, sending water unwanted by farmers and residents to the ocean.<ref name=klinkenberg/>
[[File:Everglades Pinelands.jpg|thumb|left|The park protects the last stands of pine rockland in Florida.]]
The [[Central and Southern Florida Flood Control Project]] (C&SF) was authorized by Congress to construct more than one thousand miles of canals and flood control structures across South Florida. The C&SF, run by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, established an agricultural area directly south of Lake Okeechobee, and three water conservation areas, all bordered by canals that diverted excess water either to urban areas or into the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico or Florida Bay. South of these manmade regions was Everglades National Park, which had been effectively cut off from its water supply. By the 1960s, the park was visibly suffering. The C&SF was directed to provide enough water to sustain the park; it did not follow through.<ref>Grunwald, p. 252.</ref> A proposed airport that would have [[Environmental Impact of the Big Cypress Swamp Jetport|dire environmental effects]] on Everglades National Park became the center of a battle that helped to initiate the environmental movement into local and national politics. The airport proposal was eventually abandoned, and in 1972 a bill was introduced to curb development in South Florida and ensure the national park would receive the amount of water it needed. Efforts turned to repairing the damage wrought by decades of mismanagement: the Army Corps of Engineers changed its focus in 1990 from constructing dams and canals to constructing "purely environmental projects".<ref>Grunwald, pp. 275–276.</ref>
Regions originally included in Ernest Coe's vision for a national park were slowly added over the years to the park or incorporated into other protected areas: [[Biscayne National Park]], [[Big Cypress National Preserve]], [[John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park]] on Key Largo, [[Ten Thousand Islands]] National Wildlife Refuge, and [[Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary]] were all protected after the park's opening in 1947. Everglades National Park was designated an [[International Biosphere Reserve]] on October 26, 1976. On November 10, 1978, {{convert|1,296,500|acre|sqmi km2|1}}, about 86% of the park, was declared a [[National Wilderness Preservation System|wilderness area]]. It was renamed the Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness in 1997.<ref name="area"/> It was listed as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] on October 24, 1979, and as a [[Ramsar Convention|Wetland of International Importance]] on June 4, 1987.<ref name="parkstats"/> It was placed on the [[List of World Heritage in Danger]] from 1993 until 2007 and then again in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage Committee inscribes Everglades National Park on List of World Heritage in Danger|access-date=March 24, 2012|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/638}}</ref> The park was added again due to the continued degradation of the set causing significant indications of eutrophication (for example algal blooms) negatively impacting the marine life causing the US government to request UNESCO and IUCN for assistance in development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2010/07/346462-everglades-returns-unesco-list-global-heritage-sites-danger|title = Everglades returns to UNESCO list of global heritage sites in danger|date = July 30, 2010}}</ref>
===Restoration efforts===
{{Further|Restoration of the Everglades}}
[[File:Little Blue Heron - Egretta caerulea, Anhinga Trail, Everglades National Park, Homestead, Florida.jpg|thumb|A [[little blue heron]] hunting in water near the [[Anhinga Trail]]]]
President [[George H. W. Bush]] signed the Everglades National Park Protection and Expansion Act on December 13, 1989, that added {{convert|109506|acre|sqmi km2|1}} to the eastern side of the park, closed the park to [[airboat]]s, directed the Department of the Army to restore water to improve the ecosystems within Everglades National Park, and "Direct(ed) the [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] to manage the Park in order to maintain the natural abundance, diversity, and ecological integrity of native plants and animals, as well as the behavior of native animals, as part of their ecosystem."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/archive/ever/presskit/legislat.htm |title=Legislative Direction: Everglades National Park |publisher=National Park Service |year=2002 |access-date=November 21, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206032941/https://www.nps.gov/archive/ever/presskit/legislat.htm |archive-date=December 6, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bush remarked in his statement when signing the act, "Through this legislation that river of grass may now be restored to its natural flow of water".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=17941|last=Bush|first=George H. W.|author-link=George H. W. Bush|title=Statement on Signing the Everglades National Park Protection and Expansion Act of 1989|date=December 13, 1989|access-date=November 21, 2007}}</ref>
In 2000, [[United States Congress|Congress]] approved the [[Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan]] (CERP), a federal effort to restore the Everglades with the objectives of "restoration, preservation and protection of the south Florida ecosystem while providing for other water-related needs of the region",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evergladesplan.org/facts_info/faqs_cerp.aspx |title=FAQs: What you should know about the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) |year=2002 |access-date=December 3, 2007 |publisher=[[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027024249/http://www.evergladesplan.org/facts_info/faqs_cerp.aspx |archive-date=October 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and claiming to be the largest environmental restoration in history. It was a controversial plan; detractors worried that it "relies on uncertain technologies, overlooks water quality, subsidizes damaging growth and delays its environmental benefits".<ref name=postgrunwald>{{cite news|last=Grunwald|first=Michael |date=June 26, 2002|title=Among Environmentalists, the Great Divide|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|page=A13}}</ref> Supporters of the plan included the [[National Audubon Society]], who were accused by Friends of the Everglades and the Biodiversity Legal Foundation of prioritizing agricultural and business interests.<ref name=postgrunwald/>
[[File:Anhinga crop.jpg|upright|thumb|left|The namesake of [[Anhinga]] Trail dries its feathers]]
CERP projects are designed to capture {{convert|1.7|e9USgal|m3}} of fresh water every day, store it in underground reservoirs, and release the water to areas within 16 counties in South Florida. Approximately {{convert|35600|acre|sqmi km2|1}} of man-made wetlands are to be constructed to confine contaminated water before it is released to the Everglades, and {{convert|240|mi|km}} of canals that divert water away from the Everglades are to be destroyed.<ref>CERP (May 2006). "Fact Sheet: The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP)." The Journey to Restore America's Everglades.</ref> During the first five years of implementation, CERP was responsible for the purchase of {{convert|207000|acre|sqmi km2|1}} of land at a cost of $1 billion. The plan aims to spend $10.5 billion over 30 years, combining 50 different projects and giving them 5-year timelines.<ref>CERP (2005). "The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan: The first 5 years." The Journey to Restore America's Everglades.</ref> <!-- NEED MORE RECENT DATA; THIS IS 10 YEARS OLD The State of Florida has invested more than $2 billion into restoring the Everglades, but the funds have not been matched by the U.S. government.<ref>[http://www.dep.state.fl.us/evergladesforever/ Restoring the River of Grass], Florida Department of Environmental Protection (2006). Retrieved May 24, 2008.</ref> As of June 2008, the U.S. government has spent only $400 million of the $7.8 billion legislated.<ref>June 9, 2008. [http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/opinion/sfl-editafpicayunesbjun09,0,2043626.story "Picayune Strand a model for what Everglades restoration will mean"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621044535/http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/opinion/sfl-editafpicayunesbjun09%2C0%2C2043626.story |date=June 21, 2008 }} ''South Florida Sun-Sentinel|Sun-Sentinel '' (Ft. Lauderdale, Florida).</ref> Initiatives that could aid Everglades restoration include the U.S. Sugar Land Corp transaction, the C-111 spreader canal and the Tamiami Trail bridging. These projects are supported by groups such as the [[Everglades Foundation]], whose mission is to aid in the efforts of saving America's Everglades for future generations.<ref>South Florida Water Management District. [http://my.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/xweb%20protecting%20and%20restoring/other%20everglades Northern Everglades and Estuaries Protection Program.] Retrieved July 23, 2010.</ref> In spite of this, Everglades National Park was removed in 2007 from the List of World Heritage in Danger.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/76|title=Everglades National Park|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=December 3, 2007}}</ref> It was listed again on the List of World Heritage in Danger in 2010.<ref>Jansen, Bart (August 3, 2010).[http://www.news-press.com/article/20100803/GREEN/8030340/1007/RSS0105 "Everglades deemed again in danger"]{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} News-Press.com</ref> The [[United States National Research Council|National Research Council]] reported in September 2008 that no CERP projects had been completed, and the lack of progress on water deliveries to Everglades National Park "is one of the most discouraging stories in Everglades restoration".<ref name="nrc2008">[http://dels.nas.edu/dels/rpt_briefs/everglades_brief_final.pdf "Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: Second Biennial Review (Brief)"], National Research Council (September 2008).</ref> -->
Everglades National Park was directly hit by Hurricanes [[Hurricane Katrina|Katrina]], [[Hurricane Wilma|Wilma]], and [[Hurricane Rita|Rita]] in 2005. Such storms are a natural part of the park's ecosystem; 1960's [[Hurricane Donna]] left nothing in the mangroves but "standing dead snags" several miles wide, but 30 years later the area had completely recovered.<ref name="Robertson, p. 9"/> Predictably, what suffered the most in the park from the 2005 hurricanes were man-made structures. In 2009 the visitor center and lodge at Flamingo were irreparably damaged by {{convert|125|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} winds and an {{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[storm surge]]; the lodge had been functioning for 50 years when it was torn down; nothing is slated to replace it.<ref>Morgan, Curtis (March 23, 2009). "Landmark Hotel in Everglades Now Pile of Rubble", ''The Miami Herald'', State and Regional News.</ref>
===Park economics===
Everglades National Park reported in 2005 a budget of over $28 million. Of that, $14.8 million was granted from the National Park Service and $13.5 million from various sources including CERP, donations, and other grants.<ref name=annual>Everglades National Park/Dry Tortugas National Park: Superintendent's Annual Report (2005)</ref> The entry fee for private vehicles in 2021 is $30. Of the nearly one million visitors to Everglades National Park in 2006, more than 38,000 were overnight campers, paying $16 a night or $10 a night for backcountry permits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/feesandreservations.htm |title=Fees & Reservations|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=December 6, 2007}}</ref> Visitors spent $2.6 million<ref name=annual/> within the park and $48 million in local economies.<ref name="econ"/> More than 900 jobs were sustained or created within or by the park, and the park added value of $35 million to local economies.<ref name=econ>Stynes, Daniel (November 2007). "National Park Visitor Spending and Payroll Impacts 2006." U.S. Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resource Studies; Michigan State University; and National Park Service Social Science Program.</ref>
=== Leadership and administration ===
Everglades National Park has had 19 superintendents since it was dedicated in 1947. The park's first superintendent, Daniel Beard (1947-1958), was also its longest-serving. After Superintendent Beard, Warren F. Hamilton served between 1958 and 1963, followed by Stanley C. Joseph (1963-1966), Roger W. Allin (1966-1968), John C. Raftery (1968-1970), Joseph Brown (1970-1971), Jack E. Stark (1971-1976), John M. Good (1976-1980), John M. Morehead (1980-1986), Marueen E. Finnerty (Acting Superintendent, 1986), Michael V. Finley (1986-1989), Robert L. Arnberger (Acting Superintendent, 1989), Robert S. Chandler (1989-1992), Dick Ring (1992-2000), Marueen E. Finnerty (2000-2003), Dan Kimball (2004-2014), Shawn Benge (Acting Superintendent, 2014), Bob Krumenaker (Acting Superintendent, 2014-2015), and finally Pedro Ramos, who was appointed in 2015 and continues to serve.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Park Service: Historic Listings of NPS Officials|url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/tolson/histlist7e.htm|website=www.nps.gov|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shawn Benge Appointed Acting Superintendent - Everglades National Park (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/news/shawnbengeactingsuperintendentpr.htm|last=Everglades National Park|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bob Krumenaker Appointed Acting Superintendent - Everglades National Park (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/news/new-acting-supt-krumenaker.htm|last=Everglades National Park|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pedro Ramos Selected as New Superintendent - Everglades National Park (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/news/pedro-ramos-selected-as-new-superintendent.htm|last=Everglades National Park|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref>
The park was placed into Administrative Region I in 1937, when the regions were first established. Region I was retitled the Southeast Region in 1962, which was restructured into the Southeast Area in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Administrative Histories {{!}} Park History Program|url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/HISNPS/NPSHistory/adminhistory.htm|website=www.nps.gov|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref> The reorganized unified Interior regions put it in the new Region 2.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What We Do (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/index.htm|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref>
==Activities==
The busiest season for visitors is from December to March, when temperatures are lowest and mosquitoes are least active. The park features five visitor centers: on the Tamiami Trail (part of [[U.S. Route 41 in Florida|U.S. Route 41]]) directly west of Miami is the ''[[Shark Valley]] Visitor Center''. A fifteen-mile (24 km) round trip path leads from this center to a two-story observation tower. Tram tours are available during the busy season. Closest to [[Homestead, Florida|Homestead]] on State Road 9336 is the ''Ernest F. Coe Visitor Center'', where a {{convert|38|mi|km|adj=on}} road begins, winding through pine rockland, cypress, freshwater marl prairie, coastal prairie, and mangrove ecosystems. Various hiking trails are accessible from the road, which runs to the ''Flamingo Visitor Center'' and marina, open and staffed during the busier time of the year. The ''Gulf Coast Visitor Center'' is closest to [[Everglades City, Florida|Everglades City]] on [[Florida State Road 29|State Road 29]] along the west coast. The Gulf Coast Visitor Center gives canoers access to the [[The Everglades Wilderness Waterway|Wilderness Waterway]], a 99-mile (160 km) canoe trail that extends to the Flamingo Visitor Center.<ref name="brochure"/> The former [[Royal Palm State Park]] was the site of the first Everglades National Park visitor center and later became the ''Royal Palm Visitor Center'' within the park.<ref name=VIS>{{cite web |last1=Markos |first1=Stevn L |title=Royal Palm Visitor Center |url=https://npplan.com/parks-by-state/florida-national-parks/everglades-national-park-park-at-a-glance/everglades-national-park-royal-palm-area/ |website=National Park Planner |publisher=National Park Planner |access-date=10 February 2023}}</ref>
The western coast of the park and the [[Ten Thousand Islands]] and the various key islands in Florida Bay are accessible only by boat.
===Trails===
[[File:Anhingatrail.jpg|thumb|right|A view of vast [[Cladium|sawgrass]] expanse north of the [[Anhinga Trail]] gives visitors an opportunity to see a freshwater slough up close.]]
Several walking trails in the park vary in hiking difficulty on Pine Island, where visitors can cross hardwood hammocks, pinelands, and freshwater sloughs. Starting at the Royal Palm Visitor Center, the Anhinga Trail is a half-mile self-guided tour through a sawgrass marsh where visitors can see alligators, marsh and wading birds, turtles, and bromeliads. Its proximity to Homestead and its accessibility makes it one of the most visited sites in the park. The nearby Gumbo Limbo Trail is also self-guided, at half-mile long. It loops through a canopy of hardwood hammocks that include gumbo limbo (''[[Bursera simaruba]]''), royal palms (''[[Roystonea]]''), strangler figs (''[[Ficus aurea]]''), and a variety of epiphytes.<ref>Hammer, pp. 28–32.</ref>
Twenty-eight miles (45 km) of trails start near the Long Pine Key campgrounds and wind through Long Pine Key, well-suited for [[offroad cycling]] through the pine rocklands in the Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness Area. Two boardwalks allow visitors to walk through a cypress forest at Pa-Hay-O-Kee, which also features a two-story overlook, and another at Mahogany Hammock (referring to ''[[Swietenia mahagoni]]'') that takes hikers through a dense forest in the middle of a freshwater marl prairie.<ref>Hammer, pp. 40–53.</ref> Closer to Flamingo, more rugged trails take visitors through mangrove swamps, along Florida Bay. Christian Point Trail, Snake [[bight (geography)|Bight]] Trail, Rowdy Bend Trail and Coastal Prairie Trail allow viewing of shorebirds and wading birds among the mangroves. Portions of the trails may be impassable depending on the time of year, because of mosquitoes and water levels. Ranger-led tours take place in the busier season only.<ref>Hammer, pp. 64–69.</ref>
===Camping and recreation===
Camping is available year-round in Everglades National Park. Camping with some services is available at Long Pine Key, close to the Ernest F. Coe Visitor Center, where 108 sites are accessible by car. Near Flamingo, 234 campsites with some services are also available. [[Recreational vehicle]] camping is available at these sites, but not with all necessary services. Back-country permits are required for campsites along the Wilderness Waterway, Gulf Coast sites, and sites in the various keys. Several back-country sites are [[chickee]]s; others are beach and ground sites.<ref>Hammer, pp. 33–35, 100–104, 147.</ref>
Low-powered motorboats are allowed in the park; the majority of salt water areas are [[Wake (physics)|no-wake zone]]s to protect manatees and other marine animals from harm. [[Jet ski]]s, airboats, and other motorized personal watercraft are prohibited. Many trails allow kayaks and canoes. A state license is required for fishing. Fresh water licenses are not sold in the park, but a salt water license may be available. Swimming is not recommended within the park boundaries; water moccasins, snapping turtles (''[[Chelydra serpentina]]''), alligators, and crocodiles thrive in fresh water. Sharks, barracuda, and sharp dangerous coral are plentiful in salt water. Visibility is low in both salt water and fresh water areas.<ref>Hammer, pp. 22–23, 25–26.</ref>
Everglades National Park is an important part of the [[Great Florida Birding Trail]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://floridabirdingtrail.com/trail/trail-sections/south-section/everglades-np-main-entrance/ |title=Everglades National Park: Main Entrance |work=Great Florida Birding and Wildlife Trail |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007045019/http://floridabirdingtrail.com/index.php/trip/trail/Everglades_National_Park_Main_Entrance |archive-date=October 7, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It has great biodiversity and many species of birds for bird watching and bird photography also.
<gallery mode="packed">
Everglades Campground at Flamingo.jpg|The campground at Flamingo
Rynchops_niger-flock.jpg|[[Black skimmer]]s at Flamingo campground
</gallery>
===Dark skies site===
[[File:Milky Way from Everglades National Park April, 2018.jpg|thumb|upright|Twenty second exposure of the Milky Way from the road to [[Flamingo, Monroe County, Florida|Flamingo]]]]
Portions of Everglades National Park are ideal for dark sky observations in South Florida.<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/nature/lightscape.htm "Lightscape / Night Sky"]. National Park Service. July 27, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2018.</ref><ref>[http://www.ournationalparks.us/south_florida/everglades/everglades_offers_ideal_location_to_view_night_sky/ "Everglades are ideal to view night sky"]. December 4, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2018.</ref> The best viewing locations are in the remote southern and western areas of the Everglades, such as [[Flamingo, Monroe County, Florida|Flamingo]] and the [[Ten Thousand Islands]]. The Milky Way appears brightest when looking south, toward the least light-polluted areas.<ref>[https://darksitefinder.com/maps/world.html#9/25.2844/-81.1368 "Light Pollution Map - Dark Site Finder"]. Retrieved October 29, 2018.</ref>
==Threats to the park and ecology==
===Diversion and quality of water===
[[File:Great Egret (2), NPSPhoto, R. Cammauf (1) (9101528256).jpg|thumb|[[Bromeliaceae|Bromeliads]] flourish on [[Taxodium distichum|bald cypress]] trees as a [[great egret]] hunts in the water]]
Less than 50 percent of the Everglades which existed prior to drainage attempts remains intact today. Populations of wading birds dwindled 90 percent from their original numbers between the 1940s and 2000s.<ref>Grunwald, p. 202.</ref> The diversion of water to South Florida's still-growing metropolitan areas is the Everglades National Park's number one threat. In the 1950s and 1960s, {{convert|1400|mi|km}} of canals and levees, 150 gates and spillways, and 16 pumping stations were constructed to direct water toward cities and away from the Everglades. Low levels of water leave fish vulnerable to reptiles and birds, and as sawgrass dries it can burn or die off, which in turn kills apple snails and other animals that wading birds feed upon.<ref name="brochure">National Park Service (2005). "Everglades." (Brochure)</ref> Populations of birds fluctuate; in 2009, the South Florida Water Management District claimed wading birds across South Florida increased by 335 percent.<ref>SFWMD (2010), p. 6-1.</ref> Following three years of increasing numbers, ''The Miami Herald'' reported in 2009 that populations of wading birds within the park decreased by 29 percent.<ref>Sessa, Whitney (March 1, 2009). "Taking A Dive: The Wading Bird Population at Everglades National Park Dropped by 29 Percent in 2008 ...", ''The Miami Herald'', State and Regional News.</ref>
Cities along the west coast of Florida rely on [[desalinization]] for fresh water; the quantity demanded is too great for the land to provide. [[Nitrate]]s in the underground water system and high levels of [[mercury (element)|mercury]] also impact the quality of fresh water the park receives.<ref name=brochure/> In 1998, a Florida panther was found dead in Shark Water Slough, with levels of mercury high enough to kill a human.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.p2pays.org/ref%5C01/00337.htm|title=Florida's mercury menace|last=Stephenson|first=Frank|year=1998|work=Florida State University Research in Review|access-date=November 20, 2007|archive-date=March 5, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305032820/http://www.p2pays.org/ref%5C01/00337.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Increased occurrences of [[algal bloom]]s and [[red tide]] in [[Biscayne Bay]] and Florida Bay have been traced to the amounts of controlled water released from Lake Okeechobee.<ref>{{cite news|last=Morgan|first=Curtis|date=September 24, 2006|title=Mass of green algae is creeping into Biscayne Bay|work=The Miami Herald|location=Florida}} Domestic News.</ref> The brochure given to visitors at Everglades National Park includes a statement that reads, "Freshwater flowing into the park is engineered. With the help of pumps, floodgates, and retention ponds along the park's boundary, the Everglades is presently on life support, alive but diminished."<ref name=brochure/>
===Urban encroachment===
A series of levees on the park's eastern border marks the line between urban and protected areas, but development into these areas threatens the park system. Florida still attracts nearly a thousand new residents every day,<ref>[http://www.flchamber.com/did-you-know-that-floridas-population-could-increase-to-nearly-26-million-by-2030/ Florida's population could increase to nearly 26 million by 2030]</ref> and building residential, commercial and industrial zones near Everglades National Park stresses the water balance and ecosystems within the park. On the park's western border, [[Fort Myers]], [[Naples, Florida|Naples]], and [[Cape Coral]] are expanding, but no system of levees exists to mark that border.<ref>Grunwald, pp. 363–366</ref> ''[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]'' rated both Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve the lowest-scoring parks in North America, at 32 out of 100. Their scoring system rated 55 parks by their [[sustainable tourism]], destination quality, and park management. The experts who compiled the results justified the score by stating: "Encroachment by housing and retail development has thrown the precious ecosystem into a tailspin, and if humankind doesn't back off, there will be nothing left of one of this country's most amazing treasures".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0627_050627_bestparks.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050630005529/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0627_050627_bestparks.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 30, 2005|title=Surprise finds top list of best national parks|last=Hamashige|first=Hope|date=July 27, 2005|work=National Geographic News|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|access-date=November 20, 2007}}</ref>
===Endangered and threatened animals===
[[File:Everglades American Crocodile.jpg|thumb|The [[American crocodile]] has notable differences from the alligator. Habitat destruction and vehicle collisions are some of the largest threats it experiences.]]
Thirty-six federally protected animals live in the park, some of which face grave threats to their survival.
In the United States, the [[American crocodile]]'s only habitat is within South Florida. They were once overhunted for their hides. They are protected today from hunting but are still threatened by habitat destruction and injury from vehicle collisions when crossing roads to reach waterways. About 2,000 crocodiles live in Florida, and there are roughly 100 nests in the Everglades and [[Biscayne National Park]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://crocdoc.ifas.ufl.edu/publications/factsheets/crocodileindicator.pdf |title= American crocodile |publisher= University of Florida |access-date= March 21, 2018}}</ref> Crocodiles populations in South Florida have increased as has the number of alligators. Crocodiles were reclassified from "endangered" to "threatened" in the United States in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|last=Morgan|first=Curtis|date=March 20, 2007|title=Crocodiles remain rare but are no longer endangered|work=The Miami Herald|location=Florida}} Domestic News.</ref>
The [[Florida panther]] is one of the most endangered mammals on earth. About 230 live in the wild, primarily in the Everglades and the Big Cypress Swamp.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/southeast/news/2017/02/florida-panther-population-estimate-updated/|title=Florida panther|publisher=Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission|access-date=March 21, 2018}}</ref> The biggest threats to the panther include habitat destruction from human development, vehicle collisions, [[inbreeding]] due to their limited gene pool, parasites, diseases, and [[mercury poisoning]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenders.org/florida-panther/basic-facts|title=Florida panther|publisher=Defenders of Wildlife|access-date=April 12, 2017}}</ref>
Four Everglade species of sea turtle including the Atlantic green sea turtle, the Atlantic [[Hawksbill sea turtle|hawksbill]], the Atlantic loggerhead (''[[Caretta caretta]]''), and the Atlantic ridley (''[[Lepidochelys kempii]]'') are endangered. Also, the leatherback sea turtle (''[[Dermochelys coriacea]]'') is threatened. Numbers are difficult to determine, since males and juveniles do not return to their birthplace; females lay eggs in the same location every year. Habitat loss, illegal [[poaching]], and destructive fishing practices are the biggest threats to these animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenders.org/sea-turtles/basic-facts|title=Sea turtles |publisher=Defenders of Wildlife|access-date=April 12, 2017}}</ref>
The range of the [[Cape Sable seaside sparrow]] is restricted to Everglades National Park and the Big Cypress Swamp.<ref>[http://www.evergladesplan.org/facts_info/sywtkma_sparrow.aspx So you Want to Know More About ... Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305093904/http://www.evergladesplan.org/facts_info/sywtkma_sparrow.aspx |date=March 5, 2008 }} Retrieved February 12, 2008.</ref> In 1981 6,656 Cape Sable seaside sparrows were reported in park boundaries, but surveys over 10 years documented a decline to an estimated 2,624 birds by 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/birds/songbirds/cape-sable-seaside-sparrow/|title=Species Spotlight: Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|access-date=November 21, 2007|archive-date=April 21, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421054412/http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/birds/songbirds/cape-sable-seaside-sparrow/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Attempts to return natural levels of water to the park have been controversial; Cape Sable seaside sparrows nest about a foot off the ground, and rising water levels may harm future populations, as well as threaten the locally endangered [[snail kite]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Morgan|first=Curtis|date=November 1, 2006|title=Officials move to protect Fla. habitat of endangered bird|work=The Miami Herald|location=Florida}} Domestic News.</ref> The Everglades snail kite eats [[apple snail]]s almost exclusively, and the Everglades is the only location in the United States where this [[bird of prey]] exists. There is some evidence that the population may be increasing, but the loss of habitat and food sources keep the estimated number of these birds at several hundred.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enature.com/fieldguides/detail.asp?recnum=BD0105|title=Snail Kite Rostrhamus sociabilis|publisher=Enature.com|access-date=November 21, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305042718/http://www.enature.com/fieldguides/detail.asp?recnum=BD0105|archive-date=March 5, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
The [[West Indian manatee]] has been upgraded from endangered to threatened. Collisions with boats and habitat loss are still its biggest threats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenders.org/wildlife_and_habitat/wildlife/manatee.php |title=Florida manatee |publisher=Defenders of Wildlife |access-date=January 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220103207/http://defenders.org/wildlife_and_habitat/wildlife/manatee.php |archive-date=February 20, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Drought, fire, and rising sea levels===
Fire naturally occurs after lightning storms but takes its heaviest toll when water levels are low. Hardwood hammock and cypress trees are susceptible to heavy damage from fire, and some may take decades to grow back.<ref name=brochure/> [[Peat]] built up over centuries in the marsh can cause fires to burn deep scars in the soil. In 2007, Fred Sklar of the [[South Florida Water Management District]] said: "An extreme drought can be viewed (as) almost as catastrophic as a volcano. It can reshape the entire landscape. It can take 1,000 years to produce two inches of peat, and you can lose those couple of inches in a week."<ref>{{cite news|last=Morgan|first=Curtis |date=April 12, 2007|title=Drought could cripple Everglades' life|work=The Miami Herald|location=Florida}} Domestic News.</ref>
Rising sea levels caused by [[global warming]] are another threat to the future of the park. Since 1932, ocean levels at [[Key West]] have steadily risen over {{convert|0.7|ft|m|1}}, which could have disastrous consequences for land so close to the ocean.<ref>Lodge, p.100.</ref> It is estimated that within 500 years freshwater habitats in the Everglades National Park will be obliterated by salt water, leaving only the northernmost portion of the Everglades. Cost estimates for raising or replacing the Tamiami Trail and [[Alligator Alley]] with bridges are in the hundreds of millions of dollars.<ref>Lodge, p.254.</ref>
Through Trump Administration, The Florida Department of Transportation, and Everglades National Park, there are plans to execute and complete the Next Steps project to help fix these various water issues, along with other parts of the park. This completion plan was announced in September 2020, will begin November 2020, and should be done by the end of 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contract Awarded for Completion of Tamiami Trail Next Steps Project |url=https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1207/contract-awarded-for-completion-of-tamiami-trail-next-steps-project.htm |website=NPS |access-date=7 October 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
===Non-native species===
{{Further|List of invasive species in the Everglades|Burmese pythons in Florida}}
[[File:Gator and Python.jpg|thumb|A struggle between a [[Burmese python]] and an [[American alligator|alligator]]]]
The introduction of non-native species into South Florida is a considerable problem for the park. Many of the biological controls such as weather, disease, and consumers who naturally limit plants in their native environments do not exist in the Everglades, causing many to grow larger and multiply far beyond their average numbers in their native habitats. Approximately 26 percent of all fish, reptiles, birds, and mammal species in South Florida are exotic—more than in any other part of the U.S.—and the region hosts one of the highest numbers of exotic plant species in the world.<ref>Ferriter, ''et al.'' (2004), p. 1.</ref>
Species that adapt the most aggressively to conditions in the Everglades, by spreading quickly or competing with native species that sometimes are threatened or endangered, are called "invasive". Thousands of exotic plant species have been observed in South Florida, usually introduced as ornamental landscaping, but park staff must eradicate such invasive plants as melaleuca tree (''[[Melaleuca quinquenervia]]''), Brazilian pepper (''[[Schinus terebinthifolius]]''), and Old World climbing fern (''[[Lygodium microphyllum]]'').<ref>Rodgers, et al., pp. 9–2.</ref> Similarly, animals often do not find the predators or natural barriers to reproduction in the Everglades as they do where they originate, thus they often reproduce more quickly and efficiently. Lobate lac scale insects (''[[Paratachardina pseudolobata]]'') kill shrubs and other plants in hardwood hammocks. Bromeliad beetles (''[[Metamasius callizona]]'') destroy bromeliads and the ecosystems they host.<ref>Howard, F.W.; Pemberton, Robert; Hamon, Avas; Hodges, Greg; Steinberg, Bryan; Mannion, Catherine; McLean, David; Wofford, Jeannette (November 2002). [http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN47100.pdf Lobate Lac Scale, Paratachardina lobata lobata (Chamberlin) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Kerriidae)], University of Florida IFAS. Retrieved on February 3, 2010.</ref>
Walking catfish (''[[Clarias batrachus]]'') can deplete aquaculture stocks and they carry enteric septicemia.<ref>Brogan, Christine (September 30, 2003). [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Clarius_batrachus.html Walking Catfish (Clarius batrachus)], Columbia University Introduced Species Summary Project. Retrieved on February 17, 2010.</ref> The [[Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission]] (FWC) listed eight "Reptiles of Concern", including the Burmese python (''[[Python molurus bivittatus]]''), focusing on them for their large sizes and aggressive natures, allowing licensed hunters to kill any listed animals in protected areas and sell their meat and hides.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wctv.tv/home/headlines/84949187.html |title=FWC creates special season for capture and removal of reptiles of concern |publisher=[[Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission]]/[[WCTV]] |date=February 22, 2010 |access-date=February 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226134830/http://www.myfwc.com/NEWSROOM/10/south/News_10_S_ROC_SpecialSeason.htm |archive-date=February 26, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Rodgers, pp. 9–15.</ref> [[Burmese python]]s, two subspecies of African rock pythons (''[[Python sebae]]''; northern and southern), and yellow anacondas (''[[Eunectes notaeus]]'') were banned from import into the U.S. in 2012. [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] [[Ken Salazar]] announced the inclusion of these reptiles at Everglades National Park.<ref>Segal, Kim (January 17, 2012). [http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/17/us/florida-python-ban/index.html U.S. bans imports of 4 exotic snake species], CNN. Retrieved on January 17, 2012.</ref> Exotic species control falls under the management of the [[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]], which has been compiling and disseminating information about invasive species since 1994. Control of invasive species costs $500 million per year, but {{convert|1700000|acre|sqmi km2|1}} of land in South Florida remains infested.<ref name=invaders>[https://www.nps.gov/ever/naturescience/upload/2008%20Florida%20Invaders%20For%20Web.pdf Florida Invaders], National Park Service and Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Retrieved on February 3, 2010.</ref>
==See also==
*[[List of birds of Everglades National Park]]
*[[List of national parks of the United States]]
*[[Dry Tortugas National Park]]
*[[Environmental Impact of the Big Cypress Swamp Jetport]]
*[[HM-69|Nike Missile Site HM-69]]
*[[World Heritage Sites in Danger]]
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}
==Bibliography==
{{Colbegin}}
*Davis, Jack (2009), ''An Everglades Providence: Marjory Stoneman Douglas and the American Environmental Century'', University of Georgia Press (2009). {{ISBN|0-8203-3071-X}}
*[[Marjory Stoneman Douglas|Douglas, Marjory]] (1947). ''[[The Everglades: River of Grass]]''. Florida Classics Library. {{ISBN|0-912451-44-0}}
*Ferriter, Amy; Serbesoff-King, Kristina; Bodle, Mike; Goodyear, Carole; Doren, Bob; Langeland, Ken (2004). [https://my.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/pg_grp_sfwmd_sfer/portlet_prevreport/final/chapters/ch8e.pdf Chapter 8E: Exotic Species in the Everglades Protection Area], South Florida Water Management District
*Grunwald, Michael (2006). ''The Swamp: The Everglades, Florida, and the Politics of Paradise''. Simon & Schuster. {{ISBN|978-0-7432-5105-1}}
*Hammer, Roger (2005). ''Everglades National Park and the Surrounding Area: A Guide to Exploring the Great Outdoors'', Morris Book Publishing, LLC. {{ISBN|978-0-7627-3432-0}}
*Lodge, Thomas (2005). ''The Everglades Handbook: Understanding the Ecosystem''. CRC Press. {{ISBN|1-56670-614-9}}
*McCally, David (1999). ''The Everglades: An Environmental History''. University Press of Florida. {{ISBN|0-8130-2302-5}}
*Robertson, Jr. William (1989). ''Everglades: The Park Story.'' Florida National Parks & Monuments Association, Inc. {{ISBN|0-945142-01-3}}
*Rodgers, LeRoy; Bodle, Mike; Laroche, Francois (2010). [https://my.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/pg_grp_sfwmd_sfer/portlet_sfer/tab2236037/2010%20report/v1/chapters/v1_ch9.pdf Chapter 9: Status of Nonindigenous Species in the South Florida Environment], ''2010 South Florida Environmental Report'' (Volume I), South Florida Water Management District.
*South Florida Water Management District (2010). [https://my.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/pg_grp_sfwmd_sfer/portlet_sfer/tab2236037/2010%20report/v1/chapters/v1_ch6.pdf Chapter 6: Ecology of the Everglades Protection Area]. ''2010 South Florida Environmental Report: Volume I—The South Florida Environment''. Retrieved on May 26, 2010.
*[[Charlton W. Tebeau|Tebeau, Charlton W.]] (1955). ''The Story of the Chokoloskee Bay County and the Reminiscences of Pioneer C. S. "Ted" Smallwood'', University of Miami Press.
*Tebeau, Charlton W. (1963) ''They Lived in the Park: The Story of Man in the Everglades National Park'', University of Miami Press.
*Tebeau, Charlton W. (1968) ''Man in the Everglades'', University of Miami Press. {{ISBN|978-0-87024-073-7}}
*Whitney, Ellie et al., eds. (2004). ''Priceless Florida: Natural Ecosystems and Native Species'', Pineapple Press, Inc. {{ISBN|978-1-56164-309-7}}
{{Colend}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Category:Everglades National Park|b=no|n=no|q=no|s=no|v=no|voy=Everglades National Park|species=no|d=no}}
*{{Official website}}
* [https://artsandculture.google.com/story/PwXRePhnekHkHw Everglades National Park] UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070710101132/http://www.floridamemory.com/PhotographicCollection/photo_exhibits/everglades.cfm The Everglades in the Time of Marjory Stoneman Douglas] - photo exhibit created by the [[State Library and Archives of Florida|State Archives of Florida]]
*[http://everglades.fiu.edu/reclaim/index.htm Reclaiming the Everglades: South Florida's Natural History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103151039/http://everglades.fiu.edu/reclaim/index.htm |date=January 3, 2019 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160703220621/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d101%3AHR01727%3A%40%40%40L&summ2=m& Everglades National Park Protection and Expansion Act]
*[https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=76 UNESCO World Heritage Centre]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180516014515/https://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&sec=wildView&wname=Marjory%20Stoneman%20Douglas%20Wilderness Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness]
*[https://vimeo.com/56510939 Short public television episode on the Florida Everglades]
*[http://www.everglades.national-park.com/ U.S. National Parks Net: Everglades National Park]
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vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Everglades National Park</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 100%;"><div style="background-color: #CDE5B2;"><a href="/info/en/?search=IUCN_protected_area_categories" title="IUCN protected area categories">IUCN category</a> II (<a href="/info/en/?search=National_park" title="National park">national park</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Sunset_over_the_River_of_Grass,_NPSphoto,_G.Gardner_(9255157507).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sunset_over_the_River_of_Grass%2C_NPSphoto%2C_G.Gardner_%289255157507%29.jpg/284px-Sunset_over_the_River_of_Grass%2C_NPSphoto%2C_G.Gardner_%289255157507%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sunset_over_the_River_of_Grass%2C_NPSphoto%2C_G.Gardner_%289255157507%29.jpg/426px-Sunset_over_the_River_of_Grass%2C_NPSphoto%2C_G.Gardner_%289255157507%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sunset_over_the_River_of_Grass%2C_NPSphoto%2C_G.Gardner_%289255157507%29.jpg/568px-Sunset_over_the_River_of_Grass%2C_NPSphoto%2C_G.Gardner_%289255157507%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sunset over the Everglades river of grass, January 2013</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219143323">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#000;color:#fff}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#000;color:#fff}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:284px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:284px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:284px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:USA_Florida_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing the location of Everglades National Park"><img alt="Map showing the location of Everglades National Park" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/USA_Florida_relief_location_map.jpg/284px-USA_Florida_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/USA_Florida_relief_location_map.jpg/426px-USA_Florida_relief_location_map.jpg 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map of Florida</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1219143323"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:284px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:284px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:284px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing the location of Everglades National Park"><img alt="Map showing the location of Everglades National Park" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/284px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="284" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/426px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/568px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:92.171%;left:80.306%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Everglades National Park"><img alt="Map showing the location of Everglades National Park" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in the United States</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="locality"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Miami-Dade_County,_Florida" title="Miami-Dade County, Florida">Miami-Dade</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Monroe_County,_Florida" title="Monroe County, Florida">Monroe</a>, & <a href="/info/en/?search=Collier_County,_Florida" title="Collier County, Florida">Collier</a> counties, <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, United States</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nearest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_City,_Florida" title="Florida City, Florida">Florida City</a><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Everglades_City,_Florida" title="Everglades City, Florida">Everglades City</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Everglades_National_Park&params=25.3125_N_80.6875_W_region:US-FL_type:landmark_scale:40000_source:GNIS_dim:76km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°18′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">80°41′15″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.3125000°N 80.6875000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.3125000; -80.6875000</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-gnis_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">1,508,976 acres (6,106.61 km<sup>2</sup>)<br /><span style="font-size:100%;">1,508,243 acres (2,356.6 sq mi) federal</span><sup id="cite_ref-area_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-area-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Authorized</th><td class="infobox-data">May 30, 1934<span class="noprint">; 89 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1934-05-30</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Visitors</th><td class="infobox-data">1,155,193 (in 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-visits_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visits-3">[3]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/ever/">Everglades National Park</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"><div style="border:4px solid #FFE153; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;">
<a href="/info/en/?search=World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Natural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">viii, ix, x</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1979 <small>(3rd <a href="/info/en/?search=World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/76">76</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_North_America" title="List of World Heritage Sites in North America">Europe and North America</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">Endangered</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1993–2007;<br />2010–<i>present</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2">
</th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"><div style="border:4px solid #8DE3D2; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;">
<a href="/info/en/?search=Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Wetland</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">4 June 1987</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">374<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2">
</th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2">
</th></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Everglades National Park</b> is an American <a href="/info/en/?search=National_park" title="National park">national park</a> that protects the southern twenty percent of the original <a href="/info/en/?search=Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. The park is the largest tropical wilderness in the United States and the largest wilderness of any kind east of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. An average of one million people visit the park each year.<sup id="cite_ref-parkstats_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parkstats-5">[5]</a></sup> Everglades is the third-largest national park in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous United States</a> after <a href="/info/en/?search=Death_Valley_National_Park" title="Death Valley National Park">Death Valley</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> declared the <a href="/info/en/?search=Everglades_%26_Dry_Tortugas_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Everglades & Dry Tortugas Biosphere Reserve">Everglades & Dry Tortugas Biosphere Reserve</a> in 1976 and listed the park as a <a href="/info/en/?search=World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1979, and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a> included the park on its list of <a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Ramsar_wetlands_of_international_importance" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance">Wetlands of International Importance</a> in 1987. Everglades is one of only three locations in the world to appear on all three lists.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Most national parks preserve unique geographic features; Everglades National Park was the first created to protect a fragile <a href="/info/en/?search=Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>. The Everglades are a network of wetlands and forests fed by a river flowing 0.25 miles (0.40 km) per day out of <a href="/info/en/?search=Lake_Okeechobee" title="Lake Okeechobee">Lake Okeechobee</a>, southwest into <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_Bay" title="Florida Bay">Florida Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> The park is the most significant breeding ground for tropical <a href="/info/en/?search=Wading_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Wading bird">wading birds</a> in North America and contains the largest <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_mangroves" title="Florida mangroves">mangrove</a> ecosystem in the Western Hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-main_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-main-8">[8]</a></sup> Thirty-six <a href="/info/en/?search=Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened</a> or protected species inhabit the park, including the <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_panther" title="Florida panther">Florida panther</a>, the <a href="/info/en/?search=American_crocodile" title="American crocodile">American crocodile</a>, and the <a href="/info/en/?search=West_Indian_manatee" title="West Indian manatee">West Indian manatee</a>, along with 350 species of birds, 300 species of fresh and saltwater fish, 40 species of mammals, and 50 species of reptiles.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> The majority of <a href="/info/en/?search=South_Florida" title="South Florida">South Florida</a>'s fresh water, which is stored in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Biscayne_Aquifer" title="Biscayne Aquifer">Biscayne Aquifer</a>, is recharged in the park.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>Humans have lived for thousands of years in or around the Everglades. Plans arose in 1882 to drain the wetlands and develop the land for agricultural and residential use. As the 20th century progressed, water flow from Lake Okeechobee was increasingly controlled and diverted to enable explosive growth of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Miami_metropolitan_area" title="Miami metropolitan area">Miami metropolitan area</a>. The park was established in 1934, to protect the quickly vanishing Everglades, and dedicated in 1947, as major canal-building projects were initiated across South Florida. The ecosystems in Everglades National Park have suffered significantly from human activity, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Restoration_of_the_Everglades" title="Restoration of the Everglades">restoration of the Everglades</a> is a politically charged issue in South Florida.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Geology"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Hydrography"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Hydrography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Ecosystems"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Ecosystems</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Freshwater_sloughs_and_marl_prairies"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Freshwater sloughs and marl prairies</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Tropical_hardwood_hammocks"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Tropical hardwood hammocks</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Pineland"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Pineland</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Cypress_and_mangrove"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Cypress and mangrove</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Coastal_lowlands"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Coastal lowlands</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Marine_and_estuarine"><span class="tocnumber">5.6</span> <span class="toctext">Marine and estuarine</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Human_history"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Human history</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Native_peoples"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Native peoples</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#American_settlements"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">American settlements</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Land_development_and_conservation"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Land development and conservation</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Park_history"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Park history</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Restoration_efforts"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Restoration efforts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Park_economics"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Park economics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Leadership_and_administration"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Leadership and administration</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Activities"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Activities</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Trails"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Trails</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Camping_and_recreation"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Camping and recreation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Dark_skies_site"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Dark skies site</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Threats_to_the_park_and_ecology"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Threats to the park and ecology</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Diversion_and_quality_of_water"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Diversion and quality of water</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Urban_encroachment"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Urban encroachment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Endangered_and_threatened_animals"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Endangered and threatened animals</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Drought,_fire,_and_rising_sea_levels"><span class="tocnumber">9.4</span> <span class="toctext">Drought, fire, and rising sea levels</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Non-native_species"><span class="tocnumber">9.5</span> <span class="toctext">Non-native species</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>gyatt
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geology">Geology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The terrain of South Florida is relatively and consistently flat. The <a href="/info/en/?search=Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> that underlies the Everglades is integral to the diverse ecosystems within the park. Florida was once part of the African portion of the supercontinent <a href="/info/en/?search=Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>. After it separated, conditions allowed a shallow marine environment to deposit <a href="/info/en/?search=Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> in sand, shells, and coral to be converted into limestone.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Tiny bits of shell, sand, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Bryozoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryozoan">bryozoans</a> compressed over multiple layers forming structures in the limestone called <a href="/info/en/?search=Ooids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ooids">ooids</a>, which created permeable conditions that hold water.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Florida peninsula appeared above sea level between 100,000 and 150,000 years ago. As sea levels rose at the end of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin ice age</a>, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a> appeared closer to land. Lake Okeechobee began to flood, and convection thunderstorms were created.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> Vast <a href="/info/en/?search=Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> deposits south of Lake Okeechobee indicate that regular flooding had occurred about 5,000 years ago. Plants began to migrate, subtropical ones from the northern part of Florida, and tropicals carried as seeds by birds from islands in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> The limestone shelf appears to be flat, but there are slight rises—called pinnacles—and depressions caused by the erosion of limestone by the acidic properties of the water. The amount of time throughout the year that water is present in a location in the Everglades determines the type of soil, of which there only two in the Everglades: peat, created by many years of decomposing plant matter, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Marl" title="Marl">marl</a>, the result of dried <a href="/info/en/?search=Periphyton" title="Periphyton">periphyton</a>, or chunks of algae and microorganisms that create a grayish mud. Portions of the Everglades that remain flooded for more than nine months out of the year are usually covered by peat. Areas that are flooded for six months or less are covered by marl. Plant communities are determined by the type of soil and the amount of water present.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>According to the <a href="/info/en/?search=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> system, Royal Palm at Everglades National Park has a <a href="/info/en/?search=Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">tropical monsoon climate</a> (<i>Am</i>). Summers are long, hot, and very wet and winters are warm and dry.
</p>
<div>
<table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="14">Climate data for Royal Palm Ranger Station, Florida, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1949–present
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Month
</th>
<th scope="col">Jan
</th>
<th scope="col">Feb
</th>
<th scope="col">Mar
</th>
<th scope="col">Apr
</th>
<th scope="col">May
</th>
<th scope="col">Jun
</th>
<th scope="col">Jul
</th>
<th scope="col">Aug
</th>
<th scope="col">Sep
</th>
<th scope="col">Oct
</th>
<th scope="col">Nov
</th>
<th scope="col">Dec
</th>
<th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C)
</th>
<td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92<br />(33)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97<br />(36)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">101<br />(38)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">102<br />(39)
</td>
<td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">107<br />(42)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104<br />(40)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">102<br />(39)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">103<br />(39)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">105<br />(41)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">106<br />(41)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99<br />(37)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95<br />(35)
</td>
<td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">107<br />(42)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C)
</th>
<td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.8<br />(30.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.4<br />(31.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.2<br />(32.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.3<br />(34.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.9<br />(35.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.1<br />(36.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.3<br />(36.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.3<br />(36.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.8<br />(36.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.7<br />(34.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.1<br />(32.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.5<br />(30.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">99.4<br />(37.4)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
</th>
<td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.0<br />(25.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.9<br />(27.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.3<br />(28.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.4<br />(30.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.4<br />(31.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.1<br />(32.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.5<br />(33.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.6<br />(33.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.3<br />(32.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.0<br />(31.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.2<br />(28.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.0<br />(26.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">86.4<br />(30.2)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C)
</th>
<td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.6<br />(19.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.7<br />(20.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.7<br />(21.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.2<br />(23.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.0<br />(25.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.6<br />(27.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.0<br />(28.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.5<br />(28.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.8<br />(28.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.4<br />(26.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.5<br />(23.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.3<br />(20.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">75.9<br />(24.4)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
</th>
<td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.1<br />(12.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.5<br />(13.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.0<br />(14.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.0<br />(16.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.6<br />(19.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.0<br />(22.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.5<br />(23.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.3<br />(23.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.2<br />(23.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.9<br />(21.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.8<br />(17.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.6<br />(14.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">65.5<br />(18.6)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C)
</th>
<td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.9<br />(3.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.7<br />(5.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.7<br />(6.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.3<br />(10.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.0<br />(14.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.8<br />(19.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.3<br />(21.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.0<br />(21.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.8<br />(21.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.3<br />(16.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.1<br />(11.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.5<br />(6.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.8<br />(2.1)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C)
</th>
<td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(−4)
</td>
<td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29<br />(−2)
</td>
<td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31<br />(−1)
</td>
<td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37<br />(3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49<br />(9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50<br />(10)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66<br />(19)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66<br />(19)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64<br />(18)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49<br />(9)
</td>
<td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31<br />(−1)
</td>
<td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27<br />(−3)
</td>
<td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24<br />(−4)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/info/en/?search=Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm)
</th>
<td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.70<br />(43)
</td>
<td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.82<br />(46)
</td>
<td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.93<br />(49)
</td>
<td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.85<br />(72)
</td>
<td style="background: #22FF22; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.84<br />(148)
</td>
<td style="background: #009D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9.00<br />(229)
</td>
<td style="background: #00FC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.82<br />(173)
</td>
<td style="background: #00B900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8.57<br />(218)
</td>
<td style="background: #009D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9.01<br />(229)
</td>
<td style="background: #2CFF2C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.55<br />(141)
</td>
<td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.39<br />(61)
</td>
<td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.88<br />(48)
</td>
<td style="background: #46FF46; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">57.36<br />(1,457)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.01 in)</span>
</th>
<td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6
</td>
<td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5
</td>
<td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7
</td>
<td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3
</td>
<td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9
</td>
<td style="background: #2323FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.2
</td>
<td style="background: #2A2AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.2
</td>
<td style="background: #1212FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19.2
</td>
<td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.3
</td>
<td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6
</td>
<td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8
</td>
<td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6
</td>
<td style="background: #7070FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">135.9
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: NOAA<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Hydrography">Hydrography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hydrography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>While they are common in the northern portion of <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, no underground <a href="/info/en/?search=Spring_(hydrosphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring (hydrosphere)">springs</a> feed water into the Everglades system. An underground reservoir called the <a href="/info/en/?search=Floridan_aquifer" title="Floridan aquifer">Floridan aquifer</a> lies about 1,000 feet (300 m) below the surface of <a href="/info/en/?search=South_Florida" title="South Florida">South Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> The Everglades has an immense capacity for water storage, owing to the permeable limestone beneath the exposed land. Most of the water arrives in the form of rainfall, and a significant amount is stored in the limestone. Water evaporating from the Everglades becomes rain over metropolitan areas, providing the fresh water supply for the region. Water also flows into the park after falling as rain to the north onto the watersheds of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Kissimmee_River" title="Kissimmee River">Kissimmee River</a> and other sources of Lake Okeechobee, to appear in the Everglades days later. Water overflows Lake Okeechobee into a river 40 to 70 miles (64 to 113 km) wide, which moves almost imperceptibly.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ecosystems">Ecosystems</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ecosystems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Geography_and_ecology_of_the_Everglades" title="Geography and ecology of the Everglades">Geography and ecology of the Everglades</a></div>
<p>At the turn of the 20th century, common concepts of what should be protected in national parks invariably included formidable geologic features like mountains, geysers, or canyons. As Florida's population began to grow significantly and urban areas near the Everglades were developed, proponents of the park's establishment faced difficulty in persuading the federal government and the people of Florida that the subtle and constantly shifting ecosystems in the Everglades were just as worthy of protection.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> When the park was established in 1947, it became the first area within the U.S. to protect flora and fauna native to a region as opposed to geologic scenery.<sup id="cite_ref-superreport_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-superreport-22">[22]</a></sup> The National Park Service recognizes nine distinct interdependent ecosystems within the park that constantly shift in size owing to the amount of water present and other environmental factors.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Freshwater_sloughs_and_marl_prairies">Freshwater sloughs and marl prairies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Freshwater sloughs and marl prairies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Everglades_Natl_Park_Alligator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Everglades_Natl_Park_Alligator.jpg/220px-Everglades_Natl_Park_Alligator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Everglades_Natl_Park_Alligator.jpg/330px-Everglades_Natl_Park_Alligator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Everglades_Natl_Park_Alligator.jpg/440px-Everglades_Natl_Park_Alligator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/info/en/?search=American_alligator" title="American alligator">Alligators</a> thrive in freshwater <a href="/info/en/?search=Swamp" title="Swamp">sloughs</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Marl_prairie" title="Marl prairie">marl prairies</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Freshwater <a href="/info/en/?search=Slough_(hydrology)" title="Slough (hydrology)">sloughs</a> are perhaps the most common ecosystem associated with Everglades National Park. These drainage channels are characterized by low-lying areas covered in fresh water, flowing at an almost imperceptible 100 feet (30 m) per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson,_p._9_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson,_p._9-23">[23]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Shark_River_(Florida)" title="Shark River (Florida)">Shark River Slough</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Taylor_Slough" title="Taylor Slough">Taylor Slough</a> are significant features of the park. <a href="/info/en/?search=Cladium" title="Cladium">Sawgrass</a> growing to a height of 6 feet (1.8 m) or more, and broad-leafed marsh plants, are so prominent in this region that they gave the Everglades its nickname <a href="/info/en/?search=The_Everglades:_River_of_Grass" title="The Everglades: River of Grass">"River of Grass"</a>, cemented in the public imagination in the title for <a href="/info/en/?search=Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a>'s book (1947), which culminated years of her advocacy for considering the Everglades ecosystem as more than a "swamp". Excellent feeding locations for birds, sloughs in the Everglades attract a great variety of waders such as <a href="/info/en/?search=Heron" title="Heron">herons</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Egret" title="Egret">egrets</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Roseate_spoonbill" title="Roseate spoonbill">roseate spoonbills</a> (<i>Platalea ajaja</i>), <a href="/info/en/?search=Ibis" title="Ibis">ibises</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Brown_pelican" title="Brown pelican">brown pelicans</a> (<i>Pelecanus occidentalis</i>), as well as <a href="/info/en/?search=Limpkin" title="Limpkin">limpkins</a> (<i>Aramus guarauna</i>) and <a href="/info/en/?search=Snail_kite" title="Snail kite">snail kites</a> that eat <a href="/info/en/?search=Ampullariidae" title="Ampullariidae">apple snails</a>, which in turn feed on the sawgrass. The sloughs' availability of fish, amphibians, and young birds attract a variety of freshwater turtles, <a href="/info/en/?search=American_alligator" title="American alligator">alligator</a> (<i>Alligator mississippiensis</i>), <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_cottonmouth" title="Florida cottonmouth">water moccasin</a> (<i>Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti</i>), and <a href="/info/en/?search=Eastern_diamondback_rattlesnake" title="Eastern diamondback rattlesnake">eastern diamondback rattlesnake</a> (<i>Crotalus adamanteus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Everglades_-_Blue_Heron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Everglades_-_Blue_Heron.jpg/220px-Everglades_-_Blue_Heron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Everglades_-_Blue_Heron.jpg/330px-Everglades_-_Blue_Heron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Everglades_-_Blue_Heron.jpg/440px-Everglades_-_Blue_Heron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2964" data-file-height="1975" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/info/en/?search=Great_blue_heron" title="Great blue heron">great blue heron</a> along the Anhinga Trail</figcaption></figure>
<p>Freshwater <a href="/info/en/?search=Marl_prairie" title="Marl prairie">marl prairies</a> are similar to sloughs but lack the slow movement of surface water; instead, water seeps through a calcitic mud called <a href="/info/en/?search=Marl" title="Marl">marl</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a> and other microscopic organisms form <a href="/info/en/?search=Periphyton" title="Periphyton">periphyton</a>, which attaches to limestone. When it dries it turns into a gray mud.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> Sawgrass and other water plants grow shorter in freshwater marl than they do in <a href="/info/en/?search=Peat" title="Peat">peat</a>, the other type of soil in the Everglades which is found where water remains present longer throughout the year. Marl prairies are usually under water from three to seven months of the year, whereas sloughs may remain submerged for longer than nine months and sometimes remain under water from one year to the next. Sawgrass may dominate sloughs, creating a <a href="/info/en/?search=Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a>. Other grasses, such as muhly grass (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhlenbergia_sericea" title="Muhlenbergia sericea">Muhlenbergia sericea</a></i>) and broad-leafed water plants can be found in marl prairies.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> Animals living in the freshwater sloughs also inhabit marl prairies. Marl prairies may go dry in some parts of the year; alligators play a vital role in maintaining life in remote parts of the Everglades by burrowing in the mud during the dry season, creating pools of water where fish and amphibians survive from one year to the next. Alligator holes also attract other animals who congregate to feed on smaller prey. When the region floods again during the wet season, the fish and amphibians which were sustained in the alligator holes then repopulate freshwater marl prairies.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tropical_hardwood_hammocks">Tropical hardwood hammocks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tropical hardwood hammocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Tropical_hardwood_hammock" title="Tropical hardwood hammock">Tropical hardwood hammock</a></div>
<p><a href="/info/en/?search=South_Florida_rocklands#Rockland_hammock" title="South Florida rocklands">Hammocks</a> are often the only dry land within the park. They rise several inches above the grass-covered river and are dominated by diverse plant life consisting of subtropical and tropical trees, such as large southern live oaks (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Quercus_virginiana" title="Quercus virginiana">Quercus virginiana</a></i>). Trees often form <a href="/info/en/?search=Canopy_(forest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopy (forest)">canopies</a> under which animals thrive amongst scrub bushes of wild coffee (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Psychotria" title="Psychotria">Psychotria</a></i>), white indigoberry (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Randia_aculeata" title="Randia aculeata">Randia aculeata</a></i>), poisonwood (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Metopium_toxiferum" title="Metopium toxiferum">Metopium toxiferum</a></i>) and saw palmetto (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Serenoa_repens" class="mw-redirect" title="Serenoa repens">Serenoa repens</a></i>). The park features thousands of these tree islands amid sloughs—which often form the shape of a teardrop when seen from above (see park map) because of the slowly moving water around them—but they can also be found in pineland and mangroves. Trees in the Everglades, including wild tamarind (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Lysiloma_latisiliquum" title="Lysiloma latisiliquum">Lysiloma latisiliquum</a></i>) and gumbo-limbo (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Bursera_simaruba" title="Bursera simaruba">Bursera simaruba</a></i>), rarely grow higher than 50 feet (15 m) because of wind, fire, and climate.<sup id="cite_ref-flmnh_hammocks_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flmnh_hammocks-28">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Florida_Panther_(1),_NPSPhoto,_Rodney_Cammauf_(9255082055).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Florida_Panther_%281%29%2C_NPSPhoto%2C_Rodney_Cammauf_%289255082055%29.jpg/220px-Florida_Panther_%281%29%2C_NPSPhoto%2C_Rodney_Cammauf_%289255082055%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Florida_Panther_%281%29%2C_NPSPhoto%2C_Rodney_Cammauf_%289255082055%29.jpg/330px-Florida_Panther_%281%29%2C_NPSPhoto%2C_Rodney_Cammauf_%289255082055%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Florida_Panther_%281%29%2C_NPSPhoto%2C_Rodney_Cammauf_%289255082055%29.jpg/440px-Florida_Panther_%281%29%2C_NPSPhoto%2C_Rodney_Cammauf_%289255082055%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3768" data-file-height="2512" /></a><figcaption>About 160 <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_panther" title="Florida panther">Florida panthers</a> inhabit hammocks and pinelands of the Everglades.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The plant growth around the hammock base is nearly impenetrable; beneath the canopy hammocks is an ideal habitat for animals. Reptiles (such as various species of snake and <a href="/info/en/?search=Anole" class="mw-redirect" title="Anole">anole</a>) and amphibians (such as the <a href="/info/en/?search=American_green_tree_frog" title="American green tree frog">American green tree frog</a>, <i>Hyla cinerea</i>), live in the hardwood hammocks. Birds such as <a href="/info/en/?search=Barred_owl" title="Barred owl">barred owls</a> (<i>Strix varia</i>), <a href="/info/en/?search=Woodpecker" title="Woodpecker">woodpeckers</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Northern_cardinal" title="Northern cardinal">northern cardinals</a> (<i>Cardinalis cardinalis</i>), and <a href="/info/en/?search=Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">southern bald eagles</a> (<i>Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus</i>) nest in hammock trees. Mammal species living in hardwood hammocks include <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_black_bear" title="Florida black bear">Florida black bears</a> (<i>Ursus americanus floridanus</i>), <a href="/info/en/?search=Red_fox" title="Red fox">red foxes</a> (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>), <a href="/info/en/?search=American_mink" title="American mink">minks</a> (<i>Neogale vison</i>), <a href="/info/en/?search=Marsh_rabbit" title="Marsh rabbit">marsh rabbits</a> (<i>Sylvilagus palustris</i>), <a href="/info/en/?search=Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">gray foxes</a> (<i>Urocyon cinereoargenteus</i>), <a href="/info/en/?search=White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a> (<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>), and the rare, <a href="/info/en/?search=Critically_endangered_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered species">critically endangered</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_panther" title="Florida panther">Florida panther</a> (<i>Puma concolor couguar</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-flmnh_hammocks_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flmnh_hammocks-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pineland">Pineland</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pineland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:South_Florida_rocklands_on_Everglades_National_Park_Long_Pine_Key_Nature_Trail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/South_Florida_rocklands_on_Everglades_National_Park_Long_Pine_Key_Nature_Trail.jpg/220px-South_Florida_rocklands_on_Everglades_National_Park_Long_Pine_Key_Nature_Trail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/South_Florida_rocklands_on_Everglades_National_Park_Long_Pine_Key_Nature_Trail.jpg/330px-South_Florida_rocklands_on_Everglades_National_Park_Long_Pine_Key_Nature_Trail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/South_Florida_rocklands_on_Everglades_National_Park_Long_Pine_Key_Nature_Trail.jpg/440px-South_Florida_rocklands_on_Everglades_National_Park_Long_Pine_Key_Nature_Trail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Sunrise on the <a href="/info/en/?search=South_Florida_rocklands" title="South Florida rocklands">pine rocklands</a> on Long Pine Key Nature Trail</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/info/en/?search=Miami-Dade_County,_Florida" title="Miami-Dade County, Florida">Miami-Dade County</a> was once covered in 186,000 acres (290.6 sq mi; 752.7 km<sup>2</sup>) of <a href="/info/en/?search=South_Florida_rocklands" title="South Florida rocklands">pine rockland</a> forests, but most of it was harvested by the <a href="/info/en/?search=Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a> industry.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=South_Florida_rocklands#Pine_rockland" title="South Florida rocklands">Pineland</a> ecosystems (or pine rocklands) are characterized by shallow, dry sandy <a href="/info/en/?search=Loam" title="Loam">loam</a> over a limestone <a href="/info/en/?search=Stratum" title="Stratum">substrate</a> covered almost exclusively by slash pines (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Pinus_elliottii" title="Pinus elliottii">Pinus elliottii</a> var. densa</i>). Trees in this ecosystem grow in <a href="/info/en/?search=Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">solution holes</a>, where the soft limestone has worn away and filled with soil, allowing plants to take hold.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> Pinelands require regular maintenance by fire to ensure their existence. South Florida slash pines are uniquely adapted to promote fire by dropping a large amount of dried pine needles and shedding dry bark. Pine cones require heat from fires to open, allowing seeds to disperse and take hold. The trunks and roots of slash pines are resistant to fire. <a href="/info/en/?search=Prescribed_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Prescribed burn">Prescribed burns</a> in these areas take place every three to seven years; without regular fires, hardwood trees begin to grow in this region, and pinelands become recategorized as mixed swamp forests.<sup id="cite_ref-fws_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fws-32">[32]</a></sup> Most plants in the area bloom about 16 weeks after a fire.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> Nearly all pinelands have an understory of palm shrubs and a diverse ground covering of wild herbs.<sup id="cite_ref-fws_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fws-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>Pine rocklands are considered one of the most threatened habitats in Florida; less than 4,000 acres (6.3 sq mi; 16.2 km<sup>2</sup>) of pineland exist outside the park.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> Within the park, 20,000 acres (31.3 sq mi; 80.9 km<sup>2</sup>) of pineland are protected.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> A variety of animal species meet their needs for food, shelter, nesting, and rooking in pine rocklands. Woodpeckers, <a href="/info/en/?search=Eastern_meadowlark" title="Eastern meadowlark">eastern meadowlarks</a> (<i>Sturnella magna</i>), <a href="/info/en/?search=Loggerhead_shrike" title="Loggerhead shrike">loggerhead shrikes</a> (<i>Lanius ludovicianus</i>), <a href="/info/en/?search=Grackle" title="Grackle">grackles</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Northern_mockingbird" title="Northern mockingbird">northern mockingbirds</a> (<i>Mimus polyglottos</i>) are commonly found in pinelands. Black bears and Florida panthers also live in this habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-fws_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fws-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cypress_and_mangrove">Cypress and mangrove</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cypress and mangrove"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Cypres_dome_with_Alligator,_NPSphoto,_G.Gardner_(9101883836).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cypres_dome_with_Alligator%2C_NPSphoto%2C_G.Gardner_%289101883836%29.jpg/220px-Cypres_dome_with_Alligator%2C_NPSphoto%2C_G.Gardner_%289101883836%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cypres_dome_with_Alligator%2C_NPSphoto%2C_G.Gardner_%289101883836%29.jpg/330px-Cypres_dome_with_Alligator%2C_NPSphoto%2C_G.Gardner_%289101883836%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cypres_dome_with_Alligator%2C_NPSphoto%2C_G.Gardner_%289101883836%29.jpg/440px-Cypres_dome_with_Alligator%2C_NPSphoto%2C_G.Gardner_%289101883836%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Alligator in a <a href="/info/en/?search=Cypress_dome" title="Cypress dome">cypress dome</a></figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/info/en/?search=Taxodium" title="Taxodium">Cypress</a> trees are <a href="/info/en/?search=Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a> that are adapted to live in standing fresh water. They grow in compact structures called cypress domes and in long strands over limestone. Water levels may fluctuate dramatically around cypress domes and strands, so cypresses develop "knees" that protrude from the water at high levels to provide oxygen for the root systems. Dwarf cypress trees grow in drier areas with poorer soil. <a href="/info/en/?search=Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">Epiphytes</a>, such as <a href="/info/en/?search=Bromeliaceae" title="Bromeliaceae">bromeliads</a>, Spanish moss (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Tillandsia_usneoides" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillandsia usneoides">Tillandsia usneoides</a></i>), <a href="/info/en/?search=Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">orchids</a> and ferns grow on the branches and trunks of cypress trees. Everglades National Park features twenty-five species of orchids.<sup id="cite_ref-int'l_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int'l-36">[36]</a></sup> Tall cypress trees provide excellent nesting areas for birds including <a href="/info/en/?search=Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">wild turkey</a> (<i>Meleagris gallopavo</i>), ibis, herons, egrets, <a href="/info/en/?search=Anhinga" title="Anhinga">anhingas</a> (<i>Anhinga anhinga</i>), and <a href="/info/en/?search=Belted_kingfisher" title="Belted kingfisher">belted kingfisher</a> (<i>Megaceryle alcyon</i>). Mammals in cypress regions include white-tailed deer, squirrels, <a href="/info/en/?search=Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">opossums</a>, skunks, swamp rabbits, <a href="/info/en/?search=North_American_river_otter" title="North American river otter">river otters</a> (<i>Lontra canadensis</i>), and <a href="/info/en/?search=Bobcat" title="Bobcat">bobcats</a>, as well as small rodents.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/info/en/?search=Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a> trees cover the coastlines of South Florida, sometimes growing inland depending on the amount of salt water present within the Everglades ecosystems. During drier years when less fresh water flows to the coast, mangroves will appear among fresh water plants. When rain is abundant, sawgrass and other fresh water plants may be found closer to the coast. Three species of mangrove trees—red (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Rhizophora_mangle" title="Rhizophora mangle">Rhizophora mangle</a></i>), black (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Avicennia_germinans" title="Avicennia germinans">Avicennia germinans</a></i>), and white (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Laguncularia_racemosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Laguncularia racemosa">Laguncularia racemosa</a></i>)—can be found in the Everglades. With a high tolerance of salt water, winds, extreme tides, high temperatures, and muddy soils, mangrove trees are uniquely adapted to extreme conditions. They act as nurseries for many marine and bird species. They are also Florida's first defense against the destructive forces of hurricanes, absorbing flood waters and preventing <a href="/info/en/?search=Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> The mangrove system in Everglades National Park is the largest continuous system of mangroves in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Manatee_1670_EVER,_NPSPhoto,_Nov_76_(9257870564).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Manatee_1670_EVER%2C_NPSPhoto%2C_Nov_76_%289257870564%29.jpg/170px-Manatee_1670_EVER%2C_NPSPhoto%2C_Nov_76_%289257870564%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Manatee_1670_EVER%2C_NPSPhoto%2C_Nov_76_%289257870564%29.jpg/255px-Manatee_1670_EVER%2C_NPSPhoto%2C_Nov_76_%289257870564%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Manatee_1670_EVER%2C_NPSPhoto%2C_Nov_76_%289257870564%29.jpg/340px-Manatee_1670_EVER%2C_NPSPhoto%2C_Nov_76_%289257870564%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2109" data-file-height="3151" /></a><figcaption><a href="/info/en/?search=West_Indian_manatee" title="West Indian manatee">Manatees</a> inhabit shallow water around mangroves.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Within the <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_mangroves" title="Florida mangroves">Florida mangrove</a> systems live 220 species of fish, and a variety of crabs, <a href="/info/en/?search=Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a>, shrimp, <a href="/info/en/?search=Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusks</a>, and other <a href="/info/en/?search=Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>, which serve as the main source of food for many birds.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> Dozens of bird species use mangroves as nurseries and food stores, including <a href="/info/en/?search=Pelican" title="Pelican">pelicans</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Grebe" title="Grebe">grebes</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Tricolored_heron" title="Tricolored heron">tricolored herons</a> (<i>Egretta tricolor</i>), <a href="/info/en/?search=Gull" title="Gull">gulls</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Tern" title="Tern">terns</a>, hawks and kites, and arboreal birds like <a href="/info/en/?search=Mangrove_cuckoo" title="Mangrove cuckoo">mangrove cuckoos</a> (<i>Coccyzus minor</i>), <a href="/info/en/?search=Yellow_warbler" title="Yellow warbler">yellow warblers</a> (<i>Dendroica petechia</i>), and <a href="/info/en/?search=White-crowned_pigeon" title="White-crowned pigeon">white-crowned pigeons</a> (<i>Patagioenas leucocephala</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> The mangroves also support 24 species of amphibians and reptiles, and 18 species of mammals, including the endangered <a href="/info/en/?search=Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">green turtle</a> (<i>Chelonia mydas</i>), <a href="/info/en/?search=Hawksbill_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawksbill turtle">hawksbill turtle</a> (<i>Eretmochelys imbricata</i>), and <a href="/info/en/?search=West_Indian_manatee" title="West Indian manatee">West Indian manatee</a> (<i>Trichechus manatus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Coastal_lowlands">Coastal lowlands</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Coastal lowlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Coastal lowlands, or wet prairies, are salt water marshes that absorb marine water when it gets high or fresh water when rains are heavy. Floods occur during hurricane and tropical <a href="/info/en/?search=Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surges</a> when ocean water can rise several feet over the land.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> Heavy wet seasons also cause floods when rain from the north flows into the Everglades. Few trees can survive in the conditions of this region, but plants—<a href="/info/en/?search=Succulent" class="mw-redirect" title="Succulent">succulents</a> like <a href="/info/en/?search=Batis_(plant)" title="Batis (plant)">saltwort</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Salicornia" title="Salicornia">glasswort</a>—tolerate salt, brackish water, and desert conditions. Animal life in this zone is dependent upon the amount of water present, but commonly found animals include <a href="/info/en/?search=Cape_Sable_seaside_sparrow" title="Cape Sable seaside sparrow">Cape Sable seaside sparrow</a> (<i>Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis</i>), <a href="/info/en/?search=Snail_kite" title="Snail kite">Everglades snail kite</a> (<i>Rostrhamus sociabilis</i>), <a href="/info/en/?search=Wood_stork" title="Wood stork">wood stork</a> (<i>Mycteria americana</i>), <a href="/info/en/?search=Eastern_indigo_snake" title="Eastern indigo snake">eastern indigo snake</a> (<i>Drymarchon couperi</i>), and small mammals such as rats, mice, and rabbits.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Marine_and_estuarine">Marine and estuarine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Marine and estuarine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Everglades_Nat%27l_Park_Mangrove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Everglades_Nat%27l_Park_Mangrove.jpg/220px-Everglades_Nat%27l_Park_Mangrove.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Everglades_Nat%27l_Park_Mangrove.jpg/330px-Everglades_Nat%27l_Park_Mangrove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Everglades_Nat%27l_Park_Mangrove.jpg/440px-Everglades_Nat%27l_Park_Mangrove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/info/en/?search=Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangroves</a> reduce coastal erosion and shelter wildlife.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The largest body of water within the park is <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_Bay" title="Florida Bay">Florida Bay</a>, which extends from the mangrove swamps of the mainland's southern tip to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_Keys" title="Florida Keys">Florida Keys</a>. Over 800 square miles (2,100 km<sup>2</sup>) of marine ecosystem lies in this range. <a href="/info/en/?search=Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Seagrass" title="Seagrass">seagrasses</a> serve as shelter and food for <a href="/info/en/?search=Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Mollusca" title="Mollusca">mollusks</a>, which in turn are the primary food source for larger marine animals. Sharks, <a href="/info/en/?search=Stingray" title="Stingray">stingrays</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Barracuda" title="Barracuda">barracudas</a> also live in this ecosystem. Pelicans, <a href="/info/en/?search=Wader" title="Wader">shorebirds</a>, terns, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Black_skimmer" title="Black skimmer">black skimmers</a> (<i>Rynchops niger</i>) are among the birds frequenting park shorelines.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> The bay also has its own resident population of <a href="/info/en/?search=Common_bottlenose_dolphin" title="Common bottlenose dolphin">bottlenose dolphin</a> (<i>Tursiops truncatus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup>
</p><p>The bay's many basins are broken up by <a href="/info/en/?search=Shoal" title="Shoal">sandbanks</a> that serve as plentiful <a href="/info/en/?search=Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">recreational fishing</a> grounds for <a href="/info/en/?search=Common_snook" title="Common snook">snook</a> (<i>Centropomus undecimalis</i>), <a href="/info/en/?search=Red_drum" title="Red drum">redfish</a> (<i>Sciaenops ocellatus</i>), <a href="/info/en/?search=Cynoscion_nebulosus" title="Cynoscion nebulosus">spotted seatrout</a> (<i>Cynoscion nebulosus)</i>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Atlantic_tarpon" title="Atlantic tarpon">tarpon</a> (<i>Megaflops atlanticus),</i> <a href="/info/en/?search=Bonefish" title="Bonefish">bonefish</a> (<i>Albula vulpes)</i>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Permit_(fish)" title="Permit (fish)">permit</a> (<i>Trichinous falcatus)</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> as well as <a href="/info/en/?search=Northern_red_snapper" title="Northern red snapper">snapper</a> (Lutjanus campechanus), <a href="/info/en/?search=Bluegill" title="Bluegill">bluegill</a> (Lepomis macrochirus), and <a href="/info/en/?search=Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">bass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> Wading birds such as <a href="/info/en/?search=Roseate_spoonbill" title="Roseate spoonbill">roseate spoonbills</a> (<i>Platalea ajaja</i>), <a href="/info/en/?search=Reddish_egret" title="Reddish egret">reddish egrets</a> (<i>Egretta rufescens</i>), and <a href="/info/en/?search=Great_blue_heron" title="Great blue heron">great white herons</a> (<i>Ardea herodias occidentalis</i>) have unique subpopulations that are largely restricted to Florida Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> Other bird species include <a href="/info/en/?search=Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagles</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Cormorant" title="Cormorant">cormorants</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Osprey" title="Osprey">ospreys</a>. Mammals along the shoreline include <a href="/info/en/?search=Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Opossum" title="Opossum">opossums</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Bobcat" title="Bobcat">bobcats</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Fox_squirrel" title="Fox squirrel">fox squirrels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Human_history">Human history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Human history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Native_peoples">Native peoples</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Native peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Calusa_chickee_and_terrace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Calusa_chickee_and_terrace.jpg/220px-Calusa_chickee_and_terrace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Calusa_chickee_and_terrace.jpg/330px-Calusa_chickee_and_terrace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Calusa_chickee_and_terrace.jpg/440px-Calusa_chickee_and_terrace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/info/en/?search=Calusa" title="Calusa">Calusa</a> chickee at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Florida Museum of Natural History">Florida Museum of Natural History</a></figcaption></figure>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Indigenous_people_of_the_Everglades_region" title="Indigenous people of the Everglades region">Indigenous people of the Everglades region</a></div>
<p>Humans likely first inhabited the South Florida region 10,000 to 20,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Tebeau_17_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tebeau_17-52">[52]</a></sup> Two tribes of <a href="/info/en/?search=Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> developed on the peninsula's southern tip: the <a href="/info/en/?search=Tequesta" title="Tequesta">Tequesta</a> lived on the eastern side and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Calusa" title="Calusa">Calusa</a>, greater in numbers, on the western side. The Everglades served as a natural boundary between them. The Tequesta lived in a single large community near the mouth of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Miami_River_(Florida)" title="Miami River (Florida)">Miami River</a>, while the Calusa lived in 30 villages. Both groups traveled through the Everglades but rarely lived within them, remaining mostly along the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Tebeau_17_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tebeau_17-52">[52]</a></sup>
</p><p>The diets of both groups consisted mostly of <a href="/info/en/?search=Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> and fish, small mammals, game, and wild plants. Having access only to soft limestone, most of the tools fashioned by Native Americans in the region were made of shell, bone, wood, and animal teeth; shark teeth were used as cutting blades,<sup id="cite_ref-Tebeau_1963,_p._19_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tebeau_1963,_p._19-53">[53]</a></sup> and sharpened reeds became arrows and spears.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Shell_mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell mound">Shell mounds</a> still exist today within the park, giving <a href="/info/en/?search=Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologists</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologists</a> evidence of the raw materials available to the indigenous people for tool construction. Spanish explorers estimated the number of Tequesta at first contact to be around 800, and Calusa at 2,000; the National Park Service reports there were probably about 20,000 natives living in or near the Everglades when the Spanish established contact in the late 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> The Calusa lived in <a href="/info/en/?search=Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">social strata</a> and were able to create <a href="/info/en/?search=Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">earthworks</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Earthworks_(archaeology)" title="Earthworks (archaeology)">shellworks</a>. The Calusa were also able to resist Spanish attempts at conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-Tebeau_1963,_p._19_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tebeau_1963,_p._19-53">[53]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Spanish had contact with these societies and established missions further north, near <a href="/info/en/?search=Lake_Okeechobee" title="Lake Okeechobee">Lake Okeechobee</a>. In the 18th century, invading <a href="/info/en/?search=Creek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek people">Creeks</a> incorporated the dwindling numbers of the Tequesta into their own. Neither the Tequesta nor Calusa tribe existed by 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> Disease, warfare, and capture for slavery were the reasons for the eradication of both groups. The only evidence of their existence within the park boundaries is a series of shell mounds that were built by the Calusa.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the early 19th century, <a href="/info/en/?search=Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Creeks</a>, escaped African slaves, and other Indians from northern Florida displaced by the <a href="/info/en/?search=Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a>, formed the area's <a href="/info/en/?search=Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> nation. After the end of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a> in 1842, the Seminoles faced relocation to <a href="/info/en/?search=Indian_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian territory">Indian territory</a> near <a href="/info/en/?search=Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. A few hundred Seminole hunters and scouts settled within what is today <a href="/info/en/?search=Big_Cypress_National_Preserve" title="Big Cypress National Preserve">Big Cypress National Preserve</a>, to escape the forced emigration to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> From 1859 to about 1930, the Seminoles and <a href="/info/en/?search=Miccosukee" title="Miccosukee">Miccosukee</a>, a similar but linguistically unique tribe, lived in relative isolation, making their living by trading. In 1928, surveying and construction began on the <a href="/info/en/?search=Tamiami_Trail" title="Tamiami Trail">Tamiami Trail</a>, along the northern border of Everglades National Park. The road bisected the Everglades, introducing a steady, if small, traffic of white settlers into the Everglades.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some members of the Miccosukee and Seminole tribes continue to live within park boundaries. Management of the park includes approval of new policies and procedures by tribal representatives "in such a manner that they do not conflict with the park purpose".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="American_settlements">American settlements</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: American settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3><p>
Following the end of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a>, Americans began settling at isolated points along the coast in what is now the park, from the <a href="/info/en/?search=Ten_Thousand_Islands" title="Ten Thousand Islands">Ten Thousand Islands</a> to <a href="/info/en/?search=Cape_Sable" title="Cape Sable">Cape Sable</a>. Communities developed on the two largest pieces of dry ground in the area, on <a href="/info/en/?search=Chokoloskee,_Florida" title="Chokoloskee, Florida">Chokoloskee Island</a> and at <a href="/info/en/?search=Flamingo,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Flamingo, Florida">Flamingo</a> on Cape Sable, both of which established post offices in the early 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-nps_pioneer_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps_pioneer-61">[61]</a></sup> Chokoloskee Island is a shell mound, a <a href="/info/en/?search=Midden" title="Midden">midden</a> built roughly 20 feet (6 m) high over thousands of years of occupation by the Calusa. The settlements in Chokoloskee and Flamingo served as trading centers for small populations of farmers, fishermen, and charcoal burners settled in the Ten Thousand Islands. Both settlements and the more isolated homesteads could only be reached by boat until well into the 20th century. <a href="/info/en/?search=Everglades_City,_Florida" title="Everglades City, Florida">Everglades City</a>, on the mainland near Chokoloskee, enjoyed a brief period of prosperity when, beginning in 1920, it served as the headquarters for the construction of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Tamiami_Trail" title="Tamiami Trail">Tamiami Trail</a>. A dirt road from <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_City,_Florida" title="Florida City, Florida">Florida City</a> reached Flamingo in 1922, while a <a href="/info/en/?search=Causeway" title="Causeway">causeway</a> finally connected Chokoloskee to the mainland's Everglades City in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Ted_Smallwood_Store_on_Chokoloskee_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ted_Smallwood_Store_on_Chokoloskee_Island.jpg/220px-Ted_Smallwood_Store_on_Chokoloskee_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ted_Smallwood_Store_on_Chokoloskee_Island.jpg/330px-Ted_Smallwood_Store_on_Chokoloskee_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ted_Smallwood_Store_on_Chokoloskee_Island.jpg/440px-Ted_Smallwood_Store_on_Chokoloskee_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7300" data-file-height="5644" /></a><figcaption>Ted Smallwood Store on Chokoloskee Island</figcaption></figure><p>After the park was established, private property in the Flamingo area was claimed by <a href="/info/en/?search=Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">eminent domain</a>, and the site was incorporated into the park as a visitor center.<sup id="cite_ref-nps_pioneer_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps_pioneer-61">[61]</a></sup>
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Land_development_and_conservation">Land development and conservation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Land development and conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Draining_and_development_of_the_Everglades" title="Draining and development of the Everglades">Draining and development of the Everglades</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Everglades_Canal_lock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Everglades_Canal_lock.jpg/220px-Everglades_Canal_lock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Everglades_Canal_lock.jpg/330px-Everglades_Canal_lock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Everglades_Canal_lock.jpg/440px-Everglades_Canal_lock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/info/en/?search=Canal_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal lock">canal lock</a> being constructed in the Everglades in 1906</figcaption></figure>
<p>Several attempts were made to drain and develop the Everglades in the 1880s. The first canals built in the Everglades did little harm to the ecosystem, as they were unable to drain much of it.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Napoleon_Bonaparte_Broward" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte Broward">Napoleon Bonaparte Broward</a> based the majority of his 1904 campaign for governor on how drainage would create "The Empire of the Everglades".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> Broward ordered the drainage that took place between 1905 and 1910, and it was successful enough that land developers sold tracts for $30 per acre, settling the town of <a href="/info/en/?search=Davie,_Florida" title="Davie, Florida">Davie</a>, and developing regions in <a href="/info/en/?search=Lee_County,_Florida" title="Lee County, Florida">Lee</a> and Dade counties. The canals also cleared water that made way for agricultural fields growing <a href="/info/en/?search=Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the 1920s, a population boom in South Florida created the <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_land_boom_of_the_1920s" title="Florida land boom of the 1920s">Florida land boom</a>, which was described by author Michael Grunwald as "insanity".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> Land was sold before any homes or structures were built on it and in some cases before any plans for construction were in place. New landowners, eager to make good on their investments, hastily constructed homes and small towns on recently drained land. Mangrove trees on the coasts were taken down for better views and replaced with shallow-rooted palm trees. The <a href="/info/en/?search=U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a> began construction on larger canals to control the rising waters in the Everglades. Nevertheless, Lake Okeechobee continued to rise and fall, the region was covered with rain, and city planners continued to battle the water. The <a href="/info/en/?search=1926_Miami_Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="1926 Miami Hurricane">1926 Miami Hurricane</a> caused Lake Okeechobee <a href="/info/en/?search=Levee" title="Levee">levees</a> to fail; hundreds of people south of the lake drowned. Two years later, the <a href="/info/en/?search=1928_Okeechobee_Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="1928 Okeechobee Hurricane">1928 Okeechobee Hurricane</a> claimed 2,500 lives when Lake Okeechobee once again surged over its levees. Politicians who declared the Everglades uninhabitable were silenced when a four-story wall, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Herbert_Hoover_Dike" title="Herbert Hoover Dike">Herbert Hoover Dike</a>, was built around Lake Okeechobee. This wall effectively cut off the water source from the Everglades.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup>
</p><p>Following the wall's construction, South Florida endured a drought severe enough to cause serious wildfires in 1939. The influx of humans had a detrimental effect on the plants and animals of the region when melaleuca trees (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Melaleuca_quinquenervia" title="Melaleuca quinquenervia">Melaleuca quinquenervia</a></i>) were introduced to help with drainage, along with <a href="/info/en/?search=Casuarinaceae" title="Casuarinaceae">Australian pines</a> brought in by developers as <a href="/info/en/?search=Windbreak" title="Windbreak">windbreaks</a>. The region's timber was devastated for lumber supplies. Alligators, birds, frogs, and fish were hunted on a large scale. Entire rookeries of wading birds were shot to collect their plumes, which were used in women's hats in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup> The largest impact people had on the region was the diversion of water away from the Everglades. Canals were deepened and widened, and water levels fell dramatically, causing chaos in <a href="/info/en/?search=Food_web" title="Food web">food webs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup> Salt water replaced fresh water in the canals, and by 1997 scientists noticed that salt water was seeping into the Biscayne Aquifer, South Florida's water source.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the 1940s, <a href="/info/en/?search=Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a>, a freelance writer and former reporter for <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Miami_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Miami Herald">The Miami Herald</a></i>, began to research the Everglades for an assignment about the <a href="/info/en/?search=Miami_River_(Florida)" title="Miami River (Florida)">Miami River</a>. She studied the land and water for five years and published <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Everglades:_River_of_Grass" title="The Everglades: River of Grass">The Everglades: River of Grass</a></i> in 1947, describing the area in great detail, including a chapter on its disappearance. She wrote: "What had been a river of grass and sweet water that had given meaning and life and uniqueness to this enormous geography through centuries in which man had no place here was made, in one chaotic gesture of greed and ignorance and folly, a river of fire."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> The book has sold 500,000 copies since its publication, and Douglas's continued dedication to ecology conservation earned her the nicknames "Grand Dame of the Everglades", "Grandmother of the Everglades" and "the anti-Christ" for her singular focus at the expense of some political interests.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup> She founded and served as president for an organization called Friends of the Everglades, initially intended to protest the construction of a proposed Big Cypress jetport in 1968. Successful in that confrontation, the organization has grown to over 4,000 members, committed to the preservation of the Everglades.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup> She wrote and spoke about the importance of the Everglades until her death at age 108 in 1998.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Park_history">Park history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Park history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/info/en/?search=Ernest_F._Coe" title="Ernest F. Coe">Ernest F. Coe</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Cape_Sable_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cape_Sable_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/220px-Cape_Sable_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cape_Sable_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/330px-Cape_Sable_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cape_Sable_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/440px-Cape_Sable_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3659" data-file-height="3299" /></a><figcaption><a href="/info/en/?search=Cape_Sable" title="Cape Sable">Cape Sable</a> seen from Sentinel-2 Satellite</figcaption></figure>
<p>Floridians hoping to preserve at least part of the Everglades began to express their concern over diminishing resources in the early 20th century. <a href="/info/en/?search=Royal_Palm_State_Park" title="Royal Palm State Park">Royal Palm State Park</a> was created in 1916 and protected Paradise Key; it included several trails and a visitor center several miles from <a href="/info/en/?search=Homestead,_Florida" title="Homestead, Florida">Homestead</a>. Miami-based naturalists first proposed that the area become a national park in 1923. Five years later, the Florida state legislature established the Tropical Everglades National Park Commission to study the formation of a protected area.<sup id="cite_ref-grunwald208209_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grunwald208209-76">[76]</a></sup> The commission was led by <a href="/info/en/?search=Ernest_F._Coe" title="Ernest F. Coe">Ernest F. Coe</a>, a land developer turned conservationist, who was eventually nicknamed Father of Everglades National Park.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> Coe's original plan for the park included more than 2,000,000 acres (3,125.0 sq mi; 8,093.7 km<sup>2</sup>) including <a href="/info/en/?search=Key_Largo,_Florida" title="Key Largo, Florida">Key Largo</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Big_Cypress_National_Preserve" title="Big Cypress National Preserve">Big Cypress</a>, and his unwillingness to compromise almost prevented the park's creation. Various other interests, including land developers and sport hunters, demanded that the size of the park be decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-grunwald208209_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grunwald208209-76">[76]</a></sup>
</p><p>The commission was also tasked with proposing a method to raise the money to purchase the land.<sup id="cite_ref-Tebeau_1963,_p._137_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tebeau_1963,_p._137-78">[78]</a></sup> The search coincided with the arrival of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in the United States, and money for land purchase was scarce.<sup id="cite_ref-klinkenberg_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klinkenberg-79">[79]</a></sup> The <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> authorized the creation of the new national park on May 30, 1934, but the Act (HR 2837),<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> which permanently reserved lands donated by public or private donation as wilderness, passed only with a rider that ensured no money would be allotted to the project for at least five years.<sup id="cite_ref-Tebeau_1963,_p._137_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tebeau_1963,_p._137-78">[78]</a></sup> Coe's passion and <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Spessard_Holland" title="Spessard Holland">Spessard Holland</a>'s politicking helped to fully establish the park, after Holland was able to negotiate 1,300,000 acres (2,031.2 sq mi; 5,260.9 km<sup>2</sup>) of the park, leaving out Big Cypress, Key Largo, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Turner_River_Site" title="Turner River Site">Turner River area</a>, and a 22,000-acre (34.4 sq mi; 89.0 km<sup>2</sup>) tract of land called "The Hole in the Donut" that was too highly valued for agriculture. <i>Miami Herald</i> editor John Pennekamp was instrumental in pushing the Florida Legislature to raise $2 million to purchase the private land inside the park boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> It was dedicated by President <a href="/info/en/?search=Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> on December 6, 1947, one month after Marjory Stoneman Douglas's book <i>The Everglades: River of Grass</i> was released.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup> The same year, several tropical storms struck South Florida, prompting the construction of 1,400 miles (2,300 km) of canals, sending water unwanted by farmers and residents to the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-klinkenberg_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klinkenberg-79">[79]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Everglades_Pinelands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/Everglades_Pinelands.jpg/220px-Everglades_Pinelands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/Everglades_Pinelands.jpg/330px-Everglades_Pinelands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/Everglades_Pinelands.jpg/440px-Everglades_Pinelands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>The park protects the last stands of pine rockland in Florida.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Central_and_Southern_Florida_Flood_Control_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Central and Southern Florida Flood Control Project">Central and Southern Florida Flood Control Project</a> (C&SF) was authorized by Congress to construct more than one thousand miles of canals and flood control structures across South Florida. The C&SF, run by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, established an agricultural area directly south of Lake Okeechobee, and three water conservation areas, all bordered by canals that diverted excess water either to urban areas or into the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico or Florida Bay. South of these manmade regions was Everglades National Park, which had been effectively cut off from its water supply. By the 1960s, the park was visibly suffering. The C&SF was directed to provide enough water to sustain the park; it did not follow through.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup> A proposed airport that would have <a href="/info/en/?search=Environmental_Impact_of_the_Big_Cypress_Swamp_Jetport" title="Environmental Impact of the Big Cypress Swamp Jetport">dire environmental effects</a> on Everglades National Park became the center of a battle that helped to initiate the environmental movement into local and national politics. The airport proposal was eventually abandoned, and in 1972 a bill was introduced to curb development in South Florida and ensure the national park would receive the amount of water it needed. Efforts turned to repairing the damage wrought by decades of mismanagement: the Army Corps of Engineers changed its focus in 1990 from constructing dams and canals to constructing "purely environmental projects".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup>
</p><p>Regions originally included in Ernest Coe's vision for a national park were slowly added over the years to the park or incorporated into other protected areas: <a href="/info/en/?search=Biscayne_National_Park" title="Biscayne National Park">Biscayne National Park</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Big_Cypress_National_Preserve" title="Big Cypress National Preserve">Big Cypress National Preserve</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=John_Pennekamp_Coral_Reef_State_Park" title="John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park">John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park</a> on Key Largo, <a href="/info/en/?search=Ten_Thousand_Islands" title="Ten Thousand Islands">Ten Thousand Islands</a> National Wildlife Refuge, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_Keys_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary">Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary</a> were all protected after the park's opening in 1947. Everglades National Park was designated an <a href="/info/en/?search=International_Biosphere_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="International Biosphere Reserve">International Biosphere Reserve</a> on October 26, 1976. On November 10, 1978, 1,296,500 acres (2,025.8 sq mi; 5,246.7 km<sup>2</sup>), about 86% of the park, was declared a <a href="/info/en/?search=National_Wilderness_Preservation_System" title="National Wilderness Preservation System">wilderness area</a>. It was renamed the Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-area_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-area-2">[2]</a></sup> It was listed as a <a href="/info/en/?search=UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> on October 24, 1979, and as a <a href="/info/en/?search=Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Wetland of International Importance</a> on June 4, 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-parkstats_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parkstats-5">[5]</a></sup> It was placed on the <a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">List of World Heritage in Danger</a> from 1993 until 2007 and then again in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup> The park was added again due to the continued degradation of the set causing significant indications of eutrophication (for example algal blooms) negatively impacting the marine life causing the US government to request UNESCO and IUCN for assistance in development.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Restoration_efforts">Restoration efforts</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Restoration efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/info/en/?search=Restoration_of_the_Everglades" title="Restoration of the Everglades">Restoration of the Everglades</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Little_Blue_Heron_-_Egretta_caerulea,_Anhinga_Trail,_Everglades_National_Park,_Homestead,_Florida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Little_Blue_Heron_-_Egretta_caerulea%2C_Anhinga_Trail%2C_Everglades_National_Park%2C_Homestead%2C_Florida.jpg/220px-Little_Blue_Heron_-_Egretta_caerulea%2C_Anhinga_Trail%2C_Everglades_National_Park%2C_Homestead%2C_Florida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Little_Blue_Heron_-_Egretta_caerulea%2C_Anhinga_Trail%2C_Everglades_National_Park%2C_Homestead%2C_Florida.jpg/330px-Little_Blue_Heron_-_Egretta_caerulea%2C_Anhinga_Trail%2C_Everglades_National_Park%2C_Homestead%2C_Florida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Little_Blue_Heron_-_Egretta_caerulea%2C_Anhinga_Trail%2C_Everglades_National_Park%2C_Homestead%2C_Florida.jpg/440px-Little_Blue_Heron_-_Egretta_caerulea%2C_Anhinga_Trail%2C_Everglades_National_Park%2C_Homestead%2C_Florida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/info/en/?search=Little_blue_heron" title="Little blue heron">little blue heron</a> hunting in water near the <a href="/info/en/?search=Anhinga_Trail" title="Anhinga Trail">Anhinga Trail</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>President <a href="/info/en/?search=George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> signed the Everglades National Park Protection and Expansion Act on December 13, 1989, that added 109,506 acres (171.1 sq mi; 443.2 km<sup>2</sup>) to the eastern side of the park, closed the park to <a href="/info/en/?search=Airboat" title="Airboat">airboats</a>, directed the Department of the Army to restore water to improve the ecosystems within Everglades National Park, and "Direct(ed) the <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a> to manage the Park in order to maintain the natural abundance, diversity, and ecological integrity of native plants and animals, as well as the behavior of native animals, as part of their ecosystem."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup> Bush remarked in his statement when signing the act, "Through this legislation that river of grass may now be restored to its natural flow of water".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2000, <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> approved the <a href="/info/en/?search=Comprehensive_Everglades_Restoration_Plan" title="Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan">Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan</a> (CERP), a federal effort to restore the Everglades with the objectives of "restoration, preservation and protection of the south Florida ecosystem while providing for other water-related needs of the region",<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> and claiming to be the largest environmental restoration in history. It was a controversial plan; detractors worried that it "relies on uncertain technologies, overlooks water quality, subsidizes damaging growth and delays its environmental benefits".<sup id="cite_ref-postgrunwald_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postgrunwald-90">[90]</a></sup> Supporters of the plan included the <a href="/info/en/?search=National_Audubon_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="National Audubon Society">National Audubon Society</a>, who were accused by Friends of the Everglades and the Biodiversity Legal Foundation of prioritizing agricultural and business interests.<sup id="cite_ref-postgrunwald_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postgrunwald-90">[90]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Anhinga_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Anhinga_crop.jpg/170px-Anhinga_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Anhinga_crop.jpg/255px-Anhinga_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Anhinga_crop.jpg/340px-Anhinga_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="2563" /></a><figcaption>The namesake of <a href="/info/en/?search=Anhinga" title="Anhinga">Anhinga</a> Trail dries its feathers</figcaption></figure>
<p>CERP projects are designed to capture 1.7 billion US gallons (6,400,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of fresh water every day, store it in underground reservoirs, and release the water to areas within 16 counties in South Florida. Approximately 35,600 acres (55.6 sq mi; 144.1 km<sup>2</sup>) of man-made wetlands are to be constructed to confine contaminated water before it is released to the Everglades, and 240 miles (390 km) of canals that divert water away from the Everglades are to be destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup> During the first five years of implementation, CERP was responsible for the purchase of 207,000 acres (323.4 sq mi; 837.7 km<sup>2</sup>) of land at a cost of $1 billion. The plan aims to spend $10.5 billion over 30 years, combining 50 different projects and giving them 5-year timelines.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup>
</p><p>Everglades National Park was directly hit by Hurricanes <a href="/info/en/?search=Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Katrina</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Hurricane_Wilma" title="Hurricane Wilma">Wilma</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Hurricane_Rita" title="Hurricane Rita">Rita</a> in 2005. Such storms are a natural part of the park's ecosystem; 1960's <a href="/info/en/?search=Hurricane_Donna" title="Hurricane Donna">Hurricane Donna</a> left nothing in the mangroves but "standing dead snags" several miles wide, but 30 years later the area had completely recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson,_p._9_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson,_p._9-23">[23]</a></sup> Predictably, what suffered the most in the park from the 2005 hurricanes were man-made structures. In 2009 the visitor center and lodge at Flamingo were irreparably damaged by 125 mph (201 km/h) winds and an 8 ft (2.4 m) <a href="/info/en/?search=Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surge</a>; the lodge had been functioning for 50 years when it was torn down; nothing is slated to replace it.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Park_economics">Park economics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Park economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Everglades National Park reported in 2005 a budget of over $28 million. Of that, $14.8 million was granted from the National Park Service and $13.5 million from various sources including CERP, donations, and other grants.<sup id="cite_ref-annual_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annual-94">[94]</a></sup> The entry fee for private vehicles in 2021 is $30. Of the nearly one million visitors to Everglades National Park in 2006, more than 38,000 were overnight campers, paying $16 a night or $10 a night for backcountry permits.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup> Visitors spent $2.6 million<sup id="cite_ref-annual_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annual-94">[94]</a></sup> within the park and $48 million in local economies.<sup id="cite_ref-econ_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-econ-96">[96]</a></sup> More than 900 jobs were sustained or created within or by the park, and the park added value of $35 million to local economies.<sup id="cite_ref-econ_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-econ-96">[96]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Leadership_and_administration">Leadership and administration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Leadership and administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Everglades National Park has had 19 superintendents since it was dedicated in 1947. The park's first superintendent, Daniel Beard (1947-1958), was also its longest-serving. After Superintendent Beard, Warren F. Hamilton served between 1958 and 1963, followed by Stanley C. Joseph (1963-1966), Roger W. Allin (1966-1968), John C. Raftery (1968-1970), Joseph Brown (1970-1971), Jack E. Stark (1971-1976), John M. Good (1976-1980), John M. Morehead (1980-1986), Marueen E. Finnerty (Acting Superintendent, 1986), Michael V. Finley (1986-1989), Robert L. Arnberger (Acting Superintendent, 1989), Robert S. Chandler (1989-1992), Dick Ring (1992-2000), Marueen E. Finnerty (2000-2003), Dan Kimball (2004-2014), Shawn Benge (Acting Superintendent, 2014), Bob Krumenaker (Acting Superintendent, 2014-2015), and finally Pedro Ramos, who was appointed in 2015 and continues to serve.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup>
</p><p>The park was placed into Administrative Region I in 1937, when the regions were first established. Region I was retitled the Southeast Region in 1962, which was restructured into the Southeast Area in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup> The reorganized unified Interior regions put it in the new Region 2.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Activities">Activities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The busiest season for visitors is from December to March, when temperatures are lowest and mosquitoes are least active. The park features five visitor centers: on the Tamiami Trail (part of <a href="/info/en/?search=U.S._Route_41_in_Florida" title="U.S. Route 41 in Florida">U.S. Route 41</a>) directly west of Miami is the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Shark_Valley" title="Shark Valley">Shark Valley</a> Visitor Center</i>. A fifteen-mile (24 km) round trip path leads from this center to a two-story observation tower. Tram tours are available during the busy season. Closest to <a href="/info/en/?search=Homestead,_Florida" title="Homestead, Florida">Homestead</a> on State Road 9336 is the <i>Ernest F. Coe Visitor Center</i>, where a 38-mile (61 km) road begins, winding through pine rockland, cypress, freshwater marl prairie, coastal prairie, and mangrove ecosystems. Various hiking trails are accessible from the road, which runs to the <i>Flamingo Visitor Center</i> and marina, open and staffed during the busier time of the year. The <i>Gulf Coast Visitor Center</i> is closest to <a href="/info/en/?search=Everglades_City,_Florida" title="Everglades City, Florida">Everglades City</a> on <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_29" title="Florida State Road 29">State Road 29</a> along the west coast. The Gulf Coast Visitor Center gives canoers access to the <a href="/info/en/?search=The_Everglades_Wilderness_Waterway" class="mw-redirect" title="The Everglades Wilderness Waterway">Wilderness Waterway</a>, a 99-mile (160 km) canoe trail that extends to the Flamingo Visitor Center.<sup id="cite_ref-brochure_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brochure-103">[103]</a></sup> The former <a href="/info/en/?search=Royal_Palm_State_Park" title="Royal Palm State Park">Royal Palm State Park</a> was the site of the first Everglades National Park visitor center and later became the <i>Royal Palm Visitor Center</i> within the park.<sup id="cite_ref-VIS_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VIS-104">[104]</a></sup>
The western coast of the park and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Ten_Thousand_Islands" title="Ten Thousand Islands">Ten Thousand Islands</a> and the various key islands in Florida Bay are accessible only by boat.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Trails">Trails</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Trails"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Anhingatrail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Anhingatrail.jpg/220px-Anhingatrail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Anhingatrail.jpg/330px-Anhingatrail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Anhingatrail.jpg/440px-Anhingatrail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="1039" /></a><figcaption>A view of vast <a href="/info/en/?search=Cladium" title="Cladium">sawgrass</a> expanse north of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Anhinga_Trail" title="Anhinga Trail">Anhinga Trail</a> gives visitors an opportunity to see a freshwater slough up close.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Several walking trails in the park vary in hiking difficulty on Pine Island, where visitors can cross hardwood hammocks, pinelands, and freshwater sloughs. Starting at the Royal Palm Visitor Center, the Anhinga Trail is a half-mile self-guided tour through a sawgrass marsh where visitors can see alligators, marsh and wading birds, turtles, and bromeliads. Its proximity to Homestead and its accessibility makes it one of the most visited sites in the park. The nearby Gumbo Limbo Trail is also self-guided, at half-mile long. It loops through a canopy of hardwood hammocks that include gumbo limbo (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Bursera_simaruba" title="Bursera simaruba">Bursera simaruba</a></i>), royal palms (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Roystonea" title="Roystonea">Roystonea</a></i>), strangler figs (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Ficus_aurea" title="Ficus aurea">Ficus aurea</a></i>), and a variety of epiphytes.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup>
</p><p>Twenty-eight miles (45 km) of trails start near the Long Pine Key campgrounds and wind through Long Pine Key, well-suited for <a href="/info/en/?search=Offroad_cycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Offroad cycling">offroad cycling</a> through the pine rocklands in the Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness Area. Two boardwalks allow visitors to walk through a cypress forest at Pa-Hay-O-Kee, which also features a two-story overlook, and another at Mahogany Hammock (referring to <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Swietenia_mahagoni" title="Swietenia mahagoni">Swietenia mahagoni</a></i>) that takes hikers through a dense forest in the middle of a freshwater marl prairie.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup> Closer to Flamingo, more rugged trails take visitors through mangrove swamps, along Florida Bay. Christian Point Trail, Snake <a href="/info/en/?search=Bight_(geography)" title="Bight (geography)">Bight</a> Trail, Rowdy Bend Trail and Coastal Prairie Trail allow viewing of shorebirds and wading birds among the mangroves. Portions of the trails may be impassable depending on the time of year, because of mosquitoes and water levels. Ranger-led tours take place in the busier season only.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Camping_and_recreation">Camping and recreation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Camping and recreation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Camping is available year-round in Everglades National Park. Camping with some services is available at Long Pine Key, close to the Ernest F. Coe Visitor Center, where 108 sites are accessible by car. Near Flamingo, 234 campsites with some services are also available. <a href="/info/en/?search=Recreational_vehicle" title="Recreational vehicle">Recreational vehicle</a> camping is available at these sites, but not with all necessary services. Back-country permits are required for campsites along the Wilderness Waterway, Gulf Coast sites, and sites in the various keys. Several back-country sites are <a href="/info/en/?search=Chickee" title="Chickee">chickees</a>; others are beach and ground sites.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup>
</p><p>Low-powered motorboats are allowed in the park; the majority of salt water areas are <a href="/info/en/?search=Wake_(physics)" title="Wake (physics)">no-wake zones</a> to protect manatees and other marine animals from harm. <a href="/info/en/?search=Jet_ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet ski">Jet skis</a>, airboats, and other motorized personal watercraft are prohibited. Many trails allow kayaks and canoes. A state license is required for fishing. Fresh water licenses are not sold in the park, but a salt water license may be available. Swimming is not recommended within the park boundaries; water moccasins, snapping turtles (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Chelydra_serpentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelydra serpentina">Chelydra serpentina</a></i>), alligators, and crocodiles thrive in fresh water. Sharks, barracuda, and sharp dangerous coral are plentiful in salt water. Visibility is low in both salt water and fresh water areas.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup>
</p><p>Everglades National Park is an important part of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Great_Florida_Birding_Trail" title="Great Florida Birding Trail">Great Florida Birding Trail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup> It has great biodiversity and many species of birds for bird watching and bird photography also.
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<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Everglades_Campground_at_Flamingo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The campground at Flamingo"><img alt="The campground at Flamingo" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Everglades_Campground_at_Flamingo.jpg/260px-Everglades_Campground_at_Flamingo.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Everglades_Campground_at_Flamingo.jpg/390px-Everglades_Campground_at_Flamingo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Everglades_Campground_at_Flamingo.jpg/520px-Everglades_Campground_at_Flamingo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1771" data-file-height="1227" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The campground at Flamingo</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Rynchops_niger-flock.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Black skimmers at Flamingo campground"><img alt="Black skimmers at Flamingo campground" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Rynchops_niger-flock.jpg/240px-Rynchops_niger-flock.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Rynchops_niger-flock.jpg/360px-Rynchops_niger-flock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Rynchops_niger-flock.jpg/480px-Rynchops_niger-flock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/info/en/?search=Black_skimmer" title="Black skimmer">Black skimmers</a> at Flamingo campground</div>
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</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Dark_skies_site">Dark skies site</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Dark skies site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Milky_Way_from_Everglades_National_Park_April,_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Milky_Way_from_Everglades_National_Park_April%2C_2018.jpg/170px-Milky_Way_from_Everglades_National_Park_April%2C_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Milky_Way_from_Everglades_National_Park_April%2C_2018.jpg/255px-Milky_Way_from_Everglades_National_Park_April%2C_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Milky_Way_from_Everglades_National_Park_April%2C_2018.jpg/340px-Milky_Way_from_Everglades_National_Park_April%2C_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Twenty second exposure of the Milky Way from the road to <a href="/info/en/?search=Flamingo,_Monroe_County,_Florida" title="Flamingo, Monroe County, Florida">Flamingo</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Portions of Everglades National Park are ideal for dark sky observations in South Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup> The best viewing locations are in the remote southern and western areas of the Everglades, such as <a href="/info/en/?search=Flamingo,_Monroe_County,_Florida" title="Flamingo, Monroe County, Florida">Flamingo</a> and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Ten_Thousand_Islands" title="Ten Thousand Islands">Ten Thousand Islands</a>. The Milky Way appears brightest when looking south, toward the least light-polluted areas.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Threats_to_the_park_and_ecology">Threats to the park and ecology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Threats to the park and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Diversion_and_quality_of_water">Diversion and quality of water</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Diversion and quality of water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Great_Egret_(2),_NPSPhoto,_R._Cammauf_(1)_(9101528256).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Great_Egret_%282%29%2C_NPSPhoto%2C_R._Cammauf_%281%29_%289101528256%29.jpg/220px-Great_Egret_%282%29%2C_NPSPhoto%2C_R._Cammauf_%281%29_%289101528256%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Great_Egret_%282%29%2C_NPSPhoto%2C_R._Cammauf_%281%29_%289101528256%29.jpg/330px-Great_Egret_%282%29%2C_NPSPhoto%2C_R._Cammauf_%281%29_%289101528256%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Great_Egret_%282%29%2C_NPSPhoto%2C_R._Cammauf_%281%29_%289101528256%29.jpg/440px-Great_Egret_%282%29%2C_NPSPhoto%2C_R._Cammauf_%281%29_%289101528256%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/info/en/?search=Bromeliaceae" title="Bromeliaceae">Bromeliads</a> flourish on <a href="/info/en/?search=Taxodium_distichum" title="Taxodium distichum">bald cypress</a> trees as a <a href="/info/en/?search=Great_egret" title="Great egret">great egret</a> hunts in the water</figcaption></figure>
<p>Less than 50 percent of the Everglades which existed prior to drainage attempts remains intact today. Populations of wading birds dwindled 90 percent from their original numbers between the 1940s and 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup> The diversion of water to South Florida's still-growing metropolitan areas is the Everglades National Park's number one threat. In the 1950s and 1960s, 1,400 miles (2,300 km) of canals and levees, 150 gates and spillways, and 16 pumping stations were constructed to direct water toward cities and away from the Everglades. Low levels of water leave fish vulnerable to reptiles and birds, and as sawgrass dries it can burn or die off, which in turn kills apple snails and other animals that wading birds feed upon.<sup id="cite_ref-brochure_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brochure-103">[103]</a></sup> Populations of birds fluctuate; in 2009, the South Florida Water Management District claimed wading birds across South Florida increased by 335 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup> Following three years of increasing numbers, <i>The Miami Herald</i> reported in 2009 that populations of wading birds within the park decreased by 29 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup>
</p><p>Cities along the west coast of Florida rely on <a href="/info/en/?search=Desalinization" class="mw-redirect" title="Desalinization">desalinization</a> for fresh water; the quantity demanded is too great for the land to provide. <a href="/info/en/?search=Nitrate" title="Nitrate">Nitrates</a> in the underground water system and high levels of <a href="/info/en/?search=Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> also impact the quality of fresh water the park receives.<sup id="cite_ref-brochure_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brochure-103">[103]</a></sup> In 1998, a Florida panther was found dead in Shark Water Slough, with levels of mercury high enough to kill a human.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup> Increased occurrences of <a href="/info/en/?search=Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">algal blooms</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Red_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Red tide">red tide</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Biscayne_Bay" title="Biscayne Bay">Biscayne Bay</a> and Florida Bay have been traced to the amounts of controlled water released from Lake Okeechobee.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup> The brochure given to visitors at Everglades National Park includes a statement that reads, "Freshwater flowing into the park is engineered. With the help of pumps, floodgates, and retention ponds along the park's boundary, the Everglades is presently on life support, alive but diminished."<sup id="cite_ref-brochure_103-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brochure-103">[103]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Urban_encroachment">Urban encroachment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Urban encroachment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>A series of levees on the park's eastern border marks the line between urban and protected areas, but development into these areas threatens the park system. Florida still attracts nearly a thousand new residents every day,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup> and building residential, commercial and industrial zones near Everglades National Park stresses the water balance and ecosystems within the park. On the park's western border, <a href="/info/en/?search=Fort_Myers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Myers">Fort Myers</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Naples,_Florida" title="Naples, Florida">Naples</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Cape_Coral" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Coral">Cape Coral</a> are expanding, but no system of levees exists to mark that border.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup> <i><a href="/info/en/?search=National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a></i> rated both Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve the lowest-scoring parks in North America, at 32 out of 100. Their scoring system rated 55 parks by their <a href="/info/en/?search=Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">sustainable tourism</a>, destination quality, and park management. The experts who compiled the results justified the score by stating: "Encroachment by housing and retail development has thrown the precious ecosystem into a tailspin, and if humankind doesn't back off, there will be nothing left of one of this country's most amazing treasures".<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Endangered_and_threatened_animals">Endangered and threatened animals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Endangered and threatened animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Everglades_American_Crocodile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Everglades_American_Crocodile.jpg/220px-Everglades_American_Crocodile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Everglades_American_Crocodile.jpg/330px-Everglades_American_Crocodile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Everglades_American_Crocodile.jpg/440px-Everglades_American_Crocodile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/info/en/?search=American_crocodile" title="American crocodile">American crocodile</a> has notable differences from the alligator. Habitat destruction and vehicle collisions are some of the largest threats it experiences.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Thirty-six federally protected animals live in the park, some of which face grave threats to their survival.
</p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/info/en/?search=American_crocodile" title="American crocodile">American crocodile</a>'s only habitat is within South Florida. They were once overhunted for their hides. They are protected today from hunting but are still threatened by habitat destruction and injury from vehicle collisions when crossing roads to reach waterways. About 2,000 crocodiles live in Florida, and there are roughly 100 nests in the Everglades and <a href="/info/en/?search=Biscayne_National_Park" title="Biscayne National Park">Biscayne National Parks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup> Crocodiles populations in South Florida have increased as has the number of alligators. Crocodiles were reclassified from "endangered" to "threatened" in the United States in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_panther" title="Florida panther">Florida panther</a> is one of the most endangered mammals on earth. About 230 live in the wild, primarily in the Everglades and the Big Cypress Swamp.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup> The biggest threats to the panther include habitat destruction from human development, vehicle collisions, <a href="/info/en/?search=Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a> due to their limited gene pool, parasites, diseases, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury poisoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup>
</p><p>Four Everglade species of sea turtle including the Atlantic green sea turtle, the Atlantic <a href="/info/en/?search=Hawksbill_sea_turtle" title="Hawksbill sea turtle">hawksbill</a>, the Atlantic loggerhead (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Caretta_caretta" class="mw-redirect" title="Caretta caretta">Caretta caretta</a></i>), and the Atlantic ridley (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Lepidochelys_kempii" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepidochelys kempii">Lepidochelys kempii</a></i>) are endangered. Also, the leatherback sea turtle (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Dermochelys_coriacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermochelys coriacea">Dermochelys coriacea</a></i>) is threatened. Numbers are difficult to determine, since males and juveniles do not return to their birthplace; females lay eggs in the same location every year. Habitat loss, illegal <a href="/info/en/?search=Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a>, and destructive fishing practices are the biggest threats to these animals.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup>
</p><p>The range of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Cape_Sable_seaside_sparrow" title="Cape Sable seaside sparrow">Cape Sable seaside sparrow</a> is restricted to Everglades National Park and the Big Cypress Swamp.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup> In 1981 6,656 Cape Sable seaside sparrows were reported in park boundaries, but surveys over 10 years documented a decline to an estimated 2,624 birds by 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup> Attempts to return natural levels of water to the park have been controversial; Cape Sable seaside sparrows nest about a foot off the ground, and rising water levels may harm future populations, as well as threaten the locally endangered <a href="/info/en/?search=Snail_kite" title="Snail kite">snail kite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup> The Everglades snail kite eats <a href="/info/en/?search=Apple_snail" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple snail">apple snails</a> almost exclusively, and the Everglades is the only location in the United States where this <a href="/info/en/?search=Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">bird of prey</a> exists. There is some evidence that the population may be increasing, but the loss of habitat and food sources keep the estimated number of these birds at several hundred.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=West_Indian_manatee" title="West Indian manatee">West Indian manatee</a> has been upgraded from endangered to threatened. Collisions with boats and habitat loss are still its biggest threats.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Drought.2C_fire.2C_and_rising_sea_levels"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Drought,_fire,_and_rising_sea_levels">Drought, fire, and rising sea levels</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Drought, fire, and rising sea levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Fire naturally occurs after lightning storms but takes its heaviest toll when water levels are low. Hardwood hammock and cypress trees are susceptible to heavy damage from fire, and some may take decades to grow back.<sup id="cite_ref-brochure_103-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brochure-103">[103]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a> built up over centuries in the marsh can cause fires to burn deep scars in the soil. In 2007, Fred Sklar of the <a href="/info/en/?search=South_Florida_Water_Management_District" title="South Florida Water Management District">South Florida Water Management District</a> said: "An extreme drought can be viewed (as) almost as catastrophic as a volcano. It can reshape the entire landscape. It can take 1,000 years to produce two inches of peat, and you can lose those couple of inches in a week."<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup>
</p><p>Rising sea levels caused by <a href="/info/en/?search=Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> are another threat to the future of the park. Since 1932, ocean levels at <a href="/info/en/?search=Key_West" title="Key West">Key West</a> have steadily risen over 0.7 feet (0.2 m), which could have disastrous consequences for land so close to the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup> It is estimated that within 500 years freshwater habitats in the Everglades National Park will be obliterated by salt water, leaving only the northernmost portion of the Everglades. Cost estimates for raising or replacing the Tamiami Trail and <a href="/info/en/?search=Alligator_Alley" class="mw-redirect" title="Alligator Alley">Alligator Alley</a> with bridges are in the hundreds of millions of dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></sup>
</p><p>Through Trump Administration, The Florida Department of Transportation, and Everglades National Park, there are plans to execute and complete the Next Steps project to help fix these various water issues, along with other parts of the park. This completion plan was announced in September 2020, will begin November 2020, and should be done by the end of 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-native_species">Non-native species</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Non-native species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_invasive_species_in_the_Everglades" title="List of invasive species in the Everglades">List of invasive species in the Everglades</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Burmese_pythons_in_Florida" title="Burmese pythons in Florida">Burmese pythons in Florida</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Gator_and_Python.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gator_and_Python.jpg/220px-Gator_and_Python.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gator_and_Python.jpg/330px-Gator_and_Python.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gator_and_Python.jpg/440px-Gator_and_Python.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1710" data-file-height="1282" /></a><figcaption>A struggle between a <a href="/info/en/?search=Burmese_python" title="Burmese python">Burmese python</a> and an <a href="/info/en/?search=American_alligator" title="American alligator">alligator</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The introduction of non-native species into South Florida is a considerable problem for the park. Many of the biological controls such as weather, disease, and consumers who naturally limit plants in their native environments do not exist in the Everglades, causing many to grow larger and multiply far beyond their average numbers in their native habitats. Approximately 26 percent of all fish, reptiles, birds, and mammal species in South Florida are exotic—more than in any other part of the U.S.—and the region hosts one of the highest numbers of exotic plant species in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup>
</p><p>Species that adapt the most aggressively to conditions in the Everglades, by spreading quickly or competing with native species that sometimes are threatened or endangered, are called "invasive". Thousands of exotic plant species have been observed in South Florida, usually introduced as ornamental landscaping, but park staff must eradicate such invasive plants as melaleuca tree (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Melaleuca_quinquenervia" title="Melaleuca quinquenervia">Melaleuca quinquenervia</a></i>), Brazilian pepper (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Schinus_terebinthifolius" class="mw-redirect" title="Schinus terebinthifolius">Schinus terebinthifolius</a></i>), and Old World climbing fern (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Lygodium_microphyllum" title="Lygodium microphyllum">Lygodium microphyllum</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></sup> Similarly, animals often do not find the predators or natural barriers to reproduction in the Everglades as they do where they originate, thus they often reproduce more quickly and efficiently. Lobate lac scale insects (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Paratachardina_pseudolobata" title="Paratachardina pseudolobata">Paratachardina pseudolobata</a></i>) kill shrubs and other plants in hardwood hammocks. Bromeliad beetles (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Metamasius_callizona" title="Metamasius callizona">Metamasius callizona</a></i>) destroy bromeliads and the ecosystems they host.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></sup>
</p><p>Walking catfish (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Clarias_batrachus" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarias batrachus">Clarias batrachus</a></i>) can deplete aquaculture stocks and they carry enteric septicemia.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></sup> The <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_Fish_and_Wildlife_Conservation_Commission" title="Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission">Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission</a> (FWC) listed eight "Reptiles of Concern", including the Burmese python (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Python_molurus_bivittatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Python molurus bivittatus">Python molurus bivittatus</a></i>), focusing on them for their large sizes and aggressive natures, allowing licensed hunters to kill any listed animals in protected areas and sell their meat and hides.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Burmese_python" title="Burmese python">Burmese pythons</a>, two subspecies of African rock pythons (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Python_sebae" class="mw-redirect" title="Python sebae">Python sebae</a></i>; northern and southern), and yellow anacondas (<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Eunectes_notaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunectes notaeus">Eunectes notaeus</a></i>) were banned from import into the U.S. in 2012. <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">United States Secretary of the Interior</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Ken_Salazar" title="Ken Salazar">Ken Salazar</a> announced the inclusion of these reptiles at Everglades National Park.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></sup> Exotic species control falls under the management of the <a href="/info/en/?search=U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a>, which has been compiling and disseminating information about invasive species since 1994. Control of invasive species costs $500 million per year, but 1,700,000 acres (2,656.2 sq mi; 6,879.7 km<sup>2</sup>) of land in South Florida remains infested.<sup id="cite_ref-invaders_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invaders-143">[143]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_birds_of_Everglades_National_Park" title="List of birds of Everglades National Park">List of birds of Everglades National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_national_parks_of_the_United_States" title="List of national parks of the United States">List of national parks of the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dry_Tortugas_National_Park" title="Dry Tortugas National Park">Dry Tortugas National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Environmental_Impact_of_the_Big_Cypress_Swamp_Jetport" title="Environmental Impact of the Big Cypress Swamp Jetport">Environmental Impact of the Big Cypress Swamp Jetport</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=HM-69" class="mw-redirect" title="HM-69">Nike Missile Site HM-69</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=World_Heritage_Sites_in_Danger" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in Danger">World Heritage Sites in Danger</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-gnis-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gnis_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/293666">"Everglades National Park"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a>. August 28, 1987<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Everglades+National+Park&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft.date=1987-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedits.nationalmap.gov%2Fapps%2Fgaz-domestic%2Fpublic%2Fsearch%2Fnames%2F293666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-area-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-area_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-area_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/NPIndex2012-2016.pdf">"The National Parks: Index 2012–2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nps.gov</i>. National Park Service. p. 47. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113065657/https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/NPIndex2012-2016.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nps.gov&rft.atitle=The+National+Parks%3A+Index+2012%E2%80%932016&rft.pages=47&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Faboutus%2Fupload%2FNPIndex2012-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-visits-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-visits_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/Reports/National">"NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report"</a>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NPS+Annual+Recreation+Visits+Report&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firma.nps.gov%2FStats%2FReports%2FNational&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/374">"Everglades National Park"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar</a> Sites Information Service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ramsar+Sites+Information+Service&rft.atitle=Everglades+National+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsis.ramsar.org%2Fris%2F374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-parkstats-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parkstats_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parkstats_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/management/statistics.htm">"Park Statistics"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Park+Statistics&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fever%2Flearn%2Fmanagement%2Fstatistics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maltby, E., P.J. Dugan, "Wetland Ecosystem Management, and Restoration: An International Perspective" in Everglades: The Ecosystem and its Restoration, Steven Davis and John Ogden, eds. (1994), St. Lucie Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-9634030-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9634030-2-8">0-9634030-2-8</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitney, p. 167.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-main-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-main_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/ever/index.htm">"Everglades National Park"</a>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Everglades+National+Park&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fever%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson, pp. 27, 21, 38.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A few locations in <a href="/info/en/?search=Palm_Beach_County,_Florida" title="Palm Beach County, Florida">Palm Beach County</a>, primarily <a href="/info/en/?search=Highland_Beach,_Florida" title="Highland Beach, Florida">Highland Beach</a>, get their fresh water from the <a href="/info/en/?search=Floridan_aquifer" title="Floridan aquifer">Floridan aquifer</a>, treating the high saline and mineral content before providing it for human use. (<a class="external text" href="https://highlandbeach.us/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/2014-Annual-Water-Quality-Report.pdf">Town of Highland Beach Water Quality Report</a> (2014). Retrieved on April 25, 2017.)(Lodge, p. 39.)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lodge, p. 3</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071209162956/https://www.nps.gov/ever/naturescience/evergeology.htm">"Everglades Geology"</a>. National Park Service. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/ever/naturescience/evergeology.htm">the original</a> on December 9, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Everglades+Geology&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fever%2Fnaturescience%2Fevergeology.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCally, pp. 9–10.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitney, p. 108.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCally, pp. 12–19.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lodge, pp. 37–38.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mfl">"NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOWData+-+NOAA+Online+Weather+Data&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw2.weather.gov%2Fclimate%2Fxmacis.php%3Fwfo%3Dmfl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00087760&format=pdf">"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+of+Monthly+Normals+1991-2020&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Faccess%2Fservices%2Fdata%2Fv1%3Fdataset%3Dnormals-monthly-1991-2020%26startDate%3D0001-01-01%26endDate%3D9996-12-31%26stations%3DUSC00087760%26format%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitney, p. 166.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitney, pp. 167, 169.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, pp. 366–369.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-superreport-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-superreport_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://home.nps.gov/ever/parkmgmt/upload/2008%20DRTO%20EVER%20Final%20Supt%20Annual%20Report.pdf">Everglades National Park / Dry Tortugas National Park</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320020752/http://home.nps.gov/ever/parkmgmt/upload/2008%20DRTO%20EVER%20Final%20Supt%20Annual%20Report.pdf">Archived</a> March 20, 2012, at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Superintendent's Report, 2008 Fiscal Year. Retrieved on May 26, 2010.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Robertson,_p._9-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robertson,_p._9_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robertson,_p._9_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson, p. 9.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lodge, pp. 25–31.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitney, p. 164</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lodge, pp. 29–32.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lodge, p. 35.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-flmnh_hammocks-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flmnh_hammocks_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flmnh_hammocks_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/southflorida/habitats/hardwood-hammocks/about">"Hardwood Hammocks"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Florida Museum of Natural History">Florida Museum of Natural History</a>. April 12, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hardwood+Hammocks&rft.pub=Florida+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.date=2017-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flmnh.ufl.edu%2Fsouthflorida%2Fhabitats%2Fhardwood-hammocks%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://crocdoc.ifas.ufl.edu/publications/msrpmap/tropicalhardwoodhammock/">"Tropical Hardwood Hammock"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a>. 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tropical+Hardwood+Hammock&rft.pub=U.S.+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrocdoc.ifas.ufl.edu%2Fpublications%2Fmsrpmap%2Ftropicalhardwoodhammock%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Park Service (2005). "Habitats in the Park" (brochure).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson, p. 11</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-fws-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fws_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fws_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fws_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. "<a class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/southeast/vbpdfs/commun/pr.pdf">Pine Rocklands: Multispecies recovery plan for South Florida</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111003517/http://www.fws.gov/southeast/vbpdfs/commun/pr.pdf">Archived</a> November 11, 2012, at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitney, p. 107</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitney, pp. 105–107</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, p. 8.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-int'l-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-int'l_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/glac/learn/management/international-designations.htm">"International Designations"</a>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Designations&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fglac%2Flearn%2Fmanagement%2Finternational-designations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1994" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Janet (1994). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070806083819/http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/kuchlers/k091/all.html">"Kuchler type: Cypress savanna"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=USDA_Forest_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA Forest Service">USDA Forest Service</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/kuchlers/k091/all.html#DESCRIPTION">the original</a> on August 6, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuchler+type%3A+Cypress+savanna&rft.pub=USDA+Forest+Service&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Fdatabase%2Ffeis%2Fkuchlers%2Fk091%2Fall.html%23DESCRIPTION&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, p. 10.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCally, pp. 76–78.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKatherisen2001" class="citation book cs1">Katherisen, K. (2001). "Biology of Mangroves and Mangrove Ecosystems". In Alan J. Southward (ed.). <i>Advances in Marine Biology</i>. Vol. 40. pp. 18–251. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-12-026140-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-026140-6"><bdi>978-0-12-026140-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biology+of+Mangroves+and+Mangrove+Ecosystems&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Marine+Biology&rft.pages=18-251&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-12-026140-6&rft.aulast=Katherisen&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitney, pp. 292–293.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitney, pp. 295–296</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitney, p. 297.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitney, p. 163.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://crocdoc.ifas.ufl.edu/publications/msrpmap/wetprairies/">"Wet Prairie"</a>. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wet+Prairie&rft.pub=U.S.+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrocdoc.ifas.ufl.edu%2Fpublications%2Fmsrpmap%2Fwetprairies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/ever/naturescience/marineestuarine.htm">"Marine & Estuarine Ecosystems"</a>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marine+%26+Estuarine+Ecosystems&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fever%2Fnaturescience%2Fmarineestuarine.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/publications/tm/tm219/475_BODO_FBES.pdf">Common Bottlenose Dolphin (<i>Tursiops truncatus</i>) Florida Bay Stock</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). NOAA. December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Common+Bottlenose+Dolphin+%28Tursiops+truncatus%29+Florida+Bay+Stock&rft.pub=NOAA&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nefsc.noaa.gov%2Fpublications%2Ftm%2Ftm219%2F475_BODO_FBES.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Brownlee2013" class="citation news cs1">John Brownlee (April 22, 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://www.saltwatersportsman.com/florida-everglades-national-park-flats-fishing-tips#page-3">"Florida Bay and Everglades National Park: Flats-Fishing Paradise"</a>. <i>saltwatersportsman.com</i>. Salt Water Sportsman, Bonnier Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=saltwatersportsman.com&rft.atitle=Florida+Bay+and+Everglades+National+Park%3A+Flats-Fishing+Paradise&rft.date=2013-04-22&rft.au=John+Brownlee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saltwatersportsman.com%2Fflorida-everglades-national-park-flats-fishing-tips%23page-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://home.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/fishing.htm">"Fishing"</a>. <i>nps.gov</i>. National Park Service. September 25, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2018.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPowellBjorkOgdenPaul1989" class="citation journal cs1">Powell, George V. N.; Bjork, Robin D.; Ogden, John C.; Paul, Richard T.; Powell, A. Harriett; Robertson, William B. (1989). "Population Trends in Some Florida Bay Wading Birds". <i>The Wilson Bulletin</i>. <b>101</b> (3): 436–457. <a href="/info/en/?search=JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4162751">4162751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wilson+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Population+Trends+in+Some+Florida+Bay+Wading+Birds&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=436-457&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4162751%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=George+V.+N.&rft.au=Bjork%2C+Robin+D.&rft.au=Ogden%2C+John+C.&rft.au=Paul%2C+Richard+T.&rft.au=Powell%2C+A.+Harriett&rft.au=Robertson%2C+William+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/photosmultimedia/upload/Florida-Bay-Bistro.pdf">"Florida Bay Bistro"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nps.gov</i>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nps.gov&rft.atitle=Florida+Bay+Bistro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fever%2Flearn%2Fphotosmultimedia%2Fupload%2FFlorida-Bay-Bistro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Tebeau_17-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tebeau_17_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tebeau_17_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tebeau (1963), p. 17</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Tebeau_1963,_p._19-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tebeau_1963,_p._19_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tebeau_1963,_p._19_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tebeau (1963), p. 19.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson, p. 55</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071111172029/https://www.nps.gov/ever/historyculture/nativepeoples.htm">"Native Peoples"</a>. National Park Service. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/ever/historyculture/nativepeoples.htm">the original</a> on November 11, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Native+Peoples&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fever%2Fhistoryculture%2Fnativepeoples.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tebeau (1963), p. 23.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091125124933/https://www.nps.gov/ever/historyculture/people.htm">"Native People"</a>. National Park Service. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/ever/historyculture/people.htm">the original</a> on November 25, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Native+People&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fever%2Fhistoryculture%2Fpeople.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tebeau (1963), p. 28.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tebeau (1963), p. 31.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071206103224/https://www.nps.gov/ever/parknews/currentissues.htm">"Current issues"</a>. National Park Service. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/ever/parknews/currentissues.htm">the original</a> on December 6, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Current+issues&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fever%2Fparknews%2Fcurrentissues.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nps_pioneer-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nps_pioneer_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nps_pioneer_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/historyculture/pioneersettlement.htm">"Pioneer Settlements"</a>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pioneer+Settlements&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fever%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fpioneersettlement.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tebeau (1955), pp. 6, 15, 21, 59.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tebeau (1968), pp. 37, 142–65</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson, p. 82.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas, p. 312.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas, p. 318.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080304171918/http://www.evergladesonline.com/50years/swamp.htm">"Swampland for sale"</a>. <i>The Everglade Magazine</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.evergladesonline.com/50years/swamp.htm">the original</a> on March 4, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Everglade+Magazine&rft.atitle=Swampland+for+sale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evergladesonline.com%2F50years%2Fswamp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grunwald, p. 178.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grunwald, p. 195.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tebeau (1963), pp. 131–132</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grunwald, pp. 201–203.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRichey1997" class="citation news cs1">Richey, Warren (September 3, 1997). "Reviving Florida's Fragile 'River of Grass'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Reviving+Florida%27s+Fragile+%27River+of+Grass%27&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1997-09-03&rft.aulast=Richey&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas, p. 375</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2003" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Jack E. (2003). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Conservation is now a dead word': Marjory Stoneman Douglas and the transformation of American environmentalism". <i>Environmental History</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 53–76. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3985972">10.2307/3985972</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3985972">3985972</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145203614">145203614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+History&rft.atitle=%27Conservation+is+now+a+dead+word%27%3A+Marjory+Stoneman+Douglas+and+the+transformation+of+American+environmentalism&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-76&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145203614%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3985972%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3985972&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Jack+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKlinkenberg1992" class="citation news cs1">Klinkenberg, Jeff (February 9, 1992). "Marjory Stoneman Douglas, 101: Grande Dame of the Everglades". <i><a href="/info/en/?search=St._Petersburg_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Times">St. Petersburg Times</a></i>. Florida. p. 1F.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=Marjory+Stoneman+Douglas%2C+101%3A+Grande+Dame+of+the+Everglades&rft.pages=1F&rft.date=1992-02-09&rft.aulast=Klinkenberg&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-grunwald208209-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grunwald208209_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grunwald208209_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grunwald, pp. 208–209.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clement, Gail. <a class="external text" href="https://everglades.fiu.edu/reclaim/bios/coe.htm">Everglades Biographies: Ernest F. Coe</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127014507/http://everglades.fiu.edu/reclaim/bios/coe.htm">Archived</a> November 27, 2020, at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Everglades Digital Library. Retrieved on July 6, 2009.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Tebeau_1963,_p._137-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tebeau_1963,_p._137_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tebeau_1963,_p._137_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tebeau (1963), p. 137.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-klinkenberg-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klinkenberg_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klinkenberg_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKlinkenberg1997" class="citation news cs1">Klinkenberg, Jeff (December 7, 1997). "50 Years of Everglades National Park". <i>St. Petersburg Times</i>. Floridapage=1A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=50+Years+of+Everglades+National+Park&rft.date=1997-12-07&rft.aulast=Klinkenberg&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/info/en/?search=Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An act to provide for the establishment of the Everglades National Park in the State of Florida and for other purposes, <a class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/73rd-congress/session-2/c73s2ch371.pdf">H.R. 2837</a>, 73rd Cong. (1934).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grunwald, pp. 212–214</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grunwald, pp. 206–215</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grunwald, p. 252.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grunwald, pp. 275–276.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/638">"UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage Committee inscribes Everglades National Park on List of World Heritage in Danger"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre+%E2%80%93+World+Heritage+Committee+inscribes+Everglades+National+Park+on+List+of+World+Heritage+in+Danger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2010/07/346462-everglades-returns-unesco-list-global-heritage-sites-danger">"Everglades returns to UNESCO list of global heritage sites in danger"</a>. July 30, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Everglades+returns+to+UNESCO+list+of+global+heritage+sites+in+danger&rft.date=2010-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2010%2F07%2F346462-everglades-returns-unesco-list-global-heritage-sites-danger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071206032941/https://www.nps.gov/archive/ever/presskit/legislat.htm">"Legislative Direction: Everglades National Park"</a>. National Park Service. 2002. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/archive/ever/presskit/legislat.htm">the original</a> on December 6, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legislative+Direction%3A+Everglades+National+Park&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farchive%2Fever%2Fpresskit%2Flegislat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBush1989" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush, George H. W.</a> (December 13, 1989). <a class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=17941">"Statement on Signing the Everglades National Park Protection and Expansion Act of 1989"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+on+Signing+the+Everglades+National+Park+Protection+and+Expansion+Act+of+1989&rft.date=1989-12-13&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=George+H.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D17941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071027024249/http://www.evergladesplan.org/facts_info/faqs_cerp.aspx">"FAQs: What you should know about the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP)"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a>. 2002. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.evergladesplan.org/facts_info/faqs_cerp.aspx">the original</a> on October 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQs%3A+What+you+should+know+about+the+Comprehensive+Everglades+Restoration+Plan+%28CERP%29&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Corps+of+Engineers&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evergladesplan.org%2Ffacts_info%2Ffaqs_cerp.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-postgrunwald-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-postgrunwald_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-postgrunwald_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGrunwald2002" class="citation news cs1">Grunwald, Michael (June 26, 2002). "Among Environmentalists, the Great Divide". <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p. A13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Among+Environmentalists%2C+the+Great+Divide&rft.pages=A13&rft.date=2002-06-26&rft.aulast=Grunwald&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CERP (May 2006). "Fact Sheet: The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP)." The Journey to Restore America's Everglades.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CERP (2005). "The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan: The first 5 years." The Journey to Restore America's Everglades.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, Curtis (March 23, 2009). "Landmark Hotel in Everglades Now Pile of Rubble", <i>The Miami Herald</i>, State and Regional News.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-annual-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-annual_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-annual_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Everglades National Park/Dry Tortugas National Park: Superintendent's Annual Report (2005)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/feesandreservations.htm">"Fees & Reservations"</a>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fees+%26+Reservations&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fever%2Fplanyourvisit%2Ffeesandreservations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-econ-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-econ_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-econ_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stynes, Daniel (November 2007). "National Park Visitor Spending and Payroll Impacts 2006." U.S. Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resource Studies; Michigan State University; and National Park Service Social Science Program.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/tolson/histlist7e.htm">"National Park Service: Historic Listings of NPS Officials"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=National+Park+Service%3A+Historic+Listings+of+NPS+Officials&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fparkhistory%2Fonline_books%2Ftolson%2Fhistlist7e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEverglades_National_Park" class="citation web cs1">Everglades National Park. <a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/news/shawnbengeactingsuperintendentpr.htm">"Shawn Benge Appointed Acting Superintendent - Everglades National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=Shawn+Benge+Appointed+Acting+Superintendent+-+Everglades+National+Park+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft.au=Everglades+National+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fever%2Flearn%2Fnews%2Fshawnbengeactingsuperintendentpr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEverglades_National_Park" class="citation web cs1">Everglades National Park. <a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/news/new-acting-supt-krumenaker.htm">"Bob Krumenaker Appointed Acting Superintendent - Everglades National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=Bob+Krumenaker+Appointed+Acting+Superintendent+-+Everglades+National+Park+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft.au=Everglades+National+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fever%2Flearn%2Fnews%2Fnew-acting-supt-krumenaker.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEverglades_National_Park" class="citation web cs1">Everglades National Park. <a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/news/pedro-ramos-selected-as-new-superintendent.htm">"Pedro Ramos Selected as New Superintendent - Everglades National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=Pedro+Ramos+Selected+as+New+Superintendent+-+Everglades+National+Park+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft.au=Everglades+National+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fever%2Flearn%2Fnews%2Fpedro-ramos-selected-as-new-superintendent.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/HISNPS/NPSHistory/adminhistory.htm">"Administrative Histories | Park History Program"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=Administrative+Histories+%7C+Park+History+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fparkhistory%2FHISNPS%2FNPSHistory%2Fadminhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/index.htm">"What We Do (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=What+We+Do+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Faboutus%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-brochure-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brochure_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brochure_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brochure_103-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brochure_103-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brochure_103-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">National Park Service (2005). "Everglades." (Brochure)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-VIS-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VIS_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMarkos" class="citation web cs1">Markos, Stevn L. <a class="external text" href="https://npplan.com/parks-by-state/florida-national-parks/everglades-national-park-park-at-a-glance/everglades-national-park-royal-palm-area/">"Royal Palm Visitor Center"</a>. <i>National Park Planner</i>. National Park Planner<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Planner&rft.atitle=Royal+Palm+Visitor+Center&rft.aulast=Markos&rft.aufirst=Stevn+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpplan.com%2Fparks-by-state%2Fflorida-national-parks%2Feverglades-national-park-park-at-a-glance%2Feverglades-national-park-royal-palm-area%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, pp. 28–32.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, pp. 40–53.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, pp. 64–69.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, pp. 33–35, 100–104, 147.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, pp. 22–23, 25–26.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007045019/http://floridabirdingtrail.com/index.php/trip/trail/Everglades_National_Park_Main_Entrance">"Everglades National Park: Main Entrance"</a>. <i>Great Florida Birding and Wildlife Trail</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://floridabirdingtrail.com/trail/trail-sections/south-section/everglades-np-main-entrance/">the original</a> on October 7, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Great+Florida+Birding+and+Wildlife+Trail&rft.atitle=Everglades+National+Park%3A+Main+Entrance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffloridabirdingtrail.com%2Ftrail%2Ftrail-sections%2Fsouth-section%2Feverglades-np-main-entrance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/nature/lightscape.htm">"Lightscape / Night Sky"</a>. National Park Service. July 27, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2018.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ournationalparks.us/south_florida/everglades/everglades_offers_ideal_location_to_view_night_sky/">"Everglades are ideal to view night sky"</a>. December 4, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2018.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://darksitefinder.com/maps/world.html#9/25.2844/-81.1368">"Light Pollution Map - Dark Site Finder"</a>. Retrieved October 29, 2018.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grunwald, p. 202.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SFWMD (2010), p. 6-1.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sessa, Whitney (March 1, 2009). "Taking A Dive: The Wading Bird Population at Everglades National Park Dropped by 29 Percent in 2008 ...", <i>The Miami Herald</i>, State and Regional News.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson1998" class="citation web cs1">Stephenson, Frank (1998). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080305032820/http://www.p2pays.org/ref%5C01/00337.htm">"Florida's mercury menace"</a>. <i>Florida State University Research in Review</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.p2pays.org/ref%5C01/00337.htm">the original</a> on March 5, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Florida+State+University+Research+in+Review&rft.atitle=Florida%27s+mercury+menace&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.p2pays.org%2Fref%255C01%2F00337.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2006" class="citation news cs1">Morgan, Curtis (September 24, 2006). "Mass of green algae is creeping into Biscayne Bay". <i>The Miami Herald</i>. Florida.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Mass+of+green+algae+is+creeping+into+Biscayne+Bay&rft.date=2006-09-24&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span> Domestic News.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.flchamber.com/did-you-know-that-floridas-population-could-increase-to-nearly-26-million-by-2030/">Florida's population could increase to nearly 26 million by 2030</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grunwald, pp. 363–366</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHamashige2005" class="citation news cs1">Hamashige, Hope (July 27, 2005). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050630005529/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0627_050627_bestparks.html">"Surprise finds top list of best national parks"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0627_050627_bestparks.html">the original</a> on June 30, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Surprise+finds+top+list+of+best+national+parks&rft.date=2005-07-27&rft.aulast=Hamashige&rft.aufirst=Hope&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2F06%2F0627_050627_bestparks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2007" class="citation news cs1">Morgan, Curtis (March 20, 2007). "Crocodiles remain rare but are no longer endangered". <i>The Miami Herald</i>. Florida.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Crocodiles+remain+rare+but+are+no+longer+endangered&rft.date=2007-03-20&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span> Domestic News.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.evergladesplan.org/facts_info/sywtkma_sparrow.aspx">So you Want to Know More About ... Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080305093904/http://www.evergladesplan.org/facts_info/sywtkma_sparrow.aspx">Archived</a> March 5, 2008, at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved February 12, 2008.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110421054412/http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/birds/songbirds/cape-sable-seaside-sparrow/">"Species Spotlight: Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow"</a>. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/birds/songbirds/cape-sable-seaside-sparrow/">the original</a> on April 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Spotlight%3A+Cape+Sable+Seaside+Sparrow&rft.pub=U.S.+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyfwc.com%2Fwildlifehabitats%2Fprofiles%2Fbirds%2Fsongbirds%2Fcape-sable-seaside-sparrow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2006" class="citation news cs1">Morgan, Curtis (November 1, 2006). "Officials move to protect Fla. habitat of endangered bird". <i>The Miami Herald</i>. Florida.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Officials+move+to+protect+Fla.+habitat+of+endangered+bird&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span> Domestic News.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080305042718/http://www.enature.com/fieldguides/detail.asp?recnum=BD0105">"Snail Kite Rostrhamus sociabilis"</a>. Enature.com. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.enature.com/fieldguides/detail.asp?recnum=BD0105">the original</a> on March 5, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Snail+Kite+Rostrhamus+sociabilis&rft.pub=Enature.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enature.com%2Ffieldguides%2Fdetail.asp%3Frecnum%3DBD0105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080220103207/http://defenders.org/wildlife_and_habitat/wildlife/manatee.php">"Florida manatee"</a>. Defenders of Wildlife. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.defenders.org/wildlife_and_habitat/wildlife/manatee.php">the original</a> on February 20, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Florida+manatee&rft.pub=Defenders+of+Wildlife&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenders.org%2Fwildlife_and_habitat%2Fwildlife%2Fmanatee.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2007" class="citation news cs1">Morgan, Curtis (April 12, 2007). "Drought could cripple Everglades' life". <i>The Miami Herald</i>. Florida.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Drought+could+cripple+Everglades%27+life&rft.date=2007-04-12&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span> Domestic News.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lodge, p.100.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lodge, p.254.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1207/contract-awarded-for-completion-of-tamiami-trail-next-steps-project.htm">"Contract Awarded for Completion of Tamiami Trail Next Steps Project"</a>. <i>NPS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPS&rft.atitle=Contract+Awarded+for+Completion+of+Tamiami+Trail+Next+Steps+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Forgs%2F1207%2Fcontract-awarded-for-completion-of-tamiami-trail-next-steps-project.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferriter, <i>et al.</i> (2004), p. 1.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodgers, et al., pp. 9–2.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard, F.W.; Pemberton, Robert; Hamon, Avas; Hodges, Greg; Steinberg, Bryan; Mannion, Catherine; McLean, David; Wofford, Jeannette (November 2002). <a class="external text" href="https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN47100.pdf">Lobate Lac Scale, Paratachardina lobata lobata (Chamberlin) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Kerriidae)</a>, University of Florida IFAS. Retrieved on February 3, 2010.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brogan, Christine (September 30, 2003). <a class="external text" href="https://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Clarius_batrachus.html">Walking Catfish (Clarius batrachus)</a>, Columbia University Introduced Species Summary Project. Retrieved on February 17, 2010.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100226134830/http://www.myfwc.com/NEWSROOM/10/south/News_10_S_ROC_SpecialSeason.htm">"FWC creates special season for capture and removal of reptiles of concern"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_Fish_and_Wildlife_Conservation_Commission" title="Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission">Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission</a>/<a href="/info/en/?search=WCTV" title="WCTV">WCTV</a>. February 22, 2010. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.wctv.tv/home/headlines/84949187.html">the original</a> on February 26, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FWC+creates+special+season+for+capture+and+removal+of+reptiles+of+concern&rft.date=2010-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wctv.tv%2Fhome%2Fheadlines%2F84949187.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEverglades+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodgers, pp. 9–15.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Segal, Kim (January 17, 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/17/us/florida-python-ban/index.html">U.S. bans imports of 4 exotic snake species</a>, CNN. Retrieved on January 17, 2012.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-invaders-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-invaders_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/ever/naturescience/upload/2008%20Florida%20Invaders%20For%20Web.pdf">Florida Invaders</a>, National Park Service and Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Retrieved on February 3, 2010.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col">
<ul><li>Davis, Jack (2009), <i>An Everglades Providence: Marjory Stoneman Douglas and the American Environmental Century</i>, University of Georgia Press (2009). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-8203-3071-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8203-3071-X">0-8203-3071-X</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Douglas, Marjory</a> (1947). <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Everglades:_River_of_Grass" title="The Everglades: River of Grass">The Everglades: River of Grass</a></i>. Florida Classics Library. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-912451-44-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-912451-44-0">0-912451-44-0</a></li>
<li>Ferriter, Amy; Serbesoff-King, Kristina; Bodle, Mike; Goodyear, Carole; Doren, Bob; Langeland, Ken (2004). <a class="external text" href="https://my.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/pg_grp_sfwmd_sfer/portlet_prevreport/final/chapters/ch8e.pdf">Chapter 8E: Exotic Species in the Everglades Protection Area</a>, South Florida Water Management District</li>
<li>Grunwald, Michael (2006). <i>The Swamp: The Everglades, Florida, and the Politics of Paradise</i>. Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5105-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5105-1">978-0-7432-5105-1</a></li>
<li>Hammer, Roger (2005). <i>Everglades National Park and the Surrounding Area: A Guide to Exploring the Great Outdoors</i>, Morris Book Publishing, LLC. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-3432-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-3432-0">978-0-7627-3432-0</a></li>
<li>Lodge, Thomas (2005). <i>The Everglades Handbook: Understanding the Ecosystem</i>. CRC Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/1-56670-614-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-56670-614-9">1-56670-614-9</a></li>
<li>McCally, David (1999). <i>The Everglades: An Environmental History</i>. University Press of Florida. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-8130-2302-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-2302-5">0-8130-2302-5</a></li>
<li>Robertson, Jr. William (1989). <i>Everglades: The Park Story.</i> Florida National Parks & Monuments Association, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-945142-01-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-945142-01-3">0-945142-01-3</a></li>
<li>Rodgers, LeRoy; Bodle, Mike; Laroche, Francois (2010). <a class="external text" href="https://my.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/pg_grp_sfwmd_sfer/portlet_sfer/tab2236037/2010%20report/v1/chapters/v1_ch9.pdf">Chapter 9: Status of Nonindigenous Species in the South Florida Environment</a>, <i>2010 South Florida Environmental Report</i> (Volume I), South Florida Water Management District.</li>
<li>South Florida Water Management District (2010). <a class="external text" href="https://my.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/pg_grp_sfwmd_sfer/portlet_sfer/tab2236037/2010%20report/v1/chapters/v1_ch6.pdf">Chapter 6: Ecology of the Everglades Protection Area</a>. <i>2010 South Florida Environmental Report: Volume I—The South Florida Environment</i>. Retrieved on May 26, 2010.</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Charlton_W._Tebeau" title="Charlton W. Tebeau">Tebeau, Charlton W.</a> (1955). <i>The Story of the Chokoloskee Bay County and the Reminiscences of Pioneer C. S. "Ted" Smallwood</i>, University of Miami Press.</li>
<li>Tebeau, Charlton W. (1963) <i>They Lived in the Park: The Story of Man in the Everglades National Park</i>, University of Miami Press.</li>
<li>Tebeau, Charlton W. (1968) <i>Man in the Everglades</i>, University of Miami Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-87024-073-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87024-073-7">978-0-87024-073-7</a></li>
<li>Whitney, Ellie et al., eds. (2004). <i>Priceless Florida: Natural Ecosystems and Native Species</i>, Pineapple Press, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-56164-309-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56164-309-7">978-1-56164-309-7</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Everglades_National_Park&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<b>Everglades National Park</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Everglades_National_Park" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Everglades National Park">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Everglades_National_Park" class="extiw" title="voy:Everglades National Park">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/ever/index.htm">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274131#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/story/PwXRePhnekHkHw">Everglades National Park</a> UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710101132/http://www.floridamemory.com/PhotographicCollection/photo_exhibits/everglades.cfm">The Everglades in the Time of Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a> - photo exhibit created by the <a href="/info/en/?search=State_Library_and_Archives_of_Florida" title="State Library and Archives of Florida">State Archives of Florida</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://everglades.fiu.edu/reclaim/index.htm">Reclaiming the Everglades: South Florida's Natural History</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103151039/http://everglades.fiu.edu/reclaim/index.htm">Archived</a> January 3, 2019, at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160703220621/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d101%3AHR01727%3A%40%40%40L&summ2=m&">Everglades National Park Protection and Expansion Act</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=76">UNESCO World Heritage Centre</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516014515/https://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&sec=wildView&wname=Marjory%20Stoneman%20Douglas%20Wilderness">Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/56510939">Short public television episode on the Florida Everglades</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.everglades.national-park.com/">U.S. National Parks Net: Everglades National Park</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Geography_and_ecology_of_the_Everglades" title="Geography and ecology of the Everglades">Geography and ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Indigenous_people_of_the_Everglades_region" title="Indigenous people of the Everglades region">Indigenous people</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Draining_and_development_of_the_Everglades" title="Draining and development of the Everglades">Draining and development</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Restoration_of_the_Everglades" title="Restoration of the Everglades">Restoration</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Everglades National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_invasive_species_in_the_Everglades" title="List of invasive species in the Everglades">Invasive species</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Guy_Bradley" title="Guy Bradley">Guy Bradley</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ernest_F._Coe" title="Ernest F. Coe">Ernest F. Coe</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hamilton_Disston" title="Hamilton Disston">Hamilton Disston</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Arthur_R._Marshall" title="Arthur R. Marshall">Arthur R. Marshall</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Garald_G._Parker" title="Garald G. Parker">Garald G. Parker</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protected areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Big_Cypress_National_Preserve" title="Big Cypress National Preserve">Big Cypress National Preserve</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Biscayne_National_Park" title="Biscayne National Park">Biscayne National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Corkscrew_Swamp_Sanctuary" title="Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary">Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fakahatchee_Strand_Preserve_State_Park" title="Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park">Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_Keys_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary">Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_Panther_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge">Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Loxahatchee_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge">Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies of water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Biscayne_Bay" title="Biscayne Bay">Biscayne Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Caloosahatchee_River" title="Caloosahatchee River">Caloosahatchee River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fisheating_Creek" title="Fisheating Creek">Fisheating Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_Bay" title="Florida Bay">Florida Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Indian_River_Lagoon" title="Indian River Lagoon">Indian River Lagoon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kissimmee_River" title="Kissimmee River">Kissimmee River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lake_Okeechobee" title="Lake Okeechobee">Lake Okeechobee</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lake_Worth_Lagoon" title="Lake Worth Lagoon">Lake Worth Lagoon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shark_River_(Florida)" title="Shark River (Florida)">Shark River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=St._Lucie_River" title="St. Lucie River">St. Lucie River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Taylor_Slough" title="Taylor Slough">Taylor Slough</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alligator_Alley" class="mw-redirect" title="Alligator Alley">Alligator Alley</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Biscayne_Aquifer" title="Biscayne Aquifer">Biscayne Aquifer</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Burmese_pythons_in_Florida" title="Burmese pythons in Florida">Burmese pythons in Florida</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Comprehensive_Everglades_Restoration_Plan" title="Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan">Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Environmental_Impact_of_the_Big_Cypress_Swamp_Jetport" title="Environmental Impact of the Big Cypress Swamp Jetport">Environmental Impact of the Big Cypress Swamp Jetport</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Everglades_Foundation" title="Everglades Foundation">Everglades Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Friends_of_the_Everglades" title="Friends of the Everglades">Friends of the Everglades</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=South_Florida_Water_Management_District" title="South Florida Water Management District">South Florida Water Management District</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tamiami_Trail" title="Tamiami Trail">Tamiami Trail</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Everglades:_River_of_Grass" title="The Everglades: River of Grass">The Everglades: River of Grass</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=US_Sugar_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="US Sugar Corporation">U.S. Sugar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/info/en/?search=Category:Everglades" title="Category:Everglades">Category:Everglades</a></b></li>
<li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/info/en/?search=Portal:Florida" title="Portal:Florida">Portal:Florida</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_Florida" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Protected_areas_of_Florida" title="Template:Protected areas of Florida"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_Florida" title="Template talk:Protected areas of Florida"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_Florida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas of Florida"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_Florida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Protected_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Protected areas of the United States">Protected areas</a> of <a href="/info/en/?search=Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div id="Federal_level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a> level</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/info/en/?search=National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Biscayne_National_Park" title="Biscayne National Park">Biscayne</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dry_Tortugas_National_Park" title="Dry Tortugas National Park">Dry Tortugas</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Everglades</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System#National_memorials" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=De_Soto_National_Memorial" title="De Soto National Memorial">De Soto</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fort_Caroline" title="Fort Caroline">Fort Caroline</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System#National_monuments" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National monuments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Castillo_de_San_Marcos" title="Castillo de San Marcos">Castillo de San Marcos</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fort_Matanzas_National_Monument" title="Fort Matanzas National Monument">Fort Matanzas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System#National_seashores" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National seashores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Canaveral_National_Seashore" title="Canaveral National Seashore">Canaveral</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Gulf_Islands_National_Seashore" title="Gulf Islands National Seashore">Gulf Islands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/info/en/?search=National_forest_(United_States)" title="National forest (United States)">National forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Apalachicola_National_Forest" title="Apalachicola National Forest">Apalachicola</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Choctawhatchee_National_Forest" title="Choctawhatchee National Forest">Choctawhatchee</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ocala_National_Forest" title="Ocala National Forest">Ocala</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Osceola_National_Forest" title="Osceola National Forest">Osceola</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/info/en/?search=National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National<br />wildlife refuges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Archie_Carr_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge">Archie Carr</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Loxahatchee_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge">Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Caloosahatchee_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Caloosahatchee National Wildlife Refuge">Caloosahatchee</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cedar_Keys_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Cedar Keys National Wildlife Refuge">Cedar Keys</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Chassahowitzka_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuge">Chassahowitzka</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Crocodile_Lake_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge">Crocodile Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Crystal_River_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Crystal River National Wildlife Refuge">Crystal River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Egmont_Key_State_Park_and_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Egmont Key State Park and National Wildlife Refuge">Egmont Key</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_Panther_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge">Florida Panther</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Great_White_Heron_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Great White Heron National Wildlife Refuge">Great White Heron</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hobe_Sound_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Hobe Sound National Wildlife Refuge">Hobe Sound</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Island_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Island Bay National Wildlife Refuge">Island Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=J._N._%22Ding%22_Darling_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="J. N. "Ding" Darling National Wildlife Refuge">J.N. 'Ding' Darling</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Key_West_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Key West National Wildlife Refuge">Key West</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lake_Wales_Ridge_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Lake Wales Ridge National Wildlife Refuge">Lake Wales Ridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lake_Woodruff_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Lake Woodruff National Wildlife Refuge">Lake Woodruff</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lower_Suwannee_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Lower Suwannee National Wildlife Refuge">Lower Suwannee</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Matlacha_Pass_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Matlacha Pass National Wildlife Refuge">Matlacha Pass</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Merritt_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge">Merritt Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=National_Key_Deer_Refuge" title="National Key Deer Refuge">National Key Deer</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Okefenokee_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge">Okefenokee</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Passage_Key_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Passage Key National Wildlife Refuge">Passage Key</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pelican_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge">Pelican Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pine_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Pine Island National Wildlife Refuge">Pine Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pinellas_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Pinellas National Wildlife Refuge">Pinellas</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=St._Johns_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="St. Johns National Wildlife Refuge">St. Johns</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=St._Marks_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge">St. Marks</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=St._Vincent_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="St. Vincent National Wildlife Refuge">St. Vincent</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ten_Thousand_Islands_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge">Ten Thousand Islands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">Other national<br />protected areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Big_Cypress_National_Preserve" title="Big Cypress National Preserve">Big Cypress National Preserve</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Timucuan_Ecological_and_Historic_Preserve" title="Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve">Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/info/en/?search=National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve" title="National Estuarine Research Reserve">National Estuarine Research Reserves</a><br />and <a href="/info/en/?search=National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="National Marine Sanctuary">National Marine Sanctuaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Apalachicola_National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve" title="Apalachicola National Estuarine Research Reserve">Apalachicola NERR</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_Keys_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary">Florida Keys NMS</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Guana_Tolomato_Matanzas_National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve" title="Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve">Guana Tolomato Matanzas NERR</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rookery_Bay_National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve" title="Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve">Rookery Bay NERR</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/info/en/?search=National_Wild_and_Scenic_Rivers_System" title="National Wild and Scenic Rivers System">National Wild and Scenic Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Loxahatchee_River" title="Loxahatchee River">Loxahatchee River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wekiva_River" title="Wekiva River">Wekiva River</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div id="State_level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Government_of_Florida" title="Government of Florida">State</a> level</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Florida_state_parks" title="List of Florida state parks">Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Amelia_Island_State_Park" title="Amelia Island State Park">Amelia Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Anastasia_State_Park" title="Anastasia State Park">Anastasia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Avalon_State_Park" title="Avalon State Park">Avalon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bahia_Honda_Key" title="Bahia Honda Key">Bahia Honda</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bald_Point_State_Park" title="Bald Point State Park">Bald Point</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Big_Lagoon_State_Park" title="Big Lagoon State Park">Big Lagoon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Big_Shoals_State_Park" title="Big Shoals State Park">Big Shoals</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Big_Talbot_Island_State_Park" title="Big Talbot Island State Park">Big Talbot Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bill_Baggs_Cape_Florida_State_Park" title="Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park">Bill Baggs Cape Florida</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bulow_Creek_State_Park" title="Bulow Creek State Park">Bulow Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Caladesi_Island_State_Park" title="Caladesi Island State Park">Caladesi Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Camp_Helen_State_Park" title="Camp Helen State Park">Camp Helen</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cayo_Costa_State_Park" title="Cayo Costa State Park">Cayo Costa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Collier%E2%80%93Seminole_State_Park" title="Collier–Seminole State Park">Collier–Seminole </a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Colt_Creek_State_Park" title="Colt Creek State Park">Colt Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Curry_Hammock_State_Park" title="Curry Hammock State Park">Curry Hammock</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Delnor-Wiggins_Pass_State_Park" title="Delnor-Wiggins Pass State Park">Delnor-Wiggins Pass</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Devil%27s_Millhopper_Geological_State_Park" title="Devil's Millhopper Geological State Park">Devil's Millhopper</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Don_Pedro_Island_State_Park" title="Don Pedro Island State Park">Don Pedro Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dr._Von_D._Mizell-Eula_Johnson_State_Park" title="Dr. Von D. Mizell-Eula Johnson State Park">Dr. Von D. Mizell-Eula Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Eden_Gardens_State_Park" title="Eden Gardens State Park">Eden Gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Egmont_Key_State_Park_and_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Egmont Key State Park and National Wildlife Refuge">Egmont Key</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Falling_Waters_State_Park" title="Falling Waters State Park">Falling Waters</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Faver-Dykes_State_Park" title="Faver-Dykes State Park">Faver-Dykes</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_Caverns_State_Park" title="Florida Caverns State Park">Florida Caverns</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fort_Clinch_State_Park" title="Fort Clinch State Park">Fort Clinch</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fort_Cooper_State_Park" title="Fort Cooper State Park">Fort Cooper</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fort_George_Island_Cultural_State_Park" title="Fort George Island Cultural State Park">Fort George Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fort_Pierce_Inlet_State_Park" title="Fort Pierce Inlet State Park">Fort Pierce Inlet</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fred_Gannon_Rocky_Bayou_State_Park" title="Fred Gannon Rocky Bayou State Park">Fred Gannon Rocky Bayou</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Gasparilla_Island_State_Park" title="Gasparilla Island State Park">Gasparilla Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=George_Crady_Bridge_Fishing_Pier" title="George Crady Bridge Fishing Pier">George Crady Bridge Fishing Pier</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Grayton_Beach_State_Park" title="Grayton Beach State Park">Grayton Beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Henderson_Beach_State_Park" title="Henderson Beach State Park">Henderson Beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Highlands_Hammock_State_Park" title="Highlands Hammock State Park">Highlands Hammock</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Honeymoon_Island_State_Park" title="Honeymoon Island State Park">Honeymoon Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hontoon_Island_State_Park" title="Hontoon Island State Park">Hontoon Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hugh_Taylor_Birch_State_Park" title="Hugh Taylor Birch State Park">Hugh Taylor Birch</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_D._MacArthur_Beach_State_Park" title="John D. MacArthur Beach State Park">John D. MacArthur Beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Pennekamp_Coral_Reef_State_Park" title="John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park">John Pennekamp Coral Reef</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jonathan_Dickinson_State_Park" title="Jonathan Dickinson State Park">Jonathan Dickinson</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Little_Talbot_Island_State_Park" title="Little Talbot Island State Park">Little Talbot Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Long_Key_State_Park" title="Long Key State Park">Long Key</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lovers_Key_State_Park" title="Lovers Key State Park">Lovers Key</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mike_Roess_Gold_Head_Branch_State_Park" title="Mike Roess Gold Head Branch State Park">Mike Roess Gold Head Branch</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=North_Peninsula_State_Park" title="North Peninsula State Park">North Peninsula</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=O%27Leno_State_Park" title="O'Leno State Park">O'Leno</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Oscar_Scherer_State_Park" title="Oscar Scherer State Park">Oscar Scherer</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Perdido_Key_State_Park" title="Perdido Key State Park">Perdido Key</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sebastian_Inlet_State_Park" title="Sebastian Inlet State Park">Sebastian Inlet</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Skyway_Fishing_Pier_State_Park" title="Skyway Fishing Pier State Park">Skyway Fishing Pier</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=St._Andrews_State_Park" title="St. Andrews State Park">St. Andrews</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=St._George_Island_State_Park" title="St. George Island State Park">St. George Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=T.H._Stone_Memorial_St._Joseph_Peninsula_State_Park" title="T.H. Stone Memorial St. Joseph Peninsula State Park">St. Joseph Peninsula</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Stephen_Foster_Folk_Culture_Center_State_Park" title="Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park">Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Stump_Pass_Beach_State_Park" title="Stump Pass Beach State Park">Stump Pass Beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tomoka_State_Park" title="Tomoka State Park">Tomoka</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Torreya_State_Park" title="Torreya State Park">Torreya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Windley_Key_Fossil_Reef_Geological_State_Park" title="Windley Key Fossil Reef Geological State Park">Windley Key Fossil Reef</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical garden parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alfred_B._Maclay_Gardens_State_Park" title="Alfred B. Maclay Gardens State Park">Alfred B. Maclay Gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dagny_Johnson_Key_Largo_Hammock_Botanical_State_Park" title="Dagny Johnson Key Largo Hammock Botanical State Park">Dagny Johnson Key Largo Hammock</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lignumvitae_Key_Botanical_State_Park" title="Lignumvitae Key Botanical State Park">Lignumvitae Key</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ravine_Gardens_State_Park" title="Ravine Gardens State Park">Ravine Gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Washington_Oaks_Gardens_State_Park" title="Washington Oaks Gardens State Park">Washington Oaks</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Florida_state_parks" title="List of Florida state parks">Lakes, rivers<br />and springs parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Deer_Lake_State_Park" title="Deer Lake State Park">Deer Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lake_Griffin_State_Park" title="Lake Griffin State Park">Lake Griffin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lake_June_in_Winter_Scrub_State_Park" title="Lake June in Winter Scrub State Park">Lake June in Winter Scrub</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lake_Kissimmee_State_Park" title="Lake Kissimmee State Park">Lake Kissimmee</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lake_Louisa_State_Park" title="Lake Louisa State Park">Lake Louisa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lake_Manatee_State_Park" title="Lake Manatee State Park">Lake Manatee</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lake_Talquin" title="Lake Talquin">Lake Talquin</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alafia_River_State_Park" title="Alafia River State Park">Alafia River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Blackwater_River_State_Park" title="Blackwater River State Park">Blackwater River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dunns_Creek_State_Park" title="Dunns Creek State Park">Dunns Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Econfina_River_State_Park" title="Econfina River State Park">Econfina River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hillsborough_River_State_Park" title="Hillsborough River State Park">Hillsborough River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Little_Manatee_River_State_Park" title="Little Manatee River State Park">Little Manatee River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Myakka_River_State_Park" title="Myakka River State Park">Myakka River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ochlockonee_River_State_Park" title="Ochlockonee River State Park">Ochlockonee River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Oleta_River_State_Park" title="Oleta River State Park">Oleta River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Suwannee_River_State_Park" title="Suwannee River State Park">Suwannee River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Three_Rivers_State_Park" title="Three Rivers State Park">Three Rivers</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Blue_Spring_State_Park" title="Blue Spring State Park">Blue Spring</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=De_Leon_Springs_State_Park" title="De Leon Springs State Park">De Leon Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_Ball_Wakulla_Springs_State_Park" title="Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park">Edward Ball Wakulla Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fanning_Springs_State_Park" title="Fanning Springs State Park">Fanning Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Homosassa_Springs_Wildlife_State_Park" title="Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park">Homosassa Springs Wildlife</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ichetucknee_Springs_State_Park" title="Ichetucknee Springs State Park">Ichetucknee Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lafayette_Blue_Springs_State_Park" title="Lafayette Blue Springs State Park">Lafayette Blue Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Madison_Blue_Spring_State_Park" title="Madison Blue Spring State Park">Madison Blue Spring</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Manatee_Springs_State_Park" title="Manatee Springs State Park">Manatee Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ponce_de_Leon_Springs_State_Park" title="Ponce de Leon Springs State Park">Ponce de Leon Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rainbow_Springs_State_Park" title="Rainbow Springs State Park">Rainbow Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Silver_Springs_State_Park" title="Silver Springs State Park">Silver Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Troy_Spring_State_Park" title="Troy Spring State Park">Troy Spring</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Weeki_Wachee_Springs" title="Weeki Wachee Springs">Weeki Wachee Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wekiwa_Springs_State_Park" title="Wekiwa Springs State Park">Wekiwa Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Werner-Boyce_Salt_Springs_State_Park" title="Werner-Boyce Salt Springs State Park">Werner-Boyce Salt Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wes_Skiles_Peacock_Springs_State_Park" title="Wes Skiles Peacock Springs State Park">Wes Skiles Peacock Springs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dead_Lakes_State_Recreation_Area" title="Dead Lakes State Recreation Area">Dead Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Gamble_Rogers_Memorial_State_Recreation_Area_at_Flagler_Beach" title="Gamble Rogers Memorial State Recreation Area at Flagler Beach">Gamble Rogers Memorial</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Florida_state_parks" title="List of Florida state parks">Museums, historic sites,<br />and archaeological sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cedar_Key_Museum_State_Park" title="Cedar Key Museum State Park">Cedar Key Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Constitution_Convention_Museum_State_Park" title="Constitution Convention Museum State Park">Constitution Convention Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Forest_Capital_Museum_State_Park" title="Forest Capital Museum State Park">Forest Capital Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Gorrie_Museum_State_Park" title="John Gorrie Museum State Park">John Gorrie Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ybor_City_Museum_State_Park" title="Ybor City Museum State Park">Ybor City Museum</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Barnacle_Historic_State_Park" title="The Barnacle Historic State Park">The Barnacle</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bulow_Plantation_Ruins_Historic_State_Park" title="Bulow Plantation Ruins Historic State Park">Bulow Plantation Ruins</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dade_Battlefield_Historic_State_Park" title="Dade Battlefield Historic State Park">Dade Battlefield</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=DeSoto_Site_Historic_State_Park" title="DeSoto Site Historic State Park">DeSoto Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dudley_Farm_Historic_State_Park" title="Dudley Farm Historic State Park">Dudley Farm</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fort_Foster" title="Fort Foster">Fort Foster</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fort_Mose" title="Fort Mose">Fort Mose</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fort_Zachary_Taylor_Historic_State_Park" title="Fort Zachary Taylor Historic State Park">Fort Zachary Taylor</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Gamble_Plantation_Historic_State_Park" title="Gamble Plantation Historic State Park">Gamble Plantation</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Indian_Key_Historic_State_Park" title="Indian Key Historic State Park">Indian Key</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Koreshan_State_Historic_Site" title="Koreshan State Historic Site">Koreshan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Marjorie_Kinnan_Rawlings_Historic_State_Park" title="Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Historic State Park">Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Homestead</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Natural_Bridge_Battlefield_Historic_State_Park" title="Natural Bridge Battlefield Historic State Park">Natural Bridge Battlefield</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Olustee_Battlefield_Historic_State_Park" title="Olustee Battlefield Historic State Park">Olustee Battlefield</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Orman_House" title="Orman House">Orman House</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Paynes_Creek_Historic_State_Park" title="Paynes Creek Historic State Park">Paynes Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=San_Marcos_de_Apalache_Historic_State_Park" title="San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park">San Marcos de Apalache</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Yellow_Bluff_Fort_Historic_State_Park" title="Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park">Yellow Bluff Fort</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Yulee_Sugar_Mill_Ruins_Historic_State_Park" title="Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins Historic State Park">Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Letchworth-Love_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Letchworth-Love Mounds Archaeological State Park">Letchworth-Love Mounds</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Madira_Bickel_Mound_State_Archaeological_Site" title="Madira Bickel Mound State Archaeological Site">Madira Bickel Mound</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mound_Key_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Mound Key Archaeological State Park">Mound Key</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=San_Pedro_Underwater_Archaeological_Preserve_State_Park" title="San Pedro Underwater Archaeological Preserve State Park">San Pedro Underwater</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Preserves and reserves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Allen_David_Broussard_Catfish_Creek_Preserve_State_Park" title="Allen David Broussard Catfish Creek Preserve State Park">Allen David Broussard Catfish Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Anclote_Key_Preserve_State_Park" title="Anclote Key Preserve State Park">Anclote Key</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cedar_Key_Scrub_State_Reserve" title="Cedar Key Scrub State Reserve">Cedar Key Scrub</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Charlotte_Harbor_Preserve_State_Park" title="Charlotte Harbor Preserve State Park">Charlotte Harbor</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Crystal_River_Preserve_State_Park" title="Crystal River Preserve State Park">Crystal River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Disney_Wilderness_Preserve" title="Disney Wilderness Preserve">Disney Wilderness</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Estero_Bay_Preserve_State_Park" title="Estero Bay Preserve State Park">Estero Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Green_Cay_Wetlands" title="Green Cay Wetlands">Green Cay Wetlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fakahatchee_Strand_Preserve_State_Park" title="Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park">Fakahatchee Strand</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hal_Scott_Regional_Preserve_and_Park" title="Hal Scott Regional Preserve and Park">Hal Scott</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kissimmee_Prairie_Preserve_State_Park" title="Kissimmee Prairie Preserve State Park">Kissimmee Prairie</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lower_Wekiva_River_Preserve_State_Park" title="Lower Wekiva River Preserve State Park">Lower Wekiva River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Paynes_Prairie_Preserve_State_Park" title="Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park">Paynes Prairie</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pumpkin_Hill_Creek_Preserve_State_Park" title="Pumpkin Hill Creek Preserve State Park">Pumpkin Hill Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=River_Rise_Preserve_State_Park" title="River Rise Preserve State Park">River Rise</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rock_Springs_Run_State_Reserve" title="Rock Springs Run State Reserve">Rock Springs Run</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=San_Felasco_Hammock_Preserve_State_Park" title="San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Park">San Felasco Hammock</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Savannas_Preserve_State_Park" title="Savannas Preserve State Park">Savannas</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Seabranch_Preserve_State_Park" title="Seabranch Preserve State Park">Seabranch</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=St._Lucie_Inlet_Preserve_State_Park" title="St. Lucie Inlet Preserve State Park">St. Lucie Inlet</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=St._Sebastian_River_Preserve_State_Park" title="St. Sebastian River Preserve State Park">St. Sebastian River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tarkiln_Bayou_Preserve_State_Park" title="Tarkiln Bayou Preserve State Park">Tarkiln Bayou</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Topsail_Hill_Preserve_State_Park" title="Topsail Hill Preserve State Park">Topsail Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tosohatchee_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Tosohatchee Wildlife Management Area">Tosohatchee</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Waccasassa_Bay_Preserve_State_Park" title="Waccasassa Bay Preserve State Park">Waccasassa Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Yellow_River_Marsh_Preserve_State_Park" title="Yellow River Marsh Preserve State Park">Yellow River Marsh</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Trail" title="Trail">State trails</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blackwater_Heritage_State_Trail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blackwater Heritage State Trail (page does not exist)">Blackwater Heritage</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_Keys_Overseas_Heritage_Trail" title="Florida Keys Overseas Heritage Trail">Florida Keys Overseas Heritage</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Gainesville-Hawthorne_State_Trail" title="Gainesville-Hawthorne State Trail">Gainesville-Hawthorne</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=General_James_A._Van_Fleet_State_Trail" title="General James A. Van Fleet State Trail">General James A. Van Fleet</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jacksonville-Baldwin_Rail_Trail" title="Jacksonville-Baldwin Rail Trail">Jacksonville-Baldwin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Marjorie_Harris_Carr_Cross_Florida_Greenway" title="Marjorie Harris Carr Cross Florida Greenway">Marjorie Harris Carr Cross Florida Greenway</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nature_Coast_State_Trail" title="Nature Coast State Trail">Nature Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Palatka-Lake_Butler_State_Trail" title="Palatka-Lake Butler State Trail">Palatka-Lake Butler</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Palatka-to-St._Augustine_State_Trail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palatka-to-St. Augustine State Trail (page does not exist)">Palatka-to-St. Augustine</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tallahassee-St._Marks_Historic_Railroad_State_Trail" title="Tallahassee-St. Marks Historic Railroad State Trail">Tallahassee-St. Marks Historic Railroad</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Withlacoochee_State_Trail" title="Withlacoochee State Trail">Withlacoochee</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_state_forests" title="Florida state forests">State forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Belmore_State_Forest" title="Belmore State Forest">Belmore</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Big_Shoals_State_Forest" title="Big Shoals State Forest">Big Shoals</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Blackwater_River_State_Forest" title="Blackwater River State Forest">Blackwater River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Carl_Duval_Moore_State_Forest" title="Carl Duval Moore State Forest">Carl Duval Moore</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cary_State_Forest" title="Cary State Forest">Cary</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Charles_H._Bronson_State_Forest" title="Charles H. Bronson State Forest">Charles H. Bronson</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cottage_Hill_State_Forest" title="Cottage Hill State Forest">Cottage Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Deep_Creek_State_Forest" title="Deep Creek State Forest">Deep Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Etoniah_Creek_State_Forest" title="Etoniah Creek State Forest">Etoniah Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Four_Creeks_State_Forest" title="Four Creeks State Forest">Four Creeks</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Goethe_State_Forest" title="Goethe State Forest">Goethe</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Holopaw_State_Forest" title="Holopaw State Forest">Holopaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Indian_Lake_State_Forest" title="Indian Lake State Forest">Indian Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jennings_State_Forest" title="Jennings State Forest">Jennings</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_M._Bethea_State_Forest" title="John M. Bethea State Forest">John M. Bethea</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lake_George_State_Forest" title="Lake George State Forest">Lake George</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lake_Talquin" title="Lake Talquin">Lake Talquin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lake_Wales_Ridge_State_Forest" title="Lake Wales Ridge State Forest">Lake Wales Ridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Little_Big_Econ_State_Forest" title="Little Big Econ State Forest">Little Big Econ</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Matanzas_State_Forest" title="Matanzas State Forest">Matanzas</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Myakka_State_Forest" title="Myakka State Forest">Myakka</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Okaloacoochee_Slough_State_Forest" title="Okaloacoochee Slough State Forest">Okaloacoochee Slough</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Picayune_Strand_State_Forest" title="Picayune Strand State Forest">Picayune Strand</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pine_Log_State_Forest" title="Pine Log State Forest">Pine Log</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Point_Washington_State_Forest" title="Point Washington State Forest">Point Washington</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ralph_E._Simmons_Memorial_State_Forest" title="Ralph E. Simmons Memorial State Forest">Ralph E. Simmons Memorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ross_Prairie_State_Forest" title="Ross Prairie State Forest">Ross Prairie</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Seminole_State_Forest" title="Seminole State Forest">Seminole</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tate%27s_Hell_State_Forest" title="Tate's Hell State Forest">Tate's Hell</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tiger_Bay_State_Forest" title="Tiger Bay State Forest">Tiger Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Twin_Rivers_State_Forest" title="Twin Rivers State Forest">Twin Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wakulla_State_Forest" title="Wakulla State Forest">Wakulla</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Watson_Island_State_Forest" title="Watson Island State Forest">Watson Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Welaka_State_Forest" title="Welaka State Forest">Welaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Withlacoochee_State_Forest" title="Withlacoochee State Forest">Withlacoochee</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div id="Local_level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Local level</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Preserves_and_reserves" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Preserves and reserves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Moccasin_Lake_Nature_Park" title="Moccasin Lake Nature Park">Moccasin Lake</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/info/en/?search=Category:Protected_areas_of_Florida" title="Category:Protected areas of Florida">Category</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Florida" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Protected areas of Florida">Commons</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_parks_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:National_parks_of_the_United_States" title="Template:National parks of the United States"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:National_parks_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:National parks of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:National_parks_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National parks of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_parks_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_national_parks_of_the_United_States" title="List of national parks of the United States">National parks of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Acadia_National_Park" title="Acadia National Park">Acadia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=National_Park_of_American_Samoa" title="National Park of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Arches_National_Park" title="Arches National Park">Arches</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Badlands_National_Park" title="Badlands National Park">Badlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Big_Bend_National_Park" title="Big Bend National Park">Big Bend</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Biscayne_National_Park" title="Biscayne National Park">Biscayne</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Black_Canyon_of_the_Gunnison_National_Park" title="Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park">Black Canyon of the Gunnison</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bryce_Canyon_National_Park" title="Bryce Canyon National Park">Bryce Canyon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Canyonlands_National_Park" title="Canyonlands National Park">Canyonlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Capitol_Reef_National_Park" title="Capitol Reef National Park">Capitol Reef</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Carlsbad_Caverns_National_Park" title="Carlsbad Caverns National Park">Carlsbad Caverns</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Channel_Islands_National_Park" title="Channel Islands National Park">Channel Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Congaree_National_Park" title="Congaree National Park">Congaree</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Crater_Lake_National_Park" title="Crater Lake National Park">Crater Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cuyahoga_Valley_National_Park" title="Cuyahoga Valley National Park">Cuyahoga Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Death_Valley_National_Park" title="Death Valley National Park">Death Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Denali_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Denali National Park and Preserve">Denali</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dry_Tortugas_National_Park" title="Dry Tortugas National Park">Dry Tortugas</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Everglades</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Gates_of_the_Arctic_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve">Gates of the Arctic</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Gateway_Arch_National_Park" title="Gateway Arch National Park">Gateway Arch</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)" title="Glacier National Park (U.S.)">Glacier</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Glacier_Bay_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve">Glacier Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Grand_Canyon_National_Park" title="Grand Canyon National Park">Grand Canyon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Grand_Teton_National_Park" title="Grand Teton National Park">Grand Teton</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Great_Basin_National_Park" title="Great Basin National Park">Great Basin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Great_Sand_Dunes_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve">Great Sand Dunes</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park" title="Great Smoky Mountains National Park">Great Smoky Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Guadalupe_Mountains_National_Park" title="Guadalupe Mountains National Park">Guadalupe Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Haleakal%C4%81_National_Park" title="Haleakalā National Park">Haleakalā</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hawai%CA%BBi_Volcanoes_National_Park" title="Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park">Hawaiʻi Volcanoes</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hot_Springs_National_Park" title="Hot Springs National Park">Hot Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Indiana_Dunes_National_Park" title="Indiana Dunes National Park">Indiana Dunes</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Isle_Royale_National_Park" title="Isle Royale National Park">Isle Royale</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Joshua_Tree_National_Park" title="Joshua Tree National Park">Joshua Tree</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Katmai_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Katmai National Park and Preserve">Katmai</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kenai_Fjords_National_Park" title="Kenai Fjords National Park">Kenai Fjords</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kings_Canyon_National_Park" title="Kings Canyon National Park">Kings Canyon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kobuk_Valley_National_Park" title="Kobuk Valley National Park">Kobuk Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lake_Clark_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Lake Clark National Park and Preserve">Lake Clark</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park" title="Lassen Volcanic National Park">Lassen Volcanic</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mammoth_Cave_National_Park" title="Mammoth Cave National Park">Mammoth Cave</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mount_Rainier_National_Park" title="Mount Rainier National Park">Mount Rainier</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=New_River_Gorge_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="New River Gorge National Park and Preserve">New River Gorge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=North_Cascades_National_Park" title="North Cascades National Park">North Cascades</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Olympic_National_Park" title="Olympic National Park">Olympic</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Petrified_Forest_National_Park" title="Petrified Forest National Park">Petrified Forest</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pinnacles_National_Park" title="Pinnacles National Park">Pinnacles</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Redwood_National_and_State_Parks" title="Redwood National and State Parks">Redwood</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rocky_Mountain_National_Park" title="Rocky Mountain National Park">Rocky Mountain</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Saguaro_National_Park" title="Saguaro National Park">Saguaro</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sequoia_National_Park" title="Sequoia National Park">Sequoia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shenandoah_National_Park" title="Shenandoah National Park">Shenandoah</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park" title="Theodore Roosevelt National Park">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Virgin_Islands_National_Park" title="Virgin Islands National Park">Virgin Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Voyageurs_National_Park" title="Voyageurs National Park">Voyageurs</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=White_Sands_National_Park" title="White Sands National Park">White Sands</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wind_Cave_National_Park" title="Wind Cave National Park">Wind Cave</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wrangell%E2%80%93St._Elias_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve">Wrangell–St. Elias</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Zion_National_Park" title="Zion National Park">Zion</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div class="noviewer" style="position: relative;">
<div style="position: absolute; left: 276px; top: 28px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Acadia_National_Park" title="Acadia National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 70px; top: 74px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Arches_National_Park" title="Arches National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 115px; top: 40px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Badlands_National_Park" title="Badlands National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 103px; top: 140px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Big_Bend_National_Park" title="Big Bend National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 240px; top: 161px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Biscayne_National_Park" title="Biscayne National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83px; top: 73px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Black_Canyon_of_the_Gunnison_National_Park" title="Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 60px; top: 79px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Bryce_Canyon_National_Park" title="Bryce Canyon National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 75px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Canyonlands_National_Park" title="Canyonlands National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 64px; top: 74px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Capitol_Reef_National_Park" title="Capitol Reef National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 96px; top: 117px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Carlsbad_Caverns_National_Park" title="Carlsbad Caverns National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 14px; top: 95px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Channel_Islands_National_Park" title="Channel Islands National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 230px; top: 111px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Congaree_National_Park" title="Congaree National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 18px; top: 35px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Crater_Lake_National_Park" title="Crater Lake National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 216px; top: 56px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Cuyahoga_Valley_National_Park" title="Cuyahoga Valley National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 29px; top: 82px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Death_Valley_National_Park" title="Death Valley National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30px; top: 144px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Denali_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Denali National Park and Preserve"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 223px; top: 168px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Dry_Tortugas_National_Park" title="Dry Tortugas National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 235px; top: 165px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Everglades_National_Park" title="Everglades National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 135px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Gates_of_the_Arctic_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 175px; top: 83px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Gateway_Arch_National_Park" title="Gateway Arch National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 67px; top: 9px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)" title="Glacier National Park (U.S.)"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 49px; top: 159px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Glacier_Bay_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 55px; top: 90px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Grand_Canyon_National_Park" title="Grand Canyon National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 76px; top: 45px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Grand_Teton_National_Park" title="Grand Teton National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 45px; top: 65px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Great_Basin_National_Park" title="Great Basin National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 95px; top: 82px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Great_Sand_Dunes_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 213px; top: 99px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park" title="Great Smoky Mountains National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 94px; top: 126px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Guadalupe_Mountains_National_Park" title="Guadalupe Mountains National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 90px; top: 160px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Haleakal%C4%81_National_Park" title="Haleakalā National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 100px; top: 167px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Hawai%CA%BBi_Volcanoes_National_Park" title="Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 160px; top: 106px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Hot_Springs_National_Park" title="Hot Springs National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 192px; top: 60px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Indiana_Dunes_National_Park" title="Indiana Dunes National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 178px; top: 14px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Isle_Royale_National_Park" title="Isle Royale National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 34px; top: 100px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Joshua_Tree_National_Park" title="Joshua Tree National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 25px; top: 163px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Katmai_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Katmai National Park and Preserve"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 33px; top: 162px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Kenai_Fjords_National_Park" title="Kenai Fjords National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 75px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Kings_Canyon_National_Park" title="Kings Canyon National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 24px; top: 135px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Kobuk_Valley_National_Park" title="Kobuk Valley National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 25px; top: 158px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Lake_Clark_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Lake Clark National Park and Preserve"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 16px; top: 50px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park" title="Lassen Volcanic National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 198px; top: 85px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Mammoth_Cave_National_Park" title="Mammoth Cave National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 78px; top: 82px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 27px; top: 11px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Mount_Rainier_National_Park" title="Mount Rainier National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 224px; top: 79px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=New_River_Gorge_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="New River Gorge National Park and Preserve"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=North_Cascades_National_Park" title="North Cascades National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 18px; top: 4px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Olympic_National_Park" title="Olympic National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 65px; top: 98px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Petrified_Forest_National_Park" title="Petrified Forest National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 12px; top: 75px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Pinnacles_National_Park" title="Pinnacles National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 07px; top: 48px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Redwood_National_and_State_Parks" title="Redwood National and State Parks"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 97px; top: 70px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Rocky_Mountain_National_Park" title="Rocky Mountain National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 61px; top: 111px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Saguaro_National_Park" title="Saguaro National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 75px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Sequoia_National_Park" title="Sequoia National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 236px; top: 75px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Shenandoah_National_Park" title="Shenandoah National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 113px; top: 21px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park" title="Theodore Roosevelt National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 280px; top: 170px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Virgin_Islands_National_Park" title="Virgin Islands National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/7px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/11px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/14px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 155px; top: 18px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Voyageurs_National_Park" title="Voyageurs National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 87px; top: 117px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=White_Sands_National_Park" title="White Sands National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 107px; top: 47px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Wind_Cave_National_Park" title="Wind Cave National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44px; top: 155px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Wrangell%E2%80%93St._Elias_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 76px; top: 39px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 14px; top: 74px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 49px; top: 82px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Zion_National_Park" title="Zion National Park"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div>
<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:US_Locator_Blank.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/US_Locator_Blank.svg/289px-US_Locator_Blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="289" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/US_Locator_Blank.svg/434px-US_Locator_Blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/US_Locator_Blank.svg/578px-US_Locator_Blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="186" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#bbeb85;;font-style: italic"><div><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_national_parks_of_the_United_States" title="List of national parks of the United States">List of national parks of the United States</a> (by <a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_U.S._National_Parks_by_elevation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. National Parks by elevation">elevation</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in the United States"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Everglades</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park" title="Great Smoky Mountains National Park">Great Smoky Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mammoth_Cave_National_Park" title="Mammoth Cave National Park">Mammoth Cave</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a> <small>and the</small> <a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=San_Antonio_Missions_(World_Heritage_Site)" title="San Antonio Missions (World Heritage Site)">San Antonio Missions</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Carlsbad_Caverns_National_Park" title="Carlsbad Caverns National Park">Carlsbad Caverns</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Grand_Canyon_National_Park" title="Grand Canyon National Park">Grand Canyon National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hawai%CA%BBi_Volcanoes_National_Park" title="Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park">Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kluane_/_Wrangell%E2%80%93St._Elias_/_Glacier_Bay_/_Tatshenshini-Alsek" title="Kluane / Wrangell–St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek">Kluane-Wrangell–St. Elias-Glacier Bay-Tatshenshini-Alsek</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Olympic_National_Park" title="Olympic National Park">Olympic National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Pueblo de Taos</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahānaumokuākea</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Redwood_National_and_State_Parks" title="Redwood National and State Parks">Redwood</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Waterton-Glacier_International_Peace_Park" title="Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park">Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite National Park</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=The_20th-Century_Architecture_of_Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright">The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=La_Fortaleza_and_San_Juan_National_Historic_Site_in_Puerto_Rico" title="La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site in Puerto Rico">La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site in Puerto Rico</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> Shared with <a href="/info/en/?search=Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Canada" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Canada">Canada</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greater_Miami_Area" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FF9C1A"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Greater_Miami" title="Template:Greater Miami"><abbr title="View this template" style="background: #FF9C1A;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:Greater_Miami" title="Template talk:Greater Miami"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background: #FF9C1A;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:Greater_Miami" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greater Miami"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background: #FF9C1A;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greater_Miami_Area" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Miami_metropolitan_area" title="Miami metropolitan area">Greater Miami Area</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FF9C1A;width:1%">Central business district</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;color: #000033; * [[Miami]] * [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]] * [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]] * [[Miami metropolitan area]]"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Greater_Downtown_Miami" title="Greater Downtown Miami">Downtown Miami</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Arts_%26_Entertainment_District" title="Arts & Entertainment District">Arts & Entertainment District</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Brickell" title="Brickell">Brickell</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Central_Business_District_(Miami)" title="Central Business District (Miami)">Central Business District</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Downtown_Miami_Historic_District" title="Downtown Miami Historic District">Historic District</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Government_Center_(Miami)" title="Government Center (Miami)">Government Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Park_West_(Miami)" title="Park West (Miami)">Park West</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FF9C1A;width:1%">Major urban areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;color: #000033; * [[Miami]] * [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]] * [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]] * [[Miami metropolitan area]]"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Boca_Raton,_Florida" title="Boca Raton, Florida">Boca Raton</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Boynton_Beach,_Florida" title="Boynton Beach, Florida">Boynton Beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Coral_Gables,_Florida" title="Coral Gables, Florida">Coral Gables</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Coral_Springs,_Florida" title="Coral Springs, Florida">Coral Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Deerfield_Beach,_Florida" title="Deerfield Beach, Florida">Deerfield Beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Delray_Beach,_Florida" title="Delray Beach, Florida">Delray Beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Doral,_Florida" title="Doral, Florida">Doral</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida" title="Fort Lauderdale, Florida">Fort Lauderdale</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hialeah,_Florida" title="Hialeah, Florida">Hialeah</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hollywood,_Florida" title="Hollywood, Florida">Hollywood</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jupiter,_Florida" title="Jupiter, Florida">Jupiter</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kendall,_Florida" title="Kendall, Florida">Kendall</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miami_Beach,_Florida" title="Miami Beach, Florida">Miami Beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miami_Gardens,_Florida" title="Miami Gardens, Florida">Miami Gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miramar,_Florida" title="Miramar, Florida">Miramar</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Palm_Beach_Gardens,_Florida" title="Palm Beach Gardens, Florida">Palm Beach Gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pembroke_Pines,_Florida" title="Pembroke Pines, Florida">Pembroke Pines</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pompano_Beach,_Florida" title="Pompano Beach, Florida">Pompano Beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sunrise,_Florida" title="Sunrise, Florida">Sunrise</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=West_Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="West Palm Beach, Florida">West Palm Beach</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FF9C1A;width:1%">Colleges<br />and universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;color: #000033; * [[Miami]] * [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]] * [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]] * [[Miami metropolitan area]]"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Barry_University" title="Barry University">Barry University</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Broward_College" title="Broward College">Broward College</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Carlos_Albizu_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Albizu University">Carlos Albizu University</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_Atlantic_University" title="Florida Atlantic University">Florida Atlantic University</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_International_University" title="Florida International University">Florida International University</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_Memorial_University" title="Florida Memorial University">Florida Memorial University</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Johnson_%26_Wales_University" title="Johnson & Wales University">Johnson & Wales University</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miami_Dade_College" title="Miami Dade College">Miami Dade College</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miami_International_University_of_Art_%26_Design" title="Miami International University of Art & Design">Miami International University of Art & Design</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nova_Southeastern_University" title="Nova Southeastern University">Nova Southeastern University</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=St._Thomas_University_(Florida)" title="St. Thomas University (Florida)">St. Thomas University</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_Fort_Lauderdale" title="University of Fort Lauderdale">University of Fort Lauderdale</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FF9C1A;width:1%">Parks and recreation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;color: #000033; * [[Miami]] * [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]] * [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]] * [[Miami metropolitan area]]"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alice_Wainwright_Park" title="Alice Wainwright Park">Alice Wainwright Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Amelia_Earhart_Park" title="Amelia Earhart Park">Amelia Earhart Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Arch_Creek,_Florida" title="Arch Creek, Florida">Arch Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Barnacle_Historic_State_Park" title="The Barnacle Historic State Park">The Barnacle Historic State Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bayfront_Park" title="Bayfront Park">Bayfront Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Big_Cypress_National_Preserve" title="Big Cypress National Preserve">Big Cypress National Preserve</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bill_Baggs_Cape_Florida_State_Park" title="Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park">Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Biscayne_National_Park" title="Biscayne National Park">Biscayne National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Brian_Piccolo_Park" title="Brian Piccolo Park">Brian Piccolo Sports Park & Velodrome</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Chapman_Field_Park" title="Chapman Field Park">Chapman Field Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Crandon_Park" title="Crandon Park">Crandon Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dinner_Key" title="Dinner Key">Dinner Key</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Everglades National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fairchild_Tropical_Botanic_Garden" title="Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden">Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fort_Dallas" title="Fort Dallas">Fort Dallas</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fruit_%26_Spice_Park" title="Fruit & Spice Park">Fruit & Spice Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Greynolds_Park" title="Greynolds Park">Greynolds Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Haulover_Park" title="Haulover Park">Haulover Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jungle_Island" title="Jungle Island">Jungle Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Kampong" title="The Kampong">The Kampong</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Margaret_Pace_Park" title="Margaret Pace Park">Margaret Pace Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Matheson_Hammock_Park" title="Matheson Hammock Park">Matheson Hammock Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miami_Seaquarium" title="Miami Seaquarium">Miami Seaquarium</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Monkey_Jungle" title="Monkey Jungle">Monkey Jungle</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Museum_Park_(Miami)" title="Museum Park (Miami)">Museum Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Oleta_River_State_Park" title="Oleta River State Park">Oleta River State Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Peacock_Park" title="Peacock Park">Peacock Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pride_Park,_Miami_Beach_FL" class="mw-redirect" title="Pride Park, Miami Beach FL">Pride Park, Miami Beach FL</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shark_Valley" title="Shark Valley">Shark Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Simpson_Park_Hammock" title="Simpson Park Hammock">Simpson Park Hammock</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=South_Pointe_Park" title="South Pointe Park">South Pointe Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tamiami_Park" title="Tamiami Park">Tamiami Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tropical_Park" title="Tropical Park">Tropical Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Underline" title="The Underline">The Underline</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Virginia_Key" title="Virginia Key">Virginia Key</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Zoo_Miami" title="Zoo Miami">Zoo Miami</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FF9C1A;width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;color: #000033; * [[Miami]] * [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]] * [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]] * [[Miami metropolitan area]]"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Adrienne_Arsht_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts">Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bass_Museum" title="Bass Museum">Bass Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bergeron_Rodeo_Grounds" title="Bergeron Rodeo Grounds">Bergeron Rodeo Grounds</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miami_Biltmore_Hotel" title="Miami Biltmore Hotel">Biltmore Hotel</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Boca_Chita_Key_Historic_District" title="Boca Chita Key Historic District">Bonita Chita Key</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Butterfly_World" title="Butterfly World">Butterfly World</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Coral_Castle" title="Coral Castle">Coral Castle</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Downtown_Miami_Historic_District" title="Downtown Miami Historic District">Downtown Miami</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=FIU_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="FIU Arena">FIU Arena</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=FIU_Stadium" title="FIU Stadium">FIU Stadium</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=FLA_Live_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="FLA Live Arena">FLA Live Arena</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_Grand_Opera" title="Florida Grand Opera">Florida Grand Opera</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fontainebleau_Miami_Beach" title="Fontainebleau Miami Beach">Fontainebleau Miami Beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fort_Lauderdale_Swap_Shop" title="Fort Lauderdale Swap Shop">Fort Lauderdale Swap Shop</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Frost_Art_Museum" title="Frost Art Museum">Frost Art Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Frost_School_of_Music" title="Frost School of Music">Frost School of Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Gulfstream_Park" title="Gulfstream Park">Gulfstream Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hard_Rock_Stadium" title="Hard Rock Stadium">Hard Rock Stadium</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=HistoryMiami" title="HistoryMiami">HistoryMiami</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Holocaust_Memorial_of_the_Greater_Miami_Jewish_Federation" title="Holocaust Memorial of the Greater Miami Jewish Federation">Holocaust Memorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Homestead_Historic_Downtown_District" title="Homestead Historic Downtown District">Homestead</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jewish_Museum_of_Florida" title="Jewish Museum of Florida">Jewish Museum of Florida</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kaseya_Center" title="Kaseya Center">Kaseya Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Las_Olas_Boulevard" title="Las Olas Boulevard">Las Olas Boulevard</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=LoanDepot_Park" title="LoanDepot Park">LoanDepot Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lowe_Art_Museum" title="Lowe Art Museum">Lowe Art Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lincoln_Road" title="Lincoln Road">Lincoln Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lummus_Park_Historic_District" title="Lummus Park Historic District">Lummus Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=MacFarlane_Homestead_Historic_District" title="MacFarlane Homestead Historic District">MacFarlane Homestead</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miami_Beach_Architectural_District" title="Miami Beach Architectural District">Miami Beach Architectural District</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miami_Beach_Convention_Center" title="Miami Beach Convention Center">Miami Beach Convention Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miami_Children%27s_Museum" title="Miami Children's Museum">Miami Children's Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miami_City_Ballet" title="Miami City Ballet">Miami City Ballet</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miami_Conservatory" title="Miami Conservatory">Miami Conservatory</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_North_Miami" title="Museum of Contemporary Art, North Miami">Museum of Contemporary Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=New_World_Symphony_(orchestra)" title="New World Symphony (orchestra)">New World Symphony Orchestra</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Normandy_Isles_Historic_District" title="Normandy Isles Historic District">Normandy Isles</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=North_Shore_Historic_District_(Miami_Beach,_Florida)" title="North Shore Historic District (Miami Beach, Florida)">North Shore</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ocean_Drive_(South_Beach)" title="Ocean Drive (South Beach)">Ocean Drive</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Phillip_and_Patricia_Frost_Museum_of_Science" title="Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science">Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=P%C3%A9rez_Art_Museum_Miami" title="Pérez Art Museum Miami">Pérez Art Museum Miami</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Riverwalk_(Fort_Lauderdale)" title="Riverwalk (Fort Lauderdale)">Riverwalk</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Seminole_Hard_Rock_Hotel_%26_Casino_Hollywood" title="Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Hollywood">Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Hollywood</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=South_Beach" title="South Beach">South Beach</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Miami_Line" title="The Miami Line">The Miami Line</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vizcaya_Museum_and_Gardens" title="Vizcaya Museum and Gardens">Vizcaya Museum and Gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Watsco_Center" title="Watsco Center">Watsco Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wolfsonian-FIU" title="Wolfsonian-FIU">Wolfsonian-FIU</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wynwood_Art_District" title="Wynwood Art District">Wynwood Art District</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FF9C1A;width:1%">Major shopping centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;color: #000033; * [[Miami]] * [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]] * [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]] * [[Miami metropolitan area]]"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Aventura_Mall" title="Aventura Mall">Aventura Mall</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bal_Harbour_Shops" title="Bal Harbour Shops">Bal Harbour Shops</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bayside_Marketplace" title="Bayside Marketplace">Bayside Marketplace</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Boynton_Beach_Mall" title="Boynton Beach Mall">Boynton Beach Mall</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Brickell_City_Centre" title="Brickell City Centre">Brickell City Centre</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Broward_Mall" title="Broward Mall">Broward Mall</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=CocoWalk" title="CocoWalk">CocoWalk</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Coral_Square" title="Coral Square">Coral Square</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dadeland_Mall" title="Dadeland Mall">Dadeland Mall</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dolphin_Mall" title="Dolphin Mall">Dolphin Mall</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Falls_(mall)" title="The Falls (mall)">The Falls</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Flagler_Street" title="Flagler Street">Flagler Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Galleria_at_Fort_Lauderdale" title="The Galleria at Fort Lauderdale">The Galleria at Fort Lauderdale</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Gardens_Mall" title="The Gardens Mall">The Gardens Mall</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lincoln_Road" title="Lincoln Road">Lincoln Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Mall_at_163rd_Street" title="The Mall at 163rd Street">The Mall at 163rd Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mary_Brickell_Village" title="Mary Brickell Village">Mary Brickell Village</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miami_International_Mall" title="Miami International Mall">Miami International Mall</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Midtown_Miami" title="Midtown Miami">Midtown Miami</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Midway_Crossings" title="Midway Crossings">Midway Crossings</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miracle_Marketplace" title="Miracle Marketplace">Miracle Marketplace</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pembroke_Lakes_Mall" title="Pembroke Lakes Mall">Pembroke Lakes Mall</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Promenade_at_Coconut_Creek" title="The Promenade at Coconut Creek">The Promenade at Coconut Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Shops_at_Sunset_Place" title="The Shops at Sunset Place">The Shops at Sunset Place</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sawgrass_Mills" title="Sawgrass Mills">Sawgrass Mills</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Southland_Mall_(Miami)" title="Southland Mall (Miami)">Southland Mall</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shops_at_Merrick_Park" title="Shops at Merrick Park">Shops at Merrick Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Town_Center_at_Boca_Raton" title="Town Center at Boca Raton">Town Center at Boca Raton</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Westland_Mall_(Hialeah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westland Mall (Hialeah)">Westland Mall</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FF9C1A;width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Transportation_in_South_Florida" title="Transportation in South Florida">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;color: #000033; * [[Miami]] * [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]] * [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]] * [[Miami metropolitan area]]"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Broward_County_Transit" title="Broward County Transit">Broward County Transit</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Brightline" title="Brightline">Brightline</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Government_Center_station_(Miami)" title="Government Center station (Miami)">Government Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fort_Lauderdale_Executive_Airport" title="Fort Lauderdale Executive Airport">Fort Lauderdale Executive Airport</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fort_Lauderdale%E2%80%93Hollywood_International_Airport" title="Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport">Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miami-Dade_Transit" title="Miami-Dade Transit">Miami-Dade Transit</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miami-Dade_Transit#Metrobus" title="Miami-Dade Transit">Metrobus</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Metromover" title="Metromover">Metromover</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Metrorail_(Miami-Dade_County)" title="Metrorail (Miami-Dade County)">Metrorail</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=MIA_Mover" title="MIA Mover">MIA Mover</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=MiamiCentral" title="MiamiCentral">MiamiCentral</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miami_Intermodal_Center" title="Miami Intermodal Center">Miami Intermodal Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miami_International_Airport" title="Miami International Airport">Miami International Airport</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=North_Perry_Airport" title="North Perry Airport">North Perry Airport</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Palm_Beach_International_Airport" title="Palm Beach International Airport">Palm Beach International Airport</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Palm_Tran" title="Palm Tran">Palm Tran</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pompano_Beach_Airpark" title="Pompano Beach Airpark">Pompano Beach Airpark</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Port_Everglades" title="Port Everglades">Port Everglades</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Port_of_Miami" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of Miami">Port of Miami</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tri-Rail" title="Tri-Rail">Tri-Rail</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FF9C1A;width:1%">Major thoroughfares</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;color: #000033; * [[Miami]] * [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]] * [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]] * [[Miami metropolitan area]]"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_915" title="Florida State Road 915">East 6th Avenue</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=U.S._Route_27_in_Florida" title="U.S. Route 27 in Florida">North 36th Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_944" title="Florida State Road 944">North 54th Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_934" title="Florida State Road 934">North 79th Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_932" title="Florida State Road 932">North 103rd Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_922" title="Florida State Road 922">North 125th Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_916" title="Florida State Road 916">North 135th Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=U.S._Route_441_in_Florida" title="U.S. Route 441 in Florida">West 7th Avenue</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_933" title="Florida State Road 933">West 12th Avenue</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_9" title="Florida State Road 9">West 27th Avenue</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_985" title="Florida State Road 985">West 107th Avenue</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_989" title="Florida State Road 989">Allapattah Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_907" title="Florida State Road 907">Alton Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bird_Road" title="Bird Road">Bird Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Biscayne_Boulevard" class="mw-redirect" title="Biscayne Boulevard">Biscayne Boulevard</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Brickell_Avenue" title="Brickell Avenue">Brickell Avenue</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_922" title="Florida State Road 922">Broad Causeway</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Collins_Avenue" title="Collins Avenue">Collins Avenue</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Coral_Reef_Drive" title="Coral Reef Drive">Coral Reef Drive</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Coral_Way_(street)" title="Coral Way (street)">Coral Way</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_852" title="Florida State Road 852">County Line Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Douglas_Road_(Miami)" title="Douglas Road (Miami)">Douglas Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Flagler_Street" title="Flagler Street">Flagler Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Galloway_Road" title="Galloway Road">Galloway Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_924" title="Florida State Road 924">Gratigny</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=County_Road_854_(Miami-Dade_County,_Florida)" title="County Road 854 (Miami-Dade County, Florida)">Ives Dairy Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Interstate_195_(Florida)" title="Interstate 195 (Florida)">Julia Tuttle Causeway</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kendall_Drive" title="Kendall Drive">Kendall Drive</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_934" title="Florida State Road 934">John F. Kennedy Causeway</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_990" title="Florida State Road 990">Killian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_997" title="Florida State Road 997">Krome Avenue</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_856" title="Florida State Road 856">William Lehman Causeway</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Le_Jeune_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Jeune Road">Le Jeune Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ludlam_Road" title="Ludlam Road">Ludlam Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=MacArthur_Causeway" title="MacArthur Causeway">MacArthur Causeway</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miami_Avenue" title="Miami Avenue">Miami Avenue</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_860" title="Florida State Road 860">Miami Gardens Drive</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_969" title="Florida State Road 969">Milam Dairy Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miracle_Mile_(Coral_Gables)" title="Miracle Mile (Coral Gables)">Miracle Mile</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=U.S._Route_27_in_Florida" title="U.S. Route 27 in Florida">Okeechobee Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Old_Cutler_Road" title="Old Cutler Road">Old Cutler Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_886" title="Florida State Road 886">Port Boulevard</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_994" title="Florida State Road 994">Quail Roost Drive</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Red_Road_(Miami)" title="Red Road (Miami)">Red Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rickenbacker_Causeway" title="Rickenbacker Causeway">Rickenbacker Causeway</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=U.S._Route_1_in_Florida#Miami-Dade_County" title="U.S. Route 1 in Florida">South Dixie Highway</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sunset_Drive" title="Sunset Drive">Sunset Drive</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tamiami_Trail" title="Tamiami Trail">Tamiami Trail</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_817" title="Florida State Road 817">University Drive</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Venetian_Causeway" title="Venetian Causeway">Venetian Causeway</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_State_Road_909" title="Florida State Road 909">West Dixie Highway</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FF9C1A;font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Miami" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Miami">WikiProject</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ramsar_sites_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Ramsar_sites_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Ramsar sites in the United States"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background:#abdb75;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:Ramsar_sites_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Ramsar sites in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background:#abdb75;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:Ramsar_sites_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ramsar sites in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background:#abdb75;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ramsar_sites_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of Ramsar sites in the United States">Ramsar sites in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ash_Meadows_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge">Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bad_River_(Wisconsin)" title="Bad River (Wisconsin)">Bad River Slough</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bitter_Lake_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge">Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bolinas_Lagoon" title="Bolinas Lagoon">Bolinas Lagoon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cache_River_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Cache River National Wildlife Refuge">Cache River National Wildlife Refuge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Caddo_Lake" title="Caddo Lake">Caddo Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cape_May_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Cape May National Wildlife Refuge">Cape May National Wildlife Refuge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Catahoula_Lake" title="Catahoula Lake">Catahoula Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cheyenne_Bottoms" title="Cheyenne Bottoms">Cheyenne Bottoms</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Congaree_National_Park" title="Congaree National Park">Congaree National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Corkscrew_Swamp_Sanctuary" title="Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary">Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cypress_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge">Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Delaware_Bay" title="Delaware Bay">Delaware Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dixon_Waterfowl_Refuge" title="Dixon Waterfowl Refuge">Dixon Waterfowl Refuge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Elkhorn_Slough" title="Elkhorn Slough">Elkhorn Slough</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Emiquon_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Emiquon National Wildlife Refuge">Emiquon National Wildlife Refuge</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Everglades National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edwin_B._Forsythe_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge">Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Francis_Beidler_Forest" title="Francis Beidler Forest">Francis Beidler Forest</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Grasslands_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Grasslands Wildlife Management Area">Grasslands Wildlife Management Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Heron_Pond_%E2%80%93_Little_Black_Slough_Nature_Preserve" title="Heron Pond – Little Black Slough Nature Preserve">Heron Pond – Little Black Slough Nature Preserve</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Horicon_Marsh" title="Horicon Marsh">Horicon Marsh</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Humbug_Marsh" title="Humbug Marsh">Humbug Marsh</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Izembek_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Izembek National Wildlife Refuge">Izembek National Wildlife Refuge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kakagon_Sloughs" title="Kakagon Sloughs">Kakagon Sloughs</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kawainui_Marsh" title="Kawainui Marsh">Kawainui Marsh</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Laguna_de_Santa_Rosa" title="Laguna de Santa Rosa">Laguna de Santa Rosa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Missisquoi_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Missisquoi National Wildlife Refuge">Missisquoi National Wildlife Refuge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River Corridor</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Okefenokee_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge">Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Olentangy_River_Wetland_Research_Park" title="Olentangy River Wetland Research Park">Olentangy River Wetland Research Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pelican_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge">Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Quivira_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Quivira National Wildlife Refuge">Quivira National Wildlife Refuge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sand_Lake_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge">Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tijuana_River_National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve" title="Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve">Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tomales_Bay" title="Tomales Bay">Tomales Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Upper_Mississippi_River_National_Wildlife_and_Fish_Refuge" title="Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge">Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=White_River_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="White River National Wildlife Refuge">White River National Wildlife Refuge</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274131#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274131#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274131#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1260181/">FAST</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/137415534">VIAF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX454297">Spain</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4461431-7">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536914705171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2005055410">United States</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh91004678">2</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Everglades National Park (Florida)"><a class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge369258&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10038284">NARA</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6z13z7q">SNAC</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/21981032X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |