'{{Short description|City in Iraq}} {{About|a city in northern Iraq}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Zakho | settlement_type = City | native_name = زاخۆ | other_name = Zaxo | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Khabour_river,_the_historic_Dalal_bridge.jpg | photo2a = Delal Bridge in Zakho (201).jpg | photo3a = Pira.delal.zaxo.jpg | photo2b = City of Zakho-Zaxo in Iraqi Kurdistan.jpg | spacing = 2 | size = 280 }} | image_caption = The [[Khabur (Tigris)|Little Khabur]] flowing through Zakho | image_flag = | image_seal = | image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = #Iraq | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Iraq | coordinates = {{coord|37|08|37.00|N|42|40|54.88|E|region:IQ|display=inline}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Iraq}} | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_type2 = Governorate | subdivision_type3 = District | subdivision_name1 = [[Kurdistan Region]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Dohuk Governorate]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Zakho District]] | established_title = | established_date = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 440 | elevation_ft = | population_total = 500,000 | population_as_of = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_metro = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | website = | footnotes = | timezone = UTC+3 | utc_offset = | timezone_DST = not observed | utc_offset_DST = | name = }} '''Zakho''', also spelled '''Zaxo''' ({{lang-ku|زاخۆ|Zaxo}},<ref>{{cite web |title=زاخۆ |url=http://bot.gov.krd/kurdish/duhok-province/zakho |access-date=18 December 2019 |language=ku}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Celilê Celil, Dzhalile Dzhalil |title=Jiyana rewşenbîrî û sîyasî ya Kurdan: di dawîya sedsala 19'a û destpêka sedsala 20'a da |date=1985 |page=154 |language=ku}}</ref> {{lang-syr|ܙܵܟ݂ܘܿ|Zākhō}},<ref>{{cite web |title=List of all entries |url=http://www.assyrianlanguages.org/sureth/list.php?initial=z |website=Assyrian Languages |access-date=10 March 2020}}</ref> {{Lang-hy|Զախո}},<ref>{{cite news |title=ԻՐԱՔՅԱՆ ՔՈՒՐԴԻՍՏԱՆ |url=https://akunq.net/am/?p=5093 |access-date=19 December 2019 |work=Արեւմտահայաստանի եւ Արեւմտահայութեան Հարցերու Ուսումնասիրութեան Կեդրոն |date=19 October 2010 |language=hy}}</ref> {{Lang-ar|زاخو}},<ref>{{Cite web|title=زاخو {{!}} كوردستان المدهشة - الموقع الرسمي للسياحة في كوردستان|url=http://bot.gov.krd/arabic/duhok-province/zakho?&&&&page=1|access-date=2021-06-17|website=bot.gov.krd}}</ref> {{lang-aij|זאכו|Zāxo}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Yona Sabar|title=A Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dictionary: Dialects of Amidya, Dihok, Nerwa and Zakho|date=2002|page=156}}</ref>) is a city in the [[Kurdistan Region]], at the centre of the [[Zakho District]] of the [[Dohuk Governorate]], located a few kilometers from the [[Ibrahim-Khalil border]] The population of the town rose from about 30,000 in 1950 to 350,000 in 1992 due to Kurds fleeing from other areas of the country.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sabar|first=Y.|date=|title=Zāk̲h̲ū|url=|journal=[[Encyclopedia of Islam]]|volume=|pages=|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8099}}</ref> The original settlement may have been on a small island in the [[Khabur (Tigris)|Little Khabur]] river, which flows west through the modern city to form the border between Iraq and [[Turkey|Türkiye]], continuing into the [[Tigris]]. Other important rivers in the area are the Zeriza and the Seerkotik.<ref>http://www.zaxo.at/index.php?page=32 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706095721/http://www.zaxo.at/index.php?page=32 |date=2011-07-06 }} retrieved 15 May 2011</ref> ==History== {{For timeline}} [[Gertrude Bell]], the renowned British archaeologist and Arabist who advised British governors in the region in the closing years of the British Mandate, was convinced that Zakho was the same place as the ancient town of Hasaniyeh. She also reported that one of the first Christian missionaries to the region, the [[Order of Preachers|Dominican]] friar [[Poldo Soldini]], was buried there in 1779. His grave was still a [[pilgrimage]] destination in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite book |title= Amurath to Amurath |publisher=Macmillan |last=Bell |first=Gertrude Lothian |year=1924 |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.106098 |access-date=2009-09-06}}</ref><ref name="Campanile 1953">{{cite web |title= Histoire du Kurdistan |publisher=Le Kréyé|last=Campanile|first=Giuseppe|year=1953|url= http://www.institutkurde.org/publications/etude_kurdes/pdf/Campanile.pdf |access-date=2009-09-06}}</ref> ching chang han chi The town is also the site of Zakho castle, of which today only the tower remains, and of Qubad Pasha castle, a hexagonal structure in Zakho cemetery. nigga nigga nigga nigga i am 100% nigga According to an oral tradition transmitted by a [[Iraqi Jews|Jewish]] informant from Zakho, Me'allim Levi, Zakho was established in 1568 by Slivani tribesmen, whose territory was stretched south of the location of the town. The family of [[Shamdin Agha]] came originally from the Slivani tribe, settled in Zakho, and became the most prominent family in Zakho. From the late 19th century onwards, the family of Shamdin Agha ruled "all the Muslims, Jews and Christians of Zakho and its surroundings."<ref>Mordcechai Zaken, Jewish Subjects and their Tribal Vhieftains in Kurdistan, 2007: 33-35.</ref> Zakho was known to the [[ancient Greeks]]. In 1844, the traveller [[William Francis Ainsworth]] commented: "The appearance of Zakho in the present day coincides in a remarkable manner with what it was described to be in the time of [[Xenophon]]." Zakho is a major marketplace with its goods and merchandise serving the Kurdish-controlled area and most of north and central Iraq. Writing in 1818, Campanile{{who|date=April 2020}} described the town as a great trading centre, famous for its [[oak apple|gallnuts]] as well as rice, oil, sesame, wax, lentils and many fruits.<ref name="Campanile 1953" /> === Recent history === [[File:Satellite communications on top the roof of the Military Coordination Center (MCC) compound in the town of Zakho in northern Iraq. The MCC is the Joint Service Combined Forward Liai - DPLA - e90fe04d4efbcc81673678f66b9d75d2.jpeg|thumb|Joint forces headquarters in Zakho, 1993]] Due to its strategic location and the abundance of job opportunities, Zakho has attracted many workers and job seekers from different parts of Iraq and even from [[Syria]] and Türkiye. Trade with Türkiye is now the major element of the economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,45a5199f2,45a519d32,4a697dee1e,0.html|title=KDP Flexes Muscles in Dohuk|date=2009-07-21|publisher=Institute for War and Peace Reporting|access-date=2009-09-06}}</ref> Oil drilling began in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.institutkurde.org/en/info/foreign-oil-deal-renews-debate-on-kurd-autonomy--1134220944.html|title=Foreign oil deal renews debate on Kurd autonomy|date=2005-12-09|publisher=USA Today|access-date=2009-09-06}}</ref> ====Islamic history==== In Islamic history it is perhaps best remembered as the location of the [[Battle of the Zab]] between the [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyads]] and the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]]. The river forms the approximate political boundary of [[Kurdistan Regional Government]] area of Iraq today. Its sister, the Little (or Lower) Zab rises in north-western part of [[Kurdistan Province|Kurdistan province]] Iran, in the north of Piranshahr city and flows south-west through Iraq to join the Tigris north of the town of [[Baiji, Iraq|Baiji]]. The Dukan Dam straddles the Little Zab some 150 miles upstream from its confluence with the Tigris River. Constructed between 1954 and 1959, the dam has a total discharge capability of 4,300 cms. The power station, constructed in 1979, holds five water turbines and provides 400 MW of electrical energy. In 1991, Zakho was the centre of the [[:wikt:safe haven|haven]] established by the British and the Americans in [[Operation Provide Comfort]] to protect the [[Iraqi Kurds]] from being [[massacre]]d by [[Saddam Hussein]] when he responded brutally to the Kurdish rebellion. Most of the inhabitants of the city had fled to the mountains. When the American forces arrived, they described the town as a [[ghost town|ghost city]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA254123&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604210725/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA254123&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2011|title=Operation Provide Comfort: a model for future operations|last=Cavanaugh|first=John P.|year=1992|publisher=School of advanced military studies, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas|access-date=2009-09-06}}</ref> The 27 February [[1995 Zakho bombing]] killed over 50 people. When the [[U.S. Army]] closed its [[military base]] in Zakho in 1996, they evacuated several thousand [[Kurds]] who had connections to the base and who feared reprisals. Many of them were given [[right of asylum|asylum]] in the USA. According to [[David McDowall (British Army officer)|David McDowall]], this constituted a sudden [[brain drain]], with Zakho losing many of its most educated citizens.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgDi9qFT41oC&q=a+modern+history+of+the+kurds|title=A modern history of the Kurds|last=McDowall|first=David|publisher=Tauris|year=2004|isbn=9781850434160|access-date=2009-09-06}}</ref> In 2008 it was reported that the [[Turkish Army]] maintained four bases in Zakho District, under an agreement concluded with the [[Iraqi Government]] in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/2462785|title=Iraqi Kurdish Paper Says Turkish Military Bases Inside Kurdistan Region|date=2008-08-01|publisher=iStockAnalyst|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004135848/http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/2462785|archive-date=2011-10-04|access-date=2009-09-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[2011 Dohuk riots]], which targeted [[Assyrians|Assyrian]]-owned businesses, were sparked by Kurdish [[Muslim cleric]]s in the town.<ref name="CNN">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/03/world/meast/iraq-kurdistan-attack/|title=Kurdish leader: Clerics 'instigated ... acts of sabotage,' wounding 25|last=Tawfeeq|first=Mohammed|date=3 December 2011|newspaper=[[CNN]]|access-date=4 December 2011}}</ref> ====Christianity==== {{see also|Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Amadiyah and Zaku}} [[File:Zakho 2011 (1).jpg|thumb|St. George [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean]] Cathedral in Zakho.]] The city was the center of a [[Zakho (Chaldean Diocese)|large Chaldean Catholic diocese]] up until the middle of the nineteenth century, when it was divided into three dioceses: Amadia, Zakho, and [[Aqrah|Akra-Zehbar]].{{cn|date=June 2021}} The Armenians of Zakho established their community after the [[Armenian genocide]], with the first Armenian church in the city being established in 1923.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maryam Alazra church –Zakho – Kesta |url=http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35632.html |website=www.ishtartv.com}}</ref> ====Judaism==== {{see also|Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho}} Zakho was formerly known for its [[synagogue]]s and large, ancient Jewish community and was known as "The Jerusalem of Assyria."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boncuk |first=Mavi |date=2016-12-05 |title=The Jews of Zakho |url=https://maviboncuk.blogspot.com/2016/12/the-jews-of-zakho.html |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=Cornucopia of Ottomania and Turcomania}}</ref> The banks of the nearby [[Khabur (Tigris)|Khabur River]] are mentioned in the Bible as one of the places to which the Israelites were exiled (1 Chronicles, 5:26,<ref>{{Cite web |title=BibleHub {{!}} I Chronicles 5:26 |url=https://biblehub.com/1_chronicles/5-26.htm |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=BibleHub.com}}</ref> 2 Kings 17:6,<ref>{{Cite web |title=II Kings 17:6 |url=https://biblehub.com/2_kings/17-6.htm |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Biblehub.com}}</ref> 2 Kings 18:11<ref>{{Cite web |title=II Kings 18:11 |url=https://biblehub.com/2_kings/18-11.htm |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Biblehub.com}}</ref>). The Jews spoke the [[Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho]] and were also fluent in [[Kurmanji]], the language spoken by non-Jewish Kurds.<ref>{{cite web|title= Unwitting Zionists: The Jewish Community of Zakho in Iraqi Kurdistan p.48|publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=2009|last=Gavish|first=Haya|url= http://wsupress.wayne.edu/books/937/Unwitting-Zionists|access-date=2009-09-06}}</ref> Kurdish society was primarily a tribal one. The Jews of Zakho bore arms like Kurdish Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|title= Unwitting Zionists: The Jewish Community of Zakho in Iraqi Kurdistan p.28|publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=2009|last=Gavish|first=Haya|url= http://wsupress.wayne.edu/books/937/Unwitting-Zionists|access-date=2009-09-06}}</ref> There was an attack on the Jews in 1891, when one of the synagogues was burnt down. The troubles intensified in 1892. Most of the Jews relocated to Israel in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web|title= Unwitting Zionists: The Jewish Community of Zakho in Iraqi Kurdistan |publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=2009|last=Gavish|first=Haya|url= http://wsupress.wayne.edu/books/937/Unwitting-Zionists|access-date=2009-09-06}}</ref> While the Jews of Zakho were among the least literate in the [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora]], they had a unique and rich oral tradition, known for its legends, epics and ballads, whose heroes came from both Jewish and Muslim traditions.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Changes in the oral tradition among the jews of kurdistan |publisher=Contemporary Jewry - Springer Netherlands|date=2008-10-09 |last=Shai|first=Donna |journal=Contemporary Jewry|volume=5|pages=2–10|doi=10.1007/BF02965657|s2cid=143952535|url= https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02965657 |access-date=2009-09-06|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==Climate== Zakho has a hot-summer [[Mediterranean climate]] (''Csa'' in the [[Köppen climate classification]]) with very hot, dry summers, and cool wet winters. {{Weather box |width = auto |location = Zakho |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan high C = 10.2 |Feb high C = 12.2 |Mar high C = 16.5 |Apr high C = 21.8 |May high C = 29.1 |Jun high C = 36.2 |Jul high C = 40.4 |Aug high C = 40.0 |Sep high C = 35.7 |Oct high C = 27.9 |Nov high C = 19.4 |Dec high C = 12.3 |year high C = |Jan low C = 1.9 |Feb low C = 3.1 |Mar low C = 6.1 |Apr low C = 10.1 |May low C = 15.0 |Jun low C = 20.1 |Jul low C = 23.7 |Aug low C = 23.2 |Sep low C = 19.2 |Oct low C = 13.7 |Nov low C = 8.4 |Dec low C = 3.9 |year low C = |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 144 |Feb precipitation mm = 136 |Mar precipitation mm = 129 |Apr precipitation mm = 109 |May precipitation mm = 43 |Jun precipitation mm = 0 |Jul precipitation mm = 0 |Aug precipitation mm = 0 |Sep precipitation mm = 1 |Oct precipitation mm = 27 |Nov precipitation mm = 83 |Dec precipitation mm = 127 |year precipitation mm = |humidity colour=green |source 1 = <ref>{{cite web | url = https://en.climate-data.org/location/934497/ | publisher = Climate-Data |title = CLIMATE: ZAKHO |access-date = 21 January 2017}}</ref> |date= 2017 }} ==Landmarks== [[File:Delal Bridge in Zakho (201).jpg|thumbnail|Delal Bridge|280px]] One of Zakho's famous landmarks is the [[Delal|Delal Bridge]], made of stone. Zakho Castle lies in the city centre on the western bank of the Khabur. It served as the governor's house in the reign of the [[Badinan Emirate]] and was enlarged by Prince Ali Khan. It was built on the ruins of an older castle. Today, only the castle's tower remains. [[File:Sûlava Şeranşê ya Zaxoyê.jpg|thumb|Sharansh waterfall]] The Qubad Pasha Castle, in Zakho's cemetery, is hexagonal, with six windows and an entrance gate.<ref name=kurdawary>{{cite web |title = Zaxo |publisher = Kurdawary |year = 2004 |url = http://www.geocities.com/kurdawarypictures/zaxo.htm |access-date = 2009-09-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091025204329/http://geocities.com/kurdawarypictures/zaxo.htm |archive-date = October 25, 2009 |url-status = dead }}</ref> == Population displacements == In 2007, the UNHCR reported that there were still 10,000 [[internally displaced person]]s in the Zakho district as a result of the [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite web |title= GOVERNORATE ASSESSMENT REPORT: DAHUK GOVERNORATE |publisher=UNHCR |date=September 2007 |url= http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/471f4c9ba.pdf |access-date=2009-09-06}}</ref> == Sports == [[Zakho FC|Zakho Football Club]] (Zakho FC) was founded in 1987. The sports club plays in the [[Iraqi Premier League]], where only the top 16 Iraqi football clubs play. Zakho FC has its own stadium with a capacity of 20,000 seats. [[File:Football Stadium of Zakho.jpg|thumbnail|Football Stadium of Zakho]] Zakho Basketball Club ([[Zakho SC]]) won the Kurdistan Basketball Super Cup and beat [[Duhok SC (basketball)|Duhok SC]] in [[Erbil]].<ref>[http://www.kurdishglobe.net/article/35414131C83363E6262B94DC0300AD09/Zakho-wins-Kurdistan-basketball-Super-Cup.html "Zakho wins Kurdistan basketball Super Cup] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307172438/http://www.kurdishglobe.net/article/35414131C83363E6262B94DC0300AD09/Zakho-wins-Kurdistan-basketball-Super-Cup.html |date=2014-03-07 }}," ''Kurdish Globe'', retrieved 2014-01-30</ref> ==Notable people== *[[Yona Sabar]] (b. 1938), Jewish scholar *[[Yitzhak Mordechai]] (b. 1944), Israeli former general and politician *[[Louis Raphaël I Sako]] (b. 1948), Chaldean Catholic Patriarch of Babylon *[[Erdewan Zaxoyî]] (1957–1986), Kurdish singer *[[Eyaz Zaxoyî]] (1960–1986), Kurdish singer == See also == * [[Assyrians in Iraq]] * [[List of largest cities of Iraq|List of largest cities in Iraq]] * [[Zakho (Chaldean Diocese)]] * [[Zambil Frosh]] * [[Yazidis in Iraq]] * [[Zakho resort attack]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Sources== * {{Cite book|last=Chabot|first=Jean-Baptiste|author-link=Jean-Baptiste Chabot|title=Synodicon orientale ou recueil de synodes nestoriens|year=1902|location=Paris|publisher=Imprimerie Nationale|url=https://archive.org/download/ChabotSynodiconOrientale/chabot%20synodicon%20orientale.pdf}} ==External links== * [https://archive.today/20130103232446/http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/Zakho.html Iraq Image - Zakho Satellite Observation] {{coord|37|09|N|42|41|E|region:IQ_type:city|display=title}} {{Commons category|Zakho|position=left}} {{Assyrian topics}} {{Districts of Iraq}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Zakho| ]] [[Category:District capitals of Iraq]] [[Category:Assyrian communities in Iraq]] [[Category:Cities in Iraqi Kurdistan]] [[Category:Populated places in Dohuk Province]] [[Category:Kurdish settlements in Iraq]] [[Category:Historic Jewish communities in Iraq]] [[Category:Yazidi populated places in Iraq]]'