Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{about|the city in Victoria, Australia|the city centre suburb|Geelong city centre|the [[local government area]]|City of Greater Geelong|other uses|Geelong (disambiguation)|the Australian rules football club|Geelong Football Club|the city located in Taiwan|Keelung}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Australian English|date=April 2011}}
{{Infobox Australian place
| type = city
| name = Geelong
| native_name = Djilang/Djalang
| state = vic
| image = {{multiple image
| total_width = 280
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Aerial perspective of Geelong (2).jpg{{!}} City Centre
|caption1 = [[Geelong city centre|City Centre]] and surrounds
| image2 = Geelong Town Hall (cropped).JPG{{!}} Town Hall
|caption2 = [[Geelong Town Hall|Town Hall]]
| image3 = Geelong Post Office.JPG{{!}}Post Office
|caption3 = [[Old Geelong Post Office|Post Office]]
| image4 = Geelong Library 2015.jpg{{!}}Library & Heritage Centre
|caption4 = [[Geelong Library and Heritage Centre|Library & Heritage Centre]]
| image5 = Basilica St Mary of the Angels, Geelong.jpg{{!}}St Mary of the Angels Basilica
|caption5 = [[St Mary of the Angels Basilica, Geelong|St Mary of the Angels Basilica]]
| image6 = T&G geelong (cropped).jpg{{!}}T & G Building
| caption6 = [[T & G Building, Geelong|T & G Building]]
| image7 = Cunningham Pier, Geelong, south view 20230218 1.jpg{{!}}Cunningham Pier
| caption7 = [[Geelong Waterfront|Cunningham Pier]]
}}
| relief =
| coordinates = {{coord|38|09|0|S|144|21|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_label_position =
| map_alt =
| pop = 264,866
| pop_footnotes = <ref name="REGSUMGREATERGEELONG">{{cite web |last1=ABS Greater Geelong Region Statistics |title=Region summary: Greater Geelong (C) |url=https://dbr.abs.gov.au/region.html?lyr=lga&rgn=22750 |website=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref>
| pop_year = 2020
| poprank = 12th
| density =
| density_footnotes =
| established = 1838
| established_footnotes =
| abolished =
| gazetted =
| postcode = 3220
| elevation = 21
| elevation_footnotes =
| area = 1329
| area_footnotes = <ref name="ABSSUAProf">{{Census 2016 AUS |id = 2007 |name = Geelong |access-date = 29 December 2019 }}</ref><ref name="ABSSUAList">{{cite web |title = Significant Urban Area (SUA) ASGS Edition 2016 in .csv Format |url = https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/log?openagent&1270055004_sua_2016_aust_csv.zip&1270.0.55.004&Data%20Cubes&06739F6BDEE5A9D0CA2581B1000E0A05&0&July%202016&09.10.2017&Latest |website = Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date= 14 November 2019 |date= 9 October 2017 }}</ref>
| timezone = [[Australian Eastern Standard Time|AEST]]
| utc = +10
| timezone-dst = [[Australian Eastern Daylight Time|AEDT]]
| utc-dst = +11
| dist1 = 72
| dir1 = SW
| location1 = [[Melbourne]] city centre
| dist2 = 75
| dir2 = E
| location2 = [[Colac, Victoria|Colac]]
| dist3 = 166
| dir3 = E
| location3 = [[Warrnambool]]
| lga = [[City of Greater Geelong]]
| seat =
| region =
| county = [[Grant County, Victoria|Grant]]
| division =
| stategov = [[Electoral district of Bellarine|Bellarine]]
| stategov2 = [[Electoral district of Geelong|Geelong]]
| stategov3 = [[Electoral district of Lara|Lara]]
| stategov4 = [[Electoral district of South Barwon|South Barwon]]
| fedgov = [[Division of Corangamite|Corangamite]]
| fedgov2 = [[Division of Corio|Corio]]
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| visitation_footnotes =
| managing_authorities =
| url =
| maxtemp = 20.4
| maxtemp_footnotes =
| mintemp = 9.4
| mintemp_footnotes =
| rainfall = 439.2
| rainfall_footnotes =
| near-n =
| near-ne =
| near-e =
| near-se =
| near-s =
| near-sw =
| near-w =
| near-nw =
| near =
| footnotes = }}
'''Geelong''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|ᵻ|ˈ|l|ɒ|ŋ}} {{respell|jih|LONG}})<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=S. |title=[[Macquarie Dictionary]] |edition=5th |contribution=Geelong |contribution-url = http://www.macquariedictionary.com.au |year=2009 |publisher = Macquarie Dictionary Publishers|location = Sydney, NSW |isbn=978-1-876429-66-9 |pages=1952 pages |no-pp=y }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Geelong |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130308090617/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Geelong |url-status = dead |archive-date = 8 March 2013 |title = Definition of '''Geelong''' in Oxford dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation and origin of the word |publisher = Oxford University Press |year=2013 |website=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=7 December 2013 }}</ref> ([[Wathawurrung language|Wathawurrung]]: ''Djilang''/''Djalang'')<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Ian D. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54913331 |title=Dictionary of Aboriginal placenames of Victoria |publisher=Victorian Aboriginal Corp. for Languages |others=Heydon, Toby, 1972-, Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages. |year=2002 |isbn=0-9579360-2-8 |location=Melbourne, Victoria |oclc=54913331}}</ref> is a [[port city]] in [[Victoria, Australia]], located at the eastern end of [[Corio Bay]] (the smaller western portion of [[Port Phillip Bay]]) and the left bank of [[Barwon River (Victoria)|Barwon River]], about {{cvt|65|km}} southwest of [[Melbourne]].
Geelong is the second largest Victorian city behind Melbourne with an estimated urban population of 268,277 as of June 2018,<ref name="ABSSUA">{{cite web |title = 3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017-18: Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area, 2008 to 2018 |url = http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02017-18 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=27 March 2019 |access-date=25 October 2019 }} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2018.</ref> and is also Australia's second fastest-growing city. Geelong is also known as the "Gateway City"<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gateway Cities Alliance {{!}} Easing population pressures |url=https://www.gatewaycitiesalliance.com.au/ |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Gateway Cities Alliance |language=en-AU}}</ref> due to its critical location to surrounding [[Western District (Victoria)|western Victoria]]n [[regional Australia|regional centres]] including [[Ballarat]] in the northwest, [[Torquay, Victoria|Torquay]], [[Great Ocean Road]] and [[Warrnambool]] in the southwest, [[Hamilton, Victoria|Hamilton]], [[Colac, Victoria|Colac]] and [[Winchelsea, Victoria|Winchelsea]] to the west, providing a [[transport corridor]] past the [[Central Highlands (Victoria)|Central Highlands]] for these regions to the state capital Melbourne in its northeast. The City of Greater Geelong is also a member of the [https://www.gatewaycitiesalliance.com.au/ Gateway Cities Alliance] in partnership with Councils from Newcastle and Wollongong.
Geelong is the [[administrative centre]] for the [[City of Greater Geelong]] municipality, which is Port Phillip's only regional metropolitan area, and covers all the [[urban area|urban]], [[rural area|rural]] and [[wetland|coastal reserve]]s around the city including the entire [[Bellarine Peninsula]]{{NoteTag|The [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] defined urban area (SUA) for Geelong corresponds with the Greater Geelong LGA except that the SUA excludes the [[Portarlington, Victoria|Portarlington]] Statistical Area (SA2), but includes the [[Point Lonsdale]] - [[Queenscliff, Victoria|Queenscliff]] and [[Torquay, Victoria|Torquay]] SA2s.}} and running from the plains of [[Lara, Victoria|Lara]] in the north to the rolling hills of [[Waurn Ponds]] to the south, with Corio Bay to the east and the [[Barrabool Hills]] to the west.
The [[traditional owners]] of the land on which Geelong sits were the [[Wadawurrung]] (also known as [[Wathaurong]]) [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal people]] of the [[Kulin nation]]. The Wadawurrung Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation is the Registered Aboriginal Party for the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wadawurrung Traditional Owners |url=https://www.wadawurrung.org.au/ |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Wadawurrung |language=en}}</ref> The modern name of Geelong, established in 1827, was derived from the local Wadawurrung name for the region, ''Djilang'', thought to mean "land", "cliffs" or "tongue of land or peninsula".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.djillong.net.au/traditions/wathaurong-language.html |title = Wathaurong language - Djillong |website=www.djillong.net.au |language=en-GB |access-date=2018-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012135341/http://www.djillong.net.au/traditions/wathaurong-language.html |archive-date=12 October 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="GeelongCity">{{cite web |url = http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Towns/Geelong_City/ |title = Geelong City |publisher = City of Greater Geelong |access-date = 16 December 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071028100151/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Towns/Geelong_City/ |archive-date = 28 October 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The area was first surveyed by the European settlers in 1838, three weeks after Melbourne. A town post office was opened by June 1840, the second to open in the Port Phillip District.<ref name="a">{{cite web |website = Premier Postal History |title = Post Office List |url = https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&country= |access-date = 2008-04-11 }}</ref>
The first woolstore was erected in this period and it became the port for the [[wool]] industry of the [[Western District, Victoria|Western District]].<ref name="forecast">{{cite web |url = http://www.id.com.au/geelong/forecastid/default.asp?id=268&gid=10&pg=2 |title = Key drivers of change |work=City of Greater Geelong population forecast |access-date=2007-12-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080727104044/http://www.id.com.au/geelong/forecastid/default.asp?id=268&gid=10&pg=2 |archive-date=27 July 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
During the [[Victorian gold rush]], Geelong experienced a brief boom as the main port to the rich [[Goldfields region of Victoria|goldfields]] of the Ballarat district.<ref name="story">''Norman Houghton'' - {{cite web |url = http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/geelong/article/item/8d0779e8d5e7ee6.aspx |title = The Story of Geelong |last=Norman|first=Houghton|access-date=2007-12-16 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071028094637/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/History/Story_of_Geelong/ |archive-date=28 October 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy}}</ref> The town then diversified into manufacturing, and during the 1860s became one of the largest manufacturing centres in Australia with its [[wool mill]]s, [[rope]]works, and [[paper mill]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geelongbusiness.com.au/view_article.php?id=224|title=Historical perspective|work=Geelong Business News|access-date=2007-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050615223434/http://geelongbusiness.com.au/view_article.php?id=224|archive-date=2005-06-15}}</ref> It was proclaimed a [[city]] in 1910, with industrial growth from this time until the 1960s establishing the city as a manufacturing centre for the state,<ref name="forecast" /> and the population grew to over 100,000 by the mid-1960s.<ref name="gex150">{{Cite book|last=Begg|first=Peter|title=Geelong - The First 150 Years| publisher=Globe Press|year=1990|isbn=0-9592863-5-7}}</ref> During the city's early years, an inhabitant of Geelong was often [[demonym|known as]] a Geelongite<ref>{{cite news|title=Early days of Geelong|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4266153|access-date=27 April 2011|newspaper=The Argus|date=19 July 1924|page=9}}</ref> or a "Pivotonian", derived from the city's nickname of "The Pivot", referencing the city's role as a [[maritime transport|shipping]] and [[rail transport|rail]] [[transport hub|hub]] for the area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geelong – a brief history|url=http://www.intown.com.au/locals/geelong/historical/default.htm|website=Intown Geelong|access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> Population increases over the last decade were due to growth in [[service industries]],<ref name="cogg-top10">{{cite web |url = http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Geelong_Living/Top_10_Reasons_to_Move_to_Geelong/ |title = Top 10 Reasons to Move to Geelong |website = City of Greater Geelong website |access-date=2007-12-16 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071028095432/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Geelong_Living/Top_10_Reasons_to_Move_to_Geelong/ |archive-date=28 October 2007 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref> as the [[manufacturing sector]] has declined. [[Urban Renewal|Redevelopment]] of the inner city has occurred since the 1990s, as well as [[gentrification]] of inner suburbs, and currently has a population growth rate higher than the national average.<ref name="growthrate">{{cite news |url = http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/04/13/1081838721413.html |title = Regions get new lease on lifestyle |newspaper=[[The Age]]|date=14 April 2004 |access-date=2007-07-19 |location=Melbourne }}</ref>
Today, Geelong stands as an emerging healthcare, education and advanced manufacturing centre. The city's economy is shifting quickly and despite experiencing the drawbacks of losing much of its [[heavy industry|heavy manufacturing]], it is seeing much growth in other [[tertiary sector]]s, positioning itself as one of the leading non-capital Australian cities. It is home to the [[Geelong Football Club]], the [[list of Australian rules football clubs by date of establishment|second-oldest club]] in the [[Australian Football League]].
==History==
{{See also|Timeline of Geelong history}}
=== Etymology ===
The name Geelong comes from ''Djilang'', used by the Wadawurrung Traditional Owners of the area at the time of settlement.
===Early history and foundation===
[[File:Aerial panorama of Geelong and its heartbeat the home of the Geelong Cats.jpg|thumb|Aerial panorama of Geelong facing the bay. Taken August 2018.]]
The area of Geelong and the [[Bellarine Peninsula]] are the traditional lands of the [[Wadawurrung]] ([[Wathaurong]]) [[Indigenous Australian]] tribe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wadawurrung Traditional Owners|url=https://www.wadawurrung.org.au/|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Wadawurrung|language=en}}</ref> The first non-Indigenous person recorded as visiting the region was Lieutenant [[John Murray (Australian explorer)|John Murray]], who commanded the [[brig]] {{HMS|Lady Nelson|1798|6}}.<ref name="story" /> After anchoring outside Port Phillip Heads (the narrow entrance to [[Port Phillip]], onto which both Geelong and [[Melbourne]] now front), on 1 February 1802, he sent a small boat with six men to explore.<ref name="life">{{Cite book|last=Billot|first=C.P.|title=The Life of Our Years|publisher=Lothian Publishing|year=1969|id=National Library of Australia registry number 68-2473 }}</ref> Led by [[John Bowen (colonist)|John Bowen]], they explored the immediate area, returning to ''Lady Nelson'' on 4 February. On reporting favourable findings, ''Lady Nelson'' entered [[Port Phillip]] on 14 February, and did not leave until 12 March. During this time, Murray explored the Geelong area and, whilst on the far side of the bay, claimed the entire area for Britain. He named the bay Port King, after [[Philip Gidley King]],<ref name="life" /> then [[Governor of New South Wales]]. Governor King later renamed the bay Port Phillip after the first governor of New South Wales, [[Arthur Phillip]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.vicnet.net.au/~phillip/env2stud.htm |title=Excerpts from the 'Port Phillip Survey 1957–1963'|work=Port Phillip Conservation Council website|access-date=2007-12-16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070920091236/http://home.vicnet.net.au/~phillip/env2stud.htm|archive-date=20 September 2007 }}</ref> Arriving not long after Murray was [[Matthew Flinders]], who entered Port Phillip on 27 April 1802.<ref name="story" /> He charted the entire bay, including the Geelong area, believing he was the first to sight the huge expanse of water, but in a rush to reach [[Sydney]] before winter set in, he left Port Phillip on 3 May.
In January 1803, Surveyor-General [[Charles Grimes (surveyor)|Charles Grimes]] arrived at Port Phillip in the [[Sloop-of-war|sloop]] {{HMS|Cumberland|1803|2}} and mapped the area, including the future site of Geelong,<ref name="life" /> but reported the area was unfavourable for settlement and returned to Sydney on 27 February.<ref>{{cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |id=A010443b|title= Grimes, Charles (1772–1858), Online Edition|access-date=2007-12-30}}</ref> In October of the same year, {{HMS|Calcutta|1795|6}} led by Lieutenant Colonel [[David Collins (lieutenant governor)|David Collins]] arrived in the bay to establish the [[Sullivan Bay]] [[penal colony]].<ref name="life" /> Collins was dissatisfied with the area chosen, and sent a small party led by First Lieutenant [[James Hingston Tuckey|J.H. Tuckey]] to investigate alternative sites.<ref>{{cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |id=A010226b|title= Collins, David (1756–1810), Online Edition|access-date=2007-12-30}}</ref> The party spent 22 to 27 October on the north shore of Corio Bay, where the first [[Victorian Aborigines|Aboriginal]] death at the hands of a European in Victoria occurred.<ref name="life" />
The next European visit to the area was by the explorers [[Hamilton Hume]] and [[William Hovell]]. They reached the northern edge of [[Corio Bay]] – the area of Port Phillip that Geelong now fronts – on 16 December 1824,<ref name="hovell">{{cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |id=A010517b|title=Hovell, William Hilton (1786–1875), Online Edition|access-date=2007-12-16}}</ref> and it was at this time they reported that the Aboriginals called the area ''Corayo'', the bay being called ''Djillong''.<ref name="story" /> Hume and Hovell had been contracted to travel overland from Sydney to Port Phillip, and having achieved this, they stayed the night and began their return journey two days later on 18 December.<ref name="hovell" />
The [[convict]] [[William Buckley (convict)|William Buckley]] escaped from the [[Sullivan Bay]] settlement in 1803, and lived among the Wadawurrung people for 32 years on the Bellarine Peninsula.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/portphillip/inter/7335.shtml|title=Reminiscences of James Buckley, communicated by him to George Langhorne, 1837 |work=[[State Library of Victoria]]|access-date=2007-12-16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124075602/http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/portphillip/inter/7335.shtml |archive-date=24 November 2007|df=dmy}}</ref> In 1835, [[John Batman]] used [[Indented Head]] as his base camp,<ref name="time">{{cite web|url=http://www.zades.com.au/geelong/gdtime.htm|title=Timeline history|work=Geelong and District Historical Resources website |access-date=2007-07-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626062822/http://www.zades.com.au/geelong/gdtime.htm |archive-date=26 June 2007}}</ref> leaving behind several employees whilst he returned to [[Tasmania]] (then known as [[Van Diemen's Land]]) for more supplies and his family. In this same year, Buckley surrendered to the party led by [[John Helder Wedge]] and was later [[pardon]]ed by Lieutenant-Governor [[Sir George Arthur, 1st Baronet|Sir George Arthur]], and subsequently given the position of [[Interpreting|interpreter]] to the natives.<ref name="buckley">{{cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |id=A010158b|title=Buckley, William (1780–1856) |edition=Online |access-date=2007-12-16}}</ref>
[[File:Geelong in 1840.jpg|thumb|Depiction of early Geelong as a small collection of houses and paddocks by the bay]]
In March 1836, three [[Squatting (pastoral)|squatters]], David Fisher, [[James Strachan (Australian politician)|James Strachan]], and George Russell, arrived on ''Caledonia'' and settled the area.<ref name="life" /> Geelong was first surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe three weeks after Melbourne, and was gazetted as a town on 10 October 1838.<ref name="story" /> There was already a church, hotel, store, wool store, and 82 houses, and the town population was 545.<ref name="story" /> By 1841, the first wool had been sent to England and a regular [[steamboat|steamer]] service was running between Geelong and Melbourne.<ref name="time" /> Captain [[Foster Fyans]] was commissioned as the local Police [[Magistrate]] in 1837 and established himself on the [[Barwon River (Victoria)|Barwon River]] at the site of the area of present-day [[Fyansford]].<ref name="fyans">{{cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |id=A010389b
|title=Fyans, Foster (1790–1870) |edition=Online
|access-date=2007-12-16}}</ref> Fyans arranged the first muster of the Indigenous population and 275 Aboriginal people were found to be living in the area. Fyans distributed blankets, sugar and flour to these people but soon ordered his soldiers to "click their triggers" at them when a lack of blankets caused anger.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article166561196 |title=Victoria's First Four |newspaper=[[The Newcastle Sun]] |issue=5778 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=20 June 1936 |access-date=30 October 2020 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Fyans constructed a [[Breakwater (structure)|breakwater]] to improve the water supply to the city by preventing the salty lower reaches from mixing with fresh water and pooling water. In 1839, [[Charles Sievwright]], the newly appointed Assistant Protector of Aborigines (for the western district) sets up camp on the Barwon River near Fyans ford.
The [[Geelong Keys]] were discovered around 1845 by Governor [[Charles La Trobe]] on Corio Bay. They were embedded in the stone in such a way that he believed that they had been there for 100–150 years, possibly dropped by [[Theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia|Portuguese explorers]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/exhibitions/history/xaustcat.html
|title=Letter from R.C. Gunn
|work=Discovery of keys in the shore formation of Corio Bay, Royal Society of Victoria, [1875]
|access-date=2007-12-16
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901210318/http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/exhibitions/history/xaustcat.html
|archive-date=1 September 2007
|df=dmy
}}</ref> In 1849, Fyans was nominated as the inaugural Mayor of the Geelong Town Council<ref name="fyans" /> and renowned fly fishing author [[Alfred Ronalds]] engraved the town seal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ronalds |first=B.F. |title=Alfred Ronalds: Angler, Artisan and Australian Pioneer |publisher=Medlar Press |year=2022}}</ref> An early settler of Geelong, [[Alexander Thomson (pioneer)|Alexander Thomson]], for which the area of Thomson in [[Geelong East]] is named, settled on the Barwon River, and was [[List of mayors of Geelong|Mayor of Geelong]] on five occasions from 1850 to 1858.<ref>{{cite book
|chapter-url=http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020478b.htm
|title=Australian Dictionary of Biography |edition=Online
|chapter=Thomson, Alexander (1798–1866)
|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
|access-date=2007-12-16}}</ref>
===1850s: Gold rush===
{{Main|Victorian gold rush}}
[[File:View of Geelong 1856 painting.jpg|thumb|left|''[[View of Geelong]]''. 1856 oil painting by [[Eugene von Guérard]].]]
Gold was discovered in nearby [[Ballarat]] in 1851, causing the Geelong population to grow to 23,000 people by the mid-1850s.<ref name="story" /> To counter this, a false map was issued by Melbourne interests to new arrivals, showing the quickest road to the goldfields as being via Melbourne.<ref name="story" /> The first issue of the ''[[Geelong Advertiser]]'' newspaper was published in 1840 by [[James Harrison (engineer)|James Harrison]], who also built the world's first ether vapour compression cycle ice-making and [[refrigeration]] machine in 1844, later being commissioned by a brewery in 1856 to build a machine that cooled beer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fascinating facts about the invention of the refrigerator by Carl von Linde in 1876.|url=http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/refrigerator.htm|work=The Great Idea Finder|access-date=1 September 2012|first=Phil|last=Ament|date=18 August 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716204028/http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/refrigerator.htm|archive-date=16 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Geelong harbour 1857.jpg|thumb|A paddlesteamer approaches busy Geelong Harbour in 1857.]]
The [[Geelong Hospital]] was opened in 1852, and construction on the [[Geelong Town Hall|Geelong City Hall]] commenced in 1855.<ref name="gex150" /> Development of the [[Port of Geelong]] began with the creation of the first [[shipping channel]] in Corio Bay in 1853.<ref name="gex150" /> The [[Port Fairy railway line|Geelong-to-Melbourne]] railway was built by the [[Geelong & Melbourne Railway Company]] in 1857.<ref name="rg">{{cite web
|url=http://railgeelong.com/lineguide.php?line=geelong
|title=Geelong Line Guide
|work=Rail Geelong
|access-date=2007-12-16}}</ref> [[Rabbit]]s were [[Rabbits in Australia|introduced to Australia]] in 1859 by [[Thomas Austin (pastoralist)|Thomas Austin]], who imported them from England for [[hunting]] purposes at his Barwon Park property near [[Winchelsea, Victoria|Winchelsea]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/rabbit.html
|title=Feral European Rabbit
|work=Australian Government fact sheet
|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref> One of Geelong's best-known department stores, [[Bright & Hitchcocks]], was established in 1861,<ref name="gex150" /> and the [[HM Prison Geelong]] built using convict labour, was opened in 1864.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.vic.gov.au/page_239.asp?ID=239&submit_action=detailed_result&search_type=DLVHR&query=registerAll/CF3281DFD95D6768CA2573B6007C39E6?OpenDocument |title=FORMER HM TRAINING PRISON - 202 MYERS STREET AND CORNER SWANSTON STREET GEELONG, Greater Geelong City |work=Heritage Victoria: Heritage Register Online |access-date=2007-12-30 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
In 1866, [[Graham Berry]] started a newspaper, the ''Geelong Register'', as a rival to the established ''Geelong Advertiser''. When this proved unsuccessful, he bought the ''Advertiser'' and made himself editor of the now-merged papers.<ref>{{cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |id=A030143b
|title=Berry, Sir Graham (1822–1904) |edition=Online |access-date=2007-12-16}}</ref> Using the paper as a platform, he was elected for [[Geelong West]] in 1869. In 1877, he switched to Geelong, which he represented until 1886, and served as [[Premiers of Victoria|Victorian Premier]] in 1875, 1877–1880, and 1880–1881.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/minis.html
|title=Victorian Premiers Since Responsible Government, 1855 - Current
|work=Parliament of Victoria website
|access-date=2008-01-15
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023173017/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/minis.html
|archive-date=23 October 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}</ref> On the [[Market Square, Geelong|Market Square]] in the middle of the city, a clock tower was erected in 1856, and an Exhibition Building was opened in 1879.
===1860s: The 'Sleepy Hollow'===
The gold rush had seen [[Ballarat]] and [[Bendigo]] grow larger than Geelong in terms of population. Melbourne critics dubbed Geelong 'Sleepy Hollow',<ref name="story" /> a tag that recurred many times in the following years. A number of industries became established in Geelong, including Victoria's first [[Textile manufacturing|woollen mill]] at [[South Geelong]] in 1868. In 1869, the [[clipper]] ''[[Lightning (clipper)|Lightning]]'' caught fire at the Yarra Street pier and was cast adrift in Corio Bay to burn, before being sunk by artillery fire.<ref name="time" /> Improvements to transport saw Geelong emerge as the centre of the [[Western District, Victoria|Western District]] of Victoria, with railway lines extended towards [[Colac, Victoria|Colac]] in 1876, and to [[Bellarine Railway|Queenscliff]] in 1879.<ref name="rg" /> Construction of the [[Corio Bay|Hopetoun shipping channel]] began in 1881 and completed in 1893.<ref name="gex150" />
The [[Geelong Cup]] was first held in 1872, and Victoria's first long-distance [[telephone]] call was made from Geelong to [[Queenscliff, Victoria|Queenscliff]] on 8 January 1878, only one year after the invention of the device itself.<ref name="gex150" /> Geelong was also the home of a prosperous wine industry until the emergence of the sap-sucking insect ''[[Phylloxera|Phylloxera vastatrix]]'' at [[Fyansford]] in 1875, which led to the Victorian Government ordering the destruction of all vines in the Geelong area to prevent the spread of the pest, killing the industry until the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taborsky |first1=Jan |title=Did you know? Geelong phylloxera disaster |url=https://www.thelostterroir.com/did-you-know-geelong-phylloxera-disaste/ |publisher=The Lost Terroir |access-date=2021-01-02 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="gex150" /> Between 1886 and 1889, the [[Geelong city centre|central business district's]] major banks and insurance companies erected new premises in a solid and ornate character.<ref name="story"/> The existing [[Geelong Post Office]] was built during this time and the [[Gordon Institute of TAFE|Gordon Technical College]] was established. Further industrial growth occurred, with the Fyansford cement works being established in 1890.<ref name="rgfyns">{{cite web|url=http://railgeelong.com/lineguide.php?line=fyansford|title=Fyansford Line Guide|work=Rail Geelong|access-date=2007-12-16}}</ref>
The town became referred to as "The Pivot" in the 1860s, owing to its being a rail and shipping hub for [[Western District (Victoria)|western Victoria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intown.com.au/locals/geelong/historical/default.htm | title=Geelong - a brief history|work=Intown Geelong website|access-date=2011-01-28}}</ref>
===1900s: A city develops===
[[File:Tramway opening geelong 1912.jpg|thumb|left|Opening of the Geelong tramway in 1912, Moorabool Street, Geelong.]]
The town of Geelong officially became a city on 8 December 1910.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geelong {{!}} Victoria, Australia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Geelong |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=VICTORIAN GOVERNMENT - New South Wales Statutes and Victorian Acts of Parliament - Kim barne thaliyu |url=https://archivestest.grlc.vic.gov.au/victorian-government-new-south-wales-statutes-and-victorian-acts-of-parliament |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=archivestest.grlc.vic.gov.au}}</ref> The city gained a number of essential services, with electric light supplied by the [[Geelong Power Station]] starting in 1902, the [[Geelong Harbour Trust]] was formed in December 1905,<ref name="prov">{{cite web
|url=http://www.access.prov.vic.gov.au/public/component/daPublicBaseContainer?component=daViewAgency&entityId=1425
|title=Agency VA 1425: Port of Geelong Authority
|work=Public Record Office Victoria website
|access-date=2007-12-16
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070908163225/http://www.access.prov.vic.gov.au/public/component/daPublicBaseContainer?component=daViewAgency&entityId=1425
|archive-date=8 September 2007
}}</ref> and the [[Barwon Water|Geelong Waterworks and Sewerage Trust]] formed in 1908. [[Trams in Geelong|Electric tram]]s began operation in 1912, travelling from the [[Geelong city centre|city centre]] to the suburbs until their demise in 1956.<ref name="tram">{{cite web|url=http://tmsv.org.au/papers/geelong.htm |title=Geelong tramways - a short history|work=[[Tramway Museum Society of Victoria]]|access-date=2007-06-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060819124009/http://tmsv.org.au/papers/geelong.htm |archive-date = 2006-08-19}}</ref> The first of many stores on the [[Market Square, Geelong|Market Square]] was opened in 1913,<ref name="gex150" /> and the first [[Gala Day]] festival was held in 1916.<ref name="gex150" />
Geelong's industrial growth accelerated in the 1920s: woollen mills, [[fertiliser]] plants, [[Ford Australia|Ford's]] vehicle plant at [[Norlane]], and the [[Corio, Victoria|Corio]] [[whisky]] [[distillation|distillery]] were all established in this period.<ref name="rg" /> The ''[[Geelong Advertiser]]'' radio station 3GL (now [[K Rock 95.5|K-Rock]]) commenced transmission in 1930,<ref name="time" /> the [[Great Ocean Road]] was opened in 1932, and in 1934, the [[T & G Building, Geelong|T & G Building]] opened on the most prominent intersection in the city, the corner of Ryrie and Moorabool Streets.
By 1936, Geelong had displaced Ballarat as Victoria's second-largest city.<ref>Geelong Ousts Ballarat. Population Surprises. The Argus (Melbourne) Tuesday 28 April 1936, page 10</ref>
[[File:Edina geelong.jpg|thumb|The steamboat ''Edina'' leaving Geelong on its final journey on 21 June 1938]]
In 1938, one of the last Port Philip Bay [[Steamboat|steamers]], ''Edina'', made its final trip to Geelong, ending a period of seaside excursions and contests for the fastest trip. The [[Eastern Beach, Victoria|Eastern Beach]] foreshore beautification and pool was completed in 1939 after almost 10 years of work.<ref name="gex150" />
On the eve of World War II, the [[International Harvester]] works were opened beside Ford at [[North Shore, Victoria|North Shore]], along with a [[grain elevator]] at nearby Corio Quay, and the [[Shell Australia]] oil refinery.<ref name="rg" />
===Post-war period===
[[File:EasternBeachGeelong1950 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Eastern Beach, Victoria|Eastern Beach]] in 1950]]
Government housing was constructed in the suburbs of [[East Geelong]], [[Norlane]], [[North Shore, Victoria|North Shore]], and [[Corio, Victoria|Corio]] from the 1950s. The banks of the [[Barwon River (Victoria)|Barwon River]] burst in 1952, inundating nearby [[Belmont, Victoria|Belmont Common]].
Geelong continued to expand with Corio, [[Highton]], and Belmont growing at such a rate that in February 1967, Geelong accounted for 21% of private home development in Greater Melbourne.<ref name="story" /> Private vehicles became the city's major mode of transport. The first [[parking meter]]s in the city were introduced in 1961, new petrol stations were constructed and the city's first supermarket, operated by [[Woolworths Supermarkets|Woolworths]], opened in 1965.<ref name="story" /> Later, support came for [[Cycling in Geelong]] with Australia's first bike plan in 1977.<sup>[[Cycling in Geelong#cite note-3|[3]]][[Cycling in Geelong#cite note-4|[4]]]</sup>
Industrial growth continued with a second cement works operating at [[Waurn Ponds]] by 1964<ref name="rg" /> and the Alcoa [[Point Henry smelter|Point Henry aluminium smelter]] constructed in 1962.<ref name="psu" />
[[Government of Australia|Federal government]] policy changes on [[tariff]] protection led to the closure of many Geelong industrial businesses from the 1970s. Most woollen mills closed in 1974 and hectares of warehouse space in the city centre were left empty after wool-handling practices changed.<ref name="story" /> The [[Target (Australia)|Target]] head office opened in North Geelong, [[Deakin University]] was established at Waurn Ponds in 1974, and the [[Geelong Performing Arts Centre]] opened in 1981.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.gpac.org.au/about/default.aspx
|title=GPAC - About
|access-date=2007-08-13
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830182211/http://www.gpac.org.au/about/default.aspx
|archive-date=30 August 2007
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Later, the [[Australian Animal Health Laboratory]] was opened in 1985,<ref>{{cite web|title=A look inside CSIRO's Australian Animal Health Laboratory |url=http://www.csiro.au/en/Organisation-Structure/National-Facilities/Australian-Animal-Health-Laboratory/Inside-AAHL.aspx |work=CSIRO |access-date=1 September 2012 |first=Emma |last=Wilkins |date=30 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910064352/http://www.csiro.au/en/Organisation-Structure/National-Facilities/Australian-Animal-Health-Laboratory/Inside-AAHL.aspx |archive-date=10 September 2012}}</ref> and the [[National Wool Museum (Geelong)|National Wool Museum]] in 1988.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Attractions/National_Wool_Museum/About_the_Wool_Museum/
|title=National Wool Museum
|work=City of Greater Geelong website
|access-date=2007-12-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831135553/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Attractions/National_Wool_Museum/About_the_Wool_Museum/
|archive-date=31 August 2007
|url-status=live
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
[[Market Square Shopping Centre|Market Square]], the first enclosed shopping centre in the city, was opened in 1985, with neighbouring Bay City Plaza opened in 1988.<ref>[[:File:Bay City Plaza Plaque Geelong.jpg]]</ref> The [[Pyramid Building Society]], founded in Geelong in 1959,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.gabr.net.au/archives/ABE2069a.htm
|title=Pyramid Building Society Ltd
|work=Guide to Australian Business Records
|access-date=2007-12-22
|archive-date=16 September 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070916035903/http://gabr.net.au/archives/ABE2069a.htm
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> collapsed in 1990, leaving debts of AU$1.3 billion to over 200,000 depositors,<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_199007/ai_n18314959
|title=Mysteries of the Pyramid. (Pyramid building society financial collapse)
|work=The Economist (US), July 1990
|access-date=2007-12-22}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> and causing the Geelong economy to stagnate.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/07/25/1059084208923.html
|title=Geelong leads regional price boom
|date=26 July 2003
|work=The Age
|access-date=2007-12-30
| location=Melbourne}}</ref> On 18 May 1993, the City of Greater Geelong was formed by the amalgamation of a number of smaller municipalities with the former City of Geelong.<ref name = "coggcreation"/> The [[Waterfront Geelong]] redevelopment, started in 1994, was designed to enhance use and appreciation of [[Corio Bay]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/library/pdf/5053/62.pdf
|title=The Waterfront Story
|work=City of Greater Geelong website
|access-date=2007-12-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108123410/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/library/pdf/5053/62.pdf
|archive-date=8 November 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}</ref> and in 1995 the Barwon River overflowed in the worst flood since 1952.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.offi.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/c85916e930b93d50ca256d050020cb1f/75ff60bb70b6749fca256d3300057d56?OpenDocument
|title=Geelong and Southern Vic: Floods (incl Landslides)
|work=Emergency Management Australia website (via Google cache)
|access-date=2007-12-30
}}{{dead link|date=September 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
===21st century===
[[File:Waterfront-geelong.jpg|thumb|Redeveloped [[Waterfront Geelong]] (Steampacket Quay)]]
[[File:Little-Malop-St-geelong.jpg|thumb|Little Malop St precinct, looking west.]]
In 2004, [[Avalon Airport]] was upgraded to accommodate interstate passenger travel, providing a base for low-cost airline [[Jetstar]] to serve the Melbourne and Geelong urban areas.<ref name = "jetstar"/> Geelong is planned to expand towards the south coast, with 2,500 hectares of land to become a major suburban development for 55,000 to 65,000 people, known as Armstrong Creek.<ref name="armstongcreek"/> In 2006, construction began on the [[Geelong Ring Road]], designed to replace the [[Princes Highway]] through Geelong from Corio to Waurn Ponds. It opened in 2009.
More than [[AU$]]500-million-worth of major construction was under way in 2007.<ref name="gexnewsinvest">{{Cite news
| title = Building bonanza drives city forward
| newspaper = Geelong News
| pages = 8–9
| date = 2007-07-18
}}</ref> Major projects include the $150-million [[Westfield Geelong]] expansion works, involving a flyover of Yarra Street, the city's first [[Big W]] store, and an additional 70 new speciality stores; the $37-million [[Deakin University|Deakin]] Waterfront campus redevelopment, and the $23-million Deakin Medical School; the $50-million Edgewater apartment development on the waterfront; a number of multimillion-dollar office developments in the CBD; and a new $30-million [[swimming pool|aquatic centre]] in Waurn Ponds.<ref name="gexnewsinvest" />
Major developments within Geelong are advocated by influential, non-government group the [https://committeeforgeelong.com.au/ Committee for Geelong] and the region's local government alliance, [http://www.g21.com.au/ G21 Geelong Region Alliance].
The City of Greater Geelong and four other local municipalities form part of the alliance which identifies the Geelong region's priorities, and advocates all levels of government for funding and implement the projects. G21 developed [http://www.g21.com.au/geelongregionplan/ 'The Geelong Region Plan - a sustainable growth strategy'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004080118/http://www.g21.com.au/geelongregionplan/ |date=4 October 2011 }} which was launched by [https://web.archive.org/web/20130511161732/http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/newsroom/1173.html Premier Brumby] in 2007. It was the approved strategic plan for the Geelong region. In addition, major projects such as the Geelong Ring Road Connections and duplication of the Princes Highway West obtained funding due to the combined efforts of the region's municipalities. As at May 2017, a further [http://www.g21.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=14%3Aprojects&id=32%3Ag21-projects-priority-projects&Itemid=22 13 Priority Projects] are planned for the Geelong region.
The [[Government of Victoria|Victoria Government]] announced the relocation of the [[Transport Accident Commission]] headquarters from Melbourne to Geelong in October 2006, which created 850 jobs and an annual economic benefit over $59 million to the Geelong region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tac.vic.gov.au/jsp/content/NavigationController.do?areaID=23&tierID=1&navID=63CC12CD7F00000101A5D19311EC6AC2&navLink=null&pageID=1323 |title=Premier announces new TAC site in Geelong |work=Transport Accident Commission website |access-date=2007-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070720230809/http://www.tac.vic.gov.au/jsp/content/NavigationController.do?areaID=23&tierID=1&navID=63CC12CD7F00000101A5D19311EC6AC2&navLink=null&pageID=1323 |archive-date=20 July 2007}}</ref> The construction of the $80-million Brougham Street headquarters was completed in late 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/move-or-move-on-tac-workers-told/2005/12/16/1134703611302.html|title=Move or move on, TAC workers told|work=The Age|date=16 December 2005|access-date=2007-07-21 | location=Melbourne|first1=Farrah|last1=Tomazin|first2=David|last2=Adams}}</ref> In November 2008, Ford Australia announced that its Australian-designed I6 engine would be re-engineered to meet the latest emissions regulations, and that consequently the engine manufacturing plant would be upgraded (however, all manufacturing of motor vehicles in Geelong and elsewhere throughout Australia ceased by 2017).
A change to the city skyline is occurring with a number of modern apartment buildings on the Waterfront and central business district planned or under construction. On 10 July 2008, approval was given for a $100-million twin-tower apartment complex of 16 and 12 floors to be built on Mercer St in the city's western edge. The towers will become the tallest buildings in the city, taking the title from the Mercure Hotel.<ref>{{cite news| author=Begg, Peter| publisher=[[Geelong Advertiser]]|title=Twin towers earmarked for Mercer Street|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2008/07/10/15941_news.html|date=10 July 2008|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080711175047/http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2008/07/10/15941_news.html |archive-date=11 July 2008}}</ref> Further highrise developments are planned as part of the City of Greater Geelong's Geelong Western Edge strategic plan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/ct/service/article/item/8cb8fbe66d672c4.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805104623/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/ct/service/article/item/8cb8fbe66d672c4.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Geelong Western Wedge - City of Greater Geelong|date=5 August 2012|archive-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> A$17-million 11-story apartment tower has also recently been proposed to be built next to the Deakin Waterfront Campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/18/1981686.htm
|title=Ford's Geelong plant to close, 600 jobs lost
|work=ABC News
|date=18 July 2007
|access-date=2007-07-19}}</ref>
In 2012, a design competition for a "city icon" was run for the City of Geelong by Deakin University and Senia Lawyers. The recipient of the prize and winning design entry was JOH Architects and their design titled "The Sea Dragon".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.joharchitects.com.au/gallery/commercial/geelong-icon/
|title=Seadragon Winning Design for Geelong Icon
|work=JOH Architects
|date=1 April 2012
|access-date=2012-04-01
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410161043/http://www.joharchitects.com.au/gallery/commercial/geelong-icon/
|archive-date=10 April 2013
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
Geelong's new Library and Heritage Centre opened to the public in November 2015. The new addition to Geelong offers new research facilities, display areas and hosts Geelong's extensive heritage, modern and Indigenous. The new library was awarded the Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Architecture<ref>{{cite web|url=http://armarchitecture.com.au/news/geelong-library-wins-the-sir-zelman-cowen-award/|title=Geelong Library wins the Sir Zelman Cowen Award / ARM Architecture|website=armarchitecture.com.au}}</ref> in 2016.
Currently Geelong is undergoing a major revival effort, the Green Spine Project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geelong |first=Revitalising Central |date=2022-09-28 |title=Green Spine |url=https://www.revitalisingcentralgeelong.vic.gov.au/projects/underway-projects/green-spine-future-blocks |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Revitalising Central Geelong |language=en}}</ref> The Green Spine project will connect Johnstone Park to the Botanic Gardens by a continuous line of trees via Malop Street. The redevelopment of Malop street will see the installation of separated bike lanes from both pedestrians and local traffic by greenery, the design is an Australian first. This project includes the installation of art sculptures and street art throughout the city centre. Major redevelopments are also occurring at Johnstone Park, with a new raingarden installation, and Lt Malop Street is seeing more upgrades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Planning |date=2016-12-20 |title=Revitalising Central Geelong |url=https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/policy-and-strategy/revitalising-central-geelong |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Planning |language=en |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016024254/https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/policy-and-strategy/revitalising-central-geelong |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In the suburbs Geelong West's Pakington Street is seeing major upgrades to its street appeal, with new plantings and upgrades to many of the shops. Manifold Heights' Shannon Avenue will see redevelopment to make it more pedestrian friendly. To Geelong's north, [[Rippleside]] is undergoing major changes, with the ongoing development of Balmoral Quay which will see Rippleside Park and nearby St Helens Park connected via a waterfront footpath as well as beach restoration and a boat dock expansion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duncan |first=Brad |title=Maritime Infrastructure Heritage Project Stage Two: Geelong (Report of Regional Landscape Archaeological and Historical Survey - Updated to 2006) |url=https://www.academia.edu/9986060}}</ref>
Recently new high rise buildings are being built giving Geelong more jobs and housing.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-01|title=Not everyone benefiting from booming Geelong economy after arrival of government agencies|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-02/geelong-cbd-creates-new-jobs-while-northern-suburbs-struggle/11980364|access-date=2020-09-22|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU}}</ref> Worksafe Victoria opened up a new 14-storey building on Malop Dt. It opened in mid-2018 and was the tallest building until it was announced that two residential high rises would be built and completed in late 2019. They are called The Mercer and Miramar Apartments.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2016-02-16 |title=New 14-storey building to dominate Geelong skyline |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-16/new-worksafe-building-to-dominate-geelong-skyline/7173616 |access-date=2023-06-08}}</ref>
==Geography==
[[File:Australia Victoria Greater Geelong City location map.svg|thumb|right|Map of the Geelong urban area and the City of Greater Geelong]]
Geelong is located on the shores of the western tip of Corio Bay, a southwestern [[inlet]] of [[Port Phillip Bay]]. During clear weather, the distant Melbourne skyline is visible from higher areas of Geelong when viewed across the waters of Port Phillip. The [[Barwon River (Victoria)|Barwon River]] flows through the southern fringe of the [[Geelong city centre]] before entering [[Lake Connewarre]] and the [[estuary]] at [[Barwon Heads]] before draining into the [[Bass Strait]].<ref name="barwon">{{Cite book
| last = Loney | first = Jack
| title = The Historic Barwon
| publisher = J. Lonely | year = 1988
| isbn = 0-909191-37-9
| location = Portarlington, Vic.}}</ref> The city is situated just east of the [[gap (landform)|gap]] between the [[Otway Ranges]] and [[Brisbane Ranges]], and commands the only lowland passage between the [[Werribee Plain]] and [[Newer Volcanics Province|Western Volcanic Plains]].
Geologically, the oldest rocks in the area date back to the [[Cambrian period]] 500 million years ago, with [[volcanic activity|volcanic activities]] occurring in the [[Devonian period]] 350 million years ago.<ref name="geo">{{cite web|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/soe/detail.asp?id=66 |title=Geelong State of the Environment Report - Geological conditions |work=City of Greater Geelong website |access-date=2007-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906064832/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/soe/detail.asp?id=66 |archive-date=6 September 2007 }}</ref> In [[prehistoric]] times water covered much of the [[lowland]]s that are now Geelong, with the Barwon River estuary located at [[Belmont, Victoria|Belmont Common]], the course of the river being changed when [[Moriac|Mount Moriac]] erupted and [[lava]] was sent eastwards towards Geelong.<ref name="barwon" />
To the east of the city are the Bellarine Hills and the undulating plains of the [[Bellarine Peninsula]]. To the west are the sandstone-derived [[Barrabool Hills]] and basalt [[Mount Duneed]], and the volcanic plains to the north of Geelong extend to the [[Brisbane Ranges]] and the [[You Yangs]].<ref name="geo" /> Soils vary from sandy loam, basalt plains, and river loam to rich volcanic soils,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Food_and_Wine/Geelong_Wine_Fact_Sheet/
|title=Geelong Wine Fact Sheet
|work=City of Greater Geelong website
|access-date=2007-12-29
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106212051/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Food_and_Wine/Geelong_Wine_Fact_Sheet/
|archive-date=6 November 2007
|url-status=live
|df=dmy
}}</ref> suitable for intensive [[Agriculture|farming]], [[grazing]], [[forestry]], and [[viticulture]].
Many materials used to construct buildings were [[quarry|quarried]] from Geelong, such as [[bluestone]] from the You Yangs and [[sandstone]] from the Brisbane Ranges.<ref name="geo" /> A small number of [[brown coal]] deposits exist in the Geelong region, most notably at [[Anglesea, Victoria|Anglesea]], where it has been mined to fuel Alcoa's [[Anglesea Power Station]] since 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alcoa.com/australia/en/info_page/victoria_tours.asp |title=Alcoa - Victorian operations |work=[[Alcoa]]|access-date=2007-12-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905033125/http://www.alcoa.com/australia/en/info_page/victoria_tours.asp |archive-date=5 September 2008 }}</ref> [[Limestone]] has also been quarried for [[cement]] production at Fyansford since 1888,<ref name="rgfyns" /> and Waurn Ponds since 1964.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://railgeelong.com/locations.php?name=Waurn%20Ponds
|title=Waurn Ponds
|work=Rail Geelong
|access-date=2007-12-29}}</ref>
=== City and suburbs ===
[[File:Grovedale-highton.jpg|thumb|right|Suburban expansion in [[Grovedale]]]]
Geelong has over 60 suburbs, including the following:
[[Anakie, Victoria|Anakie]],
[[Armstrong Creek, Victoria|Armstrong Creek]],
[[Avalon, Victoria|Avalon]],
[[Balliang]],
[[Barwon Heads]],
[[Batesford]],
[[Bell Park]],
[[Bell Post Hill]],
[[Bellarine]],
[[Belmont, Victoria|Belmont]],
[[Breakwater, Victoria|Breakwater]],
[[Breamlea]],
[[Ceres, Victoria|Ceres]],
[[Charlemont, Victoria|Charlemont]],
[[City of Greater Geelong]],
[[Clifton Springs, Victoria|Clifton Springs]],
[[Connewarre]],
[[Corio, Victoria|Corio]],
[[Curlewis, Victoria|Curlewis]],
[[Drumcondra, Victoria|Drumcondra]],
[[Drysdale, Victoria|Drysdale]],
[[East Geelong]],
[[Fyansford]],
Geelong,
[[Geelong West]],
[[Grovedale]],
[[Hamlyn Heights]],
[[Herne Hill]],
[[Highton]],
[[Indented Head]],
[[Lara, Victoria|Lara]],
[[Leopold, Victoria|Leopold]],
[[Little River, Victoria|Little River]],
[[Lovely Banks]],
[[Manifold Heights]],
[[Mannerim]],
[[Marcus Hill, Victoria|Marcus Hill]],
[[Marshall, Victoria|Marshall]],
[[Moolap]],
[[Moorabool]],
[[Mount Duneed]],
[[Newcomb, Victoria|Newcomb]],
[[Newtown, Victoria|Newtown]],
[[Norlane]],
[[North Geelong]],
[[North Shore, Victoria|North Shore]],
[[Ocean Grove, Victoria|Ocean Grove]],
[[Point Lonsdale]],
[[Point Wilson, Victoria|Point Wilson]],
[[Portarlington, Victoria|Portarlington]],
[[Queenscliff, Victoria|Queenscliff]],
[[Rippleside]],
[[South Geelong]],
[[St Albans Park]],
[[St Leonards, Victoria|St Leonards]],
[[Staughton Vale]],
[[Swan Bay]],
[[Thomson, Victoria|Thomson]],
[[Wallington, Victoria|Wallington]],
[[Wandana Heights]],
[[Waurn Ponds]],
and [[Whittington, Victoria|Whittington]].
Development in Geelong started on the shores of Corio Bay in what is now the inner city. Development later spread to the south towards the Barwon River, and the hill of [[Newtown, Victoria|Newtown]] and [[Geelong West]]. Major development south of the river in [[Belmont, Victoria|Belmont]] did not start until the 1920s, stimulated by the construction of a new bridge over the river in 1926, and the extension of the [[Trams in Geelong|Geelong tramway]] system in 1927.<ref name="gex150" /> Industrial areas were traditionally located on the Corio Bay for port access,<ref name="gex-plan-industry">{{cite web
|url=http://www.psdocs.dpcd.vic.gov.au/public/Greater
|title=Greater Geelong Planning Scheme (Section 21.22 INDUSTRY)
|work=Victoria Department of Planning and Community Development website
|date=2006-01-19
|access-date=2007-12-25
|format=DOC
|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090629001439/http%3A//www%2Epsdocs%2Edpcd%2Evic%2Egov%2Eau/public/Greater%2520Geelong/21_mss22_ggee%2Edoc
|archive-date= 29 June 2009
|url-status=bot: unknown
|df=dmy
}} (via )</ref> or the Barwon River for waste disposal.
In the interwar and post-World War II years, [[heavy industry]] continued to establish itself in the flatter northern suburbs,<ref name="gex-plan-industry" /> where today industries such as the [[Geelong Oil Refinery]] and [[Ford Australia|Ford]] engine plant reside.<ref name="rgnog" /> Residential development also spread to Corio and Norlane in the north, with new [[Housing Commission of Victoria]] estates built to cater for employees of the new industries. From the 1960s, residential growth spread to the [[Highton]] hills in the south and North Geelong following prosperous industries like the gasworks, followed by [[Grovedale]] in the 1970s. A number of [[light industrial]] areas were also established in [[Breakwater, Victoria|Breakwater]], [[Moolap]] and [[South Geelong]].<ref name="gex-plan-industry" />
Changing cargo-handling methods at the [[Port of Geelong]] left woolstores in inner Geelong unused, [[Urban Renewal|redevelopment]] beginning in the 1980s with the expansion of [[Westfield Geelong]] towards Corio Bay, and culminating in the [[Waterfront Geelong]] development.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.intown.com.au/historic/city-by-the-bay.htm | title=City by the Bay concept 1981
|work=Intown Geelong website
|access-date=2007-12-25}}</ref> [[Gentrification]] of former working-class inner suburbs such as Geelong West, North Geelong, and South Geelong has also occurred.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/library/pdf/5175/80.pdf
|title=GEELONG ECONOMIC INDICATORS BULLETIN - 2001/2002
|work=City of Greater Geelong website
|access-date=2007-12-25
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901213511/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/library/pdf/5175/80.pdf
|archive-date=1 September 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}</ref> Today, the major residential growth corridors are north towards Lara, east towards [[Leopold, Victoria|Leopold]], and south towards [[Mount Duneed]] as the [[Armstrong Creek Growth Area]].<ref name="armstongcreek">{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Media_Releases/April_2005/Strategic_plan_to_manage_urban_growth_south_of_Geelong/
|title=Strategic plan to manage urban growth south of Geelong
|work=City of Greater Geelong website
|date=12 April 2005
|access-date=2007-12-25
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909101112/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Media_Releases/April_2005/Strategic_plan_to_manage_urban_growth_south_of_Geelong/
|archive-date=9 September 2007
|url-status=live
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
===Climate===
Geelong has stable weather, yet still offers four distinct seasons.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.filmgeelong.com.au/Geelong_at_a_Glance/Weather-Climate-Light/
|title=Weather/Climate/Light
|work=Film Geelong website
|access-date=2007-12-24
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101043157/http://www.filmgeelong.com.au/Geelong_at_a_Glance/Weather-Climate-Light/
|archive-date=1 November 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}</ref> It has a [[temperate]] [[oceanic climate]] (''Cfb'' in the [[Köppen climate classification]]) with dominant westerly winds, variable clouds, moderate [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]], warm summers, and mild to cool winters.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/coranregn.nsf/pages/corangamite_climate
|title=Climate
|work=Department of Primary Industries website
|access-date=2007-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/climate_averages/climate-classifications/index.jsp?maptype=tmp_zones#maps|title=Australian Climate Averages - Climate classifications|website=www.bom.gov.au}}</ref> February is the hottest month and July is the coldest.<ref name="bom-old">{{cite web
|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_087025_All.shtml
|title=Climate statistics for 'GEELONG SEC' 1870–1970
|work=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]
|access-date=2007-12-24}}</ref> The highest temperature recorded was {{convert|47.4|°C|°F|sigfig=4}} on [[Early 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave|7 February 2009]] during a two-week-long heat wave, with the lowest of {{convert|-4.4|°C|°F|sigfig=3}} recorded on 5 August 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_087113_All.shtml|title=Climate Averages for AVALON AIRPORT|work=Bureau of Meteorology|access-date=2007-12-25}}</ref> The average annual rainfall is around {{convert|520|mm|in|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}, which makes Geelong the driest sizeable city in Australia, owing to the pronounced [[rain shadow]] of the Otway Ranges to the southwest.<ref name="bom-old" /> Within the city, rainfall shows a strong gradient from south to north, so that the southernmost suburbs can receive around {{convert|700|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} whilst more northerly Lara receives as little as {{convert|425|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}, which is the lowest rainfall in southern Victoria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/agmet/images/vic_aarf.gif|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722025431/http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/agmet/images/vic_aarf.gif|url-status=dead|title=vic_aarf.gif (640x600 pixels)|date=22 July 2012|archive-date=22 July 2012}}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location = Geelong (Avalon Airport) 1995–2020 averages, 1995–present extremes
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|rain colour = green
|Jan record high C = 46.3
|Feb record high C = 47.9
|Mar record high C = 42.0
|Apr record high C = 36.1
|May record high C = 28.0
|Jun record high C = 23.6
|Jul record high C = 22.5
|Aug record high C = 25.9
|Sep record high C = 31.3
|Oct record high C = 37.8
|Nov record high C = 41.8
|Dec record high C = 45.8
|year record high C = 47.9
|Jan high C = 26.6
|Feb high C = 26.2
|Mar high C = 24.4
|Apr high C = 20.5
|May high C = 17.3
|Jun high C = 14.7
|Jul high C = 14.2
|Aug high C = 15.4
|Sep high C = 17.8
|Oct high C = 20.3
|Nov high C = 22.6
|Dec high C = 24.5
|year high C = 20.4
|Jan low C = 14.2
|Feb low C = 14.5
|Mar low C = 12.6
|Apr low C = 9.7
|May low C = 7.7
|Jun low C = 5.7
|Jul low C = 5.2
|Aug low C = 5.5
|Sep low C = 6.7
|Oct low C = 8.1
|Nov low C = 10.6
|Dec low C = 11.9
|year low C = 9.4
|Jan record low C = 4.5
|Feb record low C = 6.8
|Mar record low C = 2.9
|Apr record low C = 0.6
|May record low C = -1.3
|Jun record low C = -2.9
|Jul record low C = -4.0
|Aug record low C = -4.4
|Sep record low C = -1.7
|Oct record low C = 0.1
|Nov record low C = 2.6
|Dec record low C = 4.6
|year record low C = -4.4
|Jan rain mm = 31.1
|Feb rain mm = 35.0
|Mar rain mm = 24.8
|Apr rain mm = 39.8
|May rain mm = 32.4
|Jun rain mm = 40.5
|Jul rain mm = 36.1
|Aug rain mm = 38.3
|Sep rain mm = 40.2
|Oct rain mm = 40.9
|Nov rain mm = 50.7
|Dec rain mm = 28.5
|year rain mm = 439.2
|Jan rain days = 6.0
|Feb rain days = 5.7
|Mar rain days = 6.7
|Apr rain days = 9.7
|May rain days = 11.9
|Jun rain days = 13.8
|Jul rain days = 15.4
|Aug rain days = 15.2
|Sep rain days = 13.6
|Oct rain days = 12.0
|Nov rain days = 9.9
|Dec rain days = 8.5
|unit rain days = 0.2 mm
|humidity colour = green
|Jan afthumidity = 50
|Feb afthumidity = 49
|Mar afthumidity = 49
|Apr afthumidity = 56
|May afthumidity = 64
|Jun afthumidity = 68
|Jul afthumidity = 66
|Aug afthumidity = 62
|Sep afthumidity = 58
|Oct afthumidity = 53
|Nov afthumidity = 54
|Dec afthumidity = 53
|year humidity = 57
|source = Bureau of Meteorology, Avalon Airport (1991–2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=087113&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal
|title= Geelong (Avalon Airport) 1991–2020 averages |publisher= Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=20 March 2022 }}</ref>
|source 2= Bureau of Meteorology, Avalon Airport (all years)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_087113_All.shtml
|title= Geelong (Avalon Airport) all years |publisher= Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=20 March 2022 }}</ref>}}
==Economy==
[[File:ABS-6291.0.55.001-LabourForceAustraliaDetailed ElectronicDelivery-LabourForceStatusByLabourMarketRegionSex-Geelong-UnemploymentRate-Persons-A84599671C.svg|thumb|right|300px|Unemployment rate in the Geelong labour market region since 1998<ref>{{cite web|title=Geelong; Unemployment rate; Persons; series A84599671C|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/6291.0.55.001|work=6291.0.55.001 Labour Force, Australia, Detailed - Electronic Delivery|date=23 February 2023 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>]]
More than 10,000 businesses employ over 80,000 people in the Geelong region,<ref name="cogg-top10" /> with manufacturing and processing industries providing around 15,000 jobs, followed by 13,000 in retail, and 8,000 in health and community services.<ref name="cogg-top10" />
In 2020, the Committee for Geelong published a research paper [https://www.committeeforgeelong.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Johnson-et-al.-Resilient-Geelong-Research-Paper.pdf Resilient Geelong] which tracks the Geelong economy over several decades. Written [[Deakin University]]'s [https://www.deakin.edu.au/about-deakin/people/louise-johnson Prof Louise Johnson], Resilient Geelong makes a series of recommendations for the future of Geelong.
Geelong's major employers were the [[Ford Australia|Ford Motor Company]] engine plant in [[Norlane]] (closed in 2016), aircraft maintenance at [[Avalon Airport]], the head office of retail chain [[Target Australia]] (until 2018), the Bartter (Steggles) chicken processing plant and the [[Shell Australia|Shell]] oil refinery at Corio.<ref name = "fastfacts"/> [[GMHBA Limited]], a health insurance company, is headquartered in Geelong.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apra.gov.au/PHI/Pages/GMHBA-Limited.aspx |title=GMHBA Limited |website=apra.gov.au |publisher=APRA |access-date=11 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609210926/http://apra.gov.au/PHI/Pages/GMHBA-Limited.aspx |archive-date=9 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The Geelong region attracted over 6 million tourists during 2001.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongotway.org/admin/downloads/information/51506395215092004102141AM-stat.pdf
|title=Geelong Otway Region Domestic Visitation 2001
|work=Geelong Otway Tourism website
|access-date=2007-12-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928025012/http://www.geelongotway.org/admin/downloads/information/51506395215092004102141AM-stat.pdf
|archive-date=28 September 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}</ref> Major tourist attractions include the [[Waterfront Geelong]] precinct and [[Eastern Beach, Victoria|Eastern Beach]] on the shores of Corio Bay, and the National Wool Museum in the city, and more than 30 historical buildings listed on the [[Victorian Heritage Register]].<ref name=monash>{{cite web
|url = http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/ncas/multimedia/gazetteer/list/geelong.html
|title = Geelong
|work = Monash University place names gazette (link broken)
|access-date = 2007-12-16
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060825233821/http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/ncas/multimedia/gazetteer/list/geelong.html
|archive-date = 25 August 2006
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> The Geelong area hosts regular international events which are also tourist drawcards, including the [[Australian International Airshow]].
Geelong has a number of shopping precincts in the CBD and surrounding suburbs. The two main shopping centres are located in the CBD - [[Westfield Geelong]] and [[Market Square Shopping Centre|Market Square]], with smaller centres in the suburbs including Belmont Village and [[Waurn Ponds Shopping Centre]] in the south, Bellarine Village in [[Newcomb, Victoria|Newcomb]] in the east, and Corio Shopping Centre in the north.<ref name="cogg-top10" /> The opening of the major shopping centres has caused a decline in strip shopping on Moorabool Street, with many empty shops and few customers.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Sophie|last=Smith |title=While Moorabool St remains cold and empty |work=Geelong News |page=3 |date=2 July 2008 }}</ref> Geelong is also home to [[Mitre 10]]'s largest franchisee – Fagg's – operating five stores across the town and employing over 160 people.
These major research laboratories are located in the Geelong area: the [[CSIRO]] Australian Animal Health Laboratory in East Geelong,<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian Animal Health Laboratory |url=http://www.csiro.au/en/Organisation-Structure/National-Facilities/Australian-Animal-Health-Laboratory.aspx |work=CSIRO |access-date=26 May 2013 |date=May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603042126/http://www.csiro.au/en/Organisation-Structure/National-Facilities/Australian-Animal-Health-Laboratory.aspx |archive-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> CSIRO Division of Textiles and Fibres Technology in Belmont,<ref>{{cite web|title=Geelong: Belmont, Vic (CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering) |url=http://www.csiro.au/en/Organisation-Structure/Divisions/CMSE/Belmont.aspx |work=CSIRO |access-date=26 May 2013 |date=May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511012743/http://www.csiro.au/en/Organisation-Structure/Divisions/CMSE/Belmont.aspx |archive-date=11 May 2013}}</ref> and the Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute at Queenscliff.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute (MAFRI) (1996 - )|url=http://www.eoas.info/biogs/A001130b.htm|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Australian Science|access-date=26 May 2013|year=2010}}</ref>
The scheduled closure of [[Ford Australia|Ford's]] Australian manufacturing base in 2016 was confirmed in late May 2013. Headquartered in the Victorian suburb of [[Broadmeadows, Victoria|Broadmeadows]], the company had registered losses of AU$600 million over the five years prior to the announcement. It was noted that the corporate fleet and government sales that accounted for two-thirds of large, local car sales in Australia were insufficient to keep Ford's products profitable and viable in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ford's exit spells the end of the road for manufacturing|url=http://theconversation.com/fords-exit-spells-the-end-of-the-road-for-manufacturing-14594|work=The Conversation Australia|publisher=The Conversation Media Group|access-date=26 May 2013|first=Remy|last=Davison|date=24 May 2013}}</ref>
Following the decision by [[Shell Australia|Shell]] to close its Geelong refinery in April 2013, a third consecutive annual loss was recorded for Shell's Australian refining and fuel marketing assets. Revealed in June 2013, the writedown is worth AU$203 million, and was preceded by a $638-million writedown in 2012 and a $407-million writedown in 2011 after the closure of the [[Clyde Refinery]] in [[Sydney]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Geelong refinery writedown hits Shell for $203m|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/companies/geelong-refinery-writedown-hits-shell-for-203m/story-fn91v9q3-1226656526907?net_sub_uid=44933799|access-date=6 June 2013|newspaper=The Australian|date=4 June 2013|author=Matt Chambers}}</ref>
In April 2016 Target announced that it would be moving its headquarters out of [[North Geelong]] to [[Williams Landing]] in Melbourne's west.<ref name="news-target-gone">{{cite news|title=Up to 180 jobs to be slashed as Target announces shut down of Geelong headquarters|url=http://www.9news.com.au/national/2016/04/14/15/50/target-to-axe-180-jobs-as-they-shut-down-geelong-headquarters|access-date=14 April 2016|work=9news.com|date=14 April 2016}}</ref>
==Demographics==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear: right; margin:7px; text-size:80%; text-align:right"
|-
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Population over time<ref name="gex150" />
|-
|1841
|454
|-
|1846
|2,065
|-
|1851
|8,291
|-
|1854
|20,115
|-
|1861
|22,929
|-
|1891
|17,445
|-
|1901
|25,017
|-
|1907
|28,021
|-
|1921
|31,689
|-
|1933
|39,223
|-
|1946
|51,000
|-
|1954
|72,995
|-
|1961
|91,666
|-
|1966
|105,059
|-
|1976
|122,080
|-
|1981
|141,279
|-
|1988
|146,349
|-
| 2006
| 160,991
|-
| 2009
| 179,971
|-
| 2010
| 184,583
|}
As of the 2006 [[census]], 160,000 people resided in 68,000 households. The [[median (statistics)|median]] age of persons in Geelong was 37 years. About 19.4% of the population of Geelong were children aged between 0–14 years, and 26.6% were persons aged 55 years and over.<ref name="2011 Census QuickStat">{{Census 2011 AUS|id=UCL203001|name=Geelong|quick=on}}</ref> Each dwelling is on average occupied by 2.59 persons, slightly lower than the state and national averages.<ref name="coggdec2007">{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Media_Releases/Solid_economic_growth_driving_Geelong_prosperity/
|title=Solid economic growth driving Geelong prosperity
|work=City of Greater Geelong website
|date=4 December 2007
|access-date=2007-12-29
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216204006/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Media_Releases/Solid_economic_growth_driving_Geelong_prosperity/
|archive-date=16 December 2007
|url-status=live
|df=dmy
}}</ref> The median household income was $901 per week, $121 less than the state average, partly due to higher reliance on manufacturing for employment.<ref name="coggdec2007" /> The population of Geelong is growing by 2500 people each year,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2007/12/07/9510_news.html
|title=Geelong's population surges
|date=7 December 2007
|work=[[Geelong Advertiser]] website
|access-date=2007-12-29}}</ref> and the City of Greater Geelong had the highest rate of building activity in Victoria outside metropolitan Melbourne.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/bc348d5912436a9cca256cfc0082d800/d3a895de9a7a63b1ca256fa500247ee5!OpenDocument
|title = GEELONG REGION CONTINUES TO GROW
|work = Press release from the state Minister of Planning
|date = 10 February 2005
|access-date = 2007-12-29
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120112140802/http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/bc348d5912436a9cca256cfc0082d800/d3a895de9a7a63b1ca256fa500247ee5!OpenDocument
|archive-date = 12 January 2012
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
About 78.4% of people from Geelong are Australian-born, with the most common overseas birthplaces being: [[England]] (3.6%), [[Italy]] (1.1%), [[Croatia]] (1.0%), the [[Netherlands]] (0.9%), and [[Scotland]] (0.8%). Around 14.2% of households speak a language other than [[English (language)|English]] in the home.<ref name="2011 Census QuickStat" /> Notable ethnic groups in the city are the [[Croats|Croatian]] community, who first came to the city in the 1850s<ref>{{Cite book
| last = Šutalo
| first = Ilija
| title = Croatians in Australia: Pioneers, Settlers and Their Descendants
| publisher = Wakefield Press
| year= 2004
| isbn = 1-86254-651-7 }}</ref> and with migration since World War II are now the largest Croatian community in Australia,<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://newgeneration.croatianherald.com/Feature/tabid/98/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/2151/Federal-Elections-2007.aspx
|title = Geelong Croatian voters to have significant say in Corio electorate
|first = Tonci
|last = Prusac
|work = The New Generation (Croatian Herald English supplement)
|date = 28 October 2007
|access-date = 2007-12-29
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080721001831/http://www.newgeneration.croatianherald.com/Feature/tabid/98/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/2151/Federal-Elections-2007.aspx
|archive-date = 21 July 2008
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> and the German settlers who founded Germantown (now Grovedale) in 1849 to escape repression in [[Prussia]] for their [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] faith.<ref name="southbarwon">{{Cite book
| last = Pescott
| first = John
| title = South Barwon 1857–1985
| publisher = Neptune Press
| isbn = 0-949583-53-7
| year = 1985 }}</ref>
[[File:Basilica St Mary of the Angels, Geelong.jpg|thumb|left|St Mary of the Angels Basilica]]
The 2006 census found the most common religious affiliation in Geelong was [[Catholic Church in Australia|Catholicism]] at 29.4%. [[St. Mary of the Angels Basilica, Geelong|St. Mary of the Angels Basilica]] is the largest congregation in the city. Other affiliations of resident of Geelong include [[Irreligion|no religion]] 20.5%, [[Anglican]] 14.6%, [[Uniting Church]] 7.9%, and [[List of Presbyterian denominations in Australia|Presbyterian and Reformed]] at 4.3%.<ref name="abs">{{Census 2006 AUS|id=2024|name=Geelong (VIC) (Statistical District)|quick=on}}</ref> The city has a large number of traditional Christian churches, as well as [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]] churches in the northern suburbs.
==Governance==
[[File:City Hall, Geelong-Victoria-Australia, 2007.jpg|thumb|Geelong City Hall]]
In [[Local government in Australia|local government]], the Geelong region is covered by the [[City of Greater Geelong]]. The council was created in 1993 as an amalgamation of a number of other [[municipality|municipalities]] in the region,<ref name="coggcreation">{{cite web|url=http://www.audit.vic.gov.au/reports_mp_psa/psa0105_hard.html |title=Sale of Harding Park, Geelong |work=Victorian Auditor-General's Office |access-date=2007-07-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903102449/http://www.audit.vic.gov.au/reports_mp_psa/psa0105_hard.html |archive-date=3 September 2007 }}</ref> with the council chambers located at the [[Geelong Town Hall|Geelong City Hall]] in central Geelong. The City is made up of four [[Ward (country subdivision)|wards]] - Brownbill (central Geelong and inner suburbs), Bellarine, Kardinia (southern Geelong, south of the Barwon River) and Windermere (northern suburbs). Brownbill, Kardinia and Bellarine are each represented by three councillors, whereas Windermere is represented by two.<ref name="coggofficial">{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Accessing_Council/Elections/Who_can_be_a_Councillor/
|title=Who can be a Councillor
|work=City of Greater Geelong website
|access-date=2007-07-01
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902121122/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Accessing_Council/Elections/Who_can_be_a_Councillor/
|archive-date=2 September 2007
|url-status=live
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
From 2012 to 2016, the [[Mayor of Geelong]] was directly elected by the public to a four-year term.<ref name="coggofficial" /> Entrepreneur and former [[paparazzo]] [[Darryn Lyons]] held this position from 2013 to 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Geelong mayor Darryn Lyons pumps up brilliant Bellarine|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/news/geelong/geelong-mayor-darryn-lyons-pumps-up-brilliant-bellarine/story-fnjuhovy-1226775203655|access-date=6 December 2013|newspaper=[[Geelong Advertiser]]|date=4 December 2013|author=Grant Payne}}</ref>
On 16 April 2016,<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Vic|act|lggcca2016430|Local Government (Greater Geelong City Council) Act 2016|2}}</ref> the [[Victorian Government]] dismissed the Mayor and Councillors of the [[City of Greater Geelong#Council|Greater Geelong City Council]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Dismissal of Greater Geelong City Council|url=http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/dismissal-of-greater-geelong-city-council/|website=Premier of Victoria|access-date=28 April 2016|date=12 April 2016|archive-date=15 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415182632/http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/dismissal-of-greater-geelong-city-council/|url-status=dead}}</ref> following a Commission of Inquiry which found that the council is riven with conflict, unable to manage Geelong's economic challenges, has dysfunctional leadership and has a culture of bullying.<ref>{{cite web|website=State Government of Victoria|title=Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Greater Geelong City Council|url=http://www.vic.gov.au/news/report-of-the-commission-of-inquiry-into-greater-geelong-city-council.html|access-date=28 April 2016|date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629235606/http://www.vic.gov.au/news/report-of-the-commission-of-inquiry-into-greater-geelong-city-council.html|archive-date=29 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The government appointed administrators to run the council until council elections were held in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geelong Council officially sacked, elections to be held in 2017, as bill passes Parliament|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-14/geelong-council-elections-could-be-held-as-early-as-next-year/7326368|website=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=28 April 2016|date=14 April 2016}}</ref> In 2023, the Victorian Government announced that it would appoint monitors to oversee the appointment of a new CEO.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monitors To Oversee CEO Appointment At Geelong Council {{!}} Premier of Victoria |url=http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/site-4/monitors-oversee-ceo-appointment-geelong-council |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=www.premier.vic.gov.au |language=en}}</ref>
In [[Politics of Victoria|state politics]], the [[Victorian Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] districts of [[Electoral district of Geelong|Geelong]], [[Electoral district of South Barwon|South Barwon]], [[Electoral district of Lara|Lara]], and [[Electoral district of Bellarine|Bellarine]] cover the Geelong area. After the 2022 Victorian Election, all four of these electorates are held by the [[Australian Labor Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=State Election 2006 Results: Electorate swings |url=http://www.vec.vic.gov.au/electorateswing.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130000929/http://www.vec.vic.gov.au/electorateswing.html |archive-date=30 November 2007 |access-date=2007-12-16 |work=Victorian Electoral Commission website |df=dmy}}</ref> Lara and Geelong are currently safe Labor seats with South Barwon increasing its margin and Bellarine more marginal.
On 12 February 2020, Minister for Planning [[Richard Wynne|Richard Wynn]] established Geelong Authority to advise on strategies to attract investment to central Geelong and on major planning applications to help create jobs and drive growth in Geelong.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Geelong Authority To Boost Investment And Drive Jobs {{!}} Premier of Victoria|url=http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/geelong-authority-boost-investment-and-drive-jobs|access-date=2020-09-20|website=www.premier.vic.gov.au|language=en}}</ref> The committee is chaired by Diana Taylor (lawyer) and consists of Mark Edmonds (former Chairman of Geelong Chamber of Commerce), Aamir Qutub (CEO of Enterprise Monkey), Jill Smith (former General Manager of [[Geelong Arts Centre]]) and Rory Costelloe (Executive Director of Villawood Properties)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Geelong|first=Revitalising Central|date=2020-04-29|title=Geelong Authority|url=https://www.revitalisingcentralgeelong.vic.gov.au/about-us/geelong-authority|access-date=2020-09-20|website=Revitalising Central Geelong|language=en}}</ref> and Dr Sarah Leach.
In [[Politics of Australia|federal politics]], the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] seats - the [[Division of Corio]] and [[Division of Corangamite]] cover the Geelong region. Corio roughly covers the northern half of Geelong and has been a safe [[Australian Labor Party]] seat since the 1970s, but was previously the seat of [[Richard Casey, Baron Casey|Richard Casey]], a leading conservative Cabinet member in the 1930s and later [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]], as well as [[Hubert Opperman]], a former cycling champion and a prominent minister in the 1960s. It was also the seat of [[Gordon Scholes]], who was [[Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives|Speaker]] during the [[Gough Whitlam|Whitlam]] government. Corio is currently held by Deputy Prime Minister [[Richard Marles]].
Corangamite, which roughly includes the southern half of Geelong as well as the Bellarine Peninsula, has traditionally been safe for the Liberal Party, but become more marginal in recent years due to demographic changes and redistributions.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/c/Corio.htm
|title=Divisional Profiles: Corio
|work=Australian Electoral Commission website
|access-date=2007-12-16}}</ref> Corangamite had been a safe seat for the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]] and its predecessors from the 1930s through the 2000s. Future [[Prime Minister of Australia]] [[James Scullin]] served one term in this seat in the 1910s.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/c/Corangamite.htm
|title=Divisional Profiles: Corangamite
|work=Australian Electoral Commission website
|access-date=2007-12-16}}</ref> It was won by the Australian Labor Party at the [[2019 Australian federal election|2019 federal election]] and again in 2022 by [[Libby Coker]] where the margin was increased.
==Culture==
===Events and festivals===
[[File:Geelong Library 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Geelong Library and Heritage Centre]]]]
The [[Royal Geelong Show]] is held each year at the [[Geelong Showgrounds]]. Other events include [[Pako Festa]] (held annually in February),<ref>{{cite web|title=Pako Festa|url=http://www.intown.com.au/events/pako-festa.htm|work=Intown|publisher=Intown Entertainment|access-date=22 April 2013|year=1998–2013}}</ref> [[Gala Day|Gala Day Parade]] (annual event that celebrated its 96th year in 2012)<ref>{{cite web|title=2012 Gala Day Geelong ... a huge success!|url=http://www.gforce.org.au/news/article,documentid,4065.aspx|work=Gforce Employment Solutions|access-date=22 April 2013|date=19 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425105247/http://www.gforce.org.au/news/article,documentId,4065.aspx|archive-date=25 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Family Fun Day (held annually as part of the Gala Day celebrations),<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala Day Geelong 2012|url=http://www.weekendnotes.com.au/gala-day-geelong/|work=Weekend Notes|publisher=On Topic Media PTY LTD|access-date=22 April 2013|year=2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518083317/http://www.weekendnotes.com.au/gala-day-geelong/|archive-date=18 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the Geelong Heritage Festival that is run by the local branch of the National Trust.<ref>{{cite news|title=Geelong World Heritage Day|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2009/04/11/61981_news.html|access-date=22 April 2013|newspaper=The [[Geelong Advertiser]]|date=11 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Geelong World Heritage Day|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2009/04/11/61981_news.html|access-date=22 April 2013|newspaper=The [[Geelong Advertiser]]|date=12 April 2009}}</ref> The Gala Day Parade was axed in 2023.
Geelong hosts Victoria's only international photographic salon 'VIGEX' every two years. VIGEX is an acronym for "VIctoria Geelong EXhibition" and the inaugural event was held in 1980. The Australian Photographic Society, the world governing body of exhibition photography the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Art Photographique|International Federation of Photographic Art]] and the Victorian Association of Photographic Societies are patrons of the biennial photographic salon.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is Vigex?|url=http://www.vigex.org.au/about-us.htm|work=Vigex, Inc|access-date=22 April 2013|year=1980–2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410072446/http://vigex.org.au/about-us.htm|archive-date=10 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Geelong's History is preserved through both the Geelong Historical Society, and the associated [[Geelong Heritage Centre]] currently housed in the new regional library<ref>{{Cite web |title=About The Dome {{!}} Geelong Regional Libraries |url=https://www.grlc.vic.gov.au/glhc/about-dome |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=www.grlc.vic.gov.au}}</ref> building opened in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sourceable.net/library-heritage-centre-geelong-landmark/#|title=Library and Heritage Centre to Be a Geelong Landmark|date=14 January 2014|access-date=17 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094806/https://sourceable.net/library-heritage-centre-geelong-landmark/|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Now defunct, Geelong hosted a digital conference Pivot Summit which was headlined by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] Co-founder [[Steve Wozniak]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-09-08|title=Jobs genius to add some star power|url=https://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/news/apple-cofounder-steve-wozniak-to-headline-geelong-technology-event/news-story/4fc16943c9f8c8200a0719c4bae70a94|access-date=2020-09-17|newspaper=Geelong Advertiser|language=en}}</ref>
===Arts and entertainment===
[[File:Geelong Gallery from Johnstone Park.jpg|thumb|The [[Geelong Art Gallery]]]]
Recognising a long history in design excellence, Geelong was designated as a [[Design Cities (UNESCO)|UNESCO Creative City of Design]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Designated UNESCO Creative City |url=https://www.geelongcityofdesign.com.au/ |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Geelong City of Design |language=en-AU}}</ref>
Geelong is home to a number of [[pubs]], [[nightclubs]], and live-music venues. The city is also the birthplace or starting point for a number of notable Australian bands and musicians, such as [[Barry Crocker]], [[Gyan Evans]], [[Magic Dirt]], [[Jeff Lang]], [[Denis Walter]], [[Chrissy Amphlett]], and [[Helen Garner]].<ref>*{{cite web|url=http://www.barrycrocker.net/about.htm|title=About Barry|work=Barry Crocker official website|access-date=2007-12-30|archive-date=3 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303024055/http://www.barrycrocker.net/about.htm|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.gyan.com.au/bio.htm|title=Gyan Evans bio|work=Gyan Evans official website|access-date=2007-12-30|archive-date=20 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020153645/http://gyan.com.au/bio.htm|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p194880|pure_url=yes}}|title=Magic Dirt overview|work=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=2007-12-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.jefflang.com.au/pressage.htm|title=Press: Middle-ground Man|work=Jeff Lang official website|access-date=2007-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829102318/http://www.jefflang.com.au/pressage.htm|archive-date=29 August 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.mytalk.com.au/Stations_OLD/Talk/3AW/Pages/ProfileDenisWalter.aspx|title=Denis Walter profile|work=My Talk|access-date=2007-12-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820113144/http://www.mytalk.com.au/Stations_OLD/Talk/3AW/Pages/ProfileDenisWalter.aspx|archive-date=20 August 2008}}
*{{cite news|title=Chrissy Amphlett dead at 53|url=http://m.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/chrissy-amphlett-dead-at-53-20130422-2ia30.html|access-date=22 April 2013|newspaper=The Age|date=22 April 2013}}
*{{cite web|title=Helen Garner|work=[[Penguin Books]]|url=https://www.penguin.com.au/authors/helen-garner|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403173759/https://www.penguin.com.au/authors/helen-garner|archive-date=3 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Geelong also hosts music festivals such as the [[Meredith Music Festival]], [[Offshore Festival]], Poppykettle Festival, and National Celtic Festival.
The city's prominent cultural venues are the [[Geelong Performing Arts Centre]] (commonly known as "GPAC"),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gpac.org.au/venue/default.aspx|title=The Venues|work=Geelong Performing Arts Centre website|access-date=2007-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830183937/http://www.gpac.org.au/venue/default.aspx|archive-date=30 August 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> the 1500-seat Costa Hall auditorium and the [[Geelong Art Gallery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Arts_and_Culture/Arts_Venues/|title=Arts Venues |work=City of Greater Geelong website |access-date=2007-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902154410/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Arts_and_Culture/Arts_Venues/|archive-date=2 September 2007|url-status=live|df=dmy }}</ref>
Based in Geelong, [[Back to Back Theatre]] is a globally renown, contemporary Australian theatre companies engaging with disability on stage. With work produced by the company, Back to Back Theatre explores questions about politics, ethics and philosophy in humanity and tours nationally and globally. In 2022, Back to Back Theatre was awarded the $300,000 [[International Ibsen Award]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-20 |title=Japan to Vienna, New York to London: the famous Australian theatre ensemble you've probably never heard of |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-21/australian-back-to-back-theatre-group-wins-ibsen-award/100924732 |access-date=2022-10-16}}</ref>
Local community-led, not for profit Creative Geelong Inc<ref>{{Cite web |title=Creative Geelong |url=http://www.creativegeelong.com.au/index.html |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=www.creativegeelong.com.au |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309033811/http://www.creativegeelong.com.au/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> was established in 2015 to support local creatives and highlight the opportunities for creative industries practitioners in the region. In 2017, Creative Geelong partnered with [[Deakin University]] to crowdfund and produce three documentaries about Geelong's transformation from a heavy manufacturing hub to a creative destination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hubcaps to Creative Hubs |url=http://www.cv.vic.gov.au/stories/built-environment/hubcaps-to-creative-hubs/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=Culture Victoria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Freeman |first1=Cristina Garduño |last2=Gray |first2=Fiona |last3=Novacevski |first3=Matt |title=How crowdfunding can connect people to their heritage and community |url=http://theconversation.com/how-crowdfunding-can-connect-people-to-their-heritage-and-community-69615 |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=The Conversation |date=27 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Hubcaps to Creative Hubs series showcase three locations in Geelong including the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vj7ZaH8FJGI Federal Woollen Mills], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7BEdEeM9aPs RS&S Woollen Mills] and the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UG8-nMg0LJA Fyansford Paper Mills] and tells the story of their industrial past and new purpose as creative hot spots.
===Media===
The ''[[Geelong Advertiser]]'', the oldest newspaper title in Victoria and the second-oldest in Australia,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/about.html
|title=About The Geelong Advertiser
|work=[[Geelong Advertiser]] website
|access-date=2007-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.wan-press.org/article2823.html
|title=Oldest newspapers still in circulation
|work=World Association of Newspapers website
|access-date=2007-12-24
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040107070325/http://www.wan-press.org/article2823.html
|archive-date=7 January 2004
}}</ref> was established in 1840. The free ''[[Geelong Independent]]'' and ''[[Geelong News]]'' are the city's other major newspapers.
Geelong is part of the Melbourne television licence area, and receives all of the [[free-to-air]] stations from Melbourne, including [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]], [[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]], [[Seven Network|Seven]], [[Nine Network|Nine]], [[Network 10|Ten]], and the community channel [[C31 Melbourne|C31]]. The Geelong region also receives [[cable television|cable]] and [[satellite television]] services through operators [[Foxtel]] and [[Neighbourhood Cable]].
The local radio stations are [[K Rock 95.5|K-Rock]] (rock and pop music), [[Rhema FM]] (Christian community station), [[KIX Country|Hot Country Radio]] (country music station), [[94.7 The Pulse|The Pulse]] (community station), [[3GPH]] (radio reading service), and [[Bay 93.9|Bay FM]] (adult contemporary music). The transmitters for K-Rock, The Pulse, Rhema FM, and Bay FM are located at a shared transmitter site on Mount Bellarine, near [[Drysdale, Victoria|Drysdale]]. Most Melbourne-based radio stations can also be received clearly in the Geelong region.
===Sport===
[[File:Aerial perspective of Kardinia Park stadium.jpg|thumb|Aerial perspective of GMHBA stadium, home of the Geelong Cats]]
[[Australian rules football]] is the most popular sport in Geelong. Established in 1859, the [[Geelong Football Club]] is the [[List of Australian rules football clubs by date of establishment|second oldest club]]<ref name="gfc">{{cite web
|url = http://www.gfc.com.au/TheClub/History/GFCHistory/tabid/4015/Default.aspx
|title = Geelong Football Club history
|work = Geelong Football Club
|access-date = 2007-12-22
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071211060547/http://www.gfc.com.au/TheClub/History/GFCHistory/tabid/4015/Default.aspx
|archive-date = 11 December 2007
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> in the [[Australian Football League]] (AFL) and one of the world's [[oldest football clubs]]. Until [[Sydney Swans|South Melbourne]] relocated to Sydney in 1981, it was the only VFL/AFL club based outside of the greater Melbourne metropolitan area. Its home ground is [[Kardinia Park (stadium)|Kardinia Park]] stadium. It also fields a reserves side in the [[Victorian Football League]],<ref name="gfc"/> and three independent football leagues run in the area: the [[Geelong Football League]], the [[Geelong & District Football League]], and the [[Bellarine Football League]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2008/05/24/14299_opinion.html
|title=Kick to kick
|work=The [[Geelong Advertiser]]
|date=24 May 2008
|first=DARYL|last=McLURE
|publisher=geelongadvertiser.com.au
|access-date=2008-11-10
}}</ref>
The [[Geelong Arena]] in North Geelong is the home of the [[Geelong Supercats]] basketball team, and was also used during the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]] for basketball games.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www1.dvc.vic.gov.au/ocgc/traffic%20and%20transport/guide/the-arena-geelong.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060319141613/http://www1.dvc.vic.gov.au/ocgc/traffic%20and%20transport/guide/the-arena-geelong.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=19 March 2006
|title=The Arena, Geelong
|work=Office of Commonwealth Games Coordination website
|access-date=2007-12-22
|df=dmy
}}</ref> The Geelong Basketball and Netball Centre was formerly the home to another basketball team from the region, the [[Corio Bay Stingrays]].<ref>[http://www.bigv.com.au/index.php?id=1049 Corio Bay Stingrays – Big V] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208070518/http://www.bigv.com.au/index.php?id=1049 |date=8 December 2015 }}</ref>
The city co-hosted the [[2003 FIBA Oceania Championship]] where [[Australia's national basketball team]] won the gold medal.
[[North Geelong Warriors FC]] are the region's primary soccer club, playing in the [[National Premier Leagues Victoria]] competition. The club played in the [[Victorian Premier League]] from 1992 to 1997 and in the top tier of the NPL in 2015. Other soccer clubs include Northern based [[Geelong Rangers FC]], [[Geelong SC]], [[Corio SC]], [[Lara United FC]] and Southern based [[Surf Coast SC]]. [[Western United]] play a few home games every year in [[GMHBA stadium]], Geelong is included in the marketing for the club in western victoria.
Geelong has a [[Thoroughbred racing in Australia|horse-racing club]], the Geelong Racing Club, which schedules around 22 race meetings a year, including the [[Geelong Cup]] meeting in October.<ref name="RaceClub">{{cite web|last=Country Racing Victoria |title=Alexandra Race Club |url=http://www.countryracing.com.au/index.php?option=com_club_info&club=59&Itemid=80 |access-date=2009-05-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803131021/http://countryracing.com.au/index.php?option=com_club_info&club=59&Itemid=80 |archive-date=3 August 2008}}</ref> The Geelong Cup was first run in 1872,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.grc.com.au/cuppastwinners.htm
|title=Past Winners
|work=Geelong Racing Club website
|access-date=2007-12-22
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009151425/http://www.grc.com.au/cuppastwinners.htm
|archive-date=9 October 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}</ref> and is considered one of the most reliable guides to the result of the [[Melbourne Cup]].<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/horse-racing/geelong-cup-again-a-good-guide/2007/10/22/1192940984902.html
|title=Geelong Cup again a good guide
|work=The Age website
|date=23 October 2007
|access-date=2007-12-22
| location=Melbourne
|first=Andrew
|last=Eddy}}</ref> It also has a [[Picnic horse racing|picnic horse-racing club]], Geelong St Patricks Racing Club, which holds its one race meeting a year in February.<ref name="RaceClub2">{{cite web|last=Country Racing Victoria |title=Geelong St Patricks Racing Club |url=http://www.countryracing.com.au/index.php?option=com_club_info&club=77&Itemid=80 |access-date=2009-05-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803233436/http://countryracing.com.au/index.php?option=com_club_info&club=77&Itemid=80 |archive-date=3 August 2008}}</ref>
Geelong [[Harness racing|Harness Racing]] Club conducts regular meetings at its racetrack at Corio,<ref name = "harness">{{cite web
| last = Australian Harness Racing | title = Geelong | url = http://www.harness.org.au/geelong/geelong.cfm?fromstate=vic | access-date = 2009-05-11
}}</ref> and the Geelong [[Greyhound racing|Greyhound Racing]] Club holds regular meetings.<ref name="dogs">{{cite web|last=Greyhound Racing Victoria |title=Geelong |url=http://geelong.grv.org.au/index.html |access-date=2009-04-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421041102/http://geelong.grv.org.au/index.html |archive-date=21 April 2009}}</ref>
Founded in 1882, the Geelong Lawn Tennis Club has 27 tennis courts and plays host to a number of tennis tournaments including the Davis Cup tie between Australia and China in 2012.
[[File:Robbie McEwen 2007 Bay Cycling Classic 1.jpg|thumb|[[2007 Bay Classic Series]] at Eastern Beach]]
The [[Eastern Beach, Victoria|Eastern Beach]] foreshore and nearby Eastern Gardens regularly host internationally televised [[triathlon]]s, and annual [[sports car]] and [[racing car]] events such as the Geelong Speed Trials.<ref name=speedtrials>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongspeedtrials.com
|title=Home Page
|work=Geelong Speed Trials
|access-date=2007-12-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805235601/http://geelongspeedtrials.com/
|archive-date=5 August 2018
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
Corio Bay is also host to many sailing and yachting events. Geelong also has many golf courses, sporting and recreation ovals, and playing fields, as well as facilities for [[water skiing]], [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]], [[fishing]], [[hiking]], and [[Greyhound racing|greyhound]] and [[harness racing]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Services_In_Geelong/Sports_and_Recreation/Reserves_Listing/
|title=Reserves Listing
|work=City of Greater Geelong website
|access-date=2007-12-22
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214142509/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Services_In_Geelong/Sports_and_Recreation/Reserves_Listing/
|archive-date=14 December 2007
|url-status=live
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
Geelong Athletics holds competitions during both the summer and winter, including high-profile events such as Victorian and sometimes national and international track and field meets.
Geelong is home to Australia's largest indoor [[skate park]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Skaters celebrate the wheel thing|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2013/06/21/367639_news.html|access-date=8 September 2013|newspaper=[[Geelong Advertiser]]|date=21 June 2013|author=Courtney Crane}}</ref> and has "more skate parks per capita than any other municipality in Australia."<ref>{{cite web|title=Skate Parks in Geelong |url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/ct/task/article/item/8cbdd8ebe56a8c6.aspx |work=City of Greater Geelong |access-date=8 September 2013 |year=2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001557/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/ct/task/article/item/8cbdd8ebe56a8c6.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>
Geelong is also the birthplace of [[Bev Francis]], an IFBB professional Australian [[female bodybuilding|female bodybuilder]], [[powerlifting|powerlifter]], and national [[shot put]] champion.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ifbbpro.com/hall-of-fame-welcome-message/bev-francis/
|title = IFBB Hall of Fame Inductees for 2000
|publisher = [[International Federation of Bodybuilding and Fitness]]
|access-date = 28 April 2010
|archive-date = 25 October 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111025130543/http://www.ifbbpro.com/hall-of-fame-welcome-message/bev-francis/
|url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.australia-bodybuilding.com/bevfrancis.htm |title=Bev Francis, Biography Page |publisher=Australia Bodybuilding |year=2009 |access-date=28 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810162826/http://www.australia-bodybuilding.com/bevfrancis.htm |archive-date=10 August 2010 }}</ref>
The [[Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race]], named in honour of the [[Tour de France]] winner and 2009 World Champion starts in the city. It then goes through [[Barwon Heads]] on the [[Bellarine Peninsula]], passing by the famous surf beach of [[Bells Beach]] in [[Surf Coast Shire]] and continuing along the [[Great Ocean Road]]. The race then heads via rolling hills back to Geelong for three circuits of the city before a waterfront finish. The race generally suits ''[[puncheur]]s'' who are capable of getting into breakaways and can easily climb short, steep hills.<ref name="2017CN">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/uci-expands-worldtour-to-37-events/ |title=UCI expands WorldTour to 37 events |access-date=2 October 2016 |work=Cycling News|date=2 August 2016 }}</ref><ref name="2017UCI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uci.ch/pressreleases/the-uci-reveals-expanded-uci-worldtour-calendar-for-207/ |title=The UCI reveals expanded UCI WorldTour calendar for 2017 |access-date=2 October 2016 |work=UCI}}</ref>
The city's [[Kardinia Park (stadium)|Kardinia Park Stadium]] hosted the first match of the 2022 Men's [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup|T20 cricket World Cup]]. Along with other cities in regional Victoria, Geelong was scheduled host the [[2026 Commonwealth Games]] until they were cancelled.<ref>[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-18/victoria-commonwealth-games-announcement-daniel-andrews/102613156 Victoria to axe Commonwealth Games plans due to financial constraints] ''[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]'' 18 July 2023</ref>
The Geelong Sharks compete in the state's Rugby League competition run by [[NRL Victoria]].
==Public services==
===Education===
{{Main|List of schools in Geelong}}
[[File:Gordon institute of tafe building, geelong.jpg|thumb|The [[Gordon Institute of TAFE]] building in Fenwick Street]]
Geelong is served by a number of [[public education|public]] and [[private education|private]] schools that cater to local and overseas students. Over 40,000 primary and secondary students are enrolled in schools in Geelong, with another 27,000 students enrolled in tertiary and further education programs.<ref name="cogg-top10" /> The first schools in Geelong were established when the town was settled from the 1850s, among them were the historic private schools [[The Geelong College]] and [[Geelong Grammar School]].<ref name="fastfacts">{{cite web
|url=http://www.biogeelong.com.au/library/pdf/5240/67.pdf
|title=Geelong Fast Facts
|work=City of Greater Geelong website
|access-date=2007-12-30
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829045722/http://www.biogeelong.com.au/library/pdf/5240/67.pdf
|archive-date=29 August 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
Geelong is also home to the oldest state secondary school in Victoria, [[Geelong High School]], which has been serving the community since 1905, for over 100 years.
The Gordon Memorial Technical College opened in 1888, and is known today as the [[Gordon Institute of TAFE]].<ref name="gex150" /> In 1976, the Gordon Institute was divided into two parts, with academic courses becoming part of the newly formed Deakin University based at the [[Waurn Ponds]] campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gordontafe.edu.au/index.cfm?action=2&secAction=7&terAction=2&pageAction=2 |title=History 1941 - Today |work=Gordon Institute of TAFE website |access-date=2007-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903080950/http://www.gordontafe.edu.au/index.cfm?action=2&secAction=7&terAction=2&pageAction=2 |archive-date=3 September 2007 }}</ref> [[Deakin University]] enrolled its first students at its Waurn Ponds campus in 1977. Today, the university is located on a 365-ha site at Waurn Ponds and has over 1,000 staff and over 4,000 on-campus students.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.deakin.edu.au/campuses/waurnponds.php
|title=Waurn Ponds campus
|work=Deakin University website
|access-date=2007-12-19
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209034015/http://www.deakin.edu.au/campuses/waurnponds.php
|archive-date=9 February 2008
}}</ref> The university also has a campus located on the waterfront of Corio Bay in the Geelong CBD,<ref name="deakin.edu.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.deakin.edu.au/life-at-deakin/our-locations/geelong-waterfront-campus|title=Geelong Waterfront Campus - Deakin|first=Deakin|last=University|website=www.deakin.edu.au}}</ref> a campus in Burwood, Melbourne,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deakin.edu.au/life-at-deakin/our-locations/melbourne-burwood-campus|title=Melbourne Burwood Campus - Deakin|first=Deakin|last=University|website=www.deakin.edu.au}}</ref> and a campus in Warrnambool, in Western Victoria.<ref name="deakin.edu.au"/> From 2008 the campus at Waurn Ponds also has been home to Victoria's first regional medical school.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2007/09/18/6933_news.html
|title=Deakin medical school begins search for students
|date=18 September 2007
|work=[[Geelong Advertiser]] website
|access-date=2007-12-30}}</ref>
===Health===
[[File:Geelong-hospital.jpg|thumb|Main entrance to Geelong Hospital]]
The major public health service is [[Barwon Health]], which operates 21 separate health sites including [[University Hospital Geelong]] on Ryrie Street, and the McKellar Centre on Ballarat Road. Barwon Health services the entire region. The largest [[private hospital]] is the nearby [[St John of God Health Care]] centre on Myers Street. Prominent healthcare services include the Epworth Hospital located at 1 Epworth Place, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216.,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epworth.org.au/About-Us/Major-Projects/Epworth-Geelong-Development/Pages/homepage.aspx|title=Epworth Geelong|website=www.epworth.org.au}}</ref> and Geelong Health (Geelong West).
===Utilities===
[[File:Geelong A Power Station, 1948.jpg|thumb|left|The former Geelong A power station, now part of Westfield Geelong]]
Water storage and supply in Geelong is managed by [[Barwon Water]], a Victoria government-owned urban water corporation. Geelong is supplied with water from three river systems: the Barwon, the East Moorabool, and the West Moorabool Rivers. The catchment areas are the Brisbane Ranges to Geelong's north-west, and the [[Otway Ranges]] to the south-west. The first water supplies to Geelong were from the Stony Creek reservoirs near [[Steiglitz, Victoria|Steiglitz]], but, as of 2010, Geelong, together with Ballarat, consumes about 70% of the Moorabool River's water flow.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water issues and environmental flows|url=http://www.wombatforestcare.org.au/index.php?page=Water_Issues_and_Environmental_Flows|work=Wombat Forestcare Inc|access-date=6 October 2012|first=Alison|last=Pouliot|year=2007–2010}}</ref> Sewage from Geelong and district is [[sewage treatment|treated]] at the Black Rock Treatment Plant at [[Breamlea]] and then discharged into [[Bass Strait]].
Geelong was first supplied with electricity in 1902 when the [[Geelong Power Station]] opened on the corner of Yarra and Brougham Streets. Later known as Geelong A, the power station was rebuilt in 1920 to increase the capacity, with the station continued operating until 1961. In 1936, Geelong was connected to the state [[electrical grid]]. The Geelong B power station at [[North Geelong]] opened in 1954,<ref name="psu">{{Cite book
|author=R. Arklay and I. Sayer
|title=Geelong's Electric Supply
|date=September 1970}}</ref> and was closed in 1970 due to the much higher efficiency of the power stations in the [[Latrobe Valley]]. The supply of piped [[coal gas]] in Geelong started in 1860 by the [[Geelong Gas Company]]. The [[gasworks]] were located in North Geelong next to the [[North Geelong railway station]].<ref>The Geelong Gas Company 1858–1958: 100 years of public service and progressive development</ref> Geelong was converted to [[natural gas]] in 1971, with the Geelong Gas Company being taken over by the [[Gas & Fuel Corporation of Victoria]] on 30 June 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delisted.com.au/Company/3376/GEELONG%20GAS%20COMPANY%20LIMITED |title=GEELONG GAS COMPANY LIMITED |work=deListed website |access-date=2007-08-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830132222/http://www.delisted.com.au/Company/3376/GEELONG%20GAS%20COMPANY%20LIMITED |archive-date=30 August 2007 }}</ref>
==Transportation==
[[File:Geelong Ring Road section 3 downhill Waurn Ponds 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Geelong Ring Road|Princes Freeway's Geelong Ring Road]], looking south towards suburban [[Waurn Ponds]]]]
The main form of transportation in Geelong is the [[automobile]]. Geelong is well-connected by roads to all of south-west Victoria, to Melbourne by a major-arterial the [[Princes Freeway]] (M1) with three or four lanes in each direction, to Warrnambool by the Princes Highway (A1), the Bellarine Peninsula by the [[Bellarine Highway]] (B110), Ballarat by the [[Midland Highway, Victoria|Midland Highway]] (A300), and to Hamilton by the [[Hamilton Highway]] (B140). The $380-million [[Geelong Ring Road]] (an extension of the [[Princes Freeway]]) bypasses the greater Geelong urban area exiting the [[Princes Highway]] near Corio to rejoin the highway at Waurn Ponds.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/RoadsAndProjects/RoadProjects/RegionalVictoria/GeelongRingRoad/default.htm
|title=About Geelong Ring Road
|work=[[VicRoads]]
|access-date=2007-12-18
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101145531/http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/RoadsAndProjects/RoadProjects/RegionalVictoria/GeelongRingRoad/default.htm
|archive-date=1 January 2008
|df=dmy
}}</ref> The [[Lewis Bandt Bridge]], named in honour of the Ford Australia engineer who is credited as the inventor of the [[Coupé utility|ute]] (1934), in Geelong is a feature of the new road.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2008/12/14/37395_news.html|title=Brumby Declares Geelong Ring Road Open|work=[[Geelong Advertiser]]}}</ref>
===Avalon Airport===
[[File:Jetstar a320 VH-VQY at Avalon Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Jetstar]] aircraft at [[Avalon Airport]]]]
[[Avalon Airport]] is located about {{Convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the north-east of the city of Geelong in the suburb of Avalon. It was established in 1953 for the production of military aircraft.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.meinhardt.com.au/newsdeskdetail.php?nid=84
|title=Avalon Hangar Conversion for Qantas? Skybed Fit-Out Adds to Meinhardt Aviation Portfolio
|date=10 December 2003
|work=Meinhardt website
|access-date=2007-12-18
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829150256/http://www.meinhardt.com.au/newsdeskdetail.php?nid=84
|archive-date=29 August 2007
|df=dmy
}}</ref> It was also used for the repair of commercial aircraft, and for pilot training. Avalon Airport has also been home to low-cost airline [[Jetstar]] since 2004.<ref name="jetstar">{{cite web
|url = http://www.jetstar.com/pdf/news/20040601.pdf
|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080409224611/http://www.jetstar.com/pdf/news/20040601.pdf
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 9 April 2008
|title = History made as Avalon Airport welcomes first Jetstar flight
|work = Jetstar website
|date = 1 June 2004
|access-date = 2007-12-18
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Flights to Sydney use the airport and in June 2015, Jetstar announced it would fly to the Gold Coast daily from Avalon Airport commencing October 2015. Avalon Airport is the venue for 'Thunder Down Under' [[Australian International Airshow]] every other year.
Avalon Airport had international flights with [[AirAsia X]] to and from Kuala Lumpur and [[Citilink]] to [[Ngurah Rai International Airport|Denpasar]] but were cancelled during the pandemic.
===Rail===
[[File:Geelong-morning.jpg|thumb|left|[[V/Line]] passenger trains at [[Geelong railway station]]]]
Geelong is a major hub for [[rail transport in Victoria]], having frequent services to and from Melbourne, and being at the junction of the [[Port Fairy railway line|Port Fairy]], [[Western standard gauge railway line|Western standard gauge]] and the [[Geelong-Ballarat railway line|Geelong-Ballarat]] lines.<ref name="rg" /> Eight passenger railway stations are in the urban area, all along the [[Port Fairy railway line|Warrnambool line]] and served by [[V/Line]] trains.<ref name="viclink">{{cite web
|url = http://www.viclink.com.au/location/view/19
|title = Greater Geelong
|work = [[Metlink]]
|access-date = 2007-12-18
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120101013359/http://www.viclink.com.au/location/view/19
|archive-date = 1 January 2012
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> The Geelong line provides passenger services to Melbourne in the off-peak with trains departing Geelong every 20 minutes on weekdays, with more frequent services at peak times. According to V/Line, the Geelong line carries more passengers than any other regional rail line in Australia.<ref>[http://www.vline.com.au/community/home/howbusy.html How busy is my Geelong train? V/Line<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> None of the lines are electrified and all trains servicing Geelong are [[Diesel engine|diesel]] powered.
Geelong's currently operating stations include [[Little River railway station|Little River]], [[Lara railway station|Lara]], [[Corio railway station|Corio]], [[North Shore railway station|North Shore]], [[North Geelong railway station|North Geelong]], [[Geelong railway station|Geelong]], [[South Geelong railway station|South Geelong]], [[Marshall railway station|Marshall]] and [[Waurn Ponds railway station|Waurn Ponds]].
In the past, a rail line connected Geelong city to the Bellarine Peninsula through to [[Queenscliff, Victoria|Queenscliff]], ceasing to operate as a regular passenger service in 1976. The [[Bellarine Railway]] operates a section of the line between [[Drysdale, Victoria|Drysdale]] and [[Queenscliff, Victoria|Queenscliff]] as a tourist attraction.
Passenger services run to [[Warrnambool railway station|Warrnambool]] three times daily, connecting Geelong with [[Colac railway station|Colac]], [[Terang railway station|Terang]], and [[Camperdown railway station|Camperdown]]. [[Journey Beyond]]'s ''[[The Overland]]'' service between Melbourne and [[Adelaide Parklands Terminal|Adelaide]] stops at the standard-gauge platform provided at [[North Shore railway station|North Shore station]]. It runs six days a week, with three services to Adelaide and three to Melbourne.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.gsr.com.au/our-trains/the-overland/the-journey.php
|title=The Overland Homepage
|work=[[Journey Beyond]]
|access-date=2007-12-18
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210234651/http://www.gsr.com.au/our-trains/the-overland/the-journey.php
|archive-date=10 December 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}</ref> Freight trains also operate from Melbourne to Geelong serving local industries,<ref name="rgnog">{{cite web
|url=http://www.railgeelong.com/locations.php?name=North%20Geelong%20Yard
|title=North Geelong Yard
|work=Rail Geelong
|access-date=2007-08-13}}</ref> as well as to Warrnambool and other western Victorian towns. The main [[Western standard gauge railway line|Melbourne-Adelaide standard-gauge line]] is a heavily used interstate freight route.
Victoria's electronic ticketing system, [[Myki]], was implemented on rail services between Marshall and Melbourne on 29 July 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Myki to start on V/Line Commuter Services |url=http://www.vline.com.au/about/news/mediareleases/96766932/Article.aspx |publisher=[[V/Line]] |access-date=2013-08-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827131931/http://www.vline.com.au/about/news/mediareleases/96766932/Article.aspx |archive-date=27 August 2013}}</ref>
The Victorian government is currently in process of land acquisition and inspection for a potential [[Torquay, Victoria|Torquay]] rail line which would service both Torquay and the [[Armstrong Creek, Victoria|Armstrong Creek]] growth corridor.
===Ports and ferry services===
[[File:Cunningham Pier.Geelong Vic. Aust. (12076909603).jpg|thumb|Cunningham Pier]]
The [[Port of Geelong]] is located on the shores of Corio Bay, and is the sixth-largest [[Port|seaport]] in Australia by tonnage.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Accessing_Council/Transportation/Sea/
|title=City of Greater Geelong - Sea
|work=City of Greater Geelong website
|access-date=2007-12-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903094716/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Accessing_Council/Transportation/Sea/
|archive-date=3 September 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}</ref> Major commodities include [[crude oil]] and petroleum products, export [[grain]], [[Woodchipping|woodchips]], [[alumina]] imports, and [[fertiliser]].<ref name="ageport">{{Cite news
|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/business/geelong-port-contributes-500mn-a-year-to-victoria/2005/09/11/1126377204533.html
|title='Geelong port contributes $500mn a year to Victoria'
|date=12 September 2005
|work=[[The Age]]
|access-date=2007-12-16
| location=Melbourne}}</ref> The [[Bellarine Peninsula]] has been linked to the [[Mornington Peninsula]] since 1987<ref name="stamp">{{Cite book
|title=Notes on the inauguration of the Peninsular Princess car / passenger ferry
|author=Peninsular Stamp Club
|year=1987}}</ref> by the [[Searoad ferry]], which runs every hour using two roll-on/roll-off ferries between [[Queenscliff, Victoria|Queenscliff]] and [[Sorrento]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dtf.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/MediaRelArc02.nsf/d025c300601da9dc4a25688e00143d49/e9fa53d63dc6e4ac4a256b510080ffb2!OpenDocument&Click=|title=DEPUTY PREMIER LAUNCHES $12 MILLION QUEENSCLIFF TO SORRENTO FERRY|work=Media Release from the Office of the Premier|date=22 April 2001|access-date=2007-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207213802/http://www.dtf.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/MediaRelArc02.nsf/d025c300601da9dc4a25688e00143d49/e9fa53d63dc6e4ac4a256b510080ffb2%21OpenDocument%26Click%3D|archive-date=7 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[Port Phillip Ferries]] began operating twice daily services between [[Portarlington, Victoria|Portarlington]] and Melbourne [[Docklands, Victoria|Docklands]] in November 2016. Three years later overcrowding on trains led to a similar service being introduced from Geelong to Docklands. The services are popular with both tourists and commuters, providing an alternative access for Geelong and the Bellarine Peninsula to Melbourne. The 36-metre-long catamaran ferries seat over 400 passengers, provide a comfortable vantage point to enjoy the sights of Port Phillip. The introduction of the Portarlington service led to a major revamp of the local pier, with pier extensions and a protective rock wall installed.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
On 23 October 2022 the Tasmanian ferry service, the [[Spirit of Tasmania]], started operating from a new terminal in [[North Geelong]] rather than from [[Port Melbourne]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.spiritoftasmania.com.au/geelong-terminal | title=Introducing Spirit of Tasmania Quay }}</ref>
===Bus and taxi===
[[File:CDC_Geelong_BS04QH_April_2022_1.jpg|thumb|left|[[CDC Geelong]] bus at [[Geelong railway station]]]]
A bus network covering the city centre and most surrounding suburbs provides public transport. Until June 2015 they were operated under the umbrella of the [[Geelong Transit System]]. [[Public Transport Victoria]] contracts [[CDC Geelong]] and [[McHarry's Buslines]] to provide Geelong's bus services and bus services to [[Torquay, Victoria|Torquay]] and the [[Bellarine Peninsula]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcharrys.com.au/McHGTS.html |title=Geelong Transit System |work=[[McHarry's Buslines]] |access-date=2007-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071122183219/http://www.mcharrys.com.au/McHGTS.html |archive-date=22 November 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> V/Line services link Geelong with Ballarat, [[Daylesford, Victoria|Daylesford]], Bendigo, [[Apollo Bay]], the [[Great Ocean Road]], the [[Twelve Apostles]] and Warrnambool.<ref name="viclink" />
[[File:2005-2006 Ford Falcon (BF) XT sedan, Geelong Taxi Network (2008-12-14).jpg|thumb|Taxi in [[Norlane]]]]
Taxi services in Geelong are provided by Geelong Taxi Network, a newly formed depot following the effective merger of Bay City Cabs and Geelong Radio Cabs in July 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thegeelongtimes.com.au/news/View_Item.asp?task=edit&id=108 |title=2 into 1 Geelong taxi service |work=Geelong Times |date=2007-05-02 |access-date=2012-05-14 |archive-date=14 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314042120/http://www.thegeelongtimes.com.au/news/View_Item.asp?task=edit&id=108 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The majority of the network covers the city and suburban areas of the city, with "urban" classification for the vehicles in use. The [[Bellarine Peninsula]], and Torquay areas, although part of Geelong Taxi Network, are both covered by separate "country" classification taxis. Often, disputes occur in regards to different taxis from one licence area, picking up work from either of the other two licence areas, which is illegal in most circumstances under current taxi regulations in Victoria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2008/09/25/18765_news.html |title=Move to Ban Bellarine Taxis in Geelong |work=[[Geelong Advertiser]]}}</ref> Call centre and radio dispatch services for the new combined network are provided by Silver Top Taxis in Melbourne.
===Cycling and walking===
Geelong also has many kilometres of [[bicycle]] trails including the:
* Bay Trail, Corio Quay to Limeburners Point
* Barwon River trail – 20 km between [[Fyansford]] and [[South Geelong]]
* [[Bellarine Rail Trail]] is a 32 km path between South Geelong and Queenscliffe.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Services_In_Geelong/Sports_and_Recreation/Bike_Trails/Barwon_River_and_Geelong_Foreshore/
|title=Bike Trails: Barwon River and Geelong Foreshore
|work=City of Greater Geelong
|access-date=2007-12-31
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902064240/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Services_In_Geelong/Sports_and_Recreation/Bike_Trails/Barwon_River_and_Geelong_Foreshore/
|archive-date=2 September 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
* Cowies Creek Trail
* Hovells Creek Trail
* [[Ted Wilson trail]]- Follows the Geelong Ring Road for 12 km between Corio to Hamlyn Heights
* Tom McKean Linear Park, Separation Street, [[North Geelong]] through to the [[Fyansford]] Cement Works
* Waurn Ponds trail offers follows over 6 km of the Waurn Ponds creek
==See also==
{{Portal|Victoria}}
* [[Geelong Field Naturalists Club]]
* [[List of cities in Australia#Victoria]]
* [[List of Heritage listed buildings in Geelong]]
* [[:Category:People from Geelong]]
* [[Geelong's Woolstores]], 19th century
* [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]]
* [[Wollongong]]
* [[Geelong depot]]
{{clear}}
== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Overland travel between Melbourne and Adelaide}}
{{Wikivoyage|Great Ocean Road}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100124210343/http://www.geelongcity.vic.gov.au/ Official Geelong Government site]
*[http://www.visitgreatoceanroad.org.au/ Official website of the Geelong Otway Tourism Region of the Great Ocean Road]
*[http://www.g21.com.au/ Official G21 - Geelong Region Alliance site including growth statistics]
*[https://www.ontvtonight.com/au/guide/listings/GeelongNight.html Geelong TV Guide - All channels currently broadcasting in the Geelong and surrounding areas]
{{Sister bar|auto=y}}
{{Geelong suburbs}}
{{Cities of Australia}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Geelong| ]]
[[Category:1838 establishments in Australia]]
[[Category:Cities in Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:Coastal cities in Australia]]
[[Category:Port cities in Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:Wine regions of Victoria (state)]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{about|the city in Victoria, Australia|the city centre suburb|Geelong city centre|the [[local government area]]|City of Greater Geelong|other uses|Geelong (disambiguation)|the Australian rules football club|Geelong Football Club|the city located in Taiwan|Keelung}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Australian English|date=April 2011}}
{{Infobox Australian placei like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big poo
| type = city
| name = Geelong
| native_name = Djilang/Djalang
| state = vic
| image = {{multiple image
| total_width = 280
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| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Aerial perspective of Geelong (2).jpg{{!}} City Centre
|caption1 = [[Geelong city centre|City Centre]] and surrounds
| image2 = Geelb
| image7 = Cunningham Pier, Geelong, south view 20230218 1.jpg{{!}}Cunningham Pier
| caption7 = [[Geelong Waterfront|Cunningham Pier]]i like big pooi lii like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooke big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big poo
}}
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| map_alt =
| pop = 264,866
| pop_footnotes = <ref name="REGSUMGREATERGEELONG">{{cite web |last1=ABS Greater Geelong Region Statistics |title=Region summary: Greater Geelong (C) |url=https://dbr.abs.gov.au/region.html?lyr=lga&rgn=22750 |website=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref>
| pop_year = 2020
| poprank = 12th
| density =
| density_footnotes =
| established = 1838
| established_footnotes =
| abolished =
| gazetted =
| postcode = 3220
| elevation = 21
| elevation_footnotes =
| area = 1329
| area_footnotes = <ref name="ABSSUAProf">{{Census 2016 AUS |id = 2007 |name = Geelong |access-date = 29 December 2019 }}</ref><ref name="ABSSUAList">{{cite web |title = Significant Urban Area (SUA) ASGS Edition 2016 in .csv Format |url = https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/log?openagent&1270055004_sua_2016_aust_csv.zip&1270.0.55.004&Data%20Cubes&06739F6BDEE5A9D0CA2581B1000E0A05&0&July%202016&09.10.2017&Latest |website = Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date= 14 November 2019 |date= 9 October 2017 }}</ref>
| timezone = [[Australian Eastern Standard Time|AEST]]
| utc = +10
| timezone-dst = [[Australian Eastern Daylight Time|AEDT]]
| utc-dst = +11
| dist1 = 72
| dir1 = SW
| location1 = [[Melbourne]] city centre
| dist2 = 75
| dir2 = E
| location2 = [[Colac, Victoria|Colac]]
| dist3 = 166
| dir3 = E
| location3 = [[Warrnambool]]
| lga = [[City of Greater Geelong]]
| seat =
| region =
| county = [[Grant County, Victoria|Grant]]
| division =
| stategov = [[Electoral district of Bellarine|Bellarine]]
| stategov2 = [[Electoral district of Geelong|Geelong]]
| stategov3 = [[Electoral district of Lara|Lara]]
| stategov4 = [[Electoral district of South Barwon|South Barwon]]
| fedgov = [[Division of Corangamite|Corangamite]]
| fedgov2 = [[Division of Corio|Corio]]
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| visitation_footnotes =
| managing_authorities =
| url =
| maxtemp = 20.4
| maxtemp_footnotes =
| mintemp = 9.4
| mintemp_footnotes =
| rainfall = 439.2
| rainfall_footnotes =
| near-n =
| near-ne =
| near-e =
| near-se =
| near-s =
| near-sw =
| near-w =
| near-nw =
| near =
| footnotes = }}
'''Geelong''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|ᵻ|ˈ|l|ɒ|ŋ}} {{respell|jih|LONG}})<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=S. |title=[[Macquarie Dictionary]] |edition=5th |contribution=Geelong |contribution-url = http://www.macquariedictionary.com.au |year=2009 |publisher = Macquarie Dictionary Publishers|location = Sydney, NSW |isbn=978-1-876429-66-9 |pages=1952 pages |no-pp=y }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Geelong |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130308090617/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Geelong |url-status = dead |archive-date = 8 March 2013 |title = Definition of '''Geelong''' in Oxford dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation and origin of the word |publisher = Oxford University Press |year=2013 |website=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=7 December 2013 }}</ref> ([[Wathawurrung language|Wathawurrung]]: ''Djilang''/''Djalang'')<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Ian D. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54913331 |title=Dictionary of Aboriginal placenames of Victoria |publisher=Victorian Aboriginal Corp. for Languages |others=Heydon, Toby, 1972-, Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages. |year=2002 |isbn=0-9579360-2-8 |location=Melbourne, Victoria |oclc=54913331}}</ref> is a [[port city]] in [[Victoria, Australia]], located at the eastern end of [[Corio Bay]] (the smaller western portion of [[Port Phillip Bay]]) and the left bank of [[Barwon River (Victoria)|Barwon River]], about {{cvt|65|km}} southwest of [[Melbourne]].
Geelong is the second largest Victorian city behind Melbourne with an estimated urban population of 268,277 as of June 2018,<ref name="ABSSUA">{{cite web |title = 3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017-18: Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area, 2008 to 2018 |url = http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02017-18 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=27 March 2019 |access-date=25 October 2019 }} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2018.</ref> and is also Australia's second fastest-growing city. Geelong is also known as the "Gateway City"<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gateway Cities Alliance {{!}} Easing population pressures |url=https://www.gatewaycitiesalliance.com.au/ |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Gateway Cities Alliance |language=en-AU}}</ref> due to its critical location to surrounding [[Western District (Victoria)|western Victoria]]n [[regional Australia|regional centres]] including [[Ballarat]] in the northwest, [[Torquay, Victoria|Torquay]], [[Great Ocean Road]] and [[Warrnambool]] in the southwest, [[Hamilton, Victoria|Hamilton]], [[Colac, Victoria|Colac]] and [[Winchelsea, Victoria|Winchelsea]] to the west, providing a [[transport corridor]] past the [[Central Highlands (Victoria)|Central Highlands]] for these regions to the state capital Melbourne in its northeast. The City of Greater Geelong is also a member of the [https://www.gatewaycitiesalliance.com.au/ Gateway Cities Alliance] in partnership with Councils from Newcastle and Wollongong.
Geelong is the [[administrative centre]] for the [[City of Greater Geelong]] municipality, which is Port Phillip's only regional metropolitan area, and covers all the [[urban area|urban]], [[rural area|rural]] and [[wetland|coastal reserve]]s around the city including the entire [[Bellarine Peninsula]]{{NoteTag|The [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] defined urban area (SUA) for Geelong corresponds with the Greater Geelong LGA except that the SUA excludes the [[Portarlington, Victoria|Portarlington]] Statistical Area (SA2), but includes the [[Point Lonsdale]] - [[Queenscliff, Victoria|Queenscliff]] and [[Torquay, Victoria|Torquay]] SA2s.}} and running from the plains of [[Lara, Victoria|Lara]] in the north to the rolling hills of [[Waurn Ponds]] to the south, with Corio Bay to the east and the [[Barrabool Hills]] to the west.
The [[traditional owners]] of the land on which Geelong sits were the [[Wadawurrung]] (also known as [[Wathaurong]]) [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal people]] of the [[Kulin nation]]. The Wadawurrung Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation is the Registered Aboriginal Party for the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wadawurrung Traditional Owners |url=https://www.wadawurrung.org.au/ |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Wadawurrung |language=en}}</ref> The modern name of Geelong, established in 1827, was derived from the local Wadawurrung name for the region, ''Djilang'', thought to mean "land", "cliffs" or "tongue of land or peninsula".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.djillong.net.au/traditions/wathaurong-language.html |title = Wathaurong language - Djillong |website=www.djillong.net.au |language=en-GB |access-date=2018-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012135341/http://www.djillong.net.au/traditions/wathaurong-language.html |archive-date=12 October 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="GeelongCity">{{cite web |url = http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Towns/Geelong_City/ |title = Geelong City |publisher = City of Greater Geelong |access-date = 16 December 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071028100151/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Towns/Geelong_City/ |archive-date = 28 October 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The area was first surveyed by the European settlers in 1838, three weeks after Melbourne. A town post office was opened by June 1840, the second to open in the Port Phillip District.<ref name="a">{{cite web |website = Premier Postal History |title = Post Office List |url = https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&country= |access-date = 2008-04-11 }}</ref>
The first woolstore was erected in this period and it became the port for the [[wool]] industry of the [[Western District, Victoria|Western District]].<ref name="forecast">{{cite web |url = http://www.id.com.au/geelong/forecastid/default.asp?id=268&gid=10&pg=2 |title = Key drivers of change |work=City of Greater Geelong population forecast |access-date=2007-12-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080727104044/http://www.id.com.au/geelong/forecastid/default.asp?id=268&gid=10&pg=2 |archive-date=27 July 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
During the [[Victorian gold rush]], Geelong experienced a brief boom as the main port to the rich [[Goldfields region of Victoria|goldfields]] of the Ballarat district.<ref name="story">''Norman Houghton'' - {{cite web |url = http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/geelong/article/item/8d0779e8d5e7ee6.aspx |title = The Story of Geelong |last=Norman|first=Houghton|access-date=2007-12-16 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071028094637/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/History/Story_of_Geelong/ |archive-date=28 October 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy}}</ref> The town then diversified into manufacturing, and during the 1860s became one of the largest manufacturing centres in Australia with its [[wool mill]]s, [[rope]]works, and [[paper mill]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geelongbusiness.com.au/view_article.php?id=224|title=Historical perspective|work=Geelong Business News|access-date=2007-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050615223434/http://geelongbusiness.com.au/view_article.php?id=224|archive-date=2005-06-15}}</ref> It was proclaimed a [[city]] in 1910, with industrial growth from this time until the 1960s establishing the city as a manufacturing centre for the state,<ref name="forecast" /> and the population grew to over 100,000 by the mid-1960s.<ref name="gex150">{{Cite book|last=Begg|first=Peter|title=Geelong - The First 150 Years| publisher=Globe Press|year=1990|isbn=0-9592863-5-7}}</ref> During the city's early years, an inhabitant of Geelong was often [[demonym|known as]] a Geelongite<ref>{{cite news|title=Early days of Geelong|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4266153|access-date=27 April 2011|newspaper=The Argus|date=19 July 1924|page=9}}</ref> or a "Pivotonian", derived from the city's nickname of "The Pivot", referencing the city's role as a [[maritime transport|shipping]] and [[rail transport|rail]] [[transport hub|hub]] for the area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geelong – a brief history|url=http://www.intown.com.au/locals/geelong/historical/default.htm|website=Intown Geelong|access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> Population increases over the last decade were due to growth in [[service industries]],<ref name="cogg-top10">{{cite web |url = http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Geelong_Living/Top_10_Reasons_to_Move_to_Geelong/ |title = Top 10 Reasons to Move to Geelong |website = City of Greater Geelong website |access-date=2007-12-16 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071028095432/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Geelong_Living/Top_10_Reasons_to_Move_to_Geelong/ |archive-date=28 October 2007 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref> as the [[manufacturing sector]] has declined. [[Urban Renewal|Redevelopment]] of the inner city has occurred since the 1990s, as well as [[gentrification]] of inner suburbs, and currently has a population growth rate higher than the national average.<ref name="growthrate">{{cite news |url = http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/04/13/1081838721413.html |title = Regions get new lease on lifestyle |newspaper=[[The Age]]|date=14 April 2004 |access-date=2007-07-19 |location=Melbourne }}</ref>
Today, Geelong stands as an emerging healthcare, education and advanced manufacturing centre. The city's economy is shifting quickly and despite experiencing the drawbacks of losing much of its [[heavy industry|heavy manufacturing]], it is seeing much growth in other [[tertiary sector]]s, positioning itself as one of the leading non-capital Australian cities. It is home to the [[Geelong Football Club]], the [[list of Australian rules football clubs by date of establishment|second-oldest club]] in the [[Australian Football League]].
==History==
{{See also|Timeline of Geelong history}}
=== Etymology ===
The name Geelong comes from ''Djilang'', used by the Wadawurrung Traditional Owners of the area at the time of settlement.
===Early history and foundation===
[[File:Aerial panorama of Geelong and its heartbeat the home of the Geelong Cats.jpg|thumb|Aerial panorama of Geelong facing the bay. Taken August 2018.]]
The area of Geelong and the [[Bellarine Peninsula]] are the traditional lands of the [[Wadawurrung]] ([[Wathaurong]]) [[Indigenous Australian]] tribe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wadawurrung Traditional Owners|url=https://www.wadawurrung.org.au/|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Wadawurrung|language=en}}</ref> The first non-Indigenous person recorded as visiting the region was Lieutenant [[John Murray (Australian explorer)|John Murray]], who commanded the [[brig]] {{HMS|Lady Nelson|1798|6}}.<ref name="story" /> After anchoring outside Port Phillip Heads (the narrow entrance to [[Port Phillip]], onto which both Geelong and [[Melbourne]] now front), on 1 February 1802, he sent a small boat with six men to explore.<ref name="life">{{Cite book|last=Billot|first=C.P.|title=The Life of Our Years|publisher=Lothian Publishing|year=1969|id=National Library of Australia registry number 68-2473 }}</ref> Led by [[John Bowen (colonist)|John Bowen]], they explored the immediate area, returning to ''Lady Nelson'' on 4 February. On reporting favourable findings, ''Lady Nelson'' entered [[Port Phillip]] on 14 February, and did not leave until 12 March. During this time, Murray explored the Geelong area and, whilst on the far side of the bay, claimed the entire area for Britain. He named the bay Port King, after [[Philip Gidley King]],<ref name="life" /> then [[Governor of New South Wales]]. Governor King later renamed the bay Port Phillip after the first governor of New South Wales, [[Arthur Phillip]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.vicnet.net.au/~phillip/env2stud.htm |title=Excerpts from the 'Port Phillip Survey 1957–1963'|work=Port Phillip Conservation Council website|access-date=2007-12-16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070920091236/http://home.vicnet.net.au/~phillip/env2stud.htm|archive-date=20 September 2007 }}</ref> Arriving not long after Murray was [[Matthew Flinders]], who entered Port Phillip on 27 April 1802.<ref name="story" /> He charted the entire bay, including the Geelong area, believing he was the first to sight the huge expanse of water, but in a rush to reach [[Sydney]] before winter set in, he left Port Phillip on 3 May.
In January 1803, Surveyor-General [[Charles Grimes (surveyor)|Charles Grimes]] arrived at Port Phillip in the [[Sloop-of-war|sloop]] {{HMS|Cumberland|1803|2}} and mapped the area, including the future site of Geelong,<ref name="life" /> but reported the area was unfavourable for settlement and returned to Sydney on 27 February.<ref>{{cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |id=A010443b|title= Grimes, Charles (1772–1858), Online Edition|access-date=2007-12-30}}</ref> In October of the same year, {{HMS|Calcutta|1795|6}} led by Lieutenant Colonel [[David Collins (lieutenant governor)|David Collins]] arrived in the bay to establish the [[Sullivan Bay]] [[penal colony]].<ref name="life" /> Collins was dissatisfied with the area chosen, and sent a small party led by First Lieutenant [[James Hingston Tuckey|J.H. Tuckey]] to investigate alternative sites.<ref>{{cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |id=A010226b|title= Collins, David (1756–1810), Online Edition|access-date=2007-12-30}}</ref> The party spent 22 to 27 October on the north shore of Corio Bay, where the first [[Victorian Aborigines|Aboriginal]] death at the hands of a European in Victoria occurred.<ref name="life" />
The next European visit to the area was by the explorers [[Hamilton Hume]] and [[William Hovell]]. They reached the northern edge of [[Corio Bay]] – the area of Port Phillip that Geelong now fronts – on 16 December 1824,<ref name="hovell">{{cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |id=A010517b|title=Hovell, William Hilton (1786–1875), Online Edition|access-date=2007-12-16}}</ref> and it was at this time they reported that the Aboriginals called the area ''Corayo'', the bay being called ''Djillong''.<ref name="story" /> Hume and Hovell had been contracted to travel overland from Sydney to Port Phillip, and having achieved this, they stayed the night and began their return journey two days later on 18 December.<ref name="hovell" />
The [[convict]] [[William Buckley (convict)|William Buckley]] escaped from the [[Sullivan Bay]] settlement in 1803, and lived among the Wadawurrung people for 32 years on the Bellarine Peninsula.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/portphillip/inter/7335.shtml|title=Reminiscences of James Buckley, communicated by him to George Langhorne, 1837 |work=[[State Library of Victoria]]|access-date=2007-12-16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124075602/http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/portphillip/inter/7335.shtml |archive-date=24 November 2007|df=dmy}}</ref> In 1835, [[John Batman]] used [[Indented Head]] as his base camp,<ref name="time">{{cite web|url=http://www.zades.com.au/geelong/gdtime.htm|title=Timeline history|work=Geelong and District Historical Resources website |access-date=2007-07-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626062822/http://www.zades.com.au/geelong/gdtime.htm |archive-date=26 June 2007}}</ref> leaving behind several employees whilst he returned to [[Tasmania]] (then known as [[Van Diemen's Land]]) for more supplies and his family. In this same year, Buckley surrendered to the party led by [[John Helder Wedge]] and was later [[pardon]]ed by Lieutenant-Governor [[Sir George Arthur, 1st Baronet|Sir George Arthur]], and subsequently given the position of [[Interpreting|interpreter]] to the natives.<ref name="buckley">{{cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |id=A010158b|title=Buckley, William (1780–1856) |edition=Online |access-date=2007-12-16}}</ref>
[[File:Geelong in 1840.jpg|thumb|Depiction of early Geelong as a small collection of houses and paddocks by the bay]]
In March 1836, three [[Squatting (pastoral)|squatters]], David Fisher, [[James Strachan (Australian politician)|James Strachan]], and George Russell, arrived on ''Caledonia'' and settled the area.<ref name="life" /> Geelong was first surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe three weeks after Melbourne, and was gazetted as a town on 10 October 1838.<ref name="story" /> There was already a church, hotel, store, wool store, and 82 houses, and the town population was 545.<ref name="story" /> By 1841, the first wool had been sent to England and a regular [[steamboat|steamer]] service was running between Geelong and Melbourne.<ref name="time" /> Captain [[Foster Fyans]] was commissioned as the local Police [[Magistrate]] in 1837 and established himself on the [[Barwon River (Victoria)|Barwon River]] at the site of the area of present-day [[Fyansford]].<ref name="fyans">{{cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |id=A010389b
|title=Fyans, Foster (1790–1870) |edition=Online
|access-date=2007-12-16}}</ref> Fyans arranged the first muster of the Indigenous population and 275 Aboriginal people were found to be living in the area. Fyans distributed blankets, sugar and flour to these people but soon ordered his soldiers to "click their triggers" at them when a lack of blankets caused anger.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article166561196 |title=Victoria's First Four |newspaper=[[The Newcastle Sun]] |issue=5778 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=20 June 1936 |access-date=30 October 2020 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Fyans constructed a [[Breakwater (structure)|breakwater]] to improve the water supply to the city by preventing the salty lower reaches from mixing with fresh water and pooling water. In 1839, [[Charles Sievwright]], the newly appointed Assistant Protector of Aborigines (for the western district) sets up camp on the Barwon River near Fyans ford.
The [[Geelong Keys]] were discovered around 1845 by Governor [[Charles La Trobe]] on Corio Bay. They were embedded in the stone in such a way that he believed that they had been there for 100–150 years, possibly dropped by [[Theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia|Portuguese explorers]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/exhibitions/history/xaustcat.html
|title=Letter from R.C. Gunn
|work=Discovery of keys in the shore formation of Corio Bay, Royal Society of Victoria, [1875]
|access-date=2007-12-16
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901210318/http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/exhibitions/history/xaustcat.html
|archive-date=1 September 2007
|df=dmy
}}</ref> In 1849, Fyans was nominated as the inaugural Mayor of the Geelong Town Council<ref name="fyans" /> and renowned fly fishing author [[Alfred Ronalds]] engraved the town seal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ronalds |first=B.F. |title=Alfred Ronalds: Angler, Artisan and Australian Pioneer |publisher=Medlar Press |year=2022}}</ref> An early settler of Geelong, [[Alexander Thomson (pioneer)|Alexander Thomson]], for which the area of Thomson in [[Geelong East]] is named, settled on the Barwon River, and was [[List of mayors of Geelong|Mayor of Geelong]] on five occasions from 1850 to 1858.<ref>{{cite book
|chapter-url=http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020478b.htm
|title=Australian Dictionary of Biography |edition=Online
|chapter=Thomson, Alexander (1798–1866)
|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
|access-date=2007-12-16}}</ref>
===1850s: Gold rush===
{{Main|Victorian gold rush}}
[[File:View of Geelong 1856 painting.jpg|thumb|left|''[[View of Geelong]]''. 1856 oil painting by [[Eugene von Guérard]].]]
Gold was discovered in nearby [[Ballarat]] in 1851, causing the Geelong population to grow to 23,000 people by the mid-1850s.<ref name="story" /> To counter this, a false map was issued by Melbourne interests to new arrivals, showing the quickest road to the goldfields as being via Melbourne.<ref name="story" /> The first issue of the ''[[Geelong Advertiser]]'' newspaper was published in 1840 by [[James Harrison (engineer)|James Harrison]], who also built the world's first ether vapour compression cycle ice-making and [[refrigeration]] machine in 1844, later being commissioned by a brewery in 1856 to build a machine that cooled beer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fascinating facts about the invention of the refrigerator by Carl von Linde in 1876.|url=http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/refrigerator.htm|work=The Great Idea Finder|access-date=1 September 2012|first=Phil|last=Ament|date=18 August 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716204028/http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/refrigerator.htm|archive-date=16 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Geelong harbour 1857.jpg|thumb|A paddlesteamer approaches busy Geelong Harbour in 1857.]]
The [[Geelong Hospital]] was opened in 1852, and construction on the [[Geelong Town Hall|Geelong City Hall]] commenced in 1855.<ref name="gex150" /> Development of the [[Port of Geelong]] began with the creation of the first [[shipping channel]] in Corio Bay in 1853.<ref name="gex150" /> The [[Port Fairy railway line|Geelong-to-Melbourne]] railway was built by the [[Geelong & Melbourne Railway Company]] in 1857.<ref name="rg">{{cite web
|url=http://railgeelong.com/lineguide.php?line=geelong
|title=Geelong Line Guide
|work=Rail Geelong
|access-date=2007-12-16}}</ref> [[Rabbit]]s were [[Rabbits in Australia|introduced to Australia]] in 1859 by [[Thomas Austin (pastoralist)|Thomas Austin]], who imported them from England for [[hunting]] purposes at his Barwon Park property near [[Winchelsea, Victoria|Winchelsea]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/rabbit.html
|title=Feral European Rabbit
|work=Australian Government fact sheet
|access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref> One of Geelong's best-known department stores, [[Bright & Hitchcocks]], was established in 1861,<ref name="gex150" /> and the [[HM Prison Geelong]] built using convict labour, was opened in 1864.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.vic.gov.au/page_239.asp?ID=239&submit_action=detailed_result&search_type=DLVHR&query=registerAll/CF3281DFD95D6768CA2573B6007C39E6?OpenDocument |title=FORMER HM TRAINING PRISON - 202 MYERS STREET AND CORNER SWANSTON STREET GEELONG, Greater Geelong City |work=Heritage Victoria: Heritage Register Online |access-date=2007-12-30 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
In 1866, [[Graham Berry]] started a newspaper, the ''Geelong Register'', as a rival to the established ''Geelong Advertiser''. When this proved unsuccessful, he bought the ''Advertiser'' and made himself editor of the now-merged papers.<ref>{{cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |id=A030143b
|title=Berry, Sir Graham (1822–1904) |edition=Online |access-date=2007-12-16}}</ref> Using the paper as a platform, he was elected for [[Geelong West]] in 1869. In 1877, he switched to Geelong, which he represented until 1886, and served as [[Premiers of Victoria|Victorian Premier]] in 1875, 1877–1880, and 1880–1881.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/minis.html
|title=Victorian Premiers Since Responsible Government, 1855 - Current
|work=Parliament of Victoria website
|access-date=2008-01-15
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023173017/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/minis.html
|archive-date=23 October 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}</ref> On the [[Market Square, Geelong|Market Square]] in the middle of the city, a clock tower was erected in 1856, and an Exhibition Building was opened in 1879.
===1860s: The 'Sleepy Hollow'===
The gold rush had seen [[Ballarat]] and [[Bendigo]] grow larger than Geelong in terms of population. Melbourne critics dubbed Geelong 'Sleepy Hollow',<ref name="story" /> a tag that recurred many times in the following years. A number of industries became established in Geelong, including Victoria's first [[Textile manufacturing|woollen mill]] at [[South Geelong]] in 1868. In 1869, the [[clipper]] ''[[Lightning (clipper)|Lightning]]'' caught fire at the Yarra Street pier and was cast adrift in Corio Bay to burn, before being sunk by artillery fire.<ref name="time" /> Improvements to transport saw Geelong emerge as the centre of the [[Western District, Victoria|Western District]] of Victoria, with railway lines extended towards [[Colac, Victoria|Colac]] in 1876, and to [[Bellarine Railway|Queenscliff]] in 1879.<ref name="rg" /> Construction of the [[Corio Bay|Hopetoun shipping channel]] began in 1881 and completed in 1893.<ref name="gex150" />
The [[Geelong Cup]] was first held in 1872, and Victoria's first long-distance [[telephone]] call was made from Geelong to [[Queenscliff, Victoria|Queenscliff]] on 8 January 1878, only one year after the invention of the device itself.<ref name="gex150" /> Geelong was also the home of a prosperous wine industry until the emergence of the sap-sucking insect ''[[Phylloxera|Phylloxera vastatrix]]'' at [[Fyansford]] in 1875, which led to the Victorian Government ordering the destruction of all vines in the Geelong area to prevent the spread of the pest, killing the industry until the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taborsky |first1=Jan |title=Did you know? Geelong phylloxera disaster |url=https://www.thelostterroir.com/did-you-know-geelong-phylloxera-disaste/ |publisher=The Lost Terroir |access-date=2021-01-02 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="gex150" /> Between 1886 and 1889, the [[Geelong city centre|central business district's]] major banks and insurance companies erected new premises in a solid and ornate character.<ref name="story"/> The existing [[Geelong Post Office]] was built during this time and the [[Gordon Institute of TAFE|Gordon Technical College]] was established. Further industrial growth occurred, with the Fyansford cement works being established in 1890.<ref name="rgfyns">{{cite web|url=http://railgeelong.com/lineguide.php?line=fyansford|title=Fyansford Line Guide|work=Rail Geelong|access-date=2007-12-16}}</ref>
The town became referred to as "The Pivot" in the 1860s, owing to its being a rail and shipping hub for [[Western District (Victoria)|western Victoria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intown.com.au/locals/geelong/historical/default.htm | title=Geelong - a brief history|work=Intown Geelong website|access-date=2011-01-28}}</ref>
===1900s: A city develops===
[[File:Tramway opening geelong 1912.jpg|thumb|left|Opening of the Geelong tramway in 1912, Moorabool Street, Geelong.]]
The town of Geelong officially became a city on 8 December 1910.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geelong {{!}} Victoria, Australia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Geelong |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=VICTORIAN GOVERNMENT - New South Wales Statutes and Victorian Acts of Parliament - Kim barne thaliyu |url=https://archivestest.grlc.vic.gov.au/victorian-government-new-south-wales-statutes-and-victorian-acts-of-parliament |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=archivestest.grlc.vic.gov.au}}</ref> The city gained a number of essential services, with electric light supplied by the [[Geelong Power Station]] starting in 1902, the [[Geelong Harbour Trust]] was formed in December 1905,<ref name="prov">{{cite web
|url=http://www.access.prov.vic.gov.au/public/component/daPublicBaseContainer?component=daViewAgency&entityId=1425
|title=Agency VA 1425: Port of Geelong Authority
|work=Public Record Office Victoria website
|access-date=2007-12-16
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070908163225/http://www.access.prov.vic.gov.au/public/component/daPublicBaseContainer?component=daViewAgency&entityId=1425
|archive-date=8 September 2007
}}</ref> and the [[Barwon Water|Geelong Waterworks and Sewerage Trust]] formed in 1908. [[Trams in Geelong|Electric tram]]s began operation in 1912, travelling from the [[Geelong city centre|city centre]] to the suburbs until their demise in 1956.<ref name="tram">{{cite web|url=http://tmsv.org.au/papers/geelong.htm |title=Geelong tramways - a short history|work=[[Tramway Museum Society of Victoria]]|access-date=2007-06-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060819124009/http://tmsv.org.au/papers/geelong.htm |archive-date = 2006-08-19}}</ref> The first of many stores on the [[Market Square, Geelong|Market Square]] was opened in 1913,<ref name="gex150" /> and the first [[Gala Day]] festival was held in 1916.<ref name="gex150" />
Geelong's industrial growth accelerated in the 1920s: woollen mills, [[fertiliser]] plants, [[Ford Australia|Ford's]] vehicle plant at [[Norlane]], and the [[Corio, Victoria|Corio]] [[whisky]] [[distillation|distillery]] were all established in this period.<ref name="rg" /> The ''[[Geelong Advertiser]]'' radio station 3GL (now [[K Rock 95.5|K-Rock]]) commenced transmission in 1930,<ref name="time" /> the [[Great Ocean Road]] was opened in 1932, and in 1934, the [[T & G Building, Geelong|T & G Building]] opened on the most prominent intersection in the city, the corner of Ryrie and Moorabool Streets.
By 1936, Geelong had displaced Ballarat as Victoria's second-largest city.<ref>Geelong Ousts Ballarat. Population Surprises. The Argus (Melbourne) Tuesday 28 April 1936, page 10</ref>
[[File:Edina geelong.jpg|thumb|The steamboat ''Edina'' leaving Geelong on its final journey on 21 June 1938]]
In 1938, one of the last Port Philip Bay [[Steamboat|steamers]], ''Edina'', made its final trip to Geelong, ending a period of seaside excursions and contests for the fastest trip. The [[Eastern Beach, Victoria|Eastern Beach]] foreshore beautification and pool was completed in 1939 after almost 10 years of work.<ref name="gex150" />
On the eve of World War II, the [[International Harvester]] works were opened beside Ford at [[North Shore, Victoria|North Shore]], along with a [[grain elevator]] at nearby Corio Quay, and the [[Shell Australia]] oil refinery.<ref name="rg" />
===Post-war period===
[[File:EasternBeachGeelong1950 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Eastern Beach, Victoria|Eastern Beach]] in 1950]]
Government housing was constructed in the suburbs of [[East Geelong]], [[Norlane]], [[North Shore, Victoria|North Shore]], and [[Corio, Victoria|Corio]] from the 1950s. The banks of the [[Barwon River (Victoria)|Barwon River]] burst in 1952, inundating nearby [[Belmont, Victoria|Belmont Common]].
Geelong continued to expand with Corio, [[Highton]], and Belmont growing at such a rate that in February 1967, Geelong accounted for 21% of private home development in Greater Melbourne.<ref name="story" /> Private vehicles became the city's major mode of transport. The first [[parking meter]]s in the city were introduced in 1961, new petrol stations were constructed and the city's first supermarket, operated by [[Woolworths Supermarkets|Woolworths]], opened in 1965.<ref name="story" /> Later, support came for [[Cycling in Geelong]] with Australia's first bike plan in 1977.<sup>[[Cycling in Geelong#cite note-3|[3]]][[Cycling in Geelong#cite note-4|[4]]]</sup>
Industrial growth continued with a second cement works operating at [[Waurn Ponds]] by 1964<ref name="rg" /> and the Alcoa [[Point Henry smelter|Point Henry aluminium smelter]] constructed in 1962.<ref name="psu" />
[[Government of Australia|Federal government]] policy changes on [[tariff]] protection led to the closure of many Geelong industrial businesses from the 1970s. Most woollen mills closed in 1974 and hectares of warehouse space in the city centre were left empty after wool-handling practices changed.<ref name="story" /> The [[Target (Australia)|Target]] head office opened in North Geelong, [[Deakin University]] was established at Waurn Ponds in 1974, and the [[Geelong Performing Arts Centre]] opened in 1981.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.gpac.org.au/about/default.aspx
|title=GPAC - About
|access-date=2007-08-13
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830182211/http://www.gpac.org.au/about/default.aspx
|archive-date=30 August 2007
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Later, the [[Australian Animal Health Laboratory]] was opened in 1985,<ref>{{cite web|title=A look inside CSIRO's Australian Animal Health Laboratory |url=http://www.csiro.au/en/Organisation-Structure/National-Facilities/Australian-Animal-Health-Laboratory/Inside-AAHL.aspx |work=CSIRO |access-date=1 September 2012 |first=Emma |last=Wilkins |date=30 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910064352/http://www.csiro.au/en/Organisation-Structure/National-Facilities/Australian-Animal-Health-Laboratory/Inside-AAHL.aspx |archive-date=10 September 2012}}</ref> and the [[National Wool Museum (Geelong)|National Wool Museum]] in 1988.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Attractions/National_Wool_Museum/About_the_Wool_Museum/
|title=National Wool Museum
|work=City of Greater Geelong website
|access-date=2007-12-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831135553/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Attractions/National_Wool_Museum/About_the_Wool_Museum/
|archive-date=31 August 2007
|url-status=live
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
[[Market Square Shopping Centre|Market Square]], the first enclosed shopping centre in the city, was opened in 1985, with neighbouring Bay City Plaza opened in 1988.<ref>[[:File:Bay City Plaza Plaque Geelong.jpg]]</ref> The [[Pyramid Building Society]], founded in Geelong in 1959,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.gabr.net.au/archives/ABE2069a.htm
|title=Pyramid Building Society Ltd
|work=Guide to Australian Business Records
|access-date=2007-12-22
|archive-date=16 September 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070916035903/http://gabr.net.au/archives/ABE2069a.htm
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> collapsed in 1990, leaving debts of AU$1.3 billion to over 200,000 depositors,<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_199007/ai_n18314959
|title=Mysteries of the Pyramid. (Pyramid building society financial collapse)
|work=The Economist (US), July 1990
|access-date=2007-12-22}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> and causing the Geelong economy to stagnate.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/07/25/1059084208923.html
|title=Geelong leads regional price boom
|date=26 July 2003
|work=The Age
|access-date=2007-12-30
| location=Melbourne}}</ref> On 18 May 1993, the City of Greater Geelong was formed by the amalgamation of a number of smaller municipalities with the former City of Geelong.<ref name = "coggcreation"/> The [[Waterfront Geelong]] redevelopment, started in 1994, was designed to enhance use and appreciation of [[Corio Bay]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/library/pdf/5053/62.pdf
|title=The Waterfront Story
|work=City of Greater Geelong website
|access-date=2007-12-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108123410/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/library/pdf/5053/62.pdf
|archive-date=8 November 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}</ref> and in 1995 the Barwon River overflowed in the worst flood since 1952.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.offi.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/c85916e930b93d50ca256d050020cb1f/75ff60bb70b6749fca256d3300057d56?OpenDocument
|title=Geelong and Southern Vic: Floods (incl Landslides)
|work=Emergency Management Australia website (via Google cache)
|access-date=2007-12-30
}}{{dead link|date=September 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
===21st century===
[[File:Waterfront-geelong.jpg|thumb|Redeveloped [[Waterfront Geelong]] (Steampacket Quay)]]
[[File:Little-Malop-St-geelong.jpg|thumb|Little Malop St precinct, looking west.]]
In 2004, [[Avalon Airport]] was upgraded to accommodate interstate passenger travel, providing a base for low-cost airline [[Jetstar]] to serve the Melbourne and Geelong urban areas.<ref name = "jetstar"/> Geelong is planned to expand towards the south coast, with 2,500 hectares of land to become a major suburban development for 55,000 to 65,000 people, known as Armstrong Creek.<ref name="armstongcreek"/> In 2006, construction began on the [[Geelong Ring Road]], designed to replace the [[Princes Highway]] through Geelong from Corio to Waurn Ponds. It opened in 2009.
More than [[AU$]]500-million-worth of major construction was under way in 2007.<ref name="gexnewsinvest">{{Cite news
| title = Building bonanza drives city forward
| newspaper = Geelong News
| pages = 8–9
| date = 2007-07-18
}}</ref> Major projects include the $150-million [[Westfield Geelong]] expansion works, involving a flyover of Yarra Street, the city's first [[Big W]] store, and an additional 70 new speciality stores; the $37-million [[Deakin University|Deakin]] Waterfront campus redevelopment, and the $23-million Deakin Medical School; the $50-million Edgewater apartment development on the waterfront; a number of multimillion-dollar office developments in the CBD; and a new $30-million [[swimming pool|aquatic centre]] in Waurn Ponds.<ref name="gexnewsinvest" />
Major developments within Geelong are advocated by influential, non-government group the [https://committeeforgeelong.com.au/ Committee for Geelong] and the region's local government alliance, [http://www.g21.com.au/ G21 Geelong Region Alliance].
The City of Greater Geelong and four other local municipalities form part of the alliance which identifies the Geelong region's priorities, and advocates all levels of government for funding and implement the projects. G21 developed [http://www.g21.com.au/geelongregionplan/ 'The Geelong Region Plan - a sustainable growth strategy'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004080118/http://www.g21.com.au/geelongregionplan/ |date=4 October 2011 }} which was launched by [https://web.archive.org/web/20130511161732/http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/newsroom/1173.html Premier Brumby] in 2007. It was the approved strategic plan for the Geelong region. In addition, major projects such as the Geelong Ring Road Connections and duplication of the Princes Highway West obtained funding due to the combined efforts of the region's municipalities. As at May 2017, a further [http://www.g21.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=14%3Aprojects&id=32%3Ag21-projects-priority-projects&Itemid=22 13 Priority Projects] are planned for the Geelong region.
The [[Government of Victoria|Victoria Government]] announced the relocation of the [[Transport Accident Commission]] headquarters from Melbourne to Geelong in October 2006, which created 850 jobs and an annual economic benefit over $59 million to the Geelong region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tac.vic.gov.au/jsp/content/NavigationController.do?areaID=23&tierID=1&navID=63CC12CD7F00000101A5D19311EC6AC2&navLink=null&pageID=1323 |title=Premier announces new TAC site in Geelong |work=Transport Accident Commission website |access-date=2007-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070720230809/http://www.tac.vic.gov.au/jsp/content/NavigationController.do?areaID=23&tierID=1&navID=63CC12CD7F00000101A5D19311EC6AC2&navLink=null&pageID=1323 |archive-date=20 July 2007}}</ref> The construction of the $80-million Brougham Street headquarters was completed in late 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/move-or-move-on-tac-workers-told/2005/12/16/1134703611302.html|title=Move or move on, TAC workers told|work=The Age|date=16 December 2005|access-date=2007-07-21 | location=Melbourne|first1=Farrah|last1=Tomazin|first2=David|last2=Adams}}</ref> In November 2008, Ford Australia announced that its Australian-designed I6 engine would be re-engineered to meet the latest emissions regulations, and that consequently the engine manufacturing plant would be upgraded (however, all manufacturing of motor vehicles in Geelong and elsewhere throughout Australia ceased by 2017).
A change to the city skyline is occurring with a number of modern apartment buildings on the Waterfront and central business district planned or under construction. On 10 July 2008, approval was given for a $100-million twin-tower apartment complex of 16 and 12 floors to be built on Mercer St in the city's western edge. The towers will become the tallest buildings in the city, taking the title from the Mercure Hotel.<ref>{{cite news| author=Begg, Peter| publisher=[[Geelong Advertiser]]|title=Twin towers earmarked for Mercer Street|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2008/07/10/15941_news.html|date=10 July 2008|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080711175047/http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2008/07/10/15941_news.html |archive-date=11 July 2008}}</ref> Further highrise developments are planned as part of the City of Greater Geelong's Geelong Western Edge strategic plan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/ct/service/article/item/8cb8fbe66d672c4.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805104623/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/ct/service/article/item/8cb8fbe66d672c4.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Geelong Western Wedge - City of Greater Geelong|date=5 August 2012|archive-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> A$17-million 11-story apartment tower has also recently been proposed to be built next to the Deakin Waterfront Campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/18/1981686.htm
|title=Ford's Geelong plant to close, 600 jobs lost
|work=ABC News
|date=18 July 2007
|access-date=2007-07-19}}</ref>
In 2012, a design competition for a "city icon" was run for the City of Geelong by Deakin University and Senia Lawyers. The recipient of the prize and winning design entry was JOH Architects and their design titled "The Sea Dragon".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.joharchitects.com.au/gallery/commercial/geelong-icon/
|title=Seadragon Winning Design for Geelong Icon
|work=JOH Architects
|date=1 April 2012
|access-date=2012-04-01
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410161043/http://www.joharchitects.com.au/gallery/commercial/geelong-icon/
|archive-date=10 April 2013
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
Geelong's new Library and Heritage Centre opened to the public in November 2015. The new addition to Geelong offers new research facilities, display areas and hosts Geelong's extensive heritage, modern and Indigenous. The new library was awarded the Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Architecture<ref>{{cite web|url=http://armarchitecture.com.au/news/geelong-library-wins-the-sir-zelman-cowen-award/|title=Geelong Library wins the Sir Zelman Cowen Award / ARM Architecture|website=armarchitecture.com.au}}</ref> in 2016.
Currently Geelong is undergoing a major revival effort, the Green Spine Project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geelong |first=Revitalising Central |date=2022-09-28 |title=Green Spine |url=https://www.revitalisingcentralgeelong.vic.gov.au/projects/underway-projects/green-spine-future-blocks |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Revitalising Central Geelong |language=en}}</ref> The Green Spine project will connect Johnstone Park to the Botanic Gardens by a continuous line of trees via Malop Street. The redevelopment of Malop street will see the installation of separated bike lanes from both pedestrians and local traffic by greenery, the design is an Australian first. This project includes the installation of art sculptures and street art throughout the city centre. Major redevelopments are also occurring at Johnstone Park, with a new raingarden installation, and Lt Malop Street is seeing more upgrades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Planning |date=2016-12-20 |title=Revitalising Central Geelong |url=https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/policy-and-strategy/revitalising-central-geelong |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Planning |language=en |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016024254/https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/policy-and-strategy/revitalising-central-geelong |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In the suburbs Geelong West's Pakington Street is seeing major upgrades to its street appeal, with new plantings and upgrades to many of the shops. Manifold Heights' Shannon Avenue will see redevelopment to make it more pedestrian friendly. To Geelong's north, [[Rippleside]] is undergoing major changes, with the ongoing development of Balmoral Quay which will see Rippleside Park and nearby St Helens Park connected via a waterfront footpath as well as beach restoration and a boat dock expansion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duncan |first=Brad |title=Maritime Infrastructure Heritage Project Stage Two: Geelong (Report of Regional Landscape Archaeological and Historical Survey - Updated to 2006) |url=https://www.academia.edu/9986060}}</ref>
Recently new high rise buildings are being built giving Geelong more jobs and housing.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-01|title=Not everyone benefiting from booming Geelong economy after arrival of government agencies|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-02/geelong-cbd-creates-new-jobs-while-northern-suburbs-struggle/11980364|access-date=2020-09-22|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU}}</ref> Worksafe Victoria opened up a new 14-storey building on Malop Dt. It opened in mid-2018 and was the tallest building until it was announced that two residential high rises would be built and completed in late 2019. They are called The Mercer and Miramar Apartments.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2016-02-16 |title=New 14-storey building to dominate Geelong skyline |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-16/new-worksafe-building-to-dominate-geelong-skyline/7173616 |access-date=2023-06-08}}</ref>
==Geography==
[[File:Australia Victoria Greater Geelong City location map.svg|thumb|right|Map of the Geelong urban area and the City of Greater Geelong]]
Geelong is located on the shores of the western tip of Corio Bay, a southwestern [[inlet]] of [[Port Phillip Bay]]. During clear weather, the distant Melbourne skyline is visible from higher areas of Geelong when viewed across the waters of Port Phillip. The [[Barwon River (Victoria)|Barwon River]] flows through the southern fringe of the [[Geelong city centre]] before entering [[Lake Connewarre]] and the [[estuary]] at [[Barwon Heads]] before draining into the [[Bass Strait]].<ref name="barwon">{{Cite book
| last = Loney | first = Jack
| title = The Historic Barwon
| publisher = J. Lonely | year = 1988
| isbn = 0-909191-37-9
| location = Portarlington, Vic.}}</ref> The city is situated just east of the [[gap (landform)|gap]] between the [[Otway Ranges]] and [[Brisbane Ranges]], and commands the only lowland passage between the [[Werribee Plain]] and [[Newer Volcanics Province|Western Volcanic Plains]].
Geologically, the oldest rocks in the area date back to the [[Cambrian period]] 500 million years ago, with [[volcanic activity|volcanic activities]] occurring in the [[Devonian period]] 350 million years ago.<ref name="geo">{{cite web|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/soe/detail.asp?id=66 |title=Geelong State of the Environment Report - Geological conditions |work=City of Greater Geelong website |access-date=2007-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906064832/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/soe/detail.asp?id=66 |archive-date=6 September 2007 }}</ref> In [[prehistoric]] times water covered much of the [[lowland]]s that are now Geelong, with the Barwon River estuary located at [[Belmont, Victoria|Belmont Common]], the course of the river being changed when [[Moriac|Mount Moriac]] erupted and [[lava]] was sent eastwards towards Geelong.<ref name="barwon" />
To the east of the city are the Bellarine Hills and the undulating plains of the [[Bellarine Peninsula]]. To the west are the sandstone-derived [[Barrabool Hills]] and basalt [[Mount Duneed]], and the volcanic plains to the north of Geelong extend to the [[Brisbane Ranges]] and the [[You Yangs]].<ref name="geo" /> Soils vary from sandy loam, basalt plains, and river loam to rich volcanic soils,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Food_and_Wine/Geelong_Wine_Fact_Sheet/
|title=Geelong Wine Fact Sheet
|work=City of Greater Geelong website
|access-date=2007-12-29
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106212051/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Food_and_Wine/Geelong_Wine_Fact_Sheet/
|archive-date=6 November 2007
|url-status=live
|df=dmy
}}</ref> suitable for intensive [[Agriculture|farming]], [[grazing]], [[forestry]], and [[viticulture]].
Many materials used to construct buildings were [[quarry|quarried]] from Geelong, such as [[bluestone]] from the You Yangs and [[sandstone]] from the Brisbane Ranges.<ref name="geo" /> A small number of [[brown coal]] deposits exist in the Geelong region, most notably at [[Anglesea, Victoria|Anglesea]], where it has been mined to fuel Alcoa's [[Anglesea Power Station]] since 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alcoa.com/australia/en/info_page/victoria_tours.asp |title=Alcoa - Victorian operations |work=[[Alcoa]]|access-date=2007-12-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905033125/http://www.alcoa.com/australia/en/info_page/victoria_tours.asp |archive-date=5 September 2008 }}</ref> [[Limestone]] has also been quarried for [[cement]] production at Fyansford since 1888,<ref name="rgfyns" /> and Waurn Ponds since 1964.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://railgeelong.com/locations.php?name=Waurn%20Ponds
|title=Waurn Ponds
|work=Rail Geelong
|access-date=2007-12-29}}</ref>
=== City and suburbs ===
[[File:Grovedale-highton.jpg|thumb|right|Suburban expansion in [[Grovedale]]]]
Geelong has over 60 suburbs, including the following:
[[Anakie, Victoria|Anakie]],
[[Armstrong Creek, Victoria|Armstrong Creek]],
[[Avalon, Victoria|Avalon]],
[[Balliang]],
[[Barwon Heads]],
[[Batesford]],
[[Bell Park]],
[[Bell Post Hill]],
[[Bellarine]],
[[Belmont, Victoria|Belmont]],
[[Breakwater, Victoria|Breakwater]],
[[Breamlea]],
[[Ceres, Victoria|Ceres]],
[[Charlemont, Victoria|Charlemont]],
[[City of Greater Geelong]],
[[Clifton Springs, Victoria|Clifton Springs]],
[[Connewarre]],
[[Corio, Victoria|Corio]],
[[Curlewis, Victoria|Curlewis]],
[[Drumcondra, Victoria|Drumcondra]],
[[Drysdale, Victoria|Drysdale]],
[[East Geelong]],
[[Fyansford]],
Geelong,
[[Geelong West]],
[[Grovedale]],
[[Hamlyn Heights]],
[[Herne Hill]],
[[Highton]],
[[Indented Head]],
[[Lara, Victoria|Lara]],
[[Leopold, Victoria|Leopold]],
[[Little River, Victoria|Little River]],
[[Lovely Banks]],
[[Manifold Heights]],
[[Mannerim]],
[[Marcus Hill, Victoria|Marcus Hill]],
[[Marshall, Victoria|Marshall]],
[[Moolap]],
[[Moorabool]],
[[Mount Duneed]],
[[Newcomb, Victoria|Newcomb]],
[[Newtown, Victoria|Newtown]],
[[Norlane]],
[[North Geelong]],
[[North Shore, Victoria|North Shore]],
[[Ocean Grove, Victoria|Ocean Grove]],
[[Point Lonsdale]],
[[Point Wilson, Victoria|Point Wilson]],
[[Portarlington, Victoria|Portarlington]],
[[Queenscliff, Victoria|Queenscliff]],
[[Rippleside]],
[[South Geelong]],
[[St Albans Park]],
[[St Leonards, Victoria|St Leonards]],
[[Staughton Vale]],
[[Swan Bay]],
[[Thomson, Victoria|Thomson]],
[[Wallington, Victoria|Wallington]],
[[Wandana Heights]],
[[Waurn Ponds]],
and [[Whittington, Victoria|Whittington]].
Development in Geelong started on the shores of Corio Bay in what is now the inner city. Development later spread to the south towards the Barwon River, and the hill of [[Newtown, Victoria|Newtown]] and [[Geelong West]]. Major development south of the river in [[Belmont, Victoria|Belmont]] did not start until the 1920s, stimulated by the construction of a new bridge over the river in 1926, and the extension of the [[Trams in Geelong|Geelong tramway]] system in 1927.<ref name="gex150" /> Industrial areas were traditionally located on the Corio Bay for port access,<ref name="gex-plan-industry">{{cite web
|url=http://www.psdocs.dpcd.vic.gov.au/public/Greater
|title=Greater Geelong Planning Scheme (Section 21.22 INDUSTRY)
|work=Victoria Department of Planning and Community Development website
|date=2006-01-19
|access-date=2007-12-25
|format=DOC
|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090629001439/http%3A//www%2Epsdocs%2Edpcd%2Evic%2Egov%2Eau/public/Greater%2520Geelong/21_mss22_ggee%2Edoc
|archive-date= 29 June 2009
|url-status=bot: unknown
|df=dmy
}} (via )</ref> or the Barwon River for waste disposal.
In the interwar and post-World War II years, [[heavy industry]] continued to establish itself in the flatter northern suburbs,<ref name="gex-plan-industry" /> where today industries such as the [[Geelong Oil Refinery]] and [[Ford Australia|Ford]] engine plant reside.<ref name="rgnog" /> Residential development also spread to Corio and Norlane in the north, with new [[Housing Commission of Victoria]] estates built to cater for employees of the new industries. From the 1960s, residential growth spread to the [[Highton]] hills in the south and North Geelong following prosperous industries like the gasworks, followed by [[Grovedale]] in the 1970s. A number of [[light industrial]] areas were also established in [[Breakwater, Victoria|Breakwater]], [[Moolap]] and [[South Geelong]].<ref name="gex-plan-industry" />
Changing cargo-handling methods at the [[Port of Geelong]] left woolstores in inner Geelong unused, [[Urban Renewal|redevelopment]] beginning in the 1980s with the expansion of [[Westfield Geelong]] towards Corio Bay, and culminating in the [[Waterfront Geelong]] development.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.intown.com.au/historic/city-by-the-bay.htm | title=City by the Bay concept 1981
|work=Intown Geelong website
|access-date=2007-12-25}}</ref> [[Gentrification]] of former working-class inner suburbs such as Geelong West, North Geelong, and South Geelong has also occurred.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/library/pdf/5175/80.pdf
|title=GEELONG ECONOMIC INDICATORS BULLETIN - 2001/2002
|work=City of Greater Geelong website
|access-date=2007-12-25
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901213511/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/library/pdf/5175/80.pdf
|archive-date=1 September 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}</ref> Today, the major residential growth corridors are north towards Lara, east towards [[Leopold, Victoria|Leopold]], and south towards [[Mount Duneed]] as the [[Armstrong Creek Growth Area]].<ref name="armstongcreek">{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Media_Releases/April_2005/Strategic_plan_to_manage_urban_growth_south_of_Geelong/
|title=Strategic plan to manage urban growth south of Geelong
|work=City of Greater Geelong website
|date=12 April 2005
|access-date=2007-12-25
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909101112/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Media_Releases/April_2005/Strategic_plan_to_manage_urban_growth_south_of_Geelong/
|archive-date=9 September 2007
|url-status=live
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
===Climate===
Geelong has stable weather, yet still offers four distinct seasons.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.filmgeelong.com.au/Geelong_at_a_Glance/Weather-Climate-Light/
|title=Weather/Climate/Light
|work=Film Geelong website
|access-date=2007-12-24
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101043157/http://www.filmgeelong.com.au/Geelong_at_a_Glance/Weather-Climate-Light/
|archive-date=1 November 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}</ref> It has a [[temperate]] [[oceanic climate]] (''Cfb'' in the [[Köppen climate classification]]) with dominant westerly winds, variable clouds, moderate [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]], warm summers, and mild to cool winters.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/coranregn.nsf/pages/corangamite_climate
|title=Climate
|work=Department of Primary Industries website
|access-date=2007-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/climate_averages/climate-classifications/index.jsp?maptype=tmp_zones#maps|title=Australian Climate Averages - Climate classifications|website=www.bom.gov.au}}</ref> February is the hottest month and July is the coldest.<ref name="bom-old">{{cite web
|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_087025_All.shtml
|title=Climate statistics for 'GEELONG SEC' 1870–1970
|work=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]
|access-date=2007-12-24}}</ref> The highest temperature recorded was {{convert|47.4|°C|°F|sigfig=4}} on [[Early 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave|7 February 2009]] during a two-week-long heat wave, with the lowest of {{convert|-4.4|°C|°F|sigfig=3}} recorded on 5 August 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_087113_All.shtml|title=Climate Averages for AVALON AIRPORT|work=Bureau of Meteorology|access-date=2007-12-25}}</ref> The average annual rainfall is around {{convert|520|mm|in|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}, which makes Geelong the driest sizeable city in Australia, owing to the pronounced [[rain shadow]] of the Otway Ranges to the southwest.<ref name="bom-old" /> Within the city, rainfall shows a strong gradient from south to north, so that the southernmost suburbs can receive around {{convert|700|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} whilst more northerly Lara receives as little as {{convert|425|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}, which is the lowest rainfall in southern Victoria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/agmet/images/vic_aarf.gif|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722025431/http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/agmet/images/vic_aarf.gif|url-status=dead|title=vic_aarf.gif (640x600 pixels)|date=22 July 2012|archive-date=22 July 2012}}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location = Geelong (Avalon Airport) 1995–2020 averages, 1995–present extremes
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|rain colour = green
|Jan record high C = 46.3
|Feb record high C = 47.9
|Mar record high C = 42.0
|Apr record high C = 36.1
|May record high C = 28.0
|Jun record high C = 23.6
|Jul record high C = 22.5
|Aug record high C = 25.9
|Sep record high C = 31.3
|Oct record high C = 37.8
|Nov record high C = 41.8
|Dec record high C = 45.8
|year record high C = 47.9
|Jan high C = 26.6
|Feb high C = 26.2
|Mar high C = 24.4
|Apr high C = 20.5
|May high C = 17.3
|Jun high C = 14.7
|Jul high C = 14.2
|Aug high C = 15.4
|Sep high C = 17.8
|Oct high C = 20.3
|Nov high C = 22.6
|Dec high C = 24.5
|year high C = 20.4
|Jan low C = 14.2
|Feb low C = 14.5
|Mar low C = 12.6
|Apr low C = 9.7
|May low C = 7.7
|Jun low C = 5.7
|Jul low C = 5.2
|Aug low C = 5.5
|Sep low C = 6.7
|Oct low C = 8.1
|Nov low C = 10.6
|Dec low C = 11.9
|year low C = 9.4
|Jan record low C = 4.5
|Feb record low C = 6.8
|Mar record low C = 2.9
|Apr record low C = 0.6
|May record low C = -1.3
|Jun record low C = -2.9
|Jul record low C = -4.0
|Aug record low C = -4.4
|Sep record low C = -1.7
|Oct record low C = 0.1
|Nov record low C = 2.6
|Dec record low C = 4.6
|year record low C = -4.4
|Jan rain mm = 31.1
|Feb rain mm = 35.0
|Mar rain mm = 24.8
|Apr rain mm = 39.8
|May rain mm = 32.4
|Jun rain mm = 40.5
|Jul rain mm = 36.1
|Aug rain mm = 38.3
|Sep rain mm = 40.2
|Oct rain mm = 40.9
|Nov rain mm = 50.7
|Dec rain mm = 28.5
|year rain mm = 439.2
|Jan rain days = 6.0
|Feb rain days = 5.7
|Mar rain days = 6.7
|Apr rain days = 9.7
|May rain days = 11.9
|Jun rain days = 13.8
|Jul rain days = 15.4
|Aug rain days = 15.2
|Sep rain days = 13.6
|Oct rain days = 12.0
|Nov rain days = 9.9
|Dec rain days = 8.5
|unit rain days = 0.2 mm
|humidity colour = green
|Jan afthumidity = 50
|Feb afthumidity = 49
|Mar afthumidity = 49
|Apr afthumidity = 56
|May afthumidity = 64
|Jun afthumidity = 68
|Jul afthumidity = 66
|Aug afthumidity = 62
|Sep afthumidity = 58
|Oct afthumidity = 53
|Nov afthumidity = 54
|Dec afthumidity = 53
|year humidity = 57
|source = Bureau of Meteorology, Avalon Airport (1991–2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=087113&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal
|title= Geelong (Avalon Airport) 1991–2020 averages |publisher= Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=20 March 2022 }}</ref>
|source 2= Bureau of Meteorology, Avalon Airport (all years)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_087113_All.shtml
|title= Geelong (Avalon Airport) all years |publisher= Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=20 March 2022 }}</ref>}}
==Economy==
[[File:ABS-6291.0.55.001-LabourForceAustraliaDetailed ElectronicDelivery-LabourForceStatusByLabourMarketRegionSex-Geelong-UnemploymentRate-Persons-A84599671C.svg|thumb|right|300px|Unemployment rate in the Geelong labour market region since 1998<ref>{{cite web|title=Geelong; Unemployment rate; Persons; series A84599671C|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/6291.0.55.001|work=6291.0.55.001 Labour Force, Australia, Detailed - Electronic Delivery|date=23 February 2023 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>]]
More than 10,000 businesses employ over 80,000 people in the Geelong region,<ref name="cogg-top10" /> with manufacturing and processing industries providing around 15,000 jobs, followed by 13,000 in retail, and 8,000 in health and community services.<ref name="cogg-top10" />
In 2020, the Committee for Geelong published a research paper [https://www.committeeforgeelong.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Johnson-et-al.-Resilient-Geelong-Research-Paper.pdf Resilient Geelong] which tracks the Geelong economy over several decades. Written [[Deakin University]]'s [https://www.deakin.edu.au/about-deakin/people/louise-johnson Prof Louise Johnson], Resilient Geelong makes a series of recommendations for the future of Geelong.
Geelong's major employers were the [[Ford Australia|Ford Motor Company]] engine plant in [[Norlane]] (closed in 2016), aircraft maintenance at [[Avalon Airport]], the head office of retail chain [[Target Australia]] (until 2018), the Bartter (Steggles) chicken processing plant and the [[Shell Australia|Shell]] oil refinery at Corio.<ref name = "fastfacts"/> [[GMHBA Limited]], a health insurance company, is headquartered in Geelong.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apra.gov.au/PHI/Pages/GMHBA-Limited.aspx |title=GMHBA Limited |website=apra.gov.au |publisher=APRA |access-date=11 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609210926/http://apra.gov.au/PHI/Pages/GMHBA-Limited.aspx |archive-date=9 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The Geelong region attracted over 6 million tourists during 2001.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongotway.org/admin/downloads/information/51506395215092004102141AM-stat.pdf
|title=Geelong Otway Region Domestic Visitation 2001
|work=Geelong Otway Tourism website
|access-date=2007-12-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928025012/http://www.geelongotway.org/admin/downloads/information/51506395215092004102141AM-stat.pdf
|archive-date=28 September 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}</ref> Major tourist attractions include the [[Waterfront Geelong]] precinct and [[Eastern Beach, Victoria|Eastern Beach]] on the shores of Corio Bay, and the National Wool Museum in the city, and more than 30 historical buildings listed on the [[Victorian Heritage Register]].<ref name=monash>{{cite web
|url = http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/ncas/multimedia/gazetteer/list/geelong.html
|title = Geelong
|work = Monash University place names gazette (link broken)
|access-date = 2007-12-16
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060825233821/http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/ncas/multimedia/gazetteer/list/geelong.html
|archive-date = 25 August 2006
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> The Geelong area hosts regular international events which are also tourist drawcards, including the [[Australian International Airshow]].
Geelong has a number of shopping precincts in the CBD and surrounding suburbs. The two main shopping centres are located in the CBD - [[Westfield Geelong]] and [[Market Square Shopping Centre|Market Square]], with smaller centres in the suburbs including Belmont Village and [[Waurn Ponds Shopping Centre]] in the south, Bellarine Village in [[Newcomb, Victoria|Newcomb]] in the east, and Corio Shopping Centre in the north.<ref name="cogg-top10" /> The opening of the major shopping centres has caused a decline in strip shopping on Moorabool Street, with many empty shops and few customers.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Sophie|last=Smith |title=While Moorabool St remains cold and empty |work=Geelong News |page=3 |date=2 July 2008 }}</ref> Geelong is also home to [[Mitre 10]]'s largest franchisee – Fagg's – operating five stores across the town and employing over 160 people.
These major research laboratories are located in the Geelong area: the [[CSIRO]] Australian Animal Health Laboratory in East Geelong,<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian Animal Health Laboratory |url=http://www.csiro.au/en/Organisation-Structure/National-Facilities/Australian-Animal-Health-Laboratory.aspx |work=CSIRO |access-date=26 May 2013 |date=May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603042126/http://www.csiro.au/en/Organisation-Structure/National-Facilities/Australian-Animal-Health-Laboratory.aspx |archive-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> CSIRO Division of Textiles and Fibres Technology in Belmont,<ref>{{cite web|title=Geelong: Belmont, Vic (CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering) |url=http://www.csiro.au/en/Organisation-Structure/Divisions/CMSE/Belmont.aspx |work=CSIRO |access-date=26 May 2013 |date=May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511012743/http://www.csiro.au/en/Organisation-Structure/Divisions/CMSE/Belmont.aspx |archive-date=11 May 2013}}</ref> and the Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute at Queenscliff.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute (MAFRI) (1996 - )|url=http://www.eoas.info/biogs/A001130b.htm|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Australian Science|access-date=26 May 2013|year=2010}}</ref>
The scheduled closure of [[Ford Australia|Ford's]] Australian manufacturing base in 2016 was confirmed in late May 2013. Headquartered in the Victorian suburb of [[Broadmeadows, Victoria|Broadmeadows]], the company had registered losses of AU$600 million over the five years prior to the announcement. It was noted that the corporate fleet and government sales that accounted for two-thirds of large, local car sales in Australia were insufficient to keep Ford's products profitable and viable in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ford's exit spells the end of the road for manufacturing|url=http://theconversation.com/fords-exit-spells-the-end-of-the-road-for-manufacturing-14594|work=The Conversation Australia|publisher=The Conversation Media Group|access-date=26 May 2013|first=Remy|last=Davison|date=24 May 2013}}</ref>
Following the decision by [[Shell Australia|Shell]] to close its Geelong refinery in April 2013, a third consecutive annual loss was recorded for Shell's Australian refining and fuel marketing assets. Revealed in June 2013, the writedown is worth AU$203 million, and was preceded by a $638-million writedown in 2012 and a $407-million writedown in 2011 after the closure of the [[Clyde Refinery]] in [[Sydney]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Geelong refinery writedown hits Shell for $203m|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/companies/geelong-refinery-writedown-hits-shell-for-203m/story-fn91v9q3-1226656526907?net_sub_uid=44933799|access-date=6 June 2013|newspaper=The Australian|date=4 June 2013|author=Matt Chambers}}</ref>
In April 2016 Target announced that it would be moving its headquarters out of [[North Geelong]] to [[Williams Landing]] in Melbourne's west.<ref name="news-target-gone">{{cite news|title=Up to 180 jobs to be slashed as Target announces shut down of Geelong headquarters|url=http://www.9news.com.au/national/2016/04/14/15/50/target-to-axe-180-jobs-as-they-shut-down-geelong-headquarters|access-date=14 April 2016|work=9news.com|date=14 April 2016}}</ref>
==Demographics==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear: right; margin:7px; text-size:80%; text-align:right"
|-
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Population over time<ref name="gex150" />
|-
|1841
|454
|-
|1846
|2,065
|-
|1851
|8,291
|-
|1854
|20,115
|-
|1861
|22,929
|-
|1891
|17,445
|-
|1901
|25,017
|-
|1907
|28,021
|-
|1921
|31,689
|-
|1933
|39,223
|-
|1946
|51,000
|-
|1954
|72,995
|-
|1961
|91,666
|-
|1966
|105,059
|-
|1976
|122,080
|-
|1981
|141,279
|-
|1988
|146,349
|-
| 2006
| 160,991
|-
| 2009
| 179,971
|-
| 2010
| 184,583
|}
As of the 2006 [[census]], 160,000 people resided in 68,000 households. The [[median (statistics)|median]] age of persons in Geelong was 37 years. About 19.4% of the population of Geelong were children aged between 0–14 years, and 26.6% were persons aged 55 years and over.<ref name="2011 Census QuickStat">{{Census 2011 AUS|id=UCL203001|name=Geelong|quick=on}}</ref> Each dwelling is on average occupied by 2.59 persons, slightly lower than the state and national averages.<ref name="coggdec2007">{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Media_Releases/Solid_economic_growth_driving_Geelong_prosperity/
|title=Solid economic growth driving Geelong prosperity
|work=City of Greater Geelong website
|date=4 December 2007
|access-date=2007-12-29
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216204006/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Media_Releases/Solid_economic_growth_driving_Geelong_prosperity/
|archive-date=16 December 2007
|url-status=live
|df=dmy
}}</ref> The median household income was $901 per week, $121 less than the state average, partly due to higher reliance on manufacturing for employment.<ref name="coggdec2007" /> The population of Geelong is growing by 2500 people each year,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2007/12/07/9510_news.html
|title=Geelong's population surges
|date=7 December 2007
|work=[[Geelong Advertiser]] website
|access-date=2007-12-29}}</ref> and the City of Greater Geelong had the highest rate of building activity in Victoria outside metropolitan Melbourne.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/bc348d5912436a9cca256cfc0082d800/d3a895de9a7a63b1ca256fa500247ee5!OpenDocument
|title = GEELONG REGION CONTINUES TO GROW
|work = Press release from the state Minister of Planning
|date = 10 February 2005
|access-date = 2007-12-29
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120112140802/http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/bc348d5912436a9cca256cfc0082d800/d3a895de9a7a63b1ca256fa500247ee5!OpenDocument
|archive-date = 12 January 2012
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
About 78.4% of people from Geelong are Australian-born, with the most common overseas birthplaces being: [[England]] (3.6%), [[Italy]] (1.1%), [[Croatia]] (1.0%), the [[Netherlands]] (0.9%), and [[Scotland]] (0.8%). Around 14.2% of households speak a language other than [[English (language)|English]] in the home.<ref name="2011 Census QuickStat" /> Notable ethnic groups in the city are the [[Croats|Croatian]] community, who first came to the city in the 1850s<ref>{{Cite book
| last = Šutalo
| first = Ilija
| title = Croatians in Australia: Pioneers, Settlers and Their Descendants
| publisher = Wakefield Press
| year= 2004
| isbn = 1-86254-651-7 }}</ref> and with migration since World War II are now the largest Croatian community in Australia,<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://newgeneration.croatianherald.com/Feature/tabid/98/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/2151/Federal-Elections-2007.aspx
|title = Geelong Croatian voters to have significant say in Corio electorate
|first = Tonci
|last = Prusac
|work = The New Generation (Croatian Herald English supplement)
|date = 28 October 2007
|access-date = 2007-12-29
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080721001831/http://www.newgeneration.croatianherald.com/Feature/tabid/98/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/2151/Federal-Elections-2007.aspx
|archive-date = 21 July 2008
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> and the German settlers who founded Germantown (now Grovedale) in 1849 to escape repression in [[Prussia]] for their [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] faith.<ref name="southbarwon">{{Cite book
| last = Pescott
| first = John
| title = South Barwon 1857–1985
| publisher = Neptune Press
| isbn = 0-949583-53-7
| year = 1985 }}</ref>
[[File:Basilica St Mary of the Angels, Geelong.jpg|thumb|left|St Mary of the Angels Basilica]]
The 2006 census found the most common religious affiliation in Geelong was [[Catholic Church in Australia|Catholicism]] at 29.4%. [[St. Mary of the Angels Basilica, Geelong|St. Mary of the Angels Basilica]] is the largest congregation in the city. Other affiliations of resident of Geelong include [[Irreligion|no religion]] 20.5%, [[Anglican]] 14.6%, [[Uniting Church]] 7.9%, and [[List of Presbyterian denominations in Australia|Presbyterian and Reformed]] at 4.3%.<ref name="abs">{{Census 2006 AUS|id=2024|name=Geelong (VIC) (Statistical District)|quick=on}}</ref> The city has a large number of traditional Christian churches, as well as [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]] churches in the northern suburbs.
==Governance==
[[File:City Hall, Geelong-Victoria-Australia, 2007.jpg|thumb|Geelong City Hall]]
In [[Local government in Australia|local government]], the Geelong region is covered by the [[City of Greater Geelong]]. The council was created in 1993 as an amalgamation of a number of other [[municipality|municipalities]] in the region,<ref name="coggcreation">{{cite web|url=http://www.audit.vic.gov.au/reports_mp_psa/psa0105_hard.html |title=Sale of Harding Park, Geelong |work=Victorian Auditor-General's Office |access-date=2007-07-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903102449/http://www.audit.vic.gov.au/reports_mp_psa/psa0105_hard.html |archive-date=3 September 2007 }}</ref> with the council chambers located at the [[Geelong Town Hall|Geelong City Hall]] in central Geelong. The City is made up of four [[Ward (country subdivision)|wards]] - Brownbill (central Geelong and inner suburbs), Bellarine, Kardinia (southern Geelong, south of the Barwon River) and Windermere (northern suburbs). Brownbill, Kardinia and Bellarine are each represented by three councillors, whereas Windermere is represented by two.<ref name="coggofficial">{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Accessing_Council/Elections/Who_can_be_a_Councillor/
|title=Who can be a Councillor
|work=City of Greater Geelong website
|access-date=2007-07-01
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902121122/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Accessing_Council/Elections/Who_can_be_a_Councillor/
|archive-date=2 September 2007
|url-status=live
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
From 2012 to 2016, the [[Mayor of Geelong]] was directly elected by the public to a four-year term.<ref name="coggofficial" /> Entrepreneur and former [[paparazzo]] [[Darryn Lyons]] held this position from 2013 to 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Geelong mayor Darryn Lyons pumps up brilliant Bellarine|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/news/geelong/geelong-mayor-darryn-lyons-pumps-up-brilliant-bellarine/story-fnjuhovy-1226775203655|access-date=6 December 2013|newspaper=[[Geelong Advertiser]]|date=4 December 2013|author=Grant Payne}}</ref>
On 16 April 2016,<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Vic|act|lggcca2016430|Local Government (Greater Geelong City Council) Act 2016|2}}</ref> the [[Victorian Government]] dismissed the Mayor and Councillors of the [[City of Greater Geelong#Council|Greater Geelong City Council]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Dismissal of Greater Geelong City Council|url=http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/dismissal-of-greater-geelong-city-council/|website=Premier of Victoria|access-date=28 April 2016|date=12 April 2016|archive-date=15 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415182632/http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/dismissal-of-greater-geelong-city-council/|url-status=dead}}</ref> following a Commission of Inquiry which found that the council is riven with conflict, unable to manage Geelong's economic challenges, has dysfunctional leadership and has a culture of bullying.<ref>{{cite web|website=State Government of Victoria|title=Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Greater Geelong City Council|url=http://www.vic.gov.au/news/report-of-the-commission-of-inquiry-into-greater-geelong-city-council.html|access-date=28 April 2016|date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629235606/http://www.vic.gov.au/news/report-of-the-commission-of-inquiry-into-greater-geelong-city-council.html|archive-date=29 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The government appointed administrators to run the council until council elections were held in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geelong Council officially sacked, elections to be held in 2017, as bill passes Parliament|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-14/geelong-council-elections-could-be-held-as-early-as-next-year/7326368|website=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=28 April 2016|date=14 April 2016}}</ref> In 2023, the Victorian Government announced that it would appoint monitors to oversee the appointment of a new CEO.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monitors To Oversee CEO Appointment At Geelong Council {{!}} Premier of Victoria |url=http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/site-4/monitors-oversee-ceo-appointment-geelong-council |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=www.premier.vic.gov.au |language=en}}</ref>
In [[Politics of Victoria|state politics]], the [[Victorian Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] districts of [[Electoral district of Geelong|Geelong]], [[Electoral district of South Barwon|South Barwon]], [[Electoral district of Lara|Lara]], and [[Electoral district of Bellarine|Bellarine]] cover the Geelong area. After the 2022 Victorian Election, all four of these electorates are held by the [[Australian Labor Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=State Election 2006 Results: Electorate swings |url=http://www.vec.vic.gov.au/electorateswing.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130000929/http://www.vec.vic.gov.au/electorateswing.html |archive-date=30 November 2007 |access-date=2007-12-16 |work=Victorian Electoral Commission website |df=dmy}}</ref> Lara and Geelong are currently safe Labor seats with South Barwon increasing its margin and Bellarine more marginal.
On 12 February 2020, Minister for Planning [[Richard Wynne|Richard Wynn]] established Geelong Authority to advise on strategies to attract investment to central Geelong and on major planning applications to help create jobs and drive growth in Geelong.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Geelong Authority To Boost Investment And Drive Jobs {{!}} Premier of Victoria|url=http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/geelong-authority-boost-investment-and-drive-jobs|access-date=2020-09-20|website=www.premier.vic.gov.au|language=en}}</ref> The committee is chaired by Diana Taylor (lawyer) and consists of Mark Edmonds (former Chairman of Geelong Chamber of Commerce), Aamir Qutub (CEO of Enterprise Monkey), Jill Smith (former General Manager of [[Geelong Arts Centre]]) and Rory Costelloe (Executive Director of Villawood Properties)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Geelong|first=Revitalising Central|date=2020-04-29|title=Geelong Authority|url=https://www.revitalisingcentralgeelong.vic.gov.au/about-us/geelong-authority|access-date=2020-09-20|website=Revitalising Central Geelong|language=en}}</ref> and Dr Sarah Leach.
In [[Politics of Australia|federal politics]], the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] seats - the [[Division of Corio]] and [[Division of Corangamite]] cover the Geelong region. Corio roughly covers the northern half of Geelong and has been a safe [[Australian Labor Party]] seat since the 1970s, but was previously the seat of [[Richard Casey, Baron Casey|Richard Casey]], a leading conservative Cabinet member in the 1930s and later [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]], as well as [[Hubert Opperman]], a former cycling champion and a prominent minister in the 1960s. It was also the seat of [[Gordon Scholes]], who was [[Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives|Speaker]] during the [[Gough Whitlam|Whitlam]] government. Corio is currently held by Deputy Prime Minister [[Richard Marles]].
Corangamite, which roughly includes the southern half of Geelong as well as the Bellarine Peninsula, has traditionally been safe for the Liberal Party, but become more marginal in recent years due to demographic changes and redistributions.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/c/Corio.htm
|title=Divisional Profiles: Corio
|work=Australian Electoral Commission website
|access-date=2007-12-16}}</ref> Corangamite had been a safe seat for the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]] and its predecessors from the 1930s through the 2000s. Future [[Prime Minister of Australia]] [[James Scullin]] served one term in this seat in the 1910s.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/c/Corangamite.htm
|title=Divisional Profiles: Corangamite
|work=Australian Electoral Commission website
|access-date=2007-12-16}}</ref> It was won by the Australian Labor Party at the [[2019 Australian federal election|2019 federal election]] and again in 2022 by [[Libby Coker]] where the margin was increased.
==Culture==
===Events and festivals===
[[File:Geelong Library 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Geelong Library and Heritage Centre]]]]
The [[Royal Geelong Show]] is held each year at the [[Geelong Showgrounds]]. Other events include [[Pako Festa]] (held annually in February),<ref>{{cite web|title=Pako Festa|url=http://www.intown.com.au/events/pako-festa.htm|work=Intown|publisher=Intown Entertainment|access-date=22 April 2013|year=1998–2013}}</ref> [[Gala Day|Gala Day Parade]] (annual event that celebrated its 96th year in 2012)<ref>{{cite web|title=2012 Gala Day Geelong ... a huge success!|url=http://www.gforce.org.au/news/article,documentid,4065.aspx|work=Gforce Employment Solutions|access-date=22 April 2013|date=19 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425105247/http://www.gforce.org.au/news/article,documentId,4065.aspx|archive-date=25 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Family Fun Day (held annually as part of the Gala Day celebrations),<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala Day Geelong 2012|url=http://www.weekendnotes.com.au/gala-day-geelong/|work=Weekend Notes|publisher=On Topic Media PTY LTD|access-date=22 April 2013|year=2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518083317/http://www.weekendnotes.com.au/gala-day-geelong/|archive-date=18 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the Geelong Heritage Festival that is run by the local branch of the National Trust.<ref>{{cite news|title=Geelong World Heritage Day|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2009/04/11/61981_news.html|access-date=22 April 2013|newspaper=The [[Geelong Advertiser]]|date=11 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Geelong World Heritage Day|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2009/04/11/61981_news.html|access-date=22 April 2013|newspaper=The [[Geelong Advertiser]]|date=12 April 2009}}</ref> The Gala Day Parade was axed in 2023.
Geelong hosts Victoria's only international photographic salon 'VIGEX' every two years. VIGEX is an acronym for "VIctoria Geelong EXhibition" and the inaugural event was held in 1980. The Australian Photographic Society, the world governing body of exhibition photography the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Art Photographique|International Federation of Photographic Art]] and the Victorian Association of Photographic Societies are patrons of the biennial photographic salon.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is Vigex?|url=http://www.vigex.org.au/about-us.htm|work=Vigex, Inc|access-date=22 April 2013|year=1980–2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410072446/http://vigex.org.au/about-us.htm|archive-date=10 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Geelong's History is preserved through both the Geelong Historical Society, and the associated [[Geelong Heritage Centre]] currently housed in the new regional library<ref>{{Cite web |title=About The Dome {{!}} Geelong Regional Libraries |url=https://www.grlc.vic.gov.au/glhc/about-dome |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=www.grlc.vic.gov.au}}</ref> building opened in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sourceable.net/library-heritage-centre-geelong-landmark/#|title=Library and Heritage Centre to Be a Geelong Landmark|date=14 January 2014|access-date=17 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094806/https://sourceable.net/library-heritage-centre-geelong-landmark/|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Now defunct, Geelong hosted a digital conference Pivot Summit which was headlined by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] Co-founder [[Steve Wozniak]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-09-08|title=Jobs genius to add some star power|url=https://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/news/apple-cofounder-steve-wozniak-to-headline-geelong-technology-event/news-story/4fc16943c9f8c8200a0719c4bae70a94|access-date=2020-09-17|newspaper=Geelong Advertiser|language=en}}</ref>
===Arts and entertainment===
[[File:Geelong Gallery from Johnstone Park.jpg|thumb|The [[Geelong Art Gallery]]]]
Recognising a long history in design excellence, Geelong was designated as a [[Design Cities (UNESCO)|UNESCO Creative City of Design]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Designated UNESCO Creative City |url=https://www.geelongcityofdesign.com.au/ |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Geelong City of Design |language=en-AU}}</ref>
Geelong is home to a number of [[pubs]], [[nightclubs]], and live-music venues. The city is also the birthplace or starting point for a number of notable Australian bands and musicians, such as [[Barry Crocker]], [[Gyan Evans]], [[Magic Dirt]], [[Jeff Lang]], [[Denis Walter]], [[Chrissy Amphlett]], and [[Helen Garner]].<ref>*{{cite web|url=http://www.barrycrocker.net/about.htm|title=About Barry|work=Barry Crocker official website|access-date=2007-12-30|archive-date=3 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303024055/http://www.barrycrocker.net/about.htm|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.gyan.com.au/bio.htm|title=Gyan Evans bio|work=Gyan Evans official website|access-date=2007-12-30|archive-date=20 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020153645/http://gyan.com.au/bio.htm|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p194880|pure_url=yes}}|title=Magic Dirt overview|work=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=2007-12-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.jefflang.com.au/pressage.htm|title=Press: Middle-ground Man|work=Jeff Lang official website|access-date=2007-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829102318/http://www.jefflang.com.au/pressage.htm|archive-date=29 August 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.mytalk.com.au/Stations_OLD/Talk/3AW/Pages/ProfileDenisWalter.aspx|title=Denis Walter profile|work=My Talk|access-date=2007-12-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820113144/http://www.mytalk.com.au/Stations_OLD/Talk/3AW/Pages/ProfileDenisWalter.aspx|archive-date=20 August 2008}}
*{{cite news|title=Chrissy Amphlett dead at 53|url=http://m.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/chrissy-amphlett-dead-at-53-20130422-2ia30.html|access-date=22 April 2013|newspaper=The Age|date=22 April 2013}}
*{{cite web|title=Helen Garner|work=[[Penguin Books]]|url=https://www.penguin.com.au/authors/helen-garner|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403173759/https://www.penguin.com.au/authors/helen-garner|archive-date=3 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Geelong also hosts music festivals such as the [[Meredith Music Festival]], [[Offshore Festival]], Poppykettle Festival, and National Celtic Festival.
The city's prominent cultural venues are the [[Geelong Performing Arts Centre]] (commonly known as "GPAC"),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gpac.org.au/venue/default.aspx|title=The Venues|work=Geelong Performing Arts Centre website|access-date=2007-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830183937/http://www.gpac.org.au/venue/default.aspx|archive-date=30 August 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> the 1500-seat Costa Hall auditorium and the [[Geelong Art Gallery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Arts_and_Culture/Arts_Venues/|title=Arts Venues |work=City of Greater Geelong website |access-date=2007-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902154410/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Arts_and_Culture/Arts_Venues/|archive-date=2 September 2007|url-status=live|df=dmy }}</ref>
Based in Geelong, [[Back to Back Theatre]] is a globally renown, contemporary Australian theatre companies engaging with disability on stage. With work produced by the company, Back to Back Theatre explores questions about politics, ethics and philosophy in humanity and tours nationally and globally. In 2022, Back to Back Theatre was awarded the $300,000 [[International Ibsen Award]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-20 |title=Japan to Vienna, New York to London: the famous Australian theatre ensemble you've probably never heard of |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-21/australian-back-to-back-theatre-group-wins-ibsen-award/100924732 |access-date=2022-10-16}}</ref>
Local community-led, not for profit Creative Geelong Inc<ref>{{Cite web |title=Creative Geelong |url=http://www.creativegeelong.com.au/index.html |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=www.creativegeelong.com.au |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309033811/http://www.creativegeelong.com.au/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> was established in 2015 to support local creatives and highlight the opportunities for creative industries practitioners in the region. In 2017, Creative Geelong partnered with [[Deakin University]] to crowdfund and produce three documentaries about Geelong's transformation from a heavy manufacturing hub to a creative destination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hubcaps to Creative Hubs |url=http://www.cv.vic.gov.au/stories/built-environment/hubcaps-to-creative-hubs/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=Culture Victoria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Freeman |first1=Cristina Garduño |last2=Gray |first2=Fiona |last3=Novacevski |first3=Matt |title=How crowdfunding can connect people to their heritage and community |url=http://theconversation.com/how-crowdfunding-can-connect-people-to-their-heritage-and-community-69615 |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=The Conversation |date=27 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Hubcaps to Creative Hubs series showcase three locations in Geelong including the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vj7ZaH8FJGI Federal Woollen Mills], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7BEdEeM9aPs RS&S Woollen Mills] and the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UG8-nMg0LJA Fyansford Paper Mills] and tells the story of their industrial past and new purpose as creative hot spots.
===Media===
The ''[[Geelong Advertiser]]'', the oldest newspaper title in Victoria and the second-oldest in Australia,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/about.html
|title=About The Geelong Advertiser
|work=[[Geelong Advertiser]] website
|access-date=2007-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.wan-press.org/article2823.html
|title=Oldest newspapers still in circulation
|work=World Association of Newspapers website
|access-date=2007-12-24
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040107070325/http://www.wan-press.org/article2823.html
|archive-date=7 January 2004
}}</ref> was established in 1840. The free ''[[Geelong Independent]]'' and ''[[Geelong News]]'' are the city's other major newspapers.
Geelong is part of the Melbourne television licence area, and receives all of the [[free-to-air]] stations from Melbourne, including [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]], [[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]], [[Seven Network|Seven]], [[Nine Network|Nine]], [[Network 10|Ten]], and the community channel [[C31 Melbourne|C31]]. The Geelong region also receives [[cable television|cable]] and [[satellite television]] services through operators [[Foxtel]] and [[Neighbourhood Cable]].
The local radio stations are [[K Rock 95.5|K-Rock]] (rock and pop music), [[Rhema FM]] (Christian community station), [[KIX Country|Hot Country Radio]] (country music station), [[94.7 The Pulse|The Pulse]] (community station), [[3GPH]] (radio reading service), and [[Bay 93.9|Bay FM]] (adult contemporary music). The transmitters for K-Rock, The Pulse, Rhema FM, and Bay FM are located at a shared transmitter site on Mount Bellarine, near [[Drysdale, Victoria|Drysdale]]. Most Melbourne-based radio stations can also be received clearly in the Geelong region.
===Sport===
[[File:Aerial perspective of Kardinia Park stadium.jpg|thumb|Aerial perspective of GMHBA stadium, home of the Geelong Cats]]
[[Australian rules football]] is the most popular sport in Geelong. Established in 1859, the [[Geelong Football Club]] is the [[List of Australian rules football clubs by date of establishment|second oldest club]]<ref name="gfc">{{cite web
|url = http://www.gfc.com.au/TheClub/History/GFCHistory/tabid/4015/Default.aspx
|title = Geelong Football Club history
|work = Geelong Football Club
|access-date = 2007-12-22
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071211060547/http://www.gfc.com.au/TheClub/History/GFCHistory/tabid/4015/Default.aspx
|archive-date = 11 December 2007
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> in the [[Australian Football League]] (AFL) and one of the world's [[oldest football clubs]]. Until [[Sydney Swans|South Melbourne]] relocated to Sydney in 1981, it was the only VFL/AFL club based outside of the greater Melbourne metropolitan area. Its home ground is [[Kardinia Park (stadium)|Kardinia Park]] stadium. It also fields a reserves side in the [[Victorian Football League]],<ref name="gfc"/> and three independent football leagues run in the area: the [[Geelong Football League]], the [[Geelong & District Football League]], and the [[Bellarine Football League]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2008/05/24/14299_opinion.html
|title=Kick to kick
|work=The [[Geelong Advertiser]]
|date=24 May 2008
|first=DARYL|last=McLURE
|publisher=geelongadvertiser.com.au
|access-date=2008-11-10
}}</ref>
The [[Geelong Arena]] in North Geelong is the home of the [[Geelong Supercats]] basketball team, and was also used during the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]] for basketball games.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www1.dvc.vic.gov.au/ocgc/traffic%20and%20transport/guide/the-arena-geelong.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060319141613/http://www1.dvc.vic.gov.au/ocgc/traffic%20and%20transport/guide/the-arena-geelong.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=19 March 2006
|title=The Arena, Geelong
|work=Office of Commonwealth Games Coordination website
|access-date=2007-12-22
|df=dmy
}}</ref> The Geelong Basketball and Netball Centre was formerly the home to another basketball team from the region, the [[Corio Bay Stingrays]].<ref>[http://www.bigv.com.au/index.php?id=1049 Corio Bay Stingrays – Big V] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208070518/http://www.bigv.com.au/index.php?id=1049 |date=8 December 2015 }}</ref>
The city co-hosted the [[2003 FIBA Oceania Championship]] where [[Australia's national basketball team]] won the gold medal.
[[North Geelong Warriors FC]] are the region's primary soccer club, playing in the [[National Premier Leagues Victoria]] competition. The club played in the [[Victorian Premier League]] from 1992 to 1997 and in the top tier of the NPL in 2015. Other soccer clubs include Northern based [[Geelong Rangers FC]], [[Geelong SC]], [[Corio SC]], [[Lara United FC]] and Southern based [[Surf Coast SC]]. [[Western United]] play a few home games every year in [[GMHBA stadium]], Geelong is included in the marketing for the club in western victoria.
Geelong has a [[Thoroughbred racing in Australia|horse-racing club]], the Geelong Racing Club, which schedules around 22 race meetings a year, including the [[Geelong Cup]] meeting in October.<ref name="RaceClub">{{cite web|last=Country Racing Victoria |title=Alexandra Race Club |url=http://www.countryracing.com.au/index.php?option=com_club_info&club=59&Itemid=80 |access-date=2009-05-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803131021/http://countryracing.com.au/index.php?option=com_club_info&club=59&Itemid=80 |archive-date=3 August 2008}}</ref> The Geelong Cup was first run in 1872,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.grc.com.au/cuppastwinners.htm
|title=Past Winners
|work=Geelong Racing Club website
|access-date=2007-12-22
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009151425/http://www.grc.com.au/cuppastwinners.htm
|archive-date=9 October 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}</ref> and is considered one of the most reliable guides to the result of the [[Melbourne Cup]].<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/horse-racing/geelong-cup-again-a-good-guide/2007/10/22/1192940984902.html
|title=Geelong Cup again a good guide
|work=The Age website
|date=23 October 2007
|access-date=2007-12-22
| location=Melbourne
|first=Andrew
|last=Eddy}}</ref> It also has a [[Picnic horse racing|picnic horse-racing club]], Geelong St Patricks Racing Club, which holds its one race meeting a year in February.<ref name="RaceClub2">{{cite web|last=Country Racing Victoria |title=Geelong St Patricks Racing Club |url=http://www.countryracing.com.au/index.php?option=com_club_info&club=77&Itemid=80 |access-date=2009-05-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803233436/http://countryracing.com.au/index.php?option=com_club_info&club=77&Itemid=80 |archive-date=3 August 2008}}</ref>
Geelong [[Harness racing|Harness Racing]] Club conducts regular meetings at its racetrack at Corio,<ref name = "harness">{{cite web
| last = Australian Harness Racing | title = Geelong | url = http://www.harness.org.au/geelong/geelong.cfm?fromstate=vic | access-date = 2009-05-11
}}</ref> and the Geelong [[Greyhound racing|Greyhound Racing]] Club holds regular meetings.<ref name="dogs">{{cite web|last=Greyhound Racing Victoria |title=Geelong |url=http://geelong.grv.org.au/index.html |access-date=2009-04-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421041102/http://geelong.grv.org.au/index.html |archive-date=21 April 2009}}</ref>
Founded in 1882, the Geelong Lawn Tennis Club has 27 tennis courts and plays host to a number of tennis tournaments including the Davis Cup tie between Australia and China in 2012.
[[File:Robbie McEwen 2007 Bay Cycling Classic 1.jpg|thumb|[[2007 Bay Classic Series]] at Eastern Beach]]
The [[Eastern Beach, Victoria|Eastern Beach]] foreshore and nearby Eastern Gardens regularly host internationally televised [[triathlon]]s, and annual [[sports car]] and [[racing car]] events such as the Geelong Speed Trials.<ref name=speedtrials>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongspeedtrials.com
|title=Home Page
|work=Geelong Speed Trials
|access-date=2007-12-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805235601/http://geelongspeedtrials.com/
|archive-date=5 August 2018
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
Corio Bay is also host to many sailing and yachting events. Geelong also has many golf courses, sporting and recreation ovals, and playing fields, as well as facilities for [[water skiing]], [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]], [[fishing]], [[hiking]], and [[Greyhound racing|greyhound]] and [[harness racing]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Services_In_Geelong/Sports_and_Recreation/Reserves_Listing/
|title=Reserves Listing
|work=City of Greater Geelong website
|access-date=2007-12-22
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214142509/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Services_In_Geelong/Sports_and_Recreation/Reserves_Listing/
|archive-date=14 December 2007
|url-status=live
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
Geelong Athletics holds competitions during both the summer and winter, including high-profile events such as Victorian and sometimes national and international track and field meets.
Geelong is home to Australia's largest indoor [[skate park]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Skaters celebrate the wheel thing|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2013/06/21/367639_news.html|access-date=8 September 2013|newspaper=[[Geelong Advertiser]]|date=21 June 2013|author=Courtney Crane}}</ref> and has "more skate parks per capita than any other municipality in Australia."<ref>{{cite web|title=Skate Parks in Geelong |url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/ct/task/article/item/8cbdd8ebe56a8c6.aspx |work=City of Greater Geelong |access-date=8 September 2013 |year=2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001557/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/ct/task/article/item/8cbdd8ebe56a8c6.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>
Geelong is also the birthplace of [[Bev Francis]], an IFBB professional Australian [[female bodybuilding|female bodybuilder]], [[powerlifting|powerlifter]], and national [[shot put]] champion.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ifbbpro.com/hall-of-fame-welcome-message/bev-francis/
|title = IFBB Hall of Fame Inductees for 2000
|publisher = [[International Federation of Bodybuilding and Fitness]]
|access-date = 28 April 2010
|archive-date = 25 October 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111025130543/http://www.ifbbpro.com/hall-of-fame-welcome-message/bev-francis/
|url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.australia-bodybuilding.com/bevfrancis.htm |title=Bev Francis, Biography Page |publisher=Australia Bodybuilding |year=2009 |access-date=28 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810162826/http://www.australia-bodybuilding.com/bevfrancis.htm |archive-date=10 August 2010 }}</ref>
The [[Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race]], named in honour of the [[Tour de France]] winner and 2009 World Champion starts in the city. It then goes through [[Barwon Heads]] on the [[Bellarine Peninsula]], passing by the famous surf beach of [[Bells Beach]] in [[Surf Coast Shire]] and continuing along the [[Great Ocean Road]]. The race then heads via rolling hills back to Geelong for three circuits of the city before a waterfront finish. The race generally suits ''[[puncheur]]s'' who are capable of getting into breakaways and can easily climb short, steep hills.<ref name="2017CN">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/uci-expands-worldtour-to-37-events/ |title=UCI expands WorldTour to 37 events |access-date=2 October 2016 |work=Cycling News|date=2 August 2016 }}</ref><ref name="2017UCI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uci.ch/pressreleases/the-uci-reveals-expanded-uci-worldtour-calendar-for-207/ |title=The UCI reveals expanded UCI WorldTour calendar for 2017 |access-date=2 October 2016 |work=UCI}}</ref>
The city's [[Kardinia Park (stadium)|Kardinia Park Stadium]] hosted the first match of the 2022 Men's [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup|T20 cricket World Cup]]. Along with other cities in regional Victoria, Geelong was scheduled host the [[2026 Commonwealth Games]] until they were cancelled.<ref>[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-18/victoria-commonwealth-games-announcement-daniel-andrews/102613156 Victoria to axe Commonwealth Games plans due to financial constraints] ''[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]'' 18 July 2023</ref>
The Geelong Sharks compete in the state's Rugby League competition run by [[NRL Victoria]].
==Public services==
===Education===
{{Main|List of schools in Geelong}}
[[File:Gordon institute of tafe building, geelong.jpg|thumb|The [[Gordon Institute of TAFE]] building in Fenwick Street]]
Geelong is served by a number of [[public education|public]] and [[private education|private]] schools that cater to local and overseas students. Over 40,000 primary and secondary students are enrolled in schools in Geelong, with another 27,000 students enrolled in tertiary and further education programs.<ref name="cogg-top10" /> The first schools in Geelong were established when the town was settled from the 1850s, among them were the historic private schools [[The Geelong College]] and [[Geelong Grammar School]].<ref name="fastfacts">{{cite web
|url=http://www.biogeelong.com.au/library/pdf/5240/67.pdf
|title=Geelong Fast Facts
|work=City of Greater Geelong website
|access-date=2007-12-30
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829045722/http://www.biogeelong.com.au/library/pdf/5240/67.pdf
|archive-date=29 August 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
Geelong is also home to the oldest state secondary school in Victoria, [[Geelong High School]], which has been serving the community since 1905, for over 100 years.
The Gordon Memorial Technical College opened in 1888, and is known today as the [[Gordon Institute of TAFE]].<ref name="gex150" /> In 1976, the Gordon Institute was divided into two parts, with academic courses becoming part of the newly formed Deakin University based at the [[Waurn Ponds]] campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gordontafe.edu.au/index.cfm?action=2&secAction=7&terAction=2&pageAction=2 |title=History 1941 - Today |work=Gordon Institute of TAFE website |access-date=2007-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903080950/http://www.gordontafe.edu.au/index.cfm?action=2&secAction=7&terAction=2&pageAction=2 |archive-date=3 September 2007 }}</ref> [[Deakin University]] enrolled its first students at its Waurn Ponds campus in 1977. Today, the university is located on a 365-ha site at Waurn Ponds and has over 1,000 staff and over 4,000 on-campus students.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.deakin.edu.au/campuses/waurnponds.php
|title=Waurn Ponds campus
|work=Deakin University website
|access-date=2007-12-19
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209034015/http://www.deakin.edu.au/campuses/waurnponds.php
|archive-date=9 February 2008
}}</ref> The university also has a campus located on the waterfront of Corio Bay in the Geelong CBD,<ref name="deakin.edu.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.deakin.edu.au/life-at-deakin/our-locations/geelong-waterfront-campus|title=Geelong Waterfront Campus - Deakin|first=Deakin|last=University|website=www.deakin.edu.au}}</ref> a campus in Burwood, Melbourne,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deakin.edu.au/life-at-deakin/our-locations/melbourne-burwood-campus|title=Melbourne Burwood Campus - Deakin|first=Deakin|last=University|website=www.deakin.edu.au}}</ref> and a campus in Warrnambool, in Western Victoria.<ref name="deakin.edu.au"/> From 2008 the campus at Waurn Ponds also has been home to Victoria's first regional medical school.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2007/09/18/6933_news.html
|title=Deakin medical school begins search for students
|date=18 September 2007
|work=[[Geelong Advertiser]] website
|access-date=2007-12-30}}</ref>
===Health===
[[File:Geelong-hospital.jpg|thumb|Main entrance to Geelong Hospital]]
The major public health service is [[Barwon Health]], which operates 21 separate health sites including [[University Hospital Geelong]] on Ryrie Street, and the McKellar Centre on Ballarat Road. Barwon Health services the entire region. The largest [[private hospital]] is the nearby [[St John of God Health Care]] centre on Myers Street. Prominent healthcare services include the Epworth Hospital located at 1 Epworth Place, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216.,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epworth.org.au/About-Us/Major-Projects/Epworth-Geelong-Development/Pages/homepage.aspx|title=Epworth Geelong|website=www.epworth.org.au}}</ref> and Geelong Health (Geelong West).
===Utilities===
[[File:Geelong A Power Station, 1948.jpg|thumb|left|The former Geelong A power station, now part of Westfield Geelong]]
Water storage and supply in Geelong is managed by [[Barwon Water]], a Victoria government-owned urban water corporation. Geelong is supplied with water from three river systems: the Barwon, the East Moorabool, and the West Moorabool Rivers. The catchment areas are the Brisbane Ranges to Geelong's north-west, and the [[Otway Ranges]] to the south-west. The first water supplies to Geelong were from the Stony Creek reservoirs near [[Steiglitz, Victoria|Steiglitz]], but, as of 2010, Geelong, together with Ballarat, consumes about 70% of the Moorabool River's water flow.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water issues and environmental flows|url=http://www.wombatforestcare.org.au/index.php?page=Water_Issues_and_Environmental_Flows|work=Wombat Forestcare Inc|access-date=6 October 2012|first=Alison|last=Pouliot|year=2007–2010}}</ref> Sewage from Geelong and district is [[sewage treatment|treated]] at the Black Rock Treatment Plant at [[Breamlea]] and then discharged into [[Bass Strait]].
Geelong was first supplied with electricity in 1902 when the [[Geelong Power Station]] opened on the corner of Yarra and Brougham Streets. Later known as Geelong A, the power station was rebuilt in 1920 to increase the capacity, with the station continued operating until 1961. In 1936, Geelong was connected to the state [[electrical grid]]. The Geelong B power station at [[North Geelong]] opened in 1954,<ref name="psu">{{Cite book
|author=R. Arklay and I. Sayer
|title=Geelong's Electric Supply
|date=September 1970}}</ref> and was closed in 1970 due to the much higher efficiency of the power stations in the [[Latrobe Valley]]. The supply of piped [[coal gas]] in Geelong started in 1860 by the [[Geelong Gas Company]]. The [[gasworks]] were located in North Geelong next to the [[North Geelong railway station]].<ref>The Geelong Gas Company 1858–1958: 100 years of public service and progressive development</ref> Geelong was converted to [[natural gas]] in 1971, with the Geelong Gas Company being taken over by the [[Gas & Fuel Corporation of Victoria]] on 30 June 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delisted.com.au/Company/3376/GEELONG%20GAS%20COMPANY%20LIMITED |title=GEELONG GAS COMPANY LIMITED |work=deListed website |access-date=2007-08-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830132222/http://www.delisted.com.au/Company/3376/GEELONG%20GAS%20COMPANY%20LIMITED |archive-date=30 August 2007 }}</ref>
==Transportation==
[[File:Geelong Ring Road section 3 downhill Waurn Ponds 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Geelong Ring Road|Princes Freeway's Geelong Ring Road]], looking south towards suburban [[Waurn Ponds]]]]
The main form of transportation in Geelong is the [[automobile]]. Geelong is well-connected by roads to all of south-west Victoria, to Melbourne by a major-arterial the [[Princes Freeway]] (M1) with three or four lanes in each direction, to Warrnambool by the Princes Highway (A1), the Bellarine Peninsula by the [[Bellarine Highway]] (B110), Ballarat by the [[Midland Highway, Victoria|Midland Highway]] (A300), and to Hamilton by the [[Hamilton Highway]] (B140). The $380-million [[Geelong Ring Road]] (an extension of the [[Princes Freeway]]) bypasses the greater Geelong urban area exiting the [[Princes Highway]] near Corio to rejoin the highway at Waurn Ponds.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/RoadsAndProjects/RoadProjects/RegionalVictoria/GeelongRingRoad/default.htm
|title=About Geelong Ring Road
|work=[[VicRoads]]
|access-date=2007-12-18
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101145531/http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/RoadsAndProjects/RoadProjects/RegionalVictoria/GeelongRingRoad/default.htm
|archive-date=1 January 2008
|df=dmy
}}</ref> The [[Lewis Bandt Bridge]], named in honour of the Ford Australia engineer who is credited as the inventor of the [[Coupé utility|ute]] (1934), in Geelong is a feature of the new road.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2008/12/14/37395_news.html|title=Brumby Declares Geelong Ring Road Open|work=[[Geelong Advertiser]]}}</ref>
===Avalon Airport===
[[File:Jetstar a320 VH-VQY at Avalon Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Jetstar]] aircraft at [[Avalon Airport]]]]
[[Avalon Airport]] is located about {{Convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the north-east of the city of Geelong in the suburb of Avalon. It was established in 1953 for the production of military aircraft.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.meinhardt.com.au/newsdeskdetail.php?nid=84
|title=Avalon Hangar Conversion for Qantas? Skybed Fit-Out Adds to Meinhardt Aviation Portfolio
|date=10 December 2003
|work=Meinhardt website
|access-date=2007-12-18
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829150256/http://www.meinhardt.com.au/newsdeskdetail.php?nid=84
|archive-date=29 August 2007
|df=dmy
}}</ref> It was also used for the repair of commercial aircraft, and for pilot training. Avalon Airport has also been home to low-cost airline [[Jetstar]] since 2004.<ref name="jetstar">{{cite web
|url = http://www.jetstar.com/pdf/news/20040601.pdf
|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080409224611/http://www.jetstar.com/pdf/news/20040601.pdf
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 9 April 2008
|title = History made as Avalon Airport welcomes first Jetstar flight
|work = Jetstar website
|date = 1 June 2004
|access-date = 2007-12-18
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Flights to Sydney use the airport and in June 2015, Jetstar announced it would fly to the Gold Coast daily from Avalon Airport commencing October 2015. Avalon Airport is the venue for 'Thunder Down Under' [[Australian International Airshow]] every other year.
Avalon Airport had international flights with [[AirAsia X]] to and from Kuala Lumpur and [[Citilink]] to [[Ngurah Rai International Airport|Denpasar]] but were cancelled during the pandemic.
===Rail===
[[File:Geelong-morning.jpg|thumb|left|[[V/Line]] passenger trains at [[Geelong railway station]]]]
Geelong is a major hub for [[rail transport in Victoria]], having frequent services to and from Melbourne, and being at the junction of the [[Port Fairy railway line|Port Fairy]], [[Western standard gauge railway line|Western standard gauge]] and the [[Geelong-Ballarat railway line|Geelong-Ballarat]] lines.<ref name="rg" /> Eight passenger railway stations are in the urban area, all along the [[Port Fairy railway line|Warrnambool line]] and served by [[V/Line]] trains.<ref name="viclink">{{cite web
|url = http://www.viclink.com.au/location/view/19
|title = Greater Geelong
|work = [[Metlink]]
|access-date = 2007-12-18
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120101013359/http://www.viclink.com.au/location/view/19
|archive-date = 1 January 2012
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> The Geelong line provides passenger services to Melbourne in the off-peak with trains departing Geelong every 20 minutes on weekdays, with more frequent services at peak times. According to V/Line, the Geelong line carries more passengers than any other regional rail line in Australia.<ref>[http://www.vline.com.au/community/home/howbusy.html How busy is my Geelong train? V/Line<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> None of the lines are electrified and all trains servicing Geelong are [[Diesel engine|diesel]] powered.
Geelong's currently operating stations include [[Little River railway station|Little River]], [[Lara railway station|Lara]], [[Corio railway station|Corio]], [[North Shore railway station|North Shore]], [[North Geelong railway station|North Geelong]], [[Geelong railway station|Geelong]], [[South Geelong railway station|South Geelong]], [[Marshall railway station|Marshall]] and [[Waurn Ponds railway station|Waurn Ponds]].
In the past, a rail line connected Geelong city to the Bellarine Peninsula through to [[Queenscliff, Victoria|Queenscliff]], ceasing to operate as a regular passenger service in 1976. The [[Bellarine Railway]] operates a section of the line between [[Drysdale, Victoria|Drysdale]] and [[Queenscliff, Victoria|Queenscliff]] as a tourist attraction.
Passenger services run to [[Warrnambool railway station|Warrnambool]] three times daily, connecting Geelong with [[Colac railway station|Colac]], [[Terang railway station|Terang]], and [[Camperdown railway station|Camperdown]]. [[Journey Beyond]]'s ''[[The Overland]]'' service between Melbourne and [[Adelaide Parklands Terminal|Adelaide]] stops at the standard-gauge platform provided at [[North Shore railway station|North Shore station]]. It runs six days a week, with three services to Adelaide and three to Melbourne.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.gsr.com.au/our-trains/the-overland/the-journey.php
|title=The Overland Homepage
|work=[[Journey Beyond]]
|access-date=2007-12-18
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210234651/http://www.gsr.com.au/our-trains/the-overland/the-journey.php
|archive-date=10 December 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}</ref> Freight trains also operate from Melbourne to Geelong serving local industries,<ref name="rgnog">{{cite web
|url=http://www.railgeelong.com/locations.php?name=North%20Geelong%20Yard
|title=North Geelong Yard
|work=Rail Geelong
|access-date=2007-08-13}}</ref> as well as to Warrnambool and other western Victorian towns. The main [[Western standard gauge railway line|Melbourne-Adelaide standard-gauge line]] is a heavily used interstate freight route.
Victoria's electronic ticketing system, [[Myki]], was implemented on rail services between Marshall and Melbourne on 29 July 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Myki to start on V/Line Commuter Services |url=http://www.vline.com.au/about/news/mediareleases/96766932/Article.aspx |publisher=[[V/Line]] |access-date=2013-08-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827131931/http://www.vline.com.au/about/news/mediareleases/96766932/Article.aspx |archive-date=27 August 2013}}</ref>
The Victorian government is currently in process of land acquisition and inspection for a potential [[Torquay, Victoria|Torquay]] rail line which would service both Torquay and the [[Armstrong Creek, Victoria|Armstrong Creek]] growth corridor.
===Ports and ferry services===
[[File:Cunningham Pier.Geelong Vic. Aust. (12076909603).jpg|thumb|Cunningham Pier]]
The [[Port of Geelong]] is located on the shores of Corio Bay, and is the sixth-largest [[Port|seaport]] in Australia by tonnage.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Accessing_Council/Transportation/Sea/
|title=City of Greater Geelong - Sea
|work=City of Greater Geelong website
|access-date=2007-12-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903094716/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Accessing_Council/Transportation/Sea/
|archive-date=3 September 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}</ref> Major commodities include [[crude oil]] and petroleum products, export [[grain]], [[Woodchipping|woodchips]], [[alumina]] imports, and [[fertiliser]].<ref name="ageport">{{Cite news
|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/business/geelong-port-contributes-500mn-a-year-to-victoria/2005/09/11/1126377204533.html
|title='Geelong port contributes $500mn a year to Victoria'
|date=12 September 2005
|work=[[The Age]]
|access-date=2007-12-16
| location=Melbourne}}</ref> The [[Bellarine Peninsula]] has been linked to the [[Mornington Peninsula]] since 1987<ref name="stamp">{{Cite book
|title=Notes on the inauguration of the Peninsular Princess car / passenger ferry
|author=Peninsular Stamp Club
|year=1987}}</ref> by the [[Searoad ferry]], which runs every hour using two roll-on/roll-off ferries between [[Queenscliff, Victoria|Queenscliff]] and [[Sorrento]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dtf.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/MediaRelArc02.nsf/d025c300601da9dc4a25688e00143d49/e9fa53d63dc6e4ac4a256b510080ffb2!OpenDocument&Click=|title=DEPUTY PREMIER LAUNCHES $12 MILLION QUEENSCLIFF TO SORRENTO FERRY|work=Media Release from the Office of the Premier|date=22 April 2001|access-date=2007-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207213802/http://www.dtf.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/MediaRelArc02.nsf/d025c300601da9dc4a25688e00143d49/e9fa53d63dc6e4ac4a256b510080ffb2%21OpenDocument%26Click%3D|archive-date=7 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[Port Phillip Ferries]] began operating twice daily services between [[Portarlington, Victoria|Portarlington]] and Melbourne [[Docklands, Victoria|Docklands]] in November 2016. Three years later overcrowding on trains led to a similar service being introduced from Geelong to Docklands. The services are popular with both tourists and commuters, providing an alternative access for Geelong and the Bellarine Peninsula to Melbourne. The 36-metre-long catamaran ferries seat over 400 passengers, provide a comfortable vantage point to enjoy the sights of Port Phillip. The introduction of the Portarlington service led to a major revamp of the local pier, with pier extensions and a protective rock wall installed.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
On 23 October 2022 the Tasmanian ferry service, the [[Spirit of Tasmania]], started operating from a new terminal in [[North Geelong]] rather than from [[Port Melbourne]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.spiritoftasmania.com.au/geelong-terminal | title=Introducing Spirit of Tasmania Quay }}</ref>
===Bus and taxi===
[[File:CDC_Geelong_BS04QH_April_2022_1.jpg|thumb|left|[[CDC Geelong]] bus at [[Geelong railway station]]]]
A bus network covering the city centre and most surrounding suburbs provides public transport. Until June 2015 they were operated under the umbrella of the [[Geelong Transit System]]. [[Public Transport Victoria]] contracts [[CDC Geelong]] and [[McHarry's Buslines]] to provide Geelong's bus services and bus services to [[Torquay, Victoria|Torquay]] and the [[Bellarine Peninsula]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcharrys.com.au/McHGTS.html |title=Geelong Transit System |work=[[McHarry's Buslines]] |access-date=2007-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071122183219/http://www.mcharrys.com.au/McHGTS.html |archive-date=22 November 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> V/Line services link Geelong with Ballarat, [[Daylesford, Victoria|Daylesford]], Bendigo, [[Apollo Bay]], the [[Great Ocean Road]], the [[Twelve Apostles]] and Warrnambool.<ref name="viclink" />
[[File:2005-2006 Ford Falcon (BF) XT sedan, Geelong Taxi Network (2008-12-14).jpg|thumb|Taxi in [[Norlane]]]]
Taxi services in Geelong are provided by Geelong Taxi Network, a newly formed depot following the effective merger of Bay City Cabs and Geelong Radio Cabs in July 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thegeelongtimes.com.au/news/View_Item.asp?task=edit&id=108 |title=2 into 1 Geelong taxi service |work=Geelong Times |date=2007-05-02 |access-date=2012-05-14 |archive-date=14 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314042120/http://www.thegeelongtimes.com.au/news/View_Item.asp?task=edit&id=108 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The majority of the network covers the city and suburban areas of the city, with "urban" classification for the vehicles in use. The [[Bellarine Peninsula]], and Torquay areas, although part of Geelong Taxi Network, are both covered by separate "country" classification taxis. Often, disputes occur in regards to different taxis from one licence area, picking up work from either of the other two licence areas, which is illegal in most circumstances under current taxi regulations in Victoria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2008/09/25/18765_news.html |title=Move to Ban Bellarine Taxis in Geelong |work=[[Geelong Advertiser]]}}</ref> Call centre and radio dispatch services for the new combined network are provided by Silver Top Taxis in Melbourne.
===Cycling and walking===
Geelong also has many kilometres of [[bicycle]] trails including the:
* Bay Trail, Corio Quay to Limeburners Point
* Barwon River trail – 20 km between [[Fyansford]] and [[South Geelong]]
* [[Bellarine Rail Trail]] is a 32 km path between South Geelong and Queenscliffe.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Services_In_Geelong/Sports_and_Recreation/Bike_Trails/Barwon_River_and_Geelong_Foreshore/
|title=Bike Trails: Barwon River and Geelong Foreshore
|work=City of Greater Geelong
|access-date=2007-12-31
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902064240/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Services_In_Geelong/Sports_and_Recreation/Bike_Trails/Barwon_River_and_Geelong_Foreshore/
|archive-date=2 September 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
* Cowies Creek Trail
* Hovells Creek Trail
* [[Ted Wilson trail]]- Follows the Geelong Ring Road for 12 km between Corio to Hamlyn Heights
* Tom McKean Linear Park, Separation Street, [[North Geelong]] through to the [[Fyansford]] Cement Works
* Waurn Ponds trail offers follows over 6 km of the Waurn Ponds creek
==See also==
{{Portal|Victoria}}
* [[Geelong Field Naturalists Club]]
* [[List of cities in Australia#Victoria]]
* [[List of Heritage listed buildings in Geelong]]
* [[:Category:People from Geelong]]
* [[Geelong's Woolstores]], 19th century
* [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]]
* [[Wollongong]]
* [[Geelong depot]]
{{clear}}
== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Overland travel between Melbourne and Adelaide}}
{{Wikivoyage|Great Ocean Road}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100124210343/http://www.geelongcity.vic.gov.au/ Official Geelong Government site]
*[http://www.visitgreatoceanroad.org.au/ Official website of the Geelong Otway Tourism Region of the Great Ocean Road]
*[http://www.g21.com.au/ Official G21 - Geelong Region Alliance site including growth statistics]
*[https://www.ontvtonight.com/au/guide/listings/GeelongNight.html Geelong TV Guide - All channels currently broadcasting in the Geelong and surrounding areas]
{{Sister bar|auto=y}}
{{Geelong suburbs}}
{{Cities of Australia}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Geelong| ]]
[[Category:1838 establishments in Australia]]
[[Category:Cities in Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:Coastal cities in Australia]]
[[Category:Port cities in Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:Wine regions of Victoria (state)]]' |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Victoria, Australia. For the city centre suburb, see <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_city_centre" title="Geelong city centre">Geelong city centre</a>. For the <a href="/info/en/?search=Local_government_area" title="Local government area">local government area</a>, see <a href="/info/en/?search=City_of_Greater_Geelong" title="City of Greater Geelong">City of Greater Geelong</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Geelong (disambiguation)">Geelong (disambiguation)</a>. For the Australian rules football club, see <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Football_Club" title="Geelong Football Club">Geelong Football Club</a>. For the city located in Taiwan, see <a href="/info/en/?search=Keelung" title="Keelung">Keelung</a>.</div>
<p>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Template:Infobox_Australian_placei_like_big_pooi_like_big_pooi_like_big_pooi_like_big_pooi_like_big_pooi_like_big_poo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Infobox Australian placei like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big poo (page does not exist)">Template:Infobox Australian placei like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big pooi like big poo</a>
</p><p><b>Geelong</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">jih-<span style="font-size:90%">LONG</span></i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Wathawurrung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wathawurrung language">Wathawurrung</a>: <i>Djilang</i>/<i>Djalang</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> is a <a href="/info/en/?search=Port_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Port city">port city</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria, Australia</a>, located at the eastern end of <a href="/info/en/?search=Corio_Bay" title="Corio Bay">Corio Bay</a> (the smaller western portion of <a href="/info/en/?search=Port_Phillip_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Phillip Bay">Port Phillip Bay</a>) and the left bank of <a href="/info/en/?search=Barwon_River_(Victoria)" title="Barwon River (Victoria)">Barwon River</a>, about 65 km (40 mi) southwest of <a href="/info/en/?search=Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>.
</p><p>Geelong is the second largest Victorian city behind Melbourne with an estimated urban population of 268,277 as of June 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-ABSSUA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABSSUA-4">[4]</a></sup> and is also Australia's second fastest-growing city. Geelong is also known as the "Gateway City"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> due to its critical location to surrounding <a href="/info/en/?search=Western_District_(Victoria)" title="Western District (Victoria)">western Victorian</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Regional_Australia" title="Regional Australia">regional centres</a> including <a href="/info/en/?search=Ballarat" title="Ballarat">Ballarat</a> in the northwest, <a href="/info/en/?search=Torquay,_Victoria" title="Torquay, Victoria">Torquay</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Great_Ocean_Road" title="Great Ocean Road">Great Ocean Road</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Warrnambool" title="Warrnambool">Warrnambool</a> in the southwest, <a href="/info/en/?search=Hamilton,_Victoria" title="Hamilton, Victoria">Hamilton</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Colac,_Victoria" title="Colac, Victoria">Colac</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Winchelsea,_Victoria" title="Winchelsea, Victoria">Winchelsea</a> to the west, providing a <a href="/info/en/?search=Transport_corridor" title="Transport corridor">transport corridor</a> past the <a href="/info/en/?search=Central_Highlands_(Victoria)" title="Central Highlands (Victoria)">Central Highlands</a> for these regions to the state capital Melbourne in its northeast. The City of Greater Geelong is also a member of the <a class="external text" href="https://www.gatewaycitiesalliance.com.au/">Gateway Cities Alliance</a> in partnership with Councils from Newcastle and Wollongong.
</p><p>Geelong is the <a href="/info/en/?search=Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">administrative centre</a> for the <a href="/info/en/?search=City_of_Greater_Geelong" title="City of Greater Geelong">City of Greater Geelong</a> municipality, which is Port Phillip's only regional metropolitan area, and covers all the <a href="/info/en/?search=Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Rural_area" title="Rural area">rural</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Wetland" title="Wetland">coastal reserves</a> around the city including the entire <a href="/info/en/?search=Bellarine_Peninsula" title="Bellarine Peninsula">Bellarine Peninsula</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[note 1]</a></sup> and running from the plains of <a href="/info/en/?search=Lara,_Victoria" title="Lara, Victoria">Lara</a> in the north to the rolling hills of <a href="/info/en/?search=Waurn_Ponds" class="mw-redirect" title="Waurn Ponds">Waurn Ponds</a> to the south, with Corio Bay to the east and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Barrabool_Hills" title="Barrabool Hills">Barrabool Hills</a> to the west.
</p><p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Traditional_owners" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional owners">traditional owners</a> of the land on which Geelong sits were the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wadawurrung" title="Wadawurrung">Wadawurrung</a> (also known as <a href="/info/en/?search=Wathaurong" class="mw-redirect" title="Wathaurong">Wathaurong</a>) <a href="/info/en/?search=Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Aboriginal people</a> of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Kulin_nation" title="Kulin nation">Kulin nation</a>. The Wadawurrung Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation is the Registered Aboriginal Party for the region.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></sup> The modern name of Geelong, established in 1827, was derived from the local Wadawurrung name for the region, <i>Djilang</i>, thought to mean "land", "cliffs" or "tongue of land or peninsula".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GeelongCity_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeelongCity-9">[8]</a></sup> The area was first surveyed by the European settlers in 1838, three weeks after Melbourne. A town post office was opened by June 1840, the second to open in the Port Phillip District.<sup id="cite_ref-a_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-10">[9]</a></sup>
The first woolstore was erected in this period and it became the port for the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> industry of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Western_District,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Western District, Victoria">Western District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-forecast_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forecast-11">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the <a href="/info/en/?search=Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">Victorian gold rush</a>, Geelong experienced a brief boom as the main port to the rich <a href="/info/en/?search=Goldfields_region_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldfields region of Victoria">goldfields</a> of the Ballarat district.<sup id="cite_ref-story_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-12">[11]</a></sup> The town then diversified into manufacturing, and during the 1860s became one of the largest manufacturing centres in Australia with its <a href="/info/en/?search=Wool_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Wool mill">wool mills</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Rope" title="Rope">ropeworks</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">paper mills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup> It was proclaimed a <a href="/info/en/?search=City" title="City">city</a> in 1910, with industrial growth from this time until the 1960s establishing the city as a manufacturing centre for the state,<sup id="cite_ref-forecast_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forecast-11">[10]</a></sup> and the population grew to over 100,000 by the mid-1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-gex150_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gex150-14">[13]</a></sup> During the city's early years, an inhabitant of Geelong was often <a href="/info/en/?search=Demonym" title="Demonym">known as</a> a Geelongite<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup> or a "Pivotonian", derived from the city's nickname of "The Pivot", referencing the city's role as a <a href="/info/en/?search=Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">shipping</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">hub</a> for the area.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup> Population increases over the last decade were due to growth in <a href="/info/en/?search=Service_industries" title="Service industries">service industries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cogg-top10_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cogg-top10-17">[16]</a></sup> as the <a href="/info/en/?search=Manufacturing_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing sector">manufacturing sector</a> has declined. <a href="/info/en/?search=Urban_Renewal" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Renewal">Redevelopment</a> of the inner city has occurred since the 1990s, as well as <a href="/info/en/?search=Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a> of inner suburbs, and currently has a population growth rate higher than the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-growthrate_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-growthrate-18">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>Today, Geelong stands as an emerging healthcare, education and advanced manufacturing centre. The city's economy is shifting quickly and despite experiencing the drawbacks of losing much of its <a href="/info/en/?search=Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy manufacturing</a>, it is seeing much growth in other <a href="/info/en/?search=Tertiary_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary sector">tertiary sectors</a>, positioning itself as one of the leading non-capital Australian cities. It is home to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Football_Club" title="Geelong Football Club">Geelong Football Club</a>, the <a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Australian_rules_football_clubs_by_date_of_establishment" title="List of Australian rules football clubs by date of establishment">second-oldest club</a> in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_history_and_foundation"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Early history and foundation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#1850s:_Gold_rush"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">1850s: Gold rush</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1860s:_The_'Sleepy_Hollow'"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">1860s: The 'Sleepy Hollow'</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#1900s:_A_city_develops"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">1900s: A city develops</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Post-war_period"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Post-war period</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#21st_century"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">21st century</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#City_and_suburbs"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">City and suburbs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Governance"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Governance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Events_and_festivals"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Events and festivals</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Arts_and_entertainment"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Arts and entertainment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Media"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Sport"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Sport</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Public_services"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Public services</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Health"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Health</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Utilities"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Utilities</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Transportation"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Transportation</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Avalon_Airport"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Avalon Airport</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Rail"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Rail</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Ports_and_ferry_services"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ports and ferry services</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Bus_and_taxi"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Bus and taxi</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Cycling_and_walking"><span class="tocnumber">8.5</span> <span class="toctext">Cycling and walking</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/info/en/?search=Timeline_of_Geelong_history" title="Timeline of Geelong history">Timeline of Geelong history</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The name Geelong comes from <i>Djilang</i>, used by the Wadawurrung Traditional Owners of the area at the time of settlement.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_history_and_foundation">Early history and foundation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history and foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Aerial_panorama_of_Geelong_and_its_heartbeat_the_home_of_the_Geelong_Cats.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Aerial_panorama_of_Geelong_and_its_heartbeat_the_home_of_the_Geelong_Cats.jpg/220px-Aerial_panorama_of_Geelong_and_its_heartbeat_the_home_of_the_Geelong_Cats.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Aerial_panorama_of_Geelong_and_its_heartbeat_the_home_of_the_Geelong_Cats.jpg/330px-Aerial_panorama_of_Geelong_and_its_heartbeat_the_home_of_the_Geelong_Cats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Aerial_panorama_of_Geelong_and_its_heartbeat_the_home_of_the_Geelong_Cats.jpg/440px-Aerial_panorama_of_Geelong_and_its_heartbeat_the_home_of_the_Geelong_Cats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9308" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption>Aerial panorama of Geelong facing the bay. Taken August 2018.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The area of Geelong and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Bellarine_Peninsula" title="Bellarine Peninsula">Bellarine Peninsula</a> are the traditional lands of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wadawurrung" title="Wadawurrung">Wadawurrung</a> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Wathaurong" class="mw-redirect" title="Wathaurong">Wathaurong</a>) <a href="/info/en/?search=Indigenous_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian">Indigenous Australian</a> tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></sup> The first non-Indigenous person recorded as visiting the region was Lieutenant <a href="/info/en/?search=John_Murray_(Australian_explorer)" title="John Murray (Australian explorer)">John Murray</a>, who commanded the <a href="/info/en/?search=Brig" title="Brig">brig</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=HMS_Lady_Nelson_(1798)" title="HMS Lady Nelson (1798)">HMS <i>Lady Nelson</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-story_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-12">[11]</a></sup> After anchoring outside Port Phillip Heads (the narrow entrance to <a href="/info/en/?search=Port_Phillip" title="Port Phillip">Port Phillip</a>, onto which both Geelong and <a href="/info/en/?search=Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> now front), on 1 February 1802, he sent a small boat with six men to explore.<sup id="cite_ref-life_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life-20">[19]</a></sup> Led by <a href="/info/en/?search=John_Bowen_(colonist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Bowen (colonist)">John Bowen</a>, they explored the immediate area, returning to <i>Lady Nelson</i> on 4 February. On reporting favourable findings, <i>Lady Nelson</i> entered <a href="/info/en/?search=Port_Phillip" title="Port Phillip">Port Phillip</a> on 14 February, and did not leave until 12 March. During this time, Murray explored the Geelong area and, whilst on the far side of the bay, claimed the entire area for Britain. He named the bay Port King, after <a href="/info/en/?search=Philip_Gidley_King" title="Philip Gidley King">Philip Gidley King</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-life_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life-20">[19]</a></sup> then <a href="/info/en/?search=Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">Governor of New South Wales</a>. Governor King later renamed the bay Port Phillip after the first governor of New South Wales, <a href="/info/en/?search=Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup> Arriving not long after Murray was <a href="/info/en/?search=Matthew_Flinders" title="Matthew Flinders">Matthew Flinders</a>, who entered Port Phillip on 27 April 1802.<sup id="cite_ref-story_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-12">[11]</a></sup> He charted the entire bay, including the Geelong area, believing he was the first to sight the huge expanse of water, but in a rush to reach <a href="/info/en/?search=Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> before winter set in, he left Port Phillip on 3 May.
</p><p>In January 1803, Surveyor-General <a href="/info/en/?search=Charles_Grimes_(surveyor)" title="Charles Grimes (surveyor)">Charles Grimes</a> arrived at Port Phillip in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloop</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=HMS_Cumberland_(1803)" title="HMS Cumberland (1803)"><i>Cumberland</i></a> and mapped the area, including the future site of Geelong,<sup id="cite_ref-life_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life-20">[19]</a></sup> but reported the area was unfavourable for settlement and returned to Sydney on 27 February.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup> In October of the same year, <a href="/info/en/?search=HMS_Calcutta_(1795)" title="HMS Calcutta (1795)">HMS <i>Calcutta</i></a> led by Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/info/en/?search=David_Collins_(lieutenant_governor)" title="David Collins (lieutenant governor)">David Collins</a> arrived in the bay to establish the <a href="/info/en/?search=Sullivan_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sullivan Bay">Sullivan Bay</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">penal colony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-life_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life-20">[19]</a></sup> Collins was dissatisfied with the area chosen, and sent a small party led by First Lieutenant <a href="/info/en/?search=James_Hingston_Tuckey" title="James Hingston Tuckey">J.H. Tuckey</a> to investigate alternative sites.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup> The party spent 22 to 27 October on the north shore of Corio Bay, where the first <a href="/info/en/?search=Victorian_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Aborigines">Aboriginal</a> death at the hands of a European in Victoria occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-life_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life-20">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>The next European visit to the area was by the explorers <a href="/info/en/?search=Hamilton_Hume" title="Hamilton Hume">Hamilton Hume</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=William_Hovell" title="William Hovell">William Hovell</a>. They reached the northern edge of <a href="/info/en/?search=Corio_Bay" title="Corio Bay">Corio Bay</a> – the area of Port Phillip that Geelong now fronts – on 16 December 1824,<sup id="cite_ref-hovell_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hovell-24">[23]</a></sup> and it was at this time they reported that the Aboriginals called the area <i>Corayo</i>, the bay being called <i>Djillong</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-story_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-12">[11]</a></sup> Hume and Hovell had been contracted to travel overland from Sydney to Port Phillip, and having achieved this, they stayed the night and began their return journey two days later on 18 December.<sup id="cite_ref-hovell_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hovell-24">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Convict" title="Convict">convict</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=William_Buckley_(convict)" title="William Buckley (convict)">William Buckley</a> escaped from the <a href="/info/en/?search=Sullivan_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sullivan Bay">Sullivan Bay</a> settlement in 1803, and lived among the Wadawurrung people for 32 years on the Bellarine Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></sup> In 1835, <a href="/info/en/?search=John_Batman" title="John Batman">John Batman</a> used <a href="/info/en/?search=Indented_Head" title="Indented Head">Indented Head</a> as his base camp,<sup id="cite_ref-time_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-26">[25]</a></sup> leaving behind several employees whilst he returned to <a href="/info/en/?search=Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> (then known as <a href="/info/en/?search=Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>) for more supplies and his family. In this same year, Buckley surrendered to the party led by <a href="/info/en/?search=John_Helder_Wedge" title="John Helder Wedge">John Helder Wedge</a> and was later <a href="/info/en/?search=Pardon" title="Pardon">pardoned</a> by Lieutenant-Governor <a href="/info/en/?search=Sir_George_Arthur,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Arthur, 1st Baronet">Sir George Arthur</a>, and subsequently given the position of <a href="/info/en/?search=Interpreting" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreting">interpreter</a> to the natives.<sup id="cite_ref-buckley_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buckley-27">[26]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Geelong_in_1840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Geelong_in_1840.jpg/220px-Geelong_in_1840.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Geelong_in_1840.jpg/330px-Geelong_in_1840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Geelong_in_1840.jpg/440px-Geelong_in_1840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of early Geelong as a small collection of houses and paddocks by the bay</figcaption></figure>
<p>In March 1836, three <a href="/info/en/?search=Squatting_(pastoral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squatting (pastoral)">squatters</a>, David Fisher, <a href="/info/en/?search=James_Strachan_(Australian_politician)" title="James Strachan (Australian politician)">James Strachan</a>, and George Russell, arrived on <i>Caledonia</i> and settled the area.<sup id="cite_ref-life_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life-20">[19]</a></sup> Geelong was first surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe three weeks after Melbourne, and was gazetted as a town on 10 October 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-story_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-12">[11]</a></sup> There was already a church, hotel, store, wool store, and 82 houses, and the town population was 545.<sup id="cite_ref-story_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-12">[11]</a></sup> By 1841, the first wool had been sent to England and a regular <a href="/info/en/?search=Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamer</a> service was running between Geelong and Melbourne.<sup id="cite_ref-time_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-26">[25]</a></sup> Captain <a href="/info/en/?search=Foster_Fyans" title="Foster Fyans">Foster Fyans</a> was commissioned as the local Police <a href="/info/en/?search=Magistrate" title="Magistrate">Magistrate</a> in 1837 and established himself on the <a href="/info/en/?search=Barwon_River_(Victoria)" title="Barwon River (Victoria)">Barwon River</a> at the site of the area of present-day <a href="/info/en/?search=Fyansford" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyansford">Fyansford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fyans_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fyans-28">[27]</a></sup> Fyans arranged the first muster of the Indigenous population and 275 Aboriginal people were found to be living in the area. Fyans distributed blankets, sugar and flour to these people but soon ordered his soldiers to "click their triggers" at them when a lack of blankets caused anger.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup> Fyans constructed a <a href="/info/en/?search=Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">breakwater</a> to improve the water supply to the city by preventing the salty lower reaches from mixing with fresh water and pooling water. In 1839, <a href="/info/en/?search=Charles_Sievwright" title="Charles Sievwright">Charles Sievwright</a>, the newly appointed Assistant Protector of Aborigines (for the western district) sets up camp on the Barwon River near Fyans ford.
</p><p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Keys" title="Geelong Keys">Geelong Keys</a> were discovered around 1845 by Governor <a href="/info/en/?search=Charles_La_Trobe" title="Charles La Trobe">Charles La Trobe</a> on Corio Bay. They were embedded in the stone in such a way that he believed that they had been there for 100–150 years, possibly dropped by <a href="/info/en/?search=Theory_of_Portuguese_discovery_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia">Portuguese explorers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup> In 1849, Fyans was nominated as the inaugural Mayor of the Geelong Town Council<sup id="cite_ref-fyans_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fyans-28">[27]</a></sup> and renowned fly fishing author <a href="/info/en/?search=Alfred_Ronalds" title="Alfred Ronalds">Alfred Ronalds</a> engraved the town seal.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup> An early settler of Geelong, <a href="/info/en/?search=Alexander_Thomson_(pioneer)" title="Alexander Thomson (pioneer)">Alexander Thomson</a>, for which the area of Thomson in <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelong East">Geelong East</a> is named, settled on the Barwon River, and was <a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_mayors_of_Geelong" title="List of mayors of Geelong">Mayor of Geelong</a> on five occasions from 1850 to 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="1850s:_Gold_rush">1850s: Gold rush</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1850s: Gold rush"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">Victorian gold rush</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:View_of_Geelong_1856_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/View_of_Geelong_1856_painting.jpg/220px-View_of_Geelong_1856_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/View_of_Geelong_1856_painting.jpg/330px-View_of_Geelong_1856_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/View_of_Geelong_1856_painting.jpg/440px-View_of_Geelong_1856_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/info/en/?search=View_of_Geelong" title="View of Geelong">View of Geelong</a></i>. 1856 oil painting by <a href="/info/en/?search=Eugene_von_Gu%C3%A9rard" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene von Guérard">Eugene von Guérard</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Gold was discovered in nearby <a href="/info/en/?search=Ballarat" title="Ballarat">Ballarat</a> in 1851, causing the Geelong population to grow to 23,000 people by the mid-1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-story_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-12">[11]</a></sup> To counter this, a false map was issued by Melbourne interests to new arrivals, showing the quickest road to the goldfields as being via Melbourne.<sup id="cite_ref-story_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-12">[11]</a></sup> The first issue of the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Advertiser" title="Geelong Advertiser">Geelong Advertiser</a></i> newspaper was published in 1840 by <a href="/info/en/?search=James_Harrison_(engineer)" title="James Harrison (engineer)">James Harrison</a>, who also built the world's first ether vapour compression cycle ice-making and <a href="/info/en/?search=Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a> machine in 1844, later being commissioned by a brewery in 1856 to build a machine that cooled beer.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Geelong_harbour_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Geelong_harbour_1857.jpg/220px-Geelong_harbour_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Geelong_harbour_1857.jpg/330px-Geelong_harbour_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Geelong_harbour_1857.jpg/440px-Geelong_harbour_1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>A paddlesteamer approaches busy Geelong Harbour in 1857.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Hospital" title="Geelong Hospital">Geelong Hospital</a> was opened in 1852, and construction on the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Town_Hall" title="Geelong Town Hall">Geelong City Hall</a> commenced in 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-gex150_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gex150-14">[13]</a></sup> Development of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Port_of_Geelong" title="Port of Geelong">Port of Geelong</a> began with the creation of the first <a href="/info/en/?search=Shipping_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping channel">shipping channel</a> in Corio Bay in 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-gex150_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gex150-14">[13]</a></sup> The <a href="/info/en/?search=Port_Fairy_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Fairy railway line">Geelong-to-Melbourne</a> railway was built by the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_%26_Melbourne_Railway_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelong & Melbourne Railway Company">Geelong & Melbourne Railway Company</a> in 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-rg_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rg-34">[33]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Rabbit" title="Rabbit">Rabbits</a> were <a href="/info/en/?search=Rabbits_in_Australia" title="Rabbits in Australia">introduced to Australia</a> in 1859 by <a href="/info/en/?search=Thomas_Austin_(pastoralist)" title="Thomas Austin (pastoralist)">Thomas Austin</a>, who imported them from England for <a href="/info/en/?search=Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> purposes at his Barwon Park property near <a href="/info/en/?search=Winchelsea,_Victoria" title="Winchelsea, Victoria">Winchelsea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup> One of Geelong's best-known department stores, <a href="/info/en/?search=Bright_%26_Hitchcocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright & Hitchcocks">Bright & Hitchcocks</a>, was established in 1861,<sup id="cite_ref-gex150_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gex150-14">[13]</a></sup> and the <a href="/info/en/?search=HM_Prison_Geelong" title="HM Prison Geelong">HM Prison Geelong</a> built using convict labour, was opened in 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1866, <a href="/info/en/?search=Graham_Berry" title="Graham Berry">Graham Berry</a> started a newspaper, the <i>Geelong Register</i>, as a rival to the established <i>Geelong Advertiser</i>. When this proved unsuccessful, he bought the <i>Advertiser</i> and made himself editor of the now-merged papers.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></sup> Using the paper as a platform, he was elected for <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelong West">Geelong West</a> in 1869. In 1877, he switched to Geelong, which he represented until 1886, and served as <a href="/info/en/?search=Premiers_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiers of Victoria">Victorian Premier</a> in 1875, 1877–1880, and 1880–1881.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></sup> On the <a href="/info/en/?search=Market_Square,_Geelong" title="Market Square, Geelong">Market Square</a> in the middle of the city, a clock tower was erected in 1856, and an Exhibition Building was opened in 1879.
</p>
<h3><span id="1860s:_The_.27Sleepy_Hollow.27"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1860s:_The_'Sleepy_Hollow'">1860s: The 'Sleepy Hollow'</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1860s: The 'Sleepy Hollow'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The gold rush had seen <a href="/info/en/?search=Ballarat" title="Ballarat">Ballarat</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Bendigo" title="Bendigo">Bendigo</a> grow larger than Geelong in terms of population. Melbourne critics dubbed Geelong 'Sleepy Hollow',<sup id="cite_ref-story_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-12">[11]</a></sup> a tag that recurred many times in the following years. A number of industries became established in Geelong, including Victoria's first <a href="/info/en/?search=Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">woollen mill</a> at <a href="/info/en/?search=South_Geelong" class="mw-redirect" title="South Geelong">South Geelong</a> in 1868. In 1869, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Clipper" title="Clipper">clipper</a> <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Lightning_(clipper)" title="Lightning (clipper)">Lightning</a></i> caught fire at the Yarra Street pier and was cast adrift in Corio Bay to burn, before being sunk by artillery fire.<sup id="cite_ref-time_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-26">[25]</a></sup> Improvements to transport saw Geelong emerge as the centre of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Western_District,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Western District, Victoria">Western District</a> of Victoria, with railway lines extended towards <a href="/info/en/?search=Colac,_Victoria" title="Colac, Victoria">Colac</a> in 1876, and to <a href="/info/en/?search=Bellarine_Railway" title="Bellarine Railway">Queenscliff</a> in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-rg_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rg-34">[33]</a></sup> Construction of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Corio_Bay" title="Corio Bay">Hopetoun shipping channel</a> began in 1881 and completed in 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-gex150_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gex150-14">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Cup" title="Geelong Cup">Geelong Cup</a> was first held in 1872, and Victoria's first long-distance <a href="/info/en/?search=Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> call was made from Geelong to <a href="/info/en/?search=Queenscliff,_Victoria" title="Queenscliff, Victoria">Queenscliff</a> on 8 January 1878, only one year after the invention of the device itself.<sup id="cite_ref-gex150_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gex150-14">[13]</a></sup> Geelong was also the home of a prosperous wine industry until the emergence of the sap-sucking insect <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">Phylloxera vastatrix</a></i> at <a href="/info/en/?search=Fyansford" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyansford">Fyansford</a> in 1875, which led to the Victorian Government ordering the destruction of all vines in the Geelong area to prevent the spread of the pest, killing the industry until the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gex150_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gex150-14">[13]</a></sup> Between 1886 and 1889, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_city_centre" title="Geelong city centre">central business district's</a> major banks and insurance companies erected new premises in a solid and ornate character.<sup id="cite_ref-story_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-12">[11]</a></sup> The existing <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Post_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelong Post Office">Geelong Post Office</a> was built during this time and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Gordon_Institute_of_TAFE" title="Gordon Institute of TAFE">Gordon Technical College</a> was established. Further industrial growth occurred, with the Fyansford cement works being established in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-rgfyns_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgfyns-40">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>The town became referred to as "The Pivot" in the 1860s, owing to its being a rail and shipping hub for <a href="/info/en/?search=Western_District_(Victoria)" title="Western District (Victoria)">western Victoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="1900s:_A_city_develops">1900s: A city develops</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1900s: A city develops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Tramway_opening_geelong_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tramway_opening_geelong_1912.jpg/220px-Tramway_opening_geelong_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tramway_opening_geelong_1912.jpg/330px-Tramway_opening_geelong_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tramway_opening_geelong_1912.jpg/440px-Tramway_opening_geelong_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>Opening of the Geelong tramway in 1912, Moorabool Street, Geelong.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The town of Geelong officially became a city on 8 December 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a></sup> The city gained a number of essential services, with electric light supplied by the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Power_Station" title="Geelong Power Station">Geelong Power Station</a> starting in 1902, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Harbour_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelong Harbour Trust">Geelong Harbour Trust</a> was formed in December 1905,<sup id="cite_ref-prov_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prov-44">[43]</a></sup> and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Barwon_Water" title="Barwon Water">Geelong Waterworks and Sewerage Trust</a> formed in 1908. <a href="/info/en/?search=Trams_in_Geelong" title="Trams in Geelong">Electric trams</a> began operation in 1912, travelling from the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_city_centre" title="Geelong city centre">city centre</a> to the suburbs until their demise in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-tram_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tram-45">[44]</a></sup> The first of many stores on the <a href="/info/en/?search=Market_Square,_Geelong" title="Market Square, Geelong">Market Square</a> was opened in 1913,<sup id="cite_ref-gex150_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gex150-14">[13]</a></sup> and the first <a href="/info/en/?search=Gala_Day" title="Gala Day">Gala Day</a> festival was held in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-gex150_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gex150-14">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>Geelong's industrial growth accelerated in the 1920s: woollen mills, <a href="/info/en/?search=Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertiliser</a> plants, <a href="/info/en/?search=Ford_Australia" title="Ford Australia">Ford's</a> vehicle plant at <a href="/info/en/?search=Norlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Norlane">Norlane</a>, and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Corio,_Victoria" title="Corio, Victoria">Corio</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Whisky" title="Whisky">whisky</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Distillation" title="Distillation">distillery</a> were all established in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-rg_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rg-34">[33]</a></sup> The <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Advertiser" title="Geelong Advertiser">Geelong Advertiser</a></i> radio station 3GL (now <a href="/info/en/?search=K_Rock_95.5" title="K Rock 95.5">K-Rock</a>) commenced transmission in 1930,<sup id="cite_ref-time_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-26">[25]</a></sup> the <a href="/info/en/?search=Great_Ocean_Road" title="Great Ocean Road">Great Ocean Road</a> was opened in 1932, and in 1934, the <a href="/info/en/?search=T_%26_G_Building,_Geelong" title="T & G Building, Geelong">T & G Building</a> opened on the most prominent intersection in the city, the corner of Ryrie and Moorabool Streets.
</p><p>By 1936, Geelong had displaced Ballarat as Victoria's second-largest city.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Edina_geelong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Edina_geelong.jpg/220px-Edina_geelong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Edina_geelong.jpg/330px-Edina_geelong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Edina_geelong.jpg/440px-Edina_geelong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>The steamboat <i>Edina</i> leaving Geelong on its final journey on 21 June 1938</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1938, one of the last Port Philip Bay <a href="/info/en/?search=Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamers</a>, <i>Edina</i>, made its final trip to Geelong, ending a period of seaside excursions and contests for the fastest trip. The <a href="/info/en/?search=Eastern_Beach,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Beach, Victoria">Eastern Beach</a> foreshore beautification and pool was completed in 1939 after almost 10 years of work.<sup id="cite_ref-gex150_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gex150-14">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>On the eve of World War II, the <a href="/info/en/?search=International_Harvester" title="International Harvester">International Harvester</a> works were opened beside Ford at <a href="/info/en/?search=North_Shore,_Victoria" title="North Shore, Victoria">North Shore</a>, along with a <a href="/info/en/?search=Grain_elevator" title="Grain elevator">grain elevator</a> at nearby Corio Quay, and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Shell_Australia" title="Shell Australia">Shell Australia</a> oil refinery.<sup id="cite_ref-rg_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rg-34">[33]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Post-war_period">Post-war period</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-war period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:EasternBeachGeelong1950_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/EasternBeachGeelong1950_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-EasternBeachGeelong1950_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/EasternBeachGeelong1950_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-EasternBeachGeelong1950_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/EasternBeachGeelong1950_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-EasternBeachGeelong1950_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1573" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption><a href="/info/en/?search=Eastern_Beach,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Beach, Victoria">Eastern Beach</a> in 1950</figcaption></figure>
<p>Government housing was constructed in the suburbs of <a href="/info/en/?search=East_Geelong" class="mw-redirect" title="East Geelong">East Geelong</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Norlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Norlane">Norlane</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=North_Shore,_Victoria" title="North Shore, Victoria">North Shore</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Corio,_Victoria" title="Corio, Victoria">Corio</a> from the 1950s. The banks of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Barwon_River_(Victoria)" title="Barwon River (Victoria)">Barwon River</a> burst in 1952, inundating nearby <a href="/info/en/?search=Belmont,_Victoria" title="Belmont, Victoria">Belmont Common</a>.
</p><p>Geelong continued to expand with Corio, <a href="/info/en/?search=Highton" class="mw-redirect" title="Highton">Highton</a>, and Belmont growing at such a rate that in February 1967, Geelong accounted for 21% of private home development in Greater Melbourne.<sup id="cite_ref-story_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-12">[11]</a></sup> Private vehicles became the city's major mode of transport. The first <a href="/info/en/?search=Parking_meter" title="Parking meter">parking meters</a> in the city were introduced in 1961, new petrol stations were constructed and the city's first supermarket, operated by <a href="/info/en/?search=Woolworths_Supermarkets" title="Woolworths Supermarkets">Woolworths</a>, opened in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-story_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-12">[11]</a></sup> Later, support came for <a href="/info/en/?search=Cycling_in_Geelong" title="Cycling in Geelong">Cycling in Geelong</a> with Australia's first bike plan in 1977.<sup><a href="/info/en/?search=Cycling_in_Geelong#cite_note-3" title="Cycling in Geelong">[3]</a><a href="/info/en/?search=Cycling_in_Geelong#cite_note-4" title="Cycling in Geelong">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>Industrial growth continued with a second cement works operating at <a href="/info/en/?search=Waurn_Ponds" class="mw-redirect" title="Waurn Ponds">Waurn Ponds</a> by 1964<sup id="cite_ref-rg_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rg-34">[33]</a></sup> and the Alcoa <a href="/info/en/?search=Point_Henry_smelter" title="Point Henry smelter">Point Henry aluminium smelter</a> constructed in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-psu_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psu-47">[46]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/info/en/?search=Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Federal government</a> policy changes on <a href="/info/en/?search=Tariff" title="Tariff">tariff</a> protection led to the closure of many Geelong industrial businesses from the 1970s. Most woollen mills closed in 1974 and hectares of warehouse space in the city centre were left empty after wool-handling practices changed.<sup id="cite_ref-story_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-12">[11]</a></sup> The <a href="/info/en/?search=Target_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Target (Australia)">Target</a> head office opened in North Geelong, <a href="/info/en/?search=Deakin_University" title="Deakin University">Deakin University</a> was established at Waurn Ponds in 1974, and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Performing_Arts_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelong Performing Arts Centre">Geelong Performing Arts Centre</a> opened in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></sup> Later, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_Animal_Health_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Animal Health Laboratory">Australian Animal Health Laboratory</a> was opened in 1985,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a></sup> and the <a href="/info/en/?search=National_Wool_Museum_(Geelong)" title="National Wool Museum (Geelong)">National Wool Museum</a> in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/info/en/?search=Market_Square_Shopping_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Market Square Shopping Centre">Market Square</a>, the first enclosed shopping centre in the city, was opened in 1985, with neighbouring Bay City Plaza opened in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a></sup> The <a href="/info/en/?search=Pyramid_Building_Society" title="Pyramid Building Society">Pyramid Building Society</a>, founded in Geelong in 1959,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a></sup> collapsed in 1990, leaving debts of AU$1.3 billion to over 200,000 depositors,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a></sup> and causing the Geelong economy to stagnate.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a></sup> On 18 May 1993, the City of Greater Geelong was formed by the amalgamation of a number of smaller municipalities with the former City of Geelong.<sup id="cite_ref-coggcreation_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coggcreation-55">[54]</a></sup> The <a href="/info/en/?search=Waterfront_Geelong" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfront Geelong">Waterfront Geelong</a> redevelopment, started in 1994, was designed to enhance use and appreciation of <a href="/info/en/?search=Corio_Bay" title="Corio Bay">Corio Bay</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a></sup> and in 1995 the Barwon River overflowed in the worst flood since 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="21st_century">21st century</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Waterfront-geelong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Waterfront-geelong.jpg/220px-Waterfront-geelong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Waterfront-geelong.jpg/330px-Waterfront-geelong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Waterfront-geelong.jpg/440px-Waterfront-geelong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Redeveloped <a href="/info/en/?search=Waterfront_Geelong" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfront Geelong">Waterfront Geelong</a> (Steampacket Quay)</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Little-Malop-St-geelong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Little-Malop-St-geelong.jpg/220px-Little-Malop-St-geelong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Little-Malop-St-geelong.jpg/330px-Little-Malop-St-geelong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Little-Malop-St-geelong.jpg/440px-Little-Malop-St-geelong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Little Malop St precinct, looking west.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 2004, <a href="/info/en/?search=Avalon_Airport" title="Avalon Airport">Avalon Airport</a> was upgraded to accommodate interstate passenger travel, providing a base for low-cost airline <a href="/info/en/?search=Jetstar" title="Jetstar">Jetstar</a> to serve the Melbourne and Geelong urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-jetstar_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jetstar-58">[57]</a></sup> Geelong is planned to expand towards the south coast, with 2,500 hectares of land to become a major suburban development for 55,000 to 65,000 people, known as Armstrong Creek.<sup id="cite_ref-armstongcreek_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armstongcreek-59">[58]</a></sup> In 2006, construction began on the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Ring_Road" title="Geelong Ring Road">Geelong Ring Road</a>, designed to replace the <a href="/info/en/?search=Princes_Highway" title="Princes Highway">Princes Highway</a> through Geelong from Corio to Waurn Ponds. It opened in 2009.
</p><p>More than <a href="/info/en/?search=AU$" class="mw-redirect" title="AU$">AU$</a>500-million-worth of major construction was under way in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-gexnewsinvest_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gexnewsinvest-60">[59]</a></sup> Major projects include the $150-million <a href="/info/en/?search=Westfield_Geelong" title="Westfield Geelong">Westfield Geelong</a> expansion works, involving a flyover of Yarra Street, the city's first <a href="/info/en/?search=Big_W" title="Big W">Big W</a> store, and an additional 70 new speciality stores; the $37-million <a href="/info/en/?search=Deakin_University" title="Deakin University">Deakin</a> Waterfront campus redevelopment, and the $23-million Deakin Medical School; the $50-million Edgewater apartment development on the waterfront; a number of multimillion-dollar office developments in the CBD; and a new $30-million <a href="/info/en/?search=Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">aquatic centre</a> in Waurn Ponds.<sup id="cite_ref-gexnewsinvest_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gexnewsinvest-60">[59]</a></sup>
</p><p>Major developments within Geelong are advocated by influential, non-government group the <a class="external text" href="https://committeeforgeelong.com.au/">Committee for Geelong</a> and the region's local government alliance, <a class="external text" href="https://www.g21.com.au/">G21 Geelong Region Alliance</a>.
</p><p>The City of Greater Geelong and four other local municipalities form part of the alliance which identifies the Geelong region's priorities, and advocates all levels of government for funding and implement the projects. G21 developed <a class="external text" href="https://www.g21.com.au/geelongregionplan/">'The Geelong Region Plan - a sustainable growth strategy'</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004080118/http://www.g21.com.au/geelongregionplan/">Archived</a> 4 October 2011 at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> which was launched by <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511161732/http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/newsroom/1173.html">Premier Brumby</a> in 2007. It was the approved strategic plan for the Geelong region. In addition, major projects such as the Geelong Ring Road Connections and duplication of the Princes Highway West obtained funding due to the combined efforts of the region's municipalities. As at May 2017, a further <a class="external text" href="https://www.g21.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=14%3Aprojects&id=32%3Ag21-projects-priority-projects&Itemid=22">13 Priority Projects</a> are planned for the Geelong region.
</p><p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Government_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Victoria">Victoria Government</a> announced the relocation of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Transport_Accident_Commission" title="Transport Accident Commission">Transport Accident Commission</a> headquarters from Melbourne to Geelong in October 2006, which created 850 jobs and an annual economic benefit over $59 million to the Geelong region.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></sup> The construction of the $80-million Brougham Street headquarters was completed in late 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></sup> In November 2008, Ford Australia announced that its Australian-designed I6 engine would be re-engineered to meet the latest emissions regulations, and that consequently the engine manufacturing plant would be upgraded (however, all manufacturing of motor vehicles in Geelong and elsewhere throughout Australia ceased by 2017).
</p><p>A change to the city skyline is occurring with a number of modern apartment buildings on the Waterfront and central business district planned or under construction. On 10 July 2008, approval was given for a $100-million twin-tower apartment complex of 16 and 12 floors to be built on Mercer St in the city's western edge. The towers will become the tallest buildings in the city, taking the title from the Mercure Hotel.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></sup> Further highrise developments are planned as part of the City of Greater Geelong's Geelong Western Edge strategic plan.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a></sup> A$17-million 11-story apartment tower has also recently been proposed to be built next to the Deakin Waterfront Campus.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2012, a design competition for a "city icon" was run for the City of Geelong by Deakin University and Senia Lawyers. The recipient of the prize and winning design entry was JOH Architects and their design titled "The Sea Dragon".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></sup>
</p>
<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>
<p>Geelong's new Library and Heritage Centre opened to the public in November 2015. The new addition to Geelong offers new research facilities, display areas and hosts Geelong's extensive heritage, modern and Indigenous. The new library was awarded the Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Architecture<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a></sup> in 2016.
</p><p>Currently Geelong is undergoing a major revival effort, the Green Spine Project.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></sup> The Green Spine project will connect Johnstone Park to the Botanic Gardens by a continuous line of trees via Malop Street. The redevelopment of Malop street will see the installation of separated bike lanes from both pedestrians and local traffic by greenery, the design is an Australian first. This project includes the installation of art sculptures and street art throughout the city centre. Major redevelopments are also occurring at Johnstone Park, with a new raingarden installation, and Lt Malop Street is seeing more upgrades.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the suburbs Geelong West's Pakington Street is seeing major upgrades to its street appeal, with new plantings and upgrades to many of the shops. Manifold Heights' Shannon Avenue will see redevelopment to make it more pedestrian friendly. To Geelong's north, <a href="/info/en/?search=Rippleside" class="mw-redirect" title="Rippleside">Rippleside</a> is undergoing major changes, with the ongoing development of Balmoral Quay which will see Rippleside Park and nearby St Helens Park connected via a waterfront footpath as well as beach restoration and a boat dock expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></sup>
</p><p>Recently new high rise buildings are being built giving Geelong more jobs and housing.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a></sup> Worksafe Victoria opened up a new 14-storey building on Malop Dt. It opened in mid-2018 and was the tallest building until it was announced that two residential high rises would be built and completed in late 2019. They are called The Mercer and Miramar Apartments.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Australia_Victoria_Greater_Geelong_City_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia_Victoria_Greater_Geelong_City_location_map.svg/220px-Australia_Victoria_Greater_Geelong_City_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia_Victoria_Greater_Geelong_City_location_map.svg/330px-Australia_Victoria_Greater_Geelong_City_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia_Victoria_Greater_Geelong_City_location_map.svg/440px-Australia_Victoria_Greater_Geelong_City_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Geelong urban area and the City of Greater Geelong</figcaption></figure>
<p>Geelong is located on the shores of the western tip of Corio Bay, a southwestern <a href="/info/en/?search=Inlet" title="Inlet">inlet</a> of <a href="/info/en/?search=Port_Phillip_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Phillip Bay">Port Phillip Bay</a>. During clear weather, the distant Melbourne skyline is visible from higher areas of Geelong when viewed across the waters of Port Phillip. The <a href="/info/en/?search=Barwon_River_(Victoria)" title="Barwon River (Victoria)">Barwon River</a> flows through the southern fringe of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_city_centre" title="Geelong city centre">Geelong city centre</a> before entering <a href="/info/en/?search=Lake_Connewarre" title="Lake Connewarre">Lake Connewarre</a> and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> at <a href="/info/en/?search=Barwon_Heads" class="mw-redirect" title="Barwon Heads">Barwon Heads</a> before draining into the <a href="/info/en/?search=Bass_Strait" title="Bass Strait">Bass Strait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-barwon_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barwon-73">[72]</a></sup> The city is situated just east of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Gap_(landform)" title="Gap (landform)">gap</a> between the <a href="/info/en/?search=Otway_Ranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Otway Ranges">Otway Ranges</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Brisbane_Ranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisbane Ranges">Brisbane Ranges</a>, and commands the only lowland passage between the <a href="/info/en/?search=Werribee_Plain" title="Werribee Plain">Werribee Plain</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Newer_Volcanics_Province" title="Newer Volcanics Province">Western Volcanic Plains</a>.
</p><p>Geologically, the oldest rocks in the area date back to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Cambrian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambrian period">Cambrian period</a> 500 million years ago, with <a href="/info/en/?search=Volcanic_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic activity">volcanic activities</a> occurring in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Devonian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Devonian period">Devonian period</a> 350 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-geo_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geo-74">[73]</a></sup> In <a href="/info/en/?search=Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> times water covered much of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowland">lowlands</a> that are now Geelong, with the Barwon River estuary located at <a href="/info/en/?search=Belmont,_Victoria" title="Belmont, Victoria">Belmont Common</a>, the course of the river being changed when <a href="/info/en/?search=Moriac" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriac">Mount Moriac</a> erupted and <a href="/info/en/?search=Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> was sent eastwards towards Geelong.<sup id="cite_ref-barwon_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barwon-73">[72]</a></sup>
</p><p>To the east of the city are the Bellarine Hills and the undulating plains of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Bellarine_Peninsula" title="Bellarine Peninsula">Bellarine Peninsula</a>. To the west are the sandstone-derived <a href="/info/en/?search=Barrabool_Hills" title="Barrabool Hills">Barrabool Hills</a> and basalt <a href="/info/en/?search=Mount_Duneed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Duneed">Mount Duneed</a>, and the volcanic plains to the north of Geelong extend to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Brisbane_Ranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisbane Ranges">Brisbane Ranges</a> and the <a href="/info/en/?search=You_Yangs" title="You Yangs">You Yangs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-geo_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geo-74">[73]</a></sup> Soils vary from sandy loam, basalt plains, and river loam to rich volcanic soils,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a></sup> suitable for intensive <a href="/info/en/?search=Agriculture" title="Agriculture">farming</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a>.
</p><p>Many materials used to construct buildings were <a href="/info/en/?search=Quarry" title="Quarry">quarried</a> from Geelong, such as <a href="/info/en/?search=Bluestone" title="Bluestone">bluestone</a> from the You Yangs and <a href="/info/en/?search=Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> from the Brisbane Ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-geo_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geo-74">[73]</a></sup> A small number of <a href="/info/en/?search=Brown_coal" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown coal">brown coal</a> deposits exist in the Geelong region, most notably at <a href="/info/en/?search=Anglesea,_Victoria" title="Anglesea, Victoria">Anglesea</a>, where it has been mined to fuel Alcoa's <a href="/info/en/?search=Anglesea_Power_Station" title="Anglesea Power Station">Anglesea Power Station</a> since 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a> has also been quarried for <a href="/info/en/?search=Cement" title="Cement">cement</a> production at Fyansford since 1888,<sup id="cite_ref-rgfyns_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgfyns-40">[39]</a></sup> and Waurn Ponds since 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="City_and_suburbs">City and suburbs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: City and suburbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Grovedale-highton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Grovedale-highton.jpg/220px-Grovedale-highton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Grovedale-highton.jpg/330px-Grovedale-highton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Grovedale-highton.jpg/440px-Grovedale-highton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>Suburban expansion in <a href="/info/en/?search=Grovedale" class="mw-redirect" title="Grovedale">Grovedale</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Geelong has over 60 suburbs, including the following:
</p><p><a href="/info/en/?search=Anakie,_Victoria" title="Anakie, Victoria">Anakie</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Armstrong_Creek,_Victoria" title="Armstrong Creek, Victoria">Armstrong Creek</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Avalon,_Victoria" title="Avalon, Victoria">Avalon</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Balliang" class="mw-redirect" title="Balliang">Balliang</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Barwon_Heads" class="mw-redirect" title="Barwon Heads">Barwon Heads</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Batesford" class="mw-redirect" title="Batesford">Batesford</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Bell_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Park">Bell Park</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Bell_Post_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Post Hill">Bell Post Hill</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Bellarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellarine">Bellarine</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Belmont,_Victoria" title="Belmont, Victoria">Belmont</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Breakwater,_Victoria" title="Breakwater, Victoria">Breakwater</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Breamlea" class="mw-redirect" title="Breamlea">Breamlea</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Ceres,_Victoria" title="Ceres, Victoria">Ceres</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Charlemont,_Victoria" title="Charlemont, Victoria">Charlemont</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=City_of_Greater_Geelong" title="City of Greater Geelong">City of Greater Geelong</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Clifton_Springs,_Victoria" title="Clifton Springs, Victoria">Clifton Springs</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Connewarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Connewarre">Connewarre</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Corio,_Victoria" title="Corio, Victoria">Corio</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Curlewis,_Victoria" title="Curlewis, Victoria">Curlewis</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Drumcondra,_Victoria" title="Drumcondra, Victoria">Drumcondra</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Drysdale,_Victoria" title="Drysdale, Victoria">Drysdale</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=East_Geelong" class="mw-redirect" title="East Geelong">East Geelong</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Fyansford" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyansford">Fyansford</a>,
Geelong,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelong West">Geelong West</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Grovedale" class="mw-redirect" title="Grovedale">Grovedale</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Hamlyn_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamlyn Heights">Hamlyn Heights</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Herne_Hill" title="Herne Hill">Herne Hill</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Highton" class="mw-redirect" title="Highton">Highton</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Indented_Head" title="Indented Head">Indented Head</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Lara,_Victoria" title="Lara, Victoria">Lara</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Leopold,_Victoria" title="Leopold, Victoria">Leopold</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Little_River,_Victoria" title="Little River, Victoria">Little River</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Lovely_Banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovely Banks">Lovely Banks</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Manifold_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifold Heights">Manifold Heights</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Mannerim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannerim">Mannerim</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Marcus_Hill,_Victoria" title="Marcus Hill, Victoria">Marcus Hill</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Marshall,_Victoria" title="Marshall, Victoria">Marshall</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Moolap" class="mw-redirect" title="Moolap">Moolap</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Moorabool" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorabool">Moorabool</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Mount_Duneed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Duneed">Mount Duneed</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Newcomb,_Victoria" title="Newcomb, Victoria">Newcomb</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Newtown,_Victoria" title="Newtown, Victoria">Newtown</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Norlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Norlane">Norlane</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=North_Geelong" class="mw-redirect" title="North Geelong">North Geelong</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=North_Shore,_Victoria" title="North Shore, Victoria">North Shore</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Ocean_Grove,_Victoria" title="Ocean Grove, Victoria">Ocean Grove</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Point_Lonsdale" title="Point Lonsdale">Point Lonsdale</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Point_Wilson,_Victoria" title="Point Wilson, Victoria">Point Wilson</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Portarlington,_Victoria" title="Portarlington, Victoria">Portarlington</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Queenscliff,_Victoria" title="Queenscliff, Victoria">Queenscliff</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Rippleside" class="mw-redirect" title="Rippleside">Rippleside</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=South_Geelong" class="mw-redirect" title="South Geelong">South Geelong</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=St_Albans_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans Park">St Albans Park</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=St_Leonards,_Victoria" title="St Leonards, Victoria">St Leonards</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Staughton_Vale" class="mw-redirect" title="Staughton Vale">Staughton Vale</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Swan_Bay" title="Swan Bay">Swan Bay</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Thomson,_Victoria" title="Thomson, Victoria">Thomson</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Wallington,_Victoria" title="Wallington, Victoria">Wallington</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Wandana_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandana Heights">Wandana Heights</a>,
<a href="/info/en/?search=Waurn_Ponds" class="mw-redirect" title="Waurn Ponds">Waurn Ponds</a>,
and <a href="/info/en/?search=Whittington,_Victoria" title="Whittington, Victoria">Whittington</a>.
</p><p>Development in Geelong started on the shores of Corio Bay in what is now the inner city. Development later spread to the south towards the Barwon River, and the hill of <a href="/info/en/?search=Newtown,_Victoria" title="Newtown, Victoria">Newtown</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelong West">Geelong West</a>. Major development south of the river in <a href="/info/en/?search=Belmont,_Victoria" title="Belmont, Victoria">Belmont</a> did not start until the 1920s, stimulated by the construction of a new bridge over the river in 1926, and the extension of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Trams_in_Geelong" title="Trams in Geelong">Geelong tramway</a> system in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-gex150_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gex150-14">[13]</a></sup> Industrial areas were traditionally located on the Corio Bay for port access,<sup id="cite_ref-gex-plan-industry_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gex-plan-industry-78">[77]</a></sup> or the Barwon River for waste disposal.
</p><p>In the interwar and post-World War II years, <a href="/info/en/?search=Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a> continued to establish itself in the flatter northern suburbs,<sup id="cite_ref-gex-plan-industry_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gex-plan-industry-78">[77]</a></sup> where today industries such as the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Oil_Refinery" title="Geelong Oil Refinery">Geelong Oil Refinery</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Ford_Australia" title="Ford Australia">Ford</a> engine plant reside.<sup id="cite_ref-rgnog_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgnog-79">[78]</a></sup> Residential development also spread to Corio and Norlane in the north, with new <a href="/info/en/?search=Housing_Commission_of_Victoria" title="Housing Commission of Victoria">Housing Commission of Victoria</a> estates built to cater for employees of the new industries. From the 1960s, residential growth spread to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Highton" class="mw-redirect" title="Highton">Highton</a> hills in the south and North Geelong following prosperous industries like the gasworks, followed by <a href="/info/en/?search=Grovedale" class="mw-redirect" title="Grovedale">Grovedale</a> in the 1970s. A number of <a href="/info/en/?search=Light_industrial" class="mw-redirect" title="Light industrial">light industrial</a> areas were also established in <a href="/info/en/?search=Breakwater,_Victoria" title="Breakwater, Victoria">Breakwater</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Moolap" class="mw-redirect" title="Moolap">Moolap</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=South_Geelong" class="mw-redirect" title="South Geelong">South Geelong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gex-plan-industry_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gex-plan-industry-78">[77]</a></sup>
</p><p>Changing cargo-handling methods at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Port_of_Geelong" title="Port of Geelong">Port of Geelong</a> left woolstores in inner Geelong unused, <a href="/info/en/?search=Urban_Renewal" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Renewal">redevelopment</a> beginning in the 1980s with the expansion of <a href="/info/en/?search=Westfield_Geelong" title="Westfield Geelong">Westfield Geelong</a> towards Corio Bay, and culminating in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Waterfront_Geelong" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfront Geelong">Waterfront Geelong</a> development.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a> of former working-class inner suburbs such as Geelong West, North Geelong, and South Geelong has also occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a></sup> Today, the major residential growth corridors are north towards Lara, east towards <a href="/info/en/?search=Leopold,_Victoria" title="Leopold, Victoria">Leopold</a>, and south towards <a href="/info/en/?search=Mount_Duneed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Duneed">Mount Duneed</a> as the <a href="/info/en/?search=Armstrong_Creek_Growth_Area" title="Armstrong Creek Growth Area">Armstrong Creek Growth Area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-armstongcreek_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armstongcreek-59">[58]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Geelong has stable weather, yet still offers four distinct seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></sup> It has a <a href="/info/en/?search=Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<i>Cfb</i> in the <a href="/info/en/?search=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>) with dominant westerly winds, variable clouds, moderate <a href="/info/en/?search=Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a>, warm summers, and mild to cool winters.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a></sup> February is the hottest month and July is the coldest.<sup id="cite_ref-bom-old_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bom-old-85">[84]</a></sup> The highest temperature recorded was 47.4 °C (117.3 °F) on <a href="/info/en/?search=Early_2009_southeastern_Australia_heat_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Early 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave">7 February 2009</a> during a two-week-long heat wave, with the lowest of −4.4 °C (24.1 °F) recorded on 5 August 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a></sup> The average annual rainfall is around 520 mm (20.5 in), which makes Geelong the driest sizeable city in Australia, owing to the pronounced <a href="/info/en/?search=Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> of the Otway Ranges to the southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-bom-old_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bom-old-85">[84]</a></sup> Within the city, rainfall shows a strong gradient from south to north, so that the southernmost suburbs can receive around 700 mm (28 in) whilst more northerly Lara receives as little as 425 mm (17 in), which is the lowest rainfall in southern Victoria.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a></sup>
</p>
<div>
<table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="14">Climate data for Geelong (Avalon Airport) 1995–2020 averages, 1995–present extremes
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Month
</th>
<th scope="col">Jan
</th>
<th scope="col">Feb
</th>
<th scope="col">Mar
</th>
<th scope="col">Apr
</th>
<th scope="col">May
</th>
<th scope="col">Jun
</th>
<th scope="col">Jul
</th>
<th scope="col">Aug
</th>
<th scope="col">Sep
</th>
<th scope="col">Oct
</th>
<th scope="col">Nov
</th>
<th scope="col">Dec
</th>
<th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #BC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.3<br />(115.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #A60000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.9<br />(118.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0<br />(107.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1<br />(97.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(72.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3<br />(88.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8<br />(100.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.8<br />(107.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #C30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.8<br />(114.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #A60000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.9<br />(118.2)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5<br />(68.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(33.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.3<br />(29.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.9<br />(26.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.0<br />(24.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.4<br />(24.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(32.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−4.4<br />(24.1)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches)
</th>
<td style="background: #D0FFD0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1<br />(1.22)
</td>
<td style="background: #C5FFC5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(1.38)
</td>
<td style="background: #DAFFDA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8<br />(0.98)
</td>
<td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.8<br />(1.57)
</td>
<td style="background: #CEFFCE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4<br />(1.28)
</td>
<td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.5<br />(1.59)
</td>
<td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1<br />(1.42)
</td>
<td style="background: #C5FFC5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.3<br />(1.51)
</td>
<td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.2<br />(1.58)
</td>
<td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.9<br />(1.61)
</td>
<td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.7<br />(2.00)
</td>
<td style="background: #D4FFD4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(1.12)
</td>
<td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">439.2<br />(17.29)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.2 mm)</span>
</th>
<td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0
</td>
<td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7
</td>
<td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7
</td>
<td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7
</td>
<td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9
</td>
<td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.8
</td>
<td style="background: #4040FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.4
</td>
<td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.2
</td>
<td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.6
</td>
<td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0
</td>
<td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9
</td>
<td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5
</td>
<td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">128.4
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average afternoon <a href="/info/en/?search=Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%)
</th>
<td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50
</td>
<td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49
</td>
<td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49
</td>
<td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56
</td>
<td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64
</td>
<td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68
</td>
<td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66
</td>
<td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62
</td>
<td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58
</td>
<td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53
</td>
<td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54
</td>
<td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53
</td>
<td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">57
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Bureau of Meteorology, Avalon Airport (1991–2020)<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Bureau of Meteorology, Avalon Airport (all years)<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:ABS-6291.0.55.001-LabourForceAustraliaDetailed_ElectronicDelivery-LabourForceStatusByLabourMarketRegionSex-Geelong-UnemploymentRate-Persons-A84599671C.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/ABS-6291.0.55.001-LabourForceAustraliaDetailed_ElectronicDelivery-LabourForceStatusByLabourMarketRegionSex-Geelong-UnemploymentRate-Persons-A84599671C.svg/300px-ABS-6291.0.55.001-LabourForceAustraliaDetailed_ElectronicDelivery-LabourForceStatusByLabourMarketRegionSex-Geelong-UnemploymentRate-Persons-A84599671C.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/ABS-6291.0.55.001-LabourForceAustraliaDetailed_ElectronicDelivery-LabourForceStatusByLabourMarketRegionSex-Geelong-UnemploymentRate-Persons-A84599671C.svg/450px-ABS-6291.0.55.001-LabourForceAustraliaDetailed_ElectronicDelivery-LabourForceStatusByLabourMarketRegionSex-Geelong-UnemploymentRate-Persons-A84599671C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/ABS-6291.0.55.001-LabourForceAustraliaDetailed_ElectronicDelivery-LabourForceStatusByLabourMarketRegionSex-Geelong-UnemploymentRate-Persons-A84599671C.svg/600px-ABS-6291.0.55.001-LabourForceAustraliaDetailed_ElectronicDelivery-LabourForceStatusByLabourMarketRegionSex-Geelong-UnemploymentRate-Persons-A84599671C.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Unemployment rate in the Geelong labour market region since 1998<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>More than 10,000 businesses employ over 80,000 people in the Geelong region,<sup id="cite_ref-cogg-top10_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cogg-top10-17">[16]</a></sup> with manufacturing and processing industries providing around 15,000 jobs, followed by 13,000 in retail, and 8,000 in health and community services.<sup id="cite_ref-cogg-top10_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cogg-top10-17">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2020, the Committee for Geelong published a research paper <a class="external text" href="https://www.committeeforgeelong.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Johnson-et-al.-Resilient-Geelong-Research-Paper.pdf">Resilient Geelong</a> which tracks the Geelong economy over several decades. Written <a href="/info/en/?search=Deakin_University" title="Deakin University">Deakin University</a>'s <a class="external text" href="https://www.deakin.edu.au/about-deakin/people/louise-johnson">Prof Louise Johnson</a>, Resilient Geelong makes a series of recommendations for the future of Geelong.
</p><p>Geelong's major employers were the <a href="/info/en/?search=Ford_Australia" title="Ford Australia">Ford Motor Company</a> engine plant in <a href="/info/en/?search=Norlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Norlane">Norlane</a> (closed in 2016), aircraft maintenance at <a href="/info/en/?search=Avalon_Airport" title="Avalon Airport">Avalon Airport</a>, the head office of retail chain <a href="/info/en/?search=Target_Australia" title="Target Australia">Target Australia</a> (until 2018), the Bartter (Steggles) chicken processing plant and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Shell_Australia" title="Shell Australia">Shell</a> oil refinery at Corio.<sup id="cite_ref-fastfacts_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastfacts-91">[90]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=GMHBA_Limited" title="GMHBA Limited">GMHBA Limited</a>, a health insurance company, is headquartered in Geelong.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Geelong region attracted over 6 million tourists during 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a></sup> Major tourist attractions include the <a href="/info/en/?search=Waterfront_Geelong" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfront Geelong">Waterfront Geelong</a> precinct and <a href="/info/en/?search=Eastern_Beach,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Beach, Victoria">Eastern Beach</a> on the shores of Corio Bay, and the National Wool Museum in the city, and more than 30 historical buildings listed on the <a href="/info/en/?search=Victorian_Heritage_Register" title="Victorian Heritage Register">Victorian Heritage Register</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-monash_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monash-94">[93]</a></sup> The Geelong area hosts regular international events which are also tourist drawcards, including the <a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_International_Airshow" title="Australian International Airshow">Australian International Airshow</a>.
</p><p>Geelong has a number of shopping precincts in the CBD and surrounding suburbs. The two main shopping centres are located in the CBD - <a href="/info/en/?search=Westfield_Geelong" title="Westfield Geelong">Westfield Geelong</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Market_Square_Shopping_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Market Square Shopping Centre">Market Square</a>, with smaller centres in the suburbs including Belmont Village and <a href="/info/en/?search=Waurn_Ponds_Shopping_Centre" title="Waurn Ponds Shopping Centre">Waurn Ponds Shopping Centre</a> in the south, Bellarine Village in <a href="/info/en/?search=Newcomb,_Victoria" title="Newcomb, Victoria">Newcomb</a> in the east, and Corio Shopping Centre in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-cogg-top10_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cogg-top10-17">[16]</a></sup> The opening of the major shopping centres has caused a decline in strip shopping on Moorabool Street, with many empty shops and few customers.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a></sup> Geelong is also home to <a href="/info/en/?search=Mitre_10" title="Mitre 10">Mitre 10</a>'s largest franchisee – Fagg's – operating five stores across the town and employing over 160 people.
</p><p>These major research laboratories are located in the Geelong area: the <a href="/info/en/?search=CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a> Australian Animal Health Laboratory in East Geelong,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a></sup> CSIRO Division of Textiles and Fibres Technology in Belmont,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></sup> and the Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute at Queenscliff.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a></sup>
</p><p>The scheduled closure of <a href="/info/en/?search=Ford_Australia" title="Ford Australia">Ford's</a> Australian manufacturing base in 2016 was confirmed in late May 2013. Headquartered in the Victorian suburb of <a href="/info/en/?search=Broadmeadows,_Victoria" title="Broadmeadows, Victoria">Broadmeadows</a>, the company had registered losses of AU$600 million over the five years prior to the announcement. It was noted that the corporate fleet and government sales that accounted for two-thirds of large, local car sales in Australia were insufficient to keep Ford's products profitable and viable in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a></sup>
</p><p>Following the decision by <a href="/info/en/?search=Shell_Australia" title="Shell Australia">Shell</a> to close its Geelong refinery in April 2013, a third consecutive annual loss was recorded for Shell's Australian refining and fuel marketing assets. Revealed in June 2013, the writedown is worth AU$203 million, and was preceded by a $638-million writedown in 2012 and a $407-million writedown in 2011 after the closure of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Clyde_Refinery" title="Clyde Refinery">Clyde Refinery</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2016 Target announced that it would be moving its headquarters out of <a href="/info/en/?search=North_Geelong" class="mw-redirect" title="North Geelong">North Geelong</a> to <a href="/info/en/?search=Williams_Landing" title="Williams Landing">Williams Landing</a> in Melbourne's west.<sup id="cite_ref-news-target-gone_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news-target-gone-101">[100]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear: right; margin:7px; text-size:80%; text-align:right">
<tbody><tr>
<th style="text-align:center;" colspan="2">Population over time<sup id="cite_ref-gex150_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gex150-14">[13]</a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>1841
</td>
<td>454
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1846
</td>
<td>2,065
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1851
</td>
<td>8,291
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1854
</td>
<td>20,115
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1861
</td>
<td>22,929
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1891
</td>
<td>17,445
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1901
</td>
<td>25,017
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1907
</td>
<td>28,021
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1921
</td>
<td>31,689
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1933
</td>
<td>39,223
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1946
</td>
<td>51,000
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1954
</td>
<td>72,995
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1961
</td>
<td>91,666
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1966
</td>
<td>105,059
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1976
</td>
<td>122,080
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1981
</td>
<td>141,279
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1988
</td>
<td>146,349
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2006
</td>
<td>160,991
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2009
</td>
<td>179,971
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2010
</td>
<td>184,583
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>As of the 2006 <a href="/info/en/?search=Census" title="Census">census</a>, 160,000 people resided in 68,000 households. The <a href="/info/en/?search=Median_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Median (statistics)">median</a> age of persons in Geelong was 37 years. About 19.4% of the population of Geelong were children aged between 0–14 years, and 26.6% were persons aged 55 years and over.<sup id="cite_ref-2011_Census_QuickStat_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_Census_QuickStat-102">[101]</a></sup> Each dwelling is on average occupied by 2.59 persons, slightly lower than the state and national averages.<sup id="cite_ref-coggdec2007_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coggdec2007-103">[102]</a></sup> The median household income was $901 per week, $121 less than the state average, partly due to higher reliance on manufacturing for employment.<sup id="cite_ref-coggdec2007_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coggdec2007-103">[102]</a></sup> The population of Geelong is growing by 2500 people each year,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a></sup> and the City of Greater Geelong had the highest rate of building activity in Victoria outside metropolitan Melbourne.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a></sup>
</p><p>About 78.4% of people from Geelong are Australian-born, with the most common overseas birthplaces being: <a href="/info/en/?search=England" title="England">England</a> (3.6%), <a href="/info/en/?search=Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (1.1%), <a href="/info/en/?search=Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (1.0%), the <a href="/info/en/?search=Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (0.9%), and <a href="/info/en/?search=Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (0.8%). Around 14.2% of households speak a language other than <a href="/info/en/?search=English_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="English (language)">English</a> in the home.<sup id="cite_ref-2011_Census_QuickStat_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_Census_QuickStat-102">[101]</a></sup> Notable ethnic groups in the city are the <a href="/info/en/?search=Croats" title="Croats">Croatian</a> community, who first came to the city in the 1850s<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a></sup> and with migration since World War II are now the largest Croatian community in Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a></sup> and the German settlers who founded Germantown (now Grovedale) in 1849 to escape repression in <a href="/info/en/?search=Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> for their <a href="/info/en/?search=Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> faith.<sup id="cite_ref-southbarwon_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southbarwon-108">[107]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Basilica_St_Mary_of_the_Angels,_Geelong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Basilica_St_Mary_of_the_Angels%2C_Geelong.jpg/220px-Basilica_St_Mary_of_the_Angels%2C_Geelong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Basilica_St_Mary_of_the_Angels%2C_Geelong.jpg/330px-Basilica_St_Mary_of_the_Angels%2C_Geelong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Basilica_St_Mary_of_the_Angels%2C_Geelong.jpg/440px-Basilica_St_Mary_of_the_Angels%2C_Geelong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3305" data-file-height="2545" /></a><figcaption>St Mary of the Angels Basilica</figcaption></figure>
<p>The 2006 census found the most common religious affiliation in Geelong was <a href="/info/en/?search=Catholic_Church_in_Australia" title="Catholic Church in Australia">Catholicism</a> at 29.4%. <a href="/info/en/?search=St._Mary_of_the_Angels_Basilica,_Geelong" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary of the Angels Basilica, Geelong">St. Mary of the Angels Basilica</a> is the largest congregation in the city. Other affiliations of resident of Geelong include <a href="/info/en/?search=Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a> 20.5%, <a href="/info/en/?search=Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> 14.6%, <a href="/info/en/?search=Uniting_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniting Church">Uniting Church</a> 7.9%, and <a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Presbyterian_denominations_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presbyterian denominations in Australia">Presbyterian and Reformed</a> at 4.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-abs_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abs-109">[108]</a></sup> The city has a large number of traditional Christian churches, as well as <a href="/info/en/?search=Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christian</a> churches in the northern suburbs.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Governance">Governance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:City_Hall,_Geelong-Victoria-Australia,_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/City_Hall%2C_Geelong-Victoria-Australia%2C_2007.jpg/220px-City_Hall%2C_Geelong-Victoria-Australia%2C_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/City_Hall%2C_Geelong-Victoria-Australia%2C_2007.jpg/330px-City_Hall%2C_Geelong-Victoria-Australia%2C_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/City_Hall%2C_Geelong-Victoria-Australia%2C_2007.jpg/440px-City_Hall%2C_Geelong-Victoria-Australia%2C_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Geelong City Hall</figcaption></figure>
<p>In <a href="/info/en/?search=Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia">local government</a>, the Geelong region is covered by the <a href="/info/en/?search=City_of_Greater_Geelong" title="City of Greater Geelong">City of Greater Geelong</a>. The council was created in 1993 as an amalgamation of a number of other <a href="/info/en/?search=Municipality" title="Municipality">municipalities</a> in the region,<sup id="cite_ref-coggcreation_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coggcreation-55">[54]</a></sup> with the council chambers located at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Town_Hall" title="Geelong Town Hall">Geelong City Hall</a> in central Geelong. The City is made up of four <a href="/info/en/?search=Ward_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (country subdivision)">wards</a> - Brownbill (central Geelong and inner suburbs), Bellarine, Kardinia (southern Geelong, south of the Barwon River) and Windermere (northern suburbs). Brownbill, Kardinia and Bellarine are each represented by three councillors, whereas Windermere is represented by two.<sup id="cite_ref-coggofficial_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coggofficial-110">[109]</a></sup>
</p><p>From 2012 to 2016, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Mayor_of_Geelong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Geelong">Mayor of Geelong</a> was directly elected by the public to a four-year term.<sup id="cite_ref-coggofficial_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coggofficial-110">[109]</a></sup> Entrepreneur and former <a href="/info/en/?search=Paparazzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Paparazzo">paparazzo</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Darryn_Lyons" title="Darryn Lyons">Darryn Lyons</a> held this position from 2013 to 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 16 April 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a></sup> the <a href="/info/en/?search=Victorian_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Government">Victorian Government</a> dismissed the Mayor and Councillors of the <a href="/info/en/?search=City_of_Greater_Geelong#Council" title="City of Greater Geelong">Greater Geelong City Council</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a></sup> following a Commission of Inquiry which found that the council is riven with conflict, unable to manage Geelong's economic challenges, has dysfunctional leadership and has a culture of bullying.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a></sup> The government appointed administrators to run the council until council elections were held in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a></sup> In 2023, the Victorian Government announced that it would appoint monitors to oversee the appointment of a new CEO.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/info/en/?search=Politics_of_Victoria" title="Politics of Victoria">state politics</a>, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Victorian_Legislative_Assembly" title="Victorian Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> districts of <a href="/info/en/?search=Electoral_district_of_Geelong" title="Electoral district of Geelong">Geelong</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Electoral_district_of_South_Barwon" title="Electoral district of South Barwon">South Barwon</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Electoral_district_of_Lara" title="Electoral district of Lara">Lara</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Electoral_district_of_Bellarine" title="Electoral district of Bellarine">Bellarine</a> cover the Geelong area. After the 2022 Victorian Election, all four of these electorates are held by the <a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a></sup> Lara and Geelong are currently safe Labor seats with South Barwon increasing its margin and Bellarine more marginal.
</p><p>On 12 February 2020, Minister for Planning <a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_Wynne" title="Richard Wynne">Richard Wynn</a> established Geelong Authority to advise on strategies to attract investment to central Geelong and on major planning applications to help create jobs and drive growth in Geelong.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a></sup> The committee is chaired by Diana Taylor (lawyer) and consists of Mark Edmonds (former Chairman of Geelong Chamber of Commerce), Aamir Qutub (CEO of Enterprise Monkey), Jill Smith (former General Manager of <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Arts_Centre" title="Geelong Arts Centre">Geelong Arts Centre</a>) and Rory Costelloe (Executive Director of Villawood Properties)<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a></sup> and Dr Sarah Leach.
</p><p>In <a href="/info/en/?search=Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">federal politics</a>, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> seats - the <a href="/info/en/?search=Division_of_Corio" title="Division of Corio">Division of Corio</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Division_of_Corangamite" title="Division of Corangamite">Division of Corangamite</a> cover the Geelong region. Corio roughly covers the northern half of Geelong and has been a safe <a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> seat since the 1970s, but was previously the seat of <a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_Casey,_Baron_Casey" title="Richard Casey, Baron Casey">Richard Casey</a>, a leading conservative Cabinet member in the 1930s and later <a href="/info/en/?search=Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a>, as well as <a href="/info/en/?search=Hubert_Opperman" title="Hubert Opperman">Hubert Opperman</a>, a former cycling champion and a prominent minister in the 1960s. It was also the seat of <a href="/info/en/?search=Gordon_Scholes" title="Gordon Scholes">Gordon Scholes</a>, who was <a href="/info/en/?search=Speaker_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives">Speaker</a> during the <a href="/info/en/?search=Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a> government. Corio is currently held by Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_Marles" title="Richard Marles">Richard Marles</a>.
</p><p>Corangamite, which roughly includes the southern half of Geelong as well as the Bellarine Peninsula, has traditionally been safe for the Liberal Party, but become more marginal in recent years due to demographic changes and redistributions.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a></sup> Corangamite had been a safe seat for the <a href="/info/en/?search=Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party</a> and its predecessors from the 1930s through the 2000s. Future <a href="/info/en/?search=Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a> served one term in this seat in the 1910s.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a></sup> It was won by the Australian Labor Party at the <a href="/info/en/?search=2019_Australian_federal_election" title="2019 Australian federal election">2019 federal election</a> and again in 2022 by <a href="/info/en/?search=Libby_Coker" title="Libby Coker">Libby Coker</a> where the margin was increased.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Events_and_festivals">Events and festivals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Events and festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Geelong_Library_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Geelong_Library_2015.jpg/220px-Geelong_Library_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Geelong_Library_2015.jpg/330px-Geelong_Library_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Geelong_Library_2015.jpg/440px-Geelong_Library_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Library_and_Heritage_Centre" title="Geelong Library and Heritage Centre">Geelong Library and Heritage Centre</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Royal_Geelong_Show" title="Royal Geelong Show">Royal Geelong Show</a> is held each year at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Showgrounds" title="Geelong Showgrounds">Geelong Showgrounds</a>. Other events include <a href="/info/en/?search=Pako_Festa" title="Pako Festa">Pako Festa</a> (held annually in February),<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Gala_Day" title="Gala Day">Gala Day Parade</a> (annual event that celebrated its 96th year in 2012)<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a></sup> and Family Fun Day (held annually as part of the Gala Day celebrations),<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a></sup> and the Geelong Heritage Festival that is run by the local branch of the National Trust.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a></sup> The Gala Day Parade was axed in 2023.
</p><p>Geelong hosts Victoria's only international photographic salon 'VIGEX' every two years. VIGEX is an acronym for "VIctoria Geelong EXhibition" and the inaugural event was held in 1980. The Australian Photographic Society, the world governing body of exhibition photography the <a href="/info/en/?search=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Art_Photographique" title="Fédération Internationale de l'Art Photographique">International Federation of Photographic Art</a> and the Victorian Association of Photographic Societies are patrons of the biennial photographic salon.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a></sup>
</p><p>Geelong's History is preserved through both the Geelong Historical Society, and the associated <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Heritage_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelong Heritage Centre">Geelong Heritage Centre</a> currently housed in the new regional library<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a></sup> building opened in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a></sup>
</p><p>Now defunct, Geelong hosted a digital conference Pivot Summit which was headlined by <a href="/info/en/?search=Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> Co-founder <a href="/info/en/?search=Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Arts_and_entertainment">Arts and entertainment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Arts and entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Geelong_Gallery_from_Johnstone_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Geelong_Gallery_from_Johnstone_Park.jpg/220px-Geelong_Gallery_from_Johnstone_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Geelong_Gallery_from_Johnstone_Park.jpg/330px-Geelong_Gallery_from_Johnstone_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Geelong_Gallery_from_Johnstone_Park.jpg/440px-Geelong_Gallery_from_Johnstone_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2003" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Art_Gallery" title="Geelong Art Gallery">Geelong Art Gallery</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Recognising a long history in design excellence, Geelong was designated as a <a href="/info/en/?search=Design_Cities_(UNESCO)" title="Design Cities (UNESCO)">UNESCO Creative City of Design</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a></sup>
</p><p>Geelong is home to a number of <a href="/info/en/?search=Pubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pubs">pubs</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Nightclubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nightclubs">nightclubs</a>, and live-music venues. The city is also the birthplace or starting point for a number of notable Australian bands and musicians, such as <a href="/info/en/?search=Barry_Crocker" title="Barry Crocker">Barry Crocker</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Gyan_Evans" title="Gyan Evans">Gyan Evans</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Magic_Dirt" title="Magic Dirt">Magic Dirt</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Jeff_Lang" title="Jeff Lang">Jeff Lang</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Denis_Walter" title="Denis Walter">Denis Walter</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Chrissy_Amphlett" title="Chrissy Amphlett">Chrissy Amphlett</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Helen_Garner" title="Helen Garner">Helen Garner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a></sup>
</p><p>Geelong also hosts music festivals such as the <a href="/info/en/?search=Meredith_Music_Festival" title="Meredith Music Festival">Meredith Music Festival</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Offshore_Festival" title="Offshore Festival">Offshore Festival</a>, Poppykettle Festival, and National Celtic Festival.
</p><p>The city's prominent cultural venues are the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Performing_Arts_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelong Performing Arts Centre">Geelong Performing Arts Centre</a> (commonly known as "GPAC"),<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a></sup> the 1500-seat Costa Hall auditorium and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Art_Gallery" title="Geelong Art Gallery">Geelong Art Gallery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a></sup>
</p><p>Based in Geelong, <a href="/info/en/?search=Back_to_Back_Theatre" title="Back to Back Theatre">Back to Back Theatre</a> is a globally renown, contemporary Australian theatre companies engaging with disability on stage. With work produced by the company, Back to Back Theatre explores questions about politics, ethics and philosophy in humanity and tours nationally and globally. In 2022, Back to Back Theatre was awarded the $300,000 <a href="/info/en/?search=International_Ibsen_Award" title="International Ibsen Award">International Ibsen Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a></sup>
</p><p>Local community-led, not for profit Creative Geelong Inc<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a></sup> was established in 2015 to support local creatives and highlight the opportunities for creative industries practitioners in the region. In 2017, Creative Geelong partnered with <a href="/info/en/?search=Deakin_University" title="Deakin University">Deakin University</a> to crowdfund and produce three documentaries about Geelong's transformation from a heavy manufacturing hub to a creative destination.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a></sup> Hubcaps to Creative Hubs series showcase three locations in Geelong including the <a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vj7ZaH8FJGI">Federal Woollen Mills</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7BEdEeM9aPs">RS&S Woollen Mills</a> and the <a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UG8-nMg0LJA">Fyansford Paper Mills</a> and tells the story of their industrial past and new purpose as creative hot spots.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Advertiser" title="Geelong Advertiser">Geelong Advertiser</a></i>, the oldest newspaper title in Victoria and the second-oldest in Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a></sup> was established in 1840. The free <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Independent" title="Geelong Independent">Geelong Independent</a></i> and <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_News" title="Geelong News">Geelong News</a></i> are the city's other major newspapers.
</p><p>Geelong is part of the Melbourne television licence area, and receives all of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a> stations from Melbourne, including <a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">ABC</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Seven_Network" title="Seven Network">Seven</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Nine_Network" title="Nine Network">Nine</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Network_10" title="Network 10">Ten</a>, and the community channel <a href="/info/en/?search=C31_Melbourne" title="C31 Melbourne">C31</a>. The Geelong region also receives <a href="/info/en/?search=Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a> services through operators <a href="/info/en/?search=Foxtel" title="Foxtel">Foxtel</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Neighbourhood_Cable" title="Neighbourhood Cable">Neighbourhood Cable</a>.
</p><p>The local radio stations are <a href="/info/en/?search=K_Rock_95.5" title="K Rock 95.5">K-Rock</a> (rock and pop music), <a href="/info/en/?search=Rhema_FM" title="Rhema FM">Rhema FM</a> (Christian community station), <a href="/info/en/?search=KIX_Country" title="KIX Country">Hot Country Radio</a> (country music station), <a href="/info/en/?search=94.7_The_Pulse" title="94.7 The Pulse">The Pulse</a> (community station), <a href="/info/en/?search=3GPH" title="3GPH">3GPH</a> (radio reading service), and <a href="/info/en/?search=Bay_93.9" title="Bay 93.9">Bay FM</a> (adult contemporary music). The transmitters for K-Rock, The Pulse, Rhema FM, and Bay FM are located at a shared transmitter site on Mount Bellarine, near <a href="/info/en/?search=Drysdale,_Victoria" title="Drysdale, Victoria">Drysdale</a>. Most Melbourne-based radio stations can also be received clearly in the Geelong region.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sport">Sport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Aerial_perspective_of_Kardinia_Park_stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Aerial_perspective_of_Kardinia_Park_stadium.jpg/220px-Aerial_perspective_of_Kardinia_Park_stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Aerial_perspective_of_Kardinia_Park_stadium.jpg/330px-Aerial_perspective_of_Kardinia_Park_stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Aerial_perspective_of_Kardinia_Park_stadium.jpg/440px-Aerial_perspective_of_Kardinia_Park_stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>Aerial perspective of GMHBA stadium, home of the Geelong Cats</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> is the most popular sport in Geelong. Established in 1859, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Football_Club" title="Geelong Football Club">Geelong Football Club</a> is the <a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Australian_rules_football_clubs_by_date_of_establishment" title="List of Australian rules football clubs by date of establishment">second oldest club</a><sup id="cite_ref-gfc_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gfc-141">[140]</a></sup> in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> (AFL) and one of the world's <a href="/info/en/?search=Oldest_football_clubs" title="Oldest football clubs">oldest football clubs</a>. Until <a href="/info/en/?search=Sydney_Swans" title="Sydney Swans">South Melbourne</a> relocated to Sydney in 1981, it was the only VFL/AFL club based outside of the greater Melbourne metropolitan area. Its home ground is <a href="/info/en/?search=Kardinia_Park_(stadium)" title="Kardinia Park (stadium)">Kardinia Park</a> stadium. It also fields a reserves side in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Victorian_Football_League" title="Victorian Football League">Victorian Football League</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-gfc_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gfc-141">[140]</a></sup> and three independent football leagues run in the area: the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelong Football League">Geelong Football League</a>, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_%26_District_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelong & District Football League">Geelong & District Football League</a>, and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Bellarine_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellarine Football League">Bellarine Football League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Arena" title="Geelong Arena">Geelong Arena</a> in North Geelong is the home of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Supercats" title="Geelong Supercats">Geelong Supercats</a> basketball team, and was also used during the <a href="/info/en/?search=2006_Commonwealth_Games" title="2006 Commonwealth Games">2006 Commonwealth Games</a> for basketball games.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a></sup> The Geelong Basketball and Netball Centre was formerly the home to another basketball team from the region, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Corio_Bay_Stingrays" title="Corio Bay Stingrays">Corio Bay Stingrays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a></sup>
The city co-hosted the <a href="/info/en/?search=2003_FIBA_Oceania_Championship" title="2003 FIBA Oceania Championship">2003 FIBA Oceania Championship</a> where <a href="/info/en/?search=Australia%27s_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia's national basketball team">Australia's national basketball team</a> won the gold medal.
</p><p><a href="/info/en/?search=North_Geelong_Warriors_FC" title="North Geelong Warriors FC">North Geelong Warriors FC</a> are the region's primary soccer club, playing in the <a href="/info/en/?search=National_Premier_Leagues_Victoria" title="National Premier Leagues Victoria">National Premier Leagues Victoria</a> competition. The club played in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Victorian_Premier_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Premier League">Victorian Premier League</a> from 1992 to 1997 and in the top tier of the NPL in 2015. Other soccer clubs include Northern based <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Rangers_FC" title="Geelong Rangers FC">Geelong Rangers FC</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_SC" title="Geelong SC">Geelong SC</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Corio_SC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corio SC (page does not exist)">Corio SC</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Lara_United_FC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lara United FC (page does not exist)">Lara United FC</a> and Southern based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Surf_Coast_SC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surf Coast SC (page does not exist)">Surf Coast SC</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Western_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Western United">Western United</a> play a few home games every year in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=GMHBA_stadium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GMHBA stadium (page does not exist)">GMHBA stadium</a>, Geelong is included in the marketing for the club in western victoria.
</p><p>Geelong has a <a href="/info/en/?search=Thoroughbred_racing_in_Australia" title="Thoroughbred racing in Australia">horse-racing club</a>, the Geelong Racing Club, which schedules around 22 race meetings a year, including the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Cup" title="Geelong Cup">Geelong Cup</a> meeting in October.<sup id="cite_ref-RaceClub_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaceClub-145">[144]</a></sup> The Geelong Cup was first run in 1872,<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a></sup> and is considered one of the most reliable guides to the result of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Melbourne_Cup" title="Melbourne Cup">Melbourne Cup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a></sup> It also has a <a href="/info/en/?search=Picnic_horse_racing" title="Picnic horse racing">picnic horse-racing club</a>, Geelong St Patricks Racing Club, which holds its one race meeting a year in February.<sup id="cite_ref-RaceClub2_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaceClub2-148">[147]</a></sup>
</p><p>Geelong <a href="/info/en/?search=Harness_racing" title="Harness racing">Harness Racing</a> Club conducts regular meetings at its racetrack at Corio,<sup id="cite_ref-harness_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harness-149">[148]</a></sup> and the Geelong <a href="/info/en/?search=Greyhound_racing" title="Greyhound racing">Greyhound Racing</a> Club holds regular meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-dogs_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dogs-150">[149]</a></sup>
</p><p>Founded in 1882, the Geelong Lawn Tennis Club has 27 tennis courts and plays host to a number of tennis tournaments including the Davis Cup tie between Australia and China in 2012.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Robbie_McEwen_2007_Bay_Cycling_Classic_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Robbie_McEwen_2007_Bay_Cycling_Classic_1.jpg/220px-Robbie_McEwen_2007_Bay_Cycling_Classic_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Robbie_McEwen_2007_Bay_Cycling_Classic_1.jpg/330px-Robbie_McEwen_2007_Bay_Cycling_Classic_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Robbie_McEwen_2007_Bay_Cycling_Classic_1.jpg/440px-Robbie_McEwen_2007_Bay_Cycling_Classic_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption><a href="/info/en/?search=2007_Bay_Classic_Series" title="2007 Bay Classic Series">2007 Bay Classic Series</a> at Eastern Beach</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Eastern_Beach,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Beach, Victoria">Eastern Beach</a> foreshore and nearby Eastern Gardens regularly host internationally televised <a href="/info/en/?search=Triathlon" title="Triathlon">triathlons</a>, and annual <a href="/info/en/?search=Sports_car" title="Sports car">sports car</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Racing_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Racing car">racing car</a> events such as the Geelong Speed Trials.<sup id="cite_ref-speedtrials_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speedtrials-151">[150]</a></sup>
</p><p>Corio Bay is also host to many sailing and yachting events. Geelong also has many golf courses, sporting and recreation ovals, and playing fields, as well as facilities for <a href="/info/en/?search=Water_skiing" title="Water skiing">water skiing</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">rowing</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Greyhound_racing" title="Greyhound racing">greyhound</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Harness_racing" title="Harness racing">harness racing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a></sup>
Geelong Athletics holds competitions during both the summer and winter, including high-profile events such as Victorian and sometimes national and international track and field meets.
</p><p>Geelong is home to Australia's largest indoor <a href="/info/en/?search=Skate_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Skate park">skate park</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a></sup> and has "more skate parks per capita than any other municipality in Australia."<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a></sup>
</p><p>Geelong is also the birthplace of <a href="/info/en/?search=Bev_Francis" title="Bev Francis">Bev Francis</a>, an IFBB professional Australian <a href="/info/en/?search=Female_bodybuilding" title="Female bodybuilding">female bodybuilder</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Powerlifting" title="Powerlifting">powerlifter</a>, and national <a href="/info/en/?search=Shot_put" title="Shot put">shot put</a> champion.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Cadel_Evans_Great_Ocean_Road_Race" title="Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race">Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race</a>, named in honour of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a> winner and 2009 World Champion starts in the city. It then goes through <a href="/info/en/?search=Barwon_Heads" class="mw-redirect" title="Barwon Heads">Barwon Heads</a> on the <a href="/info/en/?search=Bellarine_Peninsula" title="Bellarine Peninsula">Bellarine Peninsula</a>, passing by the famous surf beach of <a href="/info/en/?search=Bells_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Bells Beach">Bells Beach</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Surf_Coast_Shire" title="Surf Coast Shire">Surf Coast Shire</a> and continuing along the <a href="/info/en/?search=Great_Ocean_Road" title="Great Ocean Road">Great Ocean Road</a>. The race then heads via rolling hills back to Geelong for three circuits of the city before a waterfront finish. The race generally suits <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Puncheur" title="Puncheur">puncheurs</a></i> who are capable of getting into breakaways and can easily climb short, steep hills.<sup id="cite_ref-2017CN_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017CN-157">[156]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2017UCI_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017UCI-158">[157]</a></sup>
</p><p>The city's <a href="/info/en/?search=Kardinia_Park_(stadium)" title="Kardinia Park (stadium)">Kardinia Park Stadium</a> hosted the first match of the 2022 Men's <a href="/info/en/?search=ICC_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup" title="ICC Men's T20 World Cup">T20 cricket World Cup</a>. Along with other cities in regional Victoria, Geelong was scheduled host the <a href="/info/en/?search=2026_Commonwealth_Games" title="2026 Commonwealth Games">2026 Commonwealth Games</a> until they were cancelled.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Geelong Sharks compete in the state's Rugby League competition run by <a href="/info/en/?search=NRL_Victoria" title="NRL Victoria">NRL Victoria</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Public_services">Public services</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Public services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_schools_in_Geelong" title="List of schools in Geelong">List of schools in Geelong</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Gordon_institute_of_tafe_building,_geelong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Gordon_institute_of_tafe_building%2C_geelong.jpg/220px-Gordon_institute_of_tafe_building%2C_geelong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Gordon_institute_of_tafe_building%2C_geelong.jpg/330px-Gordon_institute_of_tafe_building%2C_geelong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Gordon_institute_of_tafe_building%2C_geelong.jpg/440px-Gordon_institute_of_tafe_building%2C_geelong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Gordon_Institute_of_TAFE" title="Gordon Institute of TAFE">Gordon Institute of TAFE</a> building in Fenwick Street</figcaption></figure>
<p>Geelong is served by a number of <a href="/info/en/?search=Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Private_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Private education">private</a> schools that cater to local and overseas students. Over 40,000 primary and secondary students are enrolled in schools in Geelong, with another 27,000 students enrolled in tertiary and further education programs.<sup id="cite_ref-cogg-top10_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cogg-top10-17">[16]</a></sup> The first schools in Geelong were established when the town was settled from the 1850s, among them were the historic private schools <a href="/info/en/?search=The_Geelong_College" class="mw-redirect" title="The Geelong College">The Geelong College</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Grammar_School" title="Geelong Grammar School">Geelong Grammar School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fastfacts_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastfacts-91">[90]</a></sup>
</p><p>Geelong is also home to the oldest state secondary school in Victoria, <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_High_School" title="Geelong High School">Geelong High School</a>, which has been serving the community since 1905, for over 100 years.
</p><p>The Gordon Memorial Technical College opened in 1888, and is known today as the <a href="/info/en/?search=Gordon_Institute_of_TAFE" title="Gordon Institute of TAFE">Gordon Institute of TAFE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gex150_14-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gex150-14">[13]</a></sup> In 1976, the Gordon Institute was divided into two parts, with academic courses becoming part of the newly formed Deakin University based at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Waurn_Ponds" class="mw-redirect" title="Waurn Ponds">Waurn Ponds</a> campus.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Deakin_University" title="Deakin University">Deakin University</a> enrolled its first students at its Waurn Ponds campus in 1977. Today, the university is located on a 365-ha site at Waurn Ponds and has over 1,000 staff and over 4,000 on-campus students.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a></sup> The university also has a campus located on the waterfront of Corio Bay in the Geelong CBD,<sup id="cite_ref-deakin.edu.au_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deakin.edu.au-162">[161]</a></sup> a campus in Burwood, Melbourne,<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a></sup> and a campus in Warrnambool, in Western Victoria.<sup id="cite_ref-deakin.edu.au_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deakin.edu.au-162">[161]</a></sup> From 2008 the campus at Waurn Ponds also has been home to Victoria's first regional medical school.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Health">Health</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Geelong-hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Geelong-hospital.jpg/220px-Geelong-hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Geelong-hospital.jpg/330px-Geelong-hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Geelong-hospital.jpg/440px-Geelong-hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Main entrance to Geelong Hospital</figcaption></figure>
<p>The major public health service is <a href="/info/en/?search=Barwon_Health" title="Barwon Health">Barwon Health</a>, which operates 21 separate health sites including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=University_Hospital_Geelong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University Hospital Geelong (page does not exist)">University Hospital Geelong</a> on Ryrie Street, and the McKellar Centre on Ballarat Road. Barwon Health services the entire region. The largest <a href="/info/en/?search=Private_hospital" title="Private hospital">private hospital</a> is the nearby <a href="/info/en/?search=St_John_of_God_Health_Care" title="St John of God Health Care">St John of God Health Care</a> centre on Myers Street. Prominent healthcare services include the Epworth Hospital located at 1 Epworth Place, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216.,<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a></sup> and Geelong Health (Geelong West).
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Utilities">Utilities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Utilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Geelong_A_Power_Station,_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Geelong_A_Power_Station%2C_1948.jpg/220px-Geelong_A_Power_Station%2C_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Geelong_A_Power_Station%2C_1948.jpg/330px-Geelong_A_Power_Station%2C_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Geelong_A_Power_Station%2C_1948.jpg/440px-Geelong_A_Power_Station%2C_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>The former Geelong A power station, now part of Westfield Geelong</figcaption></figure>
<p>Water storage and supply in Geelong is managed by <a href="/info/en/?search=Barwon_Water" title="Barwon Water">Barwon Water</a>, a Victoria government-owned urban water corporation. Geelong is supplied with water from three river systems: the Barwon, the East Moorabool, and the West Moorabool Rivers. The catchment areas are the Brisbane Ranges to Geelong's north-west, and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Otway_Ranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Otway Ranges">Otway Ranges</a> to the south-west. The first water supplies to Geelong were from the Stony Creek reservoirs near <a href="/info/en/?search=Steiglitz,_Victoria" title="Steiglitz, Victoria">Steiglitz</a>, but, as of 2010, Geelong, together with Ballarat, consumes about 70% of the Moorabool River's water flow.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a></sup> Sewage from Geelong and district is <a href="/info/en/?search=Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">treated</a> at the Black Rock Treatment Plant at <a href="/info/en/?search=Breamlea" class="mw-redirect" title="Breamlea">Breamlea</a> and then discharged into <a href="/info/en/?search=Bass_Strait" title="Bass Strait">Bass Strait</a>.
</p><p>Geelong was first supplied with electricity in 1902 when the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Power_Station" title="Geelong Power Station">Geelong Power Station</a> opened on the corner of Yarra and Brougham Streets. Later known as Geelong A, the power station was rebuilt in 1920 to increase the capacity, with the station continued operating until 1961. In 1936, Geelong was connected to the state <a href="/info/en/?search=Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grid</a>. The Geelong B power station at <a href="/info/en/?search=North_Geelong" class="mw-redirect" title="North Geelong">North Geelong</a> opened in 1954,<sup id="cite_ref-psu_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psu-47">[46]</a></sup> and was closed in 1970 due to the much higher efficiency of the power stations in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Latrobe_Valley" title="Latrobe Valley">Latrobe Valley</a>. The supply of piped <a href="/info/en/?search=Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">coal gas</a> in Geelong started in 1860 by the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Gas_Company" title="Geelong Gas Company">Geelong Gas Company</a>. The <a href="/info/en/?search=Gasworks" title="Gasworks">gasworks</a> were located in North Geelong next to the <a href="/info/en/?search=North_Geelong_railway_station" title="North Geelong railway station">North Geelong railway station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a></sup> Geelong was converted to <a href="/info/en/?search=Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> in 1971, with the Geelong Gas Company being taken over by the <a href="/info/en/?search=Gas_%26_Fuel_Corporation_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas & Fuel Corporation of Victoria">Gas & Fuel Corporation of Victoria</a> on 30 June 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Transportation">Transportation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Geelong_Ring_Road_section_3_downhill_Waurn_Ponds_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Geelong_Ring_Road_section_3_downhill_Waurn_Ponds_2009.jpg/220px-Geelong_Ring_Road_section_3_downhill_Waurn_Ponds_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Geelong_Ring_Road_section_3_downhill_Waurn_Ponds_2009.jpg/330px-Geelong_Ring_Road_section_3_downhill_Waurn_Ponds_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Geelong_Ring_Road_section_3_downhill_Waurn_Ponds_2009.jpg/440px-Geelong_Ring_Road_section_3_downhill_Waurn_Ponds_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption><a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Ring_Road" title="Geelong Ring Road">Princes Freeway's Geelong Ring Road</a>, looking south towards suburban <a href="/info/en/?search=Waurn_Ponds" class="mw-redirect" title="Waurn Ponds">Waurn Ponds</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The main form of transportation in Geelong is the <a href="/info/en/?search=Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a>. Geelong is well-connected by roads to all of south-west Victoria, to Melbourne by a major-arterial the <a href="/info/en/?search=Princes_Freeway" title="Princes Freeway">Princes Freeway</a> (M1) with three or four lanes in each direction, to Warrnambool by the Princes Highway (A1), the Bellarine Peninsula by the <a href="/info/en/?search=Bellarine_Highway" title="Bellarine Highway">Bellarine Highway</a> (B110), Ballarat by the <a href="/info/en/?search=Midland_Highway,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Midland Highway, Victoria">Midland Highway</a> (A300), and to Hamilton by the <a href="/info/en/?search=Hamilton_Highway" title="Hamilton Highway">Hamilton Highway</a> (B140). The $380-million <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Ring_Road" title="Geelong Ring Road">Geelong Ring Road</a> (an extension of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Princes_Freeway" title="Princes Freeway">Princes Freeway</a>) bypasses the greater Geelong urban area exiting the <a href="/info/en/?search=Princes_Highway" title="Princes Highway">Princes Highway</a> near Corio to rejoin the highway at Waurn Ponds.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a></sup> The <a href="/info/en/?search=Lewis_Bandt_Bridge" title="Lewis Bandt Bridge">Lewis Bandt Bridge</a>, named in honour of the Ford Australia engineer who is credited as the inventor of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Coup%C3%A9_utility" title="Coupé utility">ute</a> (1934), in Geelong is a feature of the new road.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Avalon_Airport">Avalon Airport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Avalon Airport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Jetstar_a320_VH-VQY_at_Avalon_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jetstar_a320_VH-VQY_at_Avalon_Airport.jpg/220px-Jetstar_a320_VH-VQY_at_Avalon_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jetstar_a320_VH-VQY_at_Avalon_Airport.jpg/330px-Jetstar_a320_VH-VQY_at_Avalon_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jetstar_a320_VH-VQY_at_Avalon_Airport.jpg/440px-Jetstar_a320_VH-VQY_at_Avalon_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption><a href="/info/en/?search=Jetstar" title="Jetstar">Jetstar</a> aircraft at <a href="/info/en/?search=Avalon_Airport" title="Avalon Airport">Avalon Airport</a></figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/info/en/?search=Avalon_Airport" title="Avalon Airport">Avalon Airport</a> is located about 15 km (9.3 mi) to the north-east of the city of Geelong in the suburb of Avalon. It was established in 1953 for the production of military aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a></sup> It was also used for the repair of commercial aircraft, and for pilot training. Avalon Airport has also been home to low-cost airline <a href="/info/en/?search=Jetstar" title="Jetstar">Jetstar</a> since 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-jetstar_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jetstar-58">[57]</a></sup> Flights to Sydney use the airport and in June 2015, Jetstar announced it would fly to the Gold Coast daily from Avalon Airport commencing October 2015. Avalon Airport is the venue for 'Thunder Down Under' <a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_International_Airshow" title="Australian International Airshow">Australian International Airshow</a> every other year.
</p><p>Avalon Airport had international flights with <a href="/info/en/?search=AirAsia_X" title="AirAsia X">AirAsia X</a> to and from Kuala Lumpur and <a href="/info/en/?search=Citilink" title="Citilink">Citilink</a> to <a href="/info/en/?search=Ngurah_Rai_International_Airport" title="Ngurah Rai International Airport">Denpasar</a> but were cancelled during the pandemic.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rail">Rail</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Geelong-morning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Geelong-morning.jpg/220px-Geelong-morning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Geelong-morning.jpg/330px-Geelong-morning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Geelong-morning.jpg/440px-Geelong-morning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption><a href="/info/en/?search=V/Line" title="V/Line">V/Line</a> passenger trains at <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_railway_station" title="Geelong railway station">Geelong railway station</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Geelong is a major hub for <a href="/info/en/?search=Rail_transport_in_Victoria" title="Rail transport in Victoria">rail transport in Victoria</a>, having frequent services to and from Melbourne, and being at the junction of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Port_Fairy_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Fairy railway line">Port Fairy</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Western_standard_gauge_railway_line" title="Western standard gauge railway line">Western standard gauge</a> and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong-Ballarat_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelong-Ballarat railway line">Geelong-Ballarat</a> lines.<sup id="cite_ref-rg_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rg-34">[33]</a></sup> Eight passenger railway stations are in the urban area, all along the <a href="/info/en/?search=Port_Fairy_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Fairy railway line">Warrnambool line</a> and served by <a href="/info/en/?search=V/Line" title="V/Line">V/Line</a> trains.<sup id="cite_ref-viclink_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viclink-172">[171]</a></sup> The Geelong line provides passenger services to Melbourne in the off-peak with trains departing Geelong every 20 minutes on weekdays, with more frequent services at peak times. According to V/Line, the Geelong line carries more passengers than any other regional rail line in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a></sup> None of the lines are electrified and all trains servicing Geelong are <a href="/info/en/?search=Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel</a> powered.
</p><p>Geelong's currently operating stations include <a href="/info/en/?search=Little_River_railway_station" title="Little River railway station">Little River</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Lara_railway_station" title="Lara railway station">Lara</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Corio_railway_station" title="Corio railway station">Corio</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=North_Shore_railway_station" title="North Shore railway station">North Shore</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=North_Geelong_railway_station" title="North Geelong railway station">North Geelong</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_railway_station" title="Geelong railway station">Geelong</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=South_Geelong_railway_station" title="South Geelong railway station">South Geelong</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Marshall_railway_station" title="Marshall railway station">Marshall</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Waurn_Ponds_railway_station" title="Waurn Ponds railway station">Waurn Ponds</a>.
</p><p>In the past, a rail line connected Geelong city to the Bellarine Peninsula through to <a href="/info/en/?search=Queenscliff,_Victoria" title="Queenscliff, Victoria">Queenscliff</a>, ceasing to operate as a regular passenger service in 1976. The <a href="/info/en/?search=Bellarine_Railway" title="Bellarine Railway">Bellarine Railway</a> operates a section of the line between <a href="/info/en/?search=Drysdale,_Victoria" title="Drysdale, Victoria">Drysdale</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Queenscliff,_Victoria" title="Queenscliff, Victoria">Queenscliff</a> as a tourist attraction.
</p><p>Passenger services run to <a href="/info/en/?search=Warrnambool_railway_station" title="Warrnambool railway station">Warrnambool</a> three times daily, connecting Geelong with <a href="/info/en/?search=Colac_railway_station" title="Colac railway station">Colac</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Terang_railway_station" title="Terang railway station">Terang</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Camperdown_railway_station" title="Camperdown railway station">Camperdown</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Journey_Beyond" title="Journey Beyond">Journey Beyond</a>'s <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Overland" title="The Overland">The Overland</a></i> service between Melbourne and <a href="/info/en/?search=Adelaide_Parklands_Terminal" title="Adelaide Parklands Terminal">Adelaide</a> stops at the standard-gauge platform provided at <a href="/info/en/?search=North_Shore_railway_station" title="North Shore railway station">North Shore station</a>. It runs six days a week, with three services to Adelaide and three to Melbourne.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a></sup> Freight trains also operate from Melbourne to Geelong serving local industries,<sup id="cite_ref-rgnog_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgnog-79">[78]</a></sup> as well as to Warrnambool and other western Victorian towns. The main <a href="/info/en/?search=Western_standard_gauge_railway_line" title="Western standard gauge railway line">Melbourne-Adelaide standard-gauge line</a> is a heavily used interstate freight route.
</p><p>Victoria's electronic ticketing system, <a href="/info/en/?search=Myki" title="Myki">Myki</a>, was implemented on rail services between Marshall and Melbourne on 29 July 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Victorian government is currently in process of land acquisition and inspection for a potential <a href="/info/en/?search=Torquay,_Victoria" title="Torquay, Victoria">Torquay</a> rail line which would service both Torquay and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Armstrong_Creek,_Victoria" title="Armstrong Creek, Victoria">Armstrong Creek</a> growth corridor.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ports_and_ferry_services">Ports and ferry services</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ports and ferry services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Cunningham_Pier.Geelong_Vic._Aust._(12076909603).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cunningham_Pier.Geelong_Vic._Aust._%2812076909603%29.jpg/220px-Cunningham_Pier.Geelong_Vic._Aust._%2812076909603%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cunningham_Pier.Geelong_Vic._Aust._%2812076909603%29.jpg/330px-Cunningham_Pier.Geelong_Vic._Aust._%2812076909603%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cunningham_Pier.Geelong_Vic._Aust._%2812076909603%29.jpg/440px-Cunningham_Pier.Geelong_Vic._Aust._%2812076909603%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2235" data-file-height="1324" /></a><figcaption>Cunningham Pier</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Port_of_Geelong" title="Port of Geelong">Port of Geelong</a> is located on the shores of Corio Bay, and is the sixth-largest <a href="/info/en/?search=Port" title="Port">seaport</a> in Australia by tonnage.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a></sup> Major commodities include <a href="/info/en/?search=Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> and petroleum products, export <a href="/info/en/?search=Grain" title="Grain">grain</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Woodchipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodchipping">woodchips</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a> imports, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertiliser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ageport_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ageport-177">[176]</a></sup> The <a href="/info/en/?search=Bellarine_Peninsula" title="Bellarine Peninsula">Bellarine Peninsula</a> has been linked to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Mornington_Peninsula" title="Mornington Peninsula">Mornington Peninsula</a> since 1987<sup id="cite_ref-stamp_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stamp-178">[177]</a></sup> by the <a href="/info/en/?search=Searoad_ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="Searoad ferry">Searoad ferry</a>, which runs every hour using two roll-on/roll-off ferries between <a href="/info/en/?search=Queenscliff,_Victoria" title="Queenscliff, Victoria">Queenscliff</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Sorrento" title="Sorrento">Sorrento</a><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/info/en/?search=Port_Phillip_Ferries" title="Port Phillip Ferries">Port Phillip Ferries</a> began operating twice daily services between <a href="/info/en/?search=Portarlington,_Victoria" title="Portarlington, Victoria">Portarlington</a> and Melbourne <a href="/info/en/?search=Docklands,_Victoria" title="Docklands, Victoria">Docklands</a> in November 2016. Three years later overcrowding on trains led to a similar service being introduced from Geelong to Docklands. The services are popular with both tourists and commuters, providing an alternative access for Geelong and the Bellarine Peninsula to Melbourne. The 36-metre-long catamaran ferries seat over 400 passengers, provide a comfortable vantage point to enjoy the sights of Port Phillip. The introduction of the Portarlington service led to a major revamp of the local pier, with pier extensions and a protective rock wall installed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>On 23 October 2022 the Tasmanian ferry service, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Spirit_of_Tasmania" title="Spirit of Tasmania">Spirit of Tasmania</a>, started operating from a new terminal in <a href="/info/en/?search=North_Geelong" class="mw-redirect" title="North Geelong">North Geelong</a> rather than from <a href="/info/en/?search=Port_Melbourne" title="Port Melbourne">Port Melbourne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bus_and_taxi">Bus and taxi</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bus and taxi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:CDC_Geelong_BS04QH_April_2022_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/CDC_Geelong_BS04QH_April_2022_1.jpg/220px-CDC_Geelong_BS04QH_April_2022_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/CDC_Geelong_BS04QH_April_2022_1.jpg/330px-CDC_Geelong_BS04QH_April_2022_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/CDC_Geelong_BS04QH_April_2022_1.jpg/440px-CDC_Geelong_BS04QH_April_2022_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/info/en/?search=CDC_Geelong" title="CDC Geelong">CDC Geelong</a> bus at <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_railway_station" title="Geelong railway station">Geelong railway station</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>A bus network covering the city centre and most surrounding suburbs provides public transport. Until June 2015 they were operated under the umbrella of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Transit_System" title="Geelong Transit System">Geelong Transit System</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Public_Transport_Victoria" title="Public Transport Victoria">Public Transport Victoria</a> contracts <a href="/info/en/?search=CDC_Geelong" title="CDC Geelong">CDC Geelong</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=McHarry%27s_Buslines" title="McHarry's Buslines">McHarry's Buslines</a> to provide Geelong's bus services and bus services to <a href="/info/en/?search=Torquay,_Victoria" title="Torquay, Victoria">Torquay</a> and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Bellarine_Peninsula" title="Bellarine Peninsula">Bellarine Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a></sup> V/Line services link Geelong with Ballarat, <a href="/info/en/?search=Daylesford,_Victoria" title="Daylesford, Victoria">Daylesford</a>, Bendigo, <a href="/info/en/?search=Apollo_Bay" title="Apollo Bay">Apollo Bay</a>, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Great_Ocean_Road" title="Great Ocean Road">Great Ocean Road</a>, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a> and Warrnambool.<sup id="cite_ref-viclink_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viclink-172">[171]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:2005-2006_Ford_Falcon_(BF)_XT_sedan,_Geelong_Taxi_Network_(2008-12-14).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/2005-2006_Ford_Falcon_%28BF%29_XT_sedan%2C_Geelong_Taxi_Network_%282008-12-14%29.jpg/220px-2005-2006_Ford_Falcon_%28BF%29_XT_sedan%2C_Geelong_Taxi_Network_%282008-12-14%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/2005-2006_Ford_Falcon_%28BF%29_XT_sedan%2C_Geelong_Taxi_Network_%282008-12-14%29.jpg/330px-2005-2006_Ford_Falcon_%28BF%29_XT_sedan%2C_Geelong_Taxi_Network_%282008-12-14%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/2005-2006_Ford_Falcon_%28BF%29_XT_sedan%2C_Geelong_Taxi_Network_%282008-12-14%29.jpg/440px-2005-2006_Ford_Falcon_%28BF%29_XT_sedan%2C_Geelong_Taxi_Network_%282008-12-14%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Taxi in <a href="/info/en/?search=Norlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Norlane">Norlane</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Taxi services in Geelong are provided by Geelong Taxi Network, a newly formed depot following the effective merger of Bay City Cabs and Geelong Radio Cabs in July 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a></sup>
The majority of the network covers the city and suburban areas of the city, with "urban" classification for the vehicles in use. The <a href="/info/en/?search=Bellarine_Peninsula" title="Bellarine Peninsula">Bellarine Peninsula</a>, and Torquay areas, although part of Geelong Taxi Network, are both covered by separate "country" classification taxis. Often, disputes occur in regards to different taxis from one licence area, picking up work from either of the other two licence areas, which is illegal in most circumstances under current taxi regulations in Victoria.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a></sup> Call centre and radio dispatch services for the new combined network are provided by Silver Top Taxis in Melbourne.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cycling_and_walking">Cycling and walking</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cycling and walking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Geelong also has many kilometres of <a href="/info/en/?search=Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycle</a> trails including the:
</p>
<ul><li>Bay Trail, Corio Quay to Limeburners Point</li>
<li>Barwon River trail – 20 km between <a href="/info/en/?search=Fyansford" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyansford">Fyansford</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=South_Geelong" class="mw-redirect" title="South Geelong">South Geelong</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bellarine_Rail_Trail" title="Bellarine Rail Trail">Bellarine Rail Trail</a> is a 32 km path between South Geelong and Queenscliffe.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a></sup></li></ul>
<ul><li>Cowies Creek Trail</li>
<li>Hovells Creek Trail</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ted_Wilson_trail" title="Ted Wilson trail">Ted Wilson trail</a>- Follows the Geelong Ring Road for 12 km between Corio to Hamlyn Heights</li>
<li>Tom McKean Linear Park, Separation Street, <a href="/info/en/?search=North_Geelong" class="mw-redirect" title="North Geelong">North Geelong</a> through to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Fyansford" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyansford">Fyansford</a> Cement Works</li>
<li>Waurn Ponds trail offers follows over 6 km of the Waurn Ponds creek</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Field_Naturalists_Club" title="Geelong Field Naturalists Club">Geelong Field Naturalists Club</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_cities_in_Australia#Victoria" title="List of cities in Australia">List of cities in Australia#Victoria</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Heritage_listed_buildings_in_Geelong" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Heritage listed buildings in Geelong">List of Heritage listed buildings in Geelong</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Category:People_from_Geelong" title="Category:People from Geelong">Category:People from Geelong</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong%27s_Woolstores" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelong's Woolstores">Geelong's Woolstores</a>, 19th century</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wollongong" title="Wollongong">Wollongong</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_depot" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelong depot">Geelong depot</a></li></ul>
<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> defined urban area (SUA) for Geelong corresponds with the Greater Geelong LGA except that the SUA excludes the <a href="/info/en/?search=Portarlington,_Victoria" title="Portarlington, Victoria">Portarlington</a> Statistical Area (SA2), but includes the <a href="/info/en/?search=Point_Lonsdale" title="Point Lonsdale">Point Lonsdale</a> - <a href="/info/en/?search=Queenscliff,_Victoria" title="Queenscliff, Victoria">Queenscliff</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Torquay,_Victoria" title="Torquay, Victoria">Torquay</a> SA2s.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFButler2009" class="citation book cs1">Butler, S., ed. (2009). <a class="external text" href="https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au">"Geelong"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Macquarie_Dictionary" title="Macquarie Dictionary">Macquarie Dictionary</a></i> (5th ed.). Sydney, NSW: Macquarie Dictionary Publishers. 1952 pages. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-876429-66-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-876429-66-9"><bdi>978-1-876429-66-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geelong&rft.btitle=Macquarie+Dictionary&rft.place=Sydney%2C+NSW&rft.pages=1952+pages&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Macquarie+Dictionary+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-876429-66-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macquariedictionary.com.au&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130308090617/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Geelong">"Definition of <b>Geelong</b> in Oxford dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation and origin of the word"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Oxford University Press. 2013. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Geelong">the original</a> on 8 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Geelong+in+Oxford+dictionary.+Meaning%2C+pronunciation+and+origin+of+the+word&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2FGeelong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFClark2002" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Ian D. (2002). <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54913331"><i>Dictionary of Aboriginal placenames of Victoria</i></a>. Heydon, Toby, 1972-, Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages. Melbourne, Victoria: Victorian Aboriginal Corp. for Languages. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-9579360-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9579360-2-8"><bdi>0-9579360-2-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54913331">54913331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Aboriginal+placenames+of+Victoria&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Victorian+Aboriginal+Corp.+for+Languages&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54913331&rft.isbn=0-9579360-2-8&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Ian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F54913331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ABSSUA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ABSSUA_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02017-18">"3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017-18: Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area, 2008 to 2018"</a>. <i>Australian Bureau of Statistics</i>. 27 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=3218.0+%E2%80%93+Regional+Population+Growth%2C+Australia%2C+2017-18%3A+Population+Estimates+by+Significant+Urban+Area%2C+2008+to+2018&rft.date=2019-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2FAUSSTATS%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FDetailsPage%2F3218.02017-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span> Estimated resident population, 30 June 2018.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.gatewaycitiesalliance.com.au/">"The Gateway Cities Alliance | Easing population pressures"</a>. <i>Gateway Cities Alliance</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gateway+Cities+Alliance&rft.atitle=The+Gateway+Cities+Alliance+%7C+Easing+population+pressures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gatewaycitiesalliance.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.wadawurrung.org.au/">"Wadawurrung Traditional Owners"</a>. <i>Wadawurrung</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wadawurrung&rft.atitle=Wadawurrung+Traditional+Owners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wadawurrung.org.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181012135341/http://www.djillong.net.au/traditions/wathaurong-language.html">"Wathaurong language - Djillong"</a>. <i>www.djillong.net.au</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.djillong.net.au/traditions/wathaurong-language.html">the original</a> on 12 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.djillong.net.au&rft.atitle=Wathaurong+language+-+Djillong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.djillong.net.au%2Ftraditions%2Fwathaurong-language.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-GeelongCity-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GeelongCity_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028100151/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Towns/Geelong_City/">"Geelong City"</a>. City of Greater Geelong. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Towns/Geelong_City/">the original</a> on 28 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geelong+City&rft.pub=City+of+Greater+Geelong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongaustralia.com.au%2FVisiting_Geelong%2FTowns%2FGeelong_City%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-a-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&country=">"Post Office List"</a>. <i>Premier Postal History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Premier+Postal+History&rft.atitle=Post+Office+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premierpostal.com%2Fcgi-bin%2FwsProd.sh%2FViewpocdwrapper.p%3FSortBy%3DVIC%26country%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-forecast-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forecast_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forecast_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080727104044/http://www.id.com.au/geelong/forecastid/default.asp?id=268&gid=10&pg=2">"Key drivers of change"</a>. <i>City of Greater Geelong population forecast</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.id.com.au/geelong/forecastid/default.asp?id=268&gid=10&pg=2">the original</a> on 27 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Greater+Geelong+population+forecast&rft.atitle=Key+drivers+of+change&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.id.com.au%2Fgeelong%2Fforecastid%2Fdefault.asp%3Fid%3D268%26gid%3D10%26pg%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-story-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-story_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-story_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-story_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-story_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-story_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-story_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-story_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-story_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-story_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-story_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-story_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-story_12-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-story_12-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Norman Houghton</i> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNorman" class="citation web cs1">Norman, Houghton. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028094637/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/History/Story_of_Geelong/">"The Story of Geelong"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/geelong/article/item/8d0779e8d5e7ee6.aspx">the original</a> on 28 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Geelong&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Houghton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongaustralia.com.au%2Fgeelong%2Farticle%2Fitem%2F8d0779e8d5e7ee6.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050615223434/http://geelongbusiness.com.au/view_article.php?id=224">"Historical perspective"</a>. <i>Geelong Business News</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://geelongbusiness.com.au/view_article.php?id=224">the original</a> on 15 June 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geelong+Business+News&rft.atitle=Historical+perspective&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeelongbusiness.com.au%2Fview_article.php%3Fid%3D224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-gex150-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gex150_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gex150_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gex150_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gex150_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gex150_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gex150_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gex150_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gex150_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gex150_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gex150_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gex150_14-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gex150_14-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gex150_14-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBegg1990" class="citation book cs1">Begg, Peter (1990). <i>Geelong - The First 150 Years</i>. Globe Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-9592863-5-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9592863-5-7"><bdi>0-9592863-5-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geelong+-+The+First+150+Years&rft.pub=Globe+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-9592863-5-7&rft.aulast=Begg&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4266153">"Early days of Geelong"</a>. <i>The Argus</i>. 19 July 1924. p. 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Argus&rft.atitle=Early+days+of+Geelong&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1924-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article4266153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.intown.com.au/locals/geelong/historical/default.htm">"Geelong – a brief history"</a>. <i>Intown Geelong</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intown+Geelong&rft.atitle=Geelong+%E2%80%93+a+brief+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intown.com.au%2Flocals%2Fgeelong%2Fhistorical%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-cogg-top10-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cogg-top10_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cogg-top10_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cogg-top10_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cogg-top10_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cogg-top10_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Geelong_Living/Top_10_Reasons_to_Move_to_Geelong/">"Top 10 Reasons to Move to Geelong"</a>. <i>City of Greater Geelong website</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028095432/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Geelong_Living/Top_10_Reasons_to_Move_to_Geelong/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Greater+Geelong+website&rft.atitle=Top+10+Reasons+to+Move+to+Geelong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongaustralia.com.au%2FVisiting_Geelong%2FGeelong_Living%2FTop_10_Reasons_to_Move_to_Geelong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-growthrate-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-growthrate_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/04/13/1081838721413.html">"Regions get new lease on lifestyle"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i>. Melbourne. 14 April 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Regions+get+new+lease+on+lifestyle&rft.date=2004-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Farticles%2F2004%2F04%2F13%2F1081838721413.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.wadawurrung.org.au/">"Wadawurrung Traditional Owners"</a>. <i>Wadawurrung</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wadawurrung&rft.atitle=Wadawurrung+Traditional+Owners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wadawurrung.org.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-life-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-life_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBillot1969" class="citation book cs1">Billot, C.P. (1969). <i>The Life of Our Years</i>. Lothian Publishing. National Library of Australia registry number 68-2473.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Our+Years&rft.pub=Lothian+Publishing&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Billot&rft.aufirst=C.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070920091236/http://home.vicnet.net.au/~phillip/env2stud.htm">"Excerpts from the 'Port Phillip Survey 1957–1963'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Port Phillip Conservation Council website</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://home.vicnet.net.au/~phillip/env2stud.htm">the original</a> on 20 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Port+Phillip+Conservation+Council+website&rft.atitle=Excerpts+from+the+%27Port+Phillip+Survey+1957%E2%80%931963%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.vicnet.net.au%2F~phillip%2Fenv2stud.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010443b.htm">"Grimes, Charles (1772–1858), Online Edition"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i>. National Centre of Biography, <a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Grimes%2C+Charles+%281772%E2%80%931858%29%2C+Online+Edition&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.online.anu.edu.au%2Fbiogs%2FA010443b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010226b.htm">"Collins, David (1756–1810), Online Edition"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i>. National Centre of Biography, <a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Collins%2C+David+%281756%E2%80%931810%29%2C+Online+Edition&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.online.anu.edu.au%2Fbiogs%2FA010226b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-hovell-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hovell_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hovell_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010517b.htm">"Hovell, William Hilton (1786–1875), Online Edition"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i>. National Centre of Biography, <a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hovell%2C+William+Hilton+%281786%E2%80%931875%29%2C+Online+Edition&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.online.anu.edu.au%2Fbiogs%2FA010517b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071124075602/http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/portphillip/inter/7335.shtml">"Reminiscences of James Buckley, communicated by him to George Langhorne, 1837"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=State_Library_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="State Library of Victoria">State Library of Victoria</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.slv.vic.gov.au/portphillip/inter/7335.shtml">the original</a> on 24 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Library+of+Victoria&rft.atitle=Reminiscences+of+James+Buckley%2C+communicated+by+him+to+George+Langhorne%2C+1837&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slv.vic.gov.au%2Fportphillip%2Finter%2F7335.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-time-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-time_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-time_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-time_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-time_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626062822/http://www.zades.com.au/geelong/gdtime.htm">"Timeline history"</a>. <i>Geelong and District Historical Resources website</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.zades.com.au/geelong/gdtime.htm">the original</a> on 26 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geelong+and+District+Historical+Resources+website&rft.atitle=Timeline+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zades.com.au%2Fgeelong%2Fgdtime.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-buckley-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-buckley_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010158b.htm">"Buckley, William (1780–1856)"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i> (Online ed.). National Centre of Biography, <a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buckley%2C+William+%281780%E2%80%931856%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.online.anu.edu.au%2Fbiogs%2FA010158b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-fyans-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fyans_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fyans_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010389b.htm">"Fyans, Foster (1790–1870)"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i> (Online ed.). National Centre of Biography, <a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fyans%2C+Foster+%281790%E2%80%931870%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.online.anu.edu.au%2Fbiogs%2FA010389b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article166561196">"Victoria's First Four"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Newcastle_Sun" title="The Newcastle Sun">The Newcastle Sun</a></i>. No. 5778. New South Wales, Australia. 20 June 1936. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Newcastle+Sun&rft.atitle=Victoria%27s+First+Four&rft.issue=5778&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1936-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article166561196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070901210318/http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/exhibitions/history/xaustcat.html">"Letter from R.C. Gunn"</a>. <i>Discovery of keys in the shore formation of Corio Bay, Royal Society of Victoria, [1875]</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.lib.monash.edu.au/exhibitions/history/xaustcat.html">the original</a> on 1 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discovery+of+keys+in+the+shore+formation+of+Corio+Bay%2C+Royal+Society+of+Victoria%2C+%5B1875%5D&rft.atitle=Letter+from+R.C.+Gunn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.monash.edu.au%2Fexhibitions%2Fhistory%2Fxaustcat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRonalds2022" class="citation book cs1">Ronalds, B.F. (2022). <i>Alfred Ronalds: Angler, Artisan and Australian Pioneer</i>. Medlar Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+Ronalds%3A+Angler%2C+Artisan+and+Australian+Pioneer&rft.pub=Medlar+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Ronalds&rft.aufirst=B.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020478b.htm">"Thomson, Alexander (1798–1866)"</a>. <i>Australian Dictionary of Biography</i> (Online ed.). National Centre of Biography, Australian National University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thomson%2C+Alexander+%281798%E2%80%931866%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.online.anu.edu.au%2Fbiogs%2FA020478b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAment2005" class="citation web cs1">Ament, Phil (18 August 2005). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716204028/http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/refrigerator.htm">"Fascinating facts about the invention of the refrigerator by Carl von Linde in 1876"</a>. <i>The Great Idea Finder</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/refrigerator.htm">the original</a> on 16 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Great+Idea+Finder&rft.atitle=Fascinating+facts+about+the+invention+of+the+refrigerator+by+Carl+von+Linde+in+1876.&rft.date=2005-08-18&rft.aulast=Ament&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ideafinder.com%2Fhistory%2Finventions%2Frefrigerator.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-rg-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rg_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rg_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rg_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rg_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rg_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rg_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://railgeelong.com/lineguide.php?line=geelong">"Geelong Line Guide"</a>. <i>Rail Geelong</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rail+Geelong&rft.atitle=Geelong+Line+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frailgeelong.com%2Flineguide.php%3Fline%3Dgeelong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/rabbit.html">"Feral European Rabbit"</a>. <i>Australian Government fact sheet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Government+fact+sheet&rft.atitle=Feral+European+Rabbit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fbiodiversity%2Finvasive%2Fpublications%2Frabbit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.vic.gov.au/page_239.asp?ID=239&submit_action=detailed_result&search_type=DLVHR&query=registerAll/CF3281DFD95D6768CA2573B6007C39E6?OpenDocument">"FORMER HM TRAINING PRISON - 202 MYERS STREET AND CORNER SWANSTON STREET GEELONG, Greater Geelong City"</a>. <i>Heritage Victoria: Heritage Register Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Victoria%3A+Heritage+Register+Online&rft.atitle=FORMER+HM+TRAINING+PRISON+-+202+MYERS+STREET+AND+CORNER+SWANSTON+STREET+GEELONG%2C+Greater+Geelong+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.vic.gov.au%2Fpage_239.asp%3FID%3D239%26submit_action%3Ddetailed_result%26search_type%3DDLVHR%26query%3DregisterAll%2FCF3281DFD95D6768CA2573B6007C39E6%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2016">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A030143b.htm">"Berry, Sir Graham (1822–1904)"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i> (Online ed.). National Centre of Biography, <a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berry%2C+Sir+Graham+%281822%E2%80%931904%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.online.anu.edu.au%2Fbiogs%2FA030143b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023173017/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/minis.html">"Victorian Premiers Since Responsible Government, 1855 - Current"</a>. <i>Parliament of Victoria website</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/minis.html">the original</a> on 23 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+Victoria+website&rft.atitle=Victorian+Premiers+Since+Responsible+Government%2C+1855+-+Current&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.vic.gov.au%2Fminis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTaborsky" class="citation web cs1">Taborsky, Jan. <a class="external text" href="https://www.thelostterroir.com/did-you-know-geelong-phylloxera-disaste/">"Did you know? Geelong phylloxera disaster"</a>. The Lost Terroir<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+you+know%3F+Geelong+phylloxera+disaster&rft.pub=The+Lost+Terroir&rft.aulast=Taborsky&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelostterroir.com%2Fdid-you-know-geelong-phylloxera-disaste%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rgfyns-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rgfyns_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rgfyns_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://railgeelong.com/lineguide.php?line=fyansford">"Fyansford Line Guide"</a>. <i>Rail Geelong</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rail+Geelong&rft.atitle=Fyansford+Line+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frailgeelong.com%2Flineguide.php%3Fline%3Dfyansford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.intown.com.au/locals/geelong/historical/default.htm">"Geelong - a brief history"</a>. <i>Intown Geelong website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intown+Geelong+website&rft.atitle=Geelong+-+a+brief+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intown.com.au%2Flocals%2Fgeelong%2Fhistorical%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Geelong">"Geelong | Victoria, Australia | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Geelong+%7C+Victoria%2C+Australia+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FGeelong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://archivestest.grlc.vic.gov.au/victorian-government-new-south-wales-statutes-and-victorian-acts-of-parliament">"VICTORIAN GOVERNMENT - New South Wales Statutes and Victorian Acts of Parliament - Kim barne thaliyu"</a>. <i>archivestest.grlc.vic.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archivestest.grlc.vic.gov.au&rft.atitle=VICTORIAN+GOVERNMENT+-+New+South+Wales+Statutes+and+Victorian+Acts+of+Parliament+-+Kim+barne+thaliyu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchivestest.grlc.vic.gov.au%2Fvictorian-government-new-south-wales-statutes-and-victorian-acts-of-parliament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-prov-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prov_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070908163225/http://www.access.prov.vic.gov.au/public/component/daPublicBaseContainer?component=daViewAgency&entityId=1425">"Agency VA 1425: Port of Geelong Authority"</a>. <i>Public Record Office Victoria website</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.access.prov.vic.gov.au/public/component/daPublicBaseContainer?component=daViewAgency&entityId=1425">the original</a> on 8 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Record+Office+Victoria+website&rft.atitle=Agency+VA+1425%3A+Port+of+Geelong+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.access.prov.vic.gov.au%2Fpublic%2Fcomponent%2FdaPublicBaseContainer%3Fcomponent%3DdaViewAgency%26entityId%3D1425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-tram-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tram_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060819124009/http://tmsv.org.au/papers/geelong.htm">"Geelong tramways - a short history"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Tramway_Museum_Society_of_Victoria" title="Tramway Museum Society of Victoria">Tramway Museum Society of Victoria</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://tmsv.org.au/papers/geelong.htm">the original</a> on 19 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tramway+Museum+Society+of+Victoria&rft.atitle=Geelong+tramways+-+a+short+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftmsv.org.au%2Fpapers%2Fgeelong.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geelong Ousts Ballarat. Population Surprises. The Argus (Melbourne) Tuesday 28 April 1936, page 10</span>
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<li id="cite_note-psu-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-psu_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-psu_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFR._Arklay_and_I._Sayer1970" class="citation book cs1">R. Arklay and I. Sayer (September 1970). <i>Geelong's Electric Supply</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geelong%27s+Electric+Supply&rft.date=1970-09&rft.au=R.+Arklay+and+I.+Sayer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070830182211/http://www.gpac.org.au/about/default.aspx">"GPAC - About"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.gpac.org.au/about/default.aspx">the original</a> on 30 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GPAC+-+About&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpac.org.au%2Fabout%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWilkins2012" class="citation web cs1">Wilkins, Emma (30 May 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120910064352/http://www.csiro.au/en/Organisation-Structure/National-Facilities/Australian-Animal-Health-Laboratory/Inside-AAHL.aspx">"A look inside CSIRO's Australian Animal Health Laboratory"</a>. <i>CSIRO</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.csiro.au/en/Organisation-Structure/National-Facilities/Australian-Animal-Health-Laboratory/Inside-AAHL.aspx">the original</a> on 10 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CSIRO&rft.atitle=A+look+inside+CSIRO%27s+Australian+Animal+Health+Laboratory&rft.date=2012-05-30&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csiro.au%2Fen%2FOrganisation-Structure%2FNational-Facilities%2FAustralian-Animal-Health-Laboratory%2FInside-AAHL.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Attractions/National_Wool_Museum/About_the_Wool_Museum/">"National Wool Museum"</a>. <i>City of Greater Geelong website</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070831135553/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Attractions/National_Wool_Museum/About_the_Wool_Museum/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Greater+Geelong+website&rft.atitle=National+Wool+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongaustralia.com.au%2FVisiting_Geelong%2FAttractions%2FNational_Wool_Museum%2FAbout_the_Wool_Museum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Bay_City_Plaza_Plaque_Geelong.jpg" title="File:Bay City Plaza Plaque Geelong.jpg">File:Bay City Plaza Plaque Geelong.jpg</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070916035903/http://gabr.net.au/archives/ABE2069a.htm">"Pyramid Building Society Ltd"</a>. <i>Guide to Australian Business Records</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.gabr.net.au/archives/ABE2069a.htm">the original</a> on 16 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guide+to+Australian+Business+Records&rft.atitle=Pyramid+Building+Society+Ltd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gabr.net.au%2Farchives%2FABE2069a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_199007/ai_n18314959">"Mysteries of the Pyramid. (Pyramid building society financial collapse)"</a>. <i>The Economist (US), July 1990</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist+%28US%29%2C+July+1990&rft.atitle=Mysteries+of+the+Pyramid.+%28Pyramid+building+society+financial+collapse%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_hb5037%2Fis_199007%2Fai_n18314959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2010">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/07/25/1059084208923.html">"Geelong leads regional price boom"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. Melbourne. 26 July 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Geelong+leads+regional+price+boom&rft.date=2003-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Farticles%2F2003%2F07%2F25%2F1059084208923.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-coggcreation-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coggcreation_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coggcreation_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070903102449/http://www.audit.vic.gov.au/reports_mp_psa/psa0105_hard.html">"Sale of Harding Park, Geelong"</a>. <i>Victorian Auditor-General's Office</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.audit.vic.gov.au/reports_mp_psa/psa0105_hard.html">the original</a> on 3 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Victorian+Auditor-General%27s+Office&rft.atitle=Sale+of+Harding+Park%2C+Geelong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.audit.vic.gov.au%2Freports_mp_psa%2Fpsa0105_hard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071108123410/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/library/pdf/5053/62.pdf">"The Waterfront Story"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>City of Greater Geelong website</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/library/pdf/5053/62.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Greater+Geelong+website&rft.atitle=The+Waterfront+Story&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongaustralia.com.au%2Flibrary%2Fpdf%2F5053%2F62.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.offi.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/c85916e930b93d50ca256d050020cb1f/75ff60bb70b6749fca256d3300057d56?OpenDocument">"Geelong and Southern Vic: Floods (incl Landslides)"</a>. <i>Emergency Management Australia website (via Google cache)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emergency+Management+Australia+website+%28via+Google+cache%29&rft.atitle=Geelong+and+Southern+Vic%3A+Floods+%28incl+Landslides%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.offi.gov.au%2Fema%2Femadisasters.nsf%2Fc85916e930b93d50ca256d050020cb1f%2F75ff60bb70b6749fca256d3300057d56%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-jetstar-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jetstar_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jetstar_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080409224611/http://www.jetstar.com/pdf/news/20040601.pdf">"History made as Avalon Airport welcomes first Jetstar flight"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Jetstar website</i>. 1 June 2004. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.jetstar.com/pdf/news/20040601.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jetstar+website&rft.atitle=History+made+as+Avalon+Airport+welcomes+first+Jetstar+flight&rft.date=2004-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jetstar.com%2Fpdf%2Fnews%2F20040601.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-armstongcreek-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-armstongcreek_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-armstongcreek_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Media_Releases/April_2005/Strategic_plan_to_manage_urban_growth_south_of_Geelong/">"Strategic plan to manage urban growth south of Geelong"</a>. <i>City of Greater Geelong website</i>. 12 April 2005. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070909101112/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Media_Releases/April_2005/Strategic_plan_to_manage_urban_growth_south_of_Geelong/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Greater+Geelong+website&rft.atitle=Strategic+plan+to+manage+urban+growth+south+of+Geelong&rft.date=2005-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongaustralia.com.au%2FMedia_Releases%2FApril_2005%2FStrategic_plan_to_manage_urban_growth_south_of_Geelong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-gexnewsinvest-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gexnewsinvest_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gexnewsinvest_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Building bonanza drives city forward". <i>Geelong News</i>. 18 July 2007. pp. 8–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geelong+News&rft.atitle=Building+bonanza+drives+city+forward&rft.pages=8-9&rft.date=2007-07-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070720230809/http://www.tac.vic.gov.au/jsp/content/NavigationController.do?areaID=23&tierID=1&navID=63CC12CD7F00000101A5D19311EC6AC2&navLink=null&pageID=1323">"Premier announces new TAC site in Geelong"</a>. <i>Transport Accident Commission website</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/jsp/content/NavigationController.do?areaID=23&tierID=1&navID=63CC12CD7F00000101A5D19311EC6AC2&navLink=null&pageID=1323">the original</a> on 20 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transport+Accident+Commission+website&rft.atitle=Premier+announces+new+TAC+site+in+Geelong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tac.vic.gov.au%2Fjsp%2Fcontent%2FNavigationController.do%3FareaID%3D23%26tierID%3D1%26navID%3D63CC12CD7F00000101A5D19311EC6AC2%26navLink%3Dnull%26pageID%3D1323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTomazinAdams2005" class="citation news cs1">Tomazin, Farrah; Adams, David (16 December 2005). <a class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/move-or-move-on-tac-workers-told/2005/12/16/1134703611302.html">"Move or move on, TAC workers told"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. Melbourne<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Move+or+move+on%2C+TAC+workers+told&rft.date=2005-12-16&rft.aulast=Tomazin&rft.aufirst=Farrah&rft.au=Adams%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fmove-or-move-on-tac-workers-told%2F2005%2F12%2F16%2F1134703611302.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBegg,_Peter2008" class="citation news cs1">Begg, Peter (10 July 2008). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080711175047/http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2008/07/10/15941_news.html">"Twin towers earmarked for Mercer Street"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Advertiser" title="Geelong Advertiser">Geelong Advertiser</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2008/07/10/15941_news.html">the original</a> on 11 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Twin+towers+earmarked+for+Mercer+Street&rft.date=2008-07-10&rft.au=Begg%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongadvertiser.com.au%2Farticle%2F2008%2F07%2F10%2F15941_news.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120805104623/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/ct/service/article/item/8cb8fbe66d672c4.aspx">"Geelong Western Wedge - City of Greater Geelong"</a>. 5 August 2012. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/ct/service/article/item/8cb8fbe66d672c4.aspx">the original</a> on 5 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geelong+Western+Wedge+-+City+of+Greater+Geelong&rft.date=2012-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongaustralia.com.au%2Fct%2Fservice%2Farticle%2Fitem%2F8cb8fbe66d672c4.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/18/1981686.htm">"Ford's Geelong plant to close, 600 jobs lost"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 18 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Ford%27s+Geelong+plant+to+close%2C+600+jobs+lost&rft.date=2007-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2007%2F07%2F18%2F1981686.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130410161043/http://www.joharchitects.com.au/gallery/commercial/geelong-icon/">"Seadragon Winning Design for Geelong Icon"</a>. <i>JOH Architects</i>. 1 April 2012. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.joharchitects.com.au/gallery/commercial/geelong-icon/">the original</a> on 10 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JOH+Architects&rft.atitle=Seadragon+Winning+Design+for+Geelong+Icon&rft.date=2012-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joharchitects.com.au%2Fgallery%2Fcommercial%2Fgeelong-icon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://armarchitecture.com.au/news/geelong-library-wins-the-sir-zelman-cowen-award/">"Geelong Library wins the Sir Zelman Cowen Award / ARM Architecture"</a>. <i>armarchitecture.com.au</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=armarchitecture.com.au&rft.atitle=Geelong+Library+wins+the+Sir+Zelman+Cowen+Award+%2F+ARM+Architecture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmarchitecture.com.au%2Fnews%2Fgeelong-library-wins-the-sir-zelman-cowen-award%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGeelong2022" class="citation web cs1">Geelong, Revitalising Central (28 September 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.revitalisingcentralgeelong.vic.gov.au/projects/underway-projects/green-spine-future-blocks">"Green Spine"</a>. <i>Revitalising Central Geelong</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Revitalising+Central+Geelong&rft.atitle=Green+Spine&rft.date=2022-09-28&rft.aulast=Geelong&rft.aufirst=Revitalising+Central&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.revitalisingcentralgeelong.vic.gov.au%2Fprojects%2Funderway-projects%2Fgreen-spine-future-blocks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPlanning2016" class="citation web cs1">Planning (20 December 2016). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221016024254/https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/policy-and-strategy/revitalising-central-geelong">"Revitalising Central Geelong"</a>. <i>Planning</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/policy-and-strategy/revitalising-central-geelong">the original</a> on 16 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Planning&rft.atitle=Revitalising+Central+Geelong&rft.date=2016-12-20&rft.au=Planning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planning.vic.gov.au%2Fpolicy-and-strategy%2Frevitalising-central-geelong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan" class="citation journal cs1">Duncan, Brad. <a class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9986060">"Maritime Infrastructure Heritage Project Stage Two: Geelong (Report of Regional Landscape Archaeological and Historical Survey - Updated to 2006)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Maritime+Infrastructure+Heritage+Project+Stage+Two%3A+Geelong+%28Report+of+Regional+Landscape+Archaeological+and+Historical+Survey+-+Updated+to+2006%29&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9986060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-02/geelong-cbd-creates-new-jobs-while-northern-suburbs-struggle/11980364">"Not everyone benefiting from booming Geelong economy after arrival of government agencies"</a>. <i>www.abc.net.au</i>. 1 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abc.net.au&rft.atitle=Not+everyone+benefiting+from+booming+Geelong+economy+after+arrival+of+government+agencies&rft.date=2020-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-03-02%2Fgeelong-cbd-creates-new-jobs-while-northern-suburbs-struggle%2F11980364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-16/new-worksafe-building-to-dominate-geelong-skyline/7173616">"New 14-storey building to dominate Geelong skyline"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 16 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=New+14-storey+building+to+dominate+Geelong+skyline&rft.date=2016-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2016-02-16%2Fnew-worksafe-building-to-dominate-geelong-skyline%2F7173616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-barwon-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barwon_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barwon_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLoney1988" class="citation book cs1">Loney, Jack (1988). <i>The Historic Barwon</i>. Portarlington, Vic.: J. Lonely. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-909191-37-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-909191-37-9"><bdi>0-909191-37-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historic+Barwon&rft.place=Portarlington%2C+Vic.&rft.pub=J.+Lonely&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-909191-37-9&rft.aulast=Loney&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-geo-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geo_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geo_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geo_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070906064832/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/soe/detail.asp?id=66">"Geelong State of the Environment Report - Geological conditions"</a>. <i>City of Greater Geelong website</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/soe/detail.asp?id=66">the original</a> on 6 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Greater+Geelong+website&rft.atitle=Geelong+State+of+the+Environment+Report+-+Geological+conditions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongaustralia.com.au%2Fsoe%2Fdetail.asp%3Fid%3D66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Food_and_Wine/Geelong_Wine_Fact_Sheet/">"Geelong Wine Fact Sheet"</a>. <i>City of Greater Geelong website</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071106212051/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Visiting_Geelong/Food_and_Wine/Geelong_Wine_Fact_Sheet/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Greater+Geelong+website&rft.atitle=Geelong+Wine+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongaustralia.com.au%2FVisiting_Geelong%2FFood_and_Wine%2FGeelong_Wine_Fact_Sheet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905033125/http://www.alcoa.com/australia/en/info_page/victoria_tours.asp">"Alcoa - Victorian operations"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Alcoa" title="Alcoa">Alcoa</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.alcoa.com/australia/en/info_page/victoria_tours.asp">the original</a> on 5 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alcoa&rft.atitle=Alcoa+-+Victorian+operations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alcoa.com%2Faustralia%2Fen%2Finfo_page%2Fvictoria_tours.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://railgeelong.com/locations.php?name=Waurn%20Ponds">"Waurn Ponds"</a>. <i>Rail Geelong</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rail+Geelong&rft.atitle=Waurn+Ponds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frailgeelong.com%2Flocations.php%3Fname%3DWaurn%2520Ponds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-gex-plan-industry-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gex-plan-industry_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gex-plan-industry_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gex-plan-industry_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090629001439/http%3A//www%2Epsdocs%2Edpcd%2Evic%2Egov%2Eau/public/Greater%2520Geelong/21_mss22_ggee%2Edoc">"Greater Geelong Planning Scheme (Section 21.22 INDUSTRY)"</a>. <i>Victoria Department of Planning and Community Development website</i>. 19 January 2006. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Victoria+Department+of+Planning+and+Community+Development+website&rft.atitle=Greater+Geelong+Planning+Scheme+%28Section+21.22+INDUSTRY%29&rft.date=2006-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psdocs.dpcd.vic.gov.au%2Fpublic%2FGreater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/info/en/?search=Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> (via )</span>
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<li id="cite_note-rgnog-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rgnog_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rgnog_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.railgeelong.com/locations.php?name=North%20Geelong%20Yard">"North Geelong Yard"</a>. <i>Rail Geelong</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rail+Geelong&rft.atitle=North+Geelong+Yard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railgeelong.com%2Flocations.php%3Fname%3DNorth%2520Geelong%2520Yard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.intown.com.au/historic/city-by-the-bay.htm">"City by the Bay concept 1981"</a>. <i>Intown Geelong website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intown+Geelong+website&rft.atitle=City+by+the+Bay+concept+1981&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intown.com.au%2Fhistoric%2Fcity-by-the-bay.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070901213511/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/library/pdf/5175/80.pdf">"GEELONG ECONOMIC INDICATORS BULLETIN - 2001/2002"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>City of Greater Geelong website</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/library/pdf/5175/80.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Greater+Geelong+website&rft.atitle=GEELONG+ECONOMIC+INDICATORS+BULLETIN+-+2001%2F2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongaustralia.com.au%2Flibrary%2Fpdf%2F5175%2F80.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071101043157/http://www.filmgeelong.com.au/Geelong_at_a_Glance/Weather-Climate-Light/">"Weather/Climate/Light"</a>. <i>Film Geelong website</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.filmgeelong.com.au/Geelong_at_a_Glance/Weather-Climate-Light/">the original</a> on 1 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Film+Geelong+website&rft.atitle=Weather%2FClimate%2FLight&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmgeelong.com.au%2FGeelong_at_a_Glance%2FWeather-Climate-Light%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/coranregn.nsf/pages/corangamite_climate">"Climate"</a>. <i>Department of Primary Industries website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Primary+Industries+website&rft.atitle=Climate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpi.vic.gov.au%2Fdpi%2Fvro%2Fcoranregn.nsf%2Fpages%2Fcorangamite_climate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/climate_averages/climate-classifications/index.jsp?maptype=tmp_zones#maps">"Australian Climate Averages - Climate classifications"</a>. <i>www.bom.gov.au</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bom.gov.au&rft.atitle=Australian+Climate+Averages+-+Climate+classifications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fjsp%2Fncc%2Fclimate_averages%2Fclimate-classifications%2Findex.jsp%3Fmaptype%3Dtmp_zones%23maps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-bom-old-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bom-old_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bom-old_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_087025_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for 'GEELONG SEC' 1870–1970"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft.atitle=Climate+statistics+for+%27GEELONG+SEC%27+1870%E2%80%931970&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_087025_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_087113_All.shtml">"Climate Averages for AVALON AIRPORT"</a>. <i>Bureau of Meteorology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft.atitle=Climate+Averages+for+AVALON+AIRPORT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_087113_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120722025431/http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/agmet/images/vic_aarf.gif">"vic_aarf.gif (640x600 pixels)"</a>. 22 July 2012. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.bom.gov.au/lam/agmet/images/vic_aarf.gif">the original</a> on 22 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=vic_aarf.gif+%28640x600+pixels%29&rft.date=2012-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Flam%2Fagmet%2Fimages%2Fvic_aarf.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=087113&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal">"Geelong (Avalon Airport) 1991–2020 averages"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geelong+%28Avalon+Airport%29+1991%E2%80%932020+averages&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fjsp%2Fncc%2Fcdio%2Fcvg%2Fav%3Fp_stn_num%3D087113%26p_prim_element_index%3D0%26p_comp_element_index%3D0%26redraw%3Dnull%26p_display_type%3Dfull_statistics_table%26normals_years%3D1991-2020%26tablesizebutt%3Dnormal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_087113_All.shtml">"Geelong (Avalon Airport) all years"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geelong+%28Avalon+Airport%29+all+years&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_087113_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/6291.0.55.001">"Geelong; Unemployment rate; Persons; series A84599671C"</a>. <i>6291.0.55.001 Labour Force, Australia, Detailed - Electronic Delivery</i>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=6291.0.55.001+Labour+Force%2C+Australia%2C+Detailed+-+Electronic+Delivery&rft.atitle=Geelong%3B+Unemployment+rate%3B+Persons%3B+series+A84599671C&rft.date=2023-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2Fmf%2F6291.0.55.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-fastfacts-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fastfacts_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fastfacts_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070829045722/http://www.biogeelong.com.au/library/pdf/5240/67.pdf">"Geelong Fast Facts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>City of Greater Geelong website</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.biogeelong.com.au/library/pdf/5240/67.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Greater+Geelong+website&rft.atitle=Geelong+Fast+Facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biogeelong.com.au%2Flibrary%2Fpdf%2F5240%2F67.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170609210926/http://apra.gov.au/PHI/Pages/GMHBA-Limited.aspx">"GMHBA Limited"</a>. <i>apra.gov.au</i>. APRA. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.apra.gov.au/PHI/Pages/GMHBA-Limited.aspx">the original</a> on 9 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apra.gov.au&rft.atitle=GMHBA+Limited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apra.gov.au%2FPHI%2FPages%2FGMHBA-Limited.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928025012/http://www.geelongotway.org/admin/downloads/information/51506395215092004102141AM-stat.pdf">"Geelong Otway Region Domestic Visitation 2001"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geelong Otway Tourism website</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongotway.org/admin/downloads/information/51506395215092004102141AM-stat.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geelong+Otway+Tourism+website&rft.atitle=Geelong+Otway+Region+Domestic+Visitation+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongotway.org%2Fadmin%2Fdownloads%2Finformation%2F51506395215092004102141AM-stat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-monash-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-monash_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060825233821/http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/ncas/multimedia/gazetteer/list/geelong.html">"Geelong"</a>. <i>Monash University place names gazette (link broken)</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.arts.monash.edu.au/ncas/multimedia/gazetteer/list/geelong.html">the original</a> on 25 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monash+University+place+names+gazette+%28link+broken%29&rft.atitle=Geelong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.monash.edu.au%2Fncas%2Fmultimedia%2Fgazetteer%2Flist%2Fgeelong.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Sophie (2 July 2008). "While Moorabool St remains cold and empty". <i>Geelong News</i>. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geelong+News&rft.atitle=While+Moorabool+St+remains+cold+and+empty&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2008-07-02&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603042126/http://www.csiro.au/en/Organisation-Structure/National-Facilities/Australian-Animal-Health-Laboratory.aspx">"Australian Animal Health Laboratory"</a>. <i>CSIRO</i>. May 2013. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.csiro.au/en/Organisation-Structure/National-Facilities/Australian-Animal-Health-Laboratory.aspx">the original</a> on 3 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CSIRO&rft.atitle=Australian+Animal+Health+Laboratory&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csiro.au%2Fen%2FOrganisation-Structure%2FNational-Facilities%2FAustralian-Animal-Health-Laboratory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511012743/http://www.csiro.au/en/Organisation-Structure/Divisions/CMSE/Belmont.aspx">"Geelong: Belmont, Vic (CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering)"</a>. <i>CSIRO</i>. May 2013. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.csiro.au/en/Organisation-Structure/Divisions/CMSE/Belmont.aspx">the original</a> on 11 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CSIRO&rft.atitle=Geelong%3A+Belmont%2C+Vic+%28CSIRO+Materials+Science+%26+Engineering%29&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csiro.au%2Fen%2FOrganisation-Structure%2FDivisions%2FCMSE%2FBelmont.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.eoas.info/biogs/A001130b.htm">"Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute (MAFRI) (1996 - )"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Australian Science</i>. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marine+and+Freshwater+Resources+Institute+%28MAFRI%29+%281996+-+%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Australian+Science&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eoas.info%2Fbiogs%2FA001130b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDavison2013" class="citation web cs1">Davison, Remy (24 May 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/fords-exit-spells-the-end-of-the-road-for-manufacturing-14594">"Ford's exit spells the end of the road for manufacturing"</a>. <i>The Conversation Australia</i>. The Conversation Media Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation+Australia&rft.atitle=Ford%27s+exit+spells+the+end+of+the+road+for+manufacturing&rft.date=2013-05-24&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Remy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Ffords-exit-spells-the-end-of-the-road-for-manufacturing-14594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Chambers2013" class="citation news cs1">Matt Chambers (4 June 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/companies/geelong-refinery-writedown-hits-shell-for-203m/story-fn91v9q3-1226656526907?net_sub_uid=44933799">"Geelong refinery writedown hits Shell for $203m"</a>. <i>The Australian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Geelong+refinery+writedown+hits+Shell+for+%24203m&rft.date=2013-06-04&rft.au=Matt+Chambers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fcompanies%2Fgeelong-refinery-writedown-hits-shell-for-203m%2Fstory-fn91v9q3-1226656526907%3Fnet_sub_uid%3D44933799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-news-target-gone-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-news-target-gone_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.9news.com.au/national/2016/04/14/15/50/target-to-axe-180-jobs-as-they-shut-down-geelong-headquarters">"Up to 180 jobs to be slashed as Target announces shut down of Geelong headquarters"</a>. <i>9news.com</i>. 14 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=9news.com&rft.atitle=Up+to+180+jobs+to+be+slashed+as+Target+announces+shut+down+of+Geelong+headquarters&rft.date=2016-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.9news.com.au%2Fnational%2F2016%2F04%2F14%2F15%2F50%2Ftarget-to-axe-180-jobs-as-they-shut-down-geelong-headquarters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2011_Census_QuickStat-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2011_Census_QuickStat_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011_Census_QuickStat_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Bureau_of_Statistics2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> (31 October 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2011/UCL203001">"Geelong"</a>. <i>2011 Census QuickStats</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2011+Census+QuickStats&rft.atitle=Geelong&rft.date=2012-10-31&rft.au=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fquickstats%2F2011%2FUCL203001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q231765#P4014" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-coggdec2007-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coggdec2007_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coggdec2007_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Media_Releases/Solid_economic_growth_driving_Geelong_prosperity/">"Solid economic growth driving Geelong prosperity"</a>. <i>City of Greater Geelong website</i>. 4 December 2007. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216204006/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Media_Releases/Solid_economic_growth_driving_Geelong_prosperity/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Greater+Geelong+website&rft.atitle=Solid+economic+growth+driving+Geelong+prosperity&rft.date=2007-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongaustralia.com.au%2FMedia_Releases%2FSolid_economic_growth_driving_Geelong_prosperity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2007/12/07/9510_news.html">"Geelong's population surges"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Advertiser" title="Geelong Advertiser">Geelong Advertiser</a> website</i>. 7 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geelong+Advertiser+website&rft.atitle=Geelong%27s+population+surges&rft.date=2007-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongadvertiser.com.au%2Farticle%2F2007%2F12%2F07%2F9510_news.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFŠutalo2004" class="citation book cs1">Šutalo, Ilija (2004). <i>Croatians in Australia: Pioneers, Settlers and Their Descendants</i>. Wakefield Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/1-86254-651-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86254-651-7"><bdi>1-86254-651-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Croatians+in+Australia%3A+Pioneers%2C+Settlers+and+Their+Descendants&rft.pub=Wakefield+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-86254-651-7&rft.aulast=%C5%A0utalo&rft.aufirst=Ilija&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPrusac2007" class="citation web cs1">Prusac, Tonci (28 October 2007). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080721001831/http://www.newgeneration.croatianherald.com/Feature/tabid/98/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/2151/Federal-Elections-2007.aspx">"Geelong Croatian voters to have significant say in Corio electorate"</a>. <i>The New Generation (Croatian Herald English supplement)</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://newgeneration.croatianherald.com/Feature/tabid/98/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/2151/Federal-Elections-2007.aspx">the original</a> on 21 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Generation+%28Croatian+Herald+English+supplement%29&rft.atitle=Geelong+Croatian+voters+to+have+significant+say+in+Corio+electorate&rft.date=2007-10-28&rft.aulast=Prusac&rft.aufirst=Tonci&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewgeneration.croatianherald.com%2FFeature%2Ftabid%2F98%2FarticleType%2FArticleView%2FarticleId%2F2151%2FFederal-Elections-2007.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-southbarwon-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-southbarwon_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPescott1985" class="citation book cs1">Pescott, John (1985). <i>South Barwon 1857–1985</i>. Neptune Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-949583-53-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-949583-53-7"><bdi>0-949583-53-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Barwon+1857%E2%80%931985&rft.pub=Neptune+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-949583-53-7&rft.aulast=Pescott&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-abs-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abs_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Bureau_of_Statistics2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> (25 October 2007). <a class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2006/2024">"Geelong (VIC) (Statistical District)"</a>. <i>2006 Census QuickStats</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2006+Census+QuickStats&rft.atitle=Geelong+%28VIC%29+%28Statistical+District%29&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft.au=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fquickstats%2F2006%2F2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-coggofficial-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coggofficial_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coggofficial_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Accessing_Council/Elections/Who_can_be_a_Councillor/">"Who can be a Councillor"</a>. <i>City of Greater Geelong website</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070902121122/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Accessing_Council/Elections/Who_can_be_a_Councillor/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Greater+Geelong+website&rft.atitle=Who+can+be+a+Councillor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongaustralia.com.au%2FAccessing_Council%2FElections%2FWho_can_be_a_Councillor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGrant_Payne2013" class="citation news cs1">Grant Payne (4 December 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/news/geelong/geelong-mayor-darryn-lyons-pumps-up-brilliant-bellarine/story-fnjuhovy-1226775203655">"Geelong mayor Darryn Lyons pumps up brilliant Bellarine"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Advertiser" title="Geelong Advertiser">Geelong Advertiser</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geelong+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Geelong+mayor+Darryn+Lyons+pumps+up+brilliant+Bellarine&rft.date=2013-12-04&rft.au=Grant+Payne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongadvertiser.com.au%2Fnews%2Fgeelong%2Fgeelong-mayor-darryn-lyons-pumps-up-brilliant-bellarine%2Fstory-fnjuhovy-1226775203655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Local Government (Greater Geelong City Council) Act 2016</i> (Vic) <a class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/lggcca2016430/s2.html">s 2</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415182632/http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/dismissal-of-greater-geelong-city-council/">"Dismissal of Greater Geelong City Council"</a>. <i>Premier of Victoria</i>. 12 April 2016. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/dismissal-of-greater-geelong-city-council/">the original</a> on 15 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Premier+of+Victoria&rft.atitle=Dismissal+of+Greater+Geelong+City+Council&rft.date=2016-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.premier.vic.gov.au%2Fdismissal-of-greater-geelong-city-council%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629235606/http://www.vic.gov.au/news/report-of-the-commission-of-inquiry-into-greater-geelong-city-council.html">"Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Greater Geelong City Council"</a>. <i>State Government of Victoria</i>. 12 April 2016. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.vic.gov.au/news/report-of-the-commission-of-inquiry-into-greater-geelong-city-council.html">the original</a> on 29 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Government+of+Victoria&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+Commission+of+Inquiry+into+Greater+Geelong+City+Council&rft.date=2016-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vic.gov.au%2Fnews%2Freport-of-the-commission-of-inquiry-into-greater-geelong-city-council.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-14/geelong-council-elections-could-be-held-as-early-as-next-year/7326368">"Geelong Council officially sacked, elections to be held in 2017, as bill passes Parliament"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 14 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Geelong+Council+officially+sacked%2C+elections+to+be+held+in+2017%2C+as+bill+passes+Parliament&rft.date=2016-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2016-04-14%2Fgeelong-council-elections-could-be-held-as-early-as-next-year%2F7326368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/site-4/monitors-oversee-ceo-appointment-geelong-council">"Monitors To Oversee CEO Appointment At Geelong Council | Premier of Victoria"</a>. <i>www.premier.vic.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.premier.vic.gov.au&rft.atitle=Monitors+To+Oversee+CEO+Appointment+At+Geelong+Council+%7C+Premier+of+Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.premier.vic.gov.au%2Fsite-4%2Fmonitors-oversee-ceo-appointment-geelong-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071130000929/http://www.vec.vic.gov.au/electorateswing.html">"State Election 2006 Results: Electorate swings"</a>. <i>Victorian Electoral Commission website</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.vec.vic.gov.au/electorateswing.html">the original</a> on 30 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Victorian+Electoral+Commission+website&rft.atitle=State+Election+2006+Results%3A+Electorate+swings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vec.vic.gov.au%2Felectorateswing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/geelong-authority-boost-investment-and-drive-jobs">"Geelong Authority To Boost Investment And Drive Jobs | Premier of Victoria"</a>. <i>www.premier.vic.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.premier.vic.gov.au&rft.atitle=Geelong+Authority+To+Boost+Investment+And+Drive+Jobs+%7C+Premier+of+Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.premier.vic.gov.au%2Fgeelong-authority-boost-investment-and-drive-jobs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGeelong2020" class="citation web cs1">Geelong, Revitalising Central (29 April 2020). <a class="external text" href="https://www.revitalisingcentralgeelong.vic.gov.au/about-us/geelong-authority">"Geelong Authority"</a>. <i>Revitalising Central Geelong</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Revitalising+Central+Geelong&rft.atitle=Geelong+Authority&rft.date=2020-04-29&rft.aulast=Geelong&rft.aufirst=Revitalising+Central&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.revitalisingcentralgeelong.vic.gov.au%2Fabout-us%2Fgeelong-authority&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/c/Corio.htm">"Divisional Profiles: Corio"</a>. <i>Australian Electoral Commission website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Electoral+Commission+website&rft.atitle=Divisional+Profiles%3A+Corio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aec.gov.au%2Fprofiles%2Fc%2FCorio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/c/Corangamite.htm">"Divisional Profiles: Corangamite"</a>. <i>Australian Electoral Commission website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Electoral+Commission+website&rft.atitle=Divisional+Profiles%3A+Corangamite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aec.gov.au%2Fprofiles%2Fc%2FCorangamite.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.intown.com.au/events/pako-festa.htm">"Pako Festa"</a>. <i>Intown</i>. Intown Entertainment. 1998–2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intown&rft.atitle=Pako+Festa&rft.date=1998%2F2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intown.com.au%2Fevents%2Fpako-festa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425105247/http://www.gforce.org.au/news/article,documentId,4065.aspx">"2012 Gala Day Geelong ... a huge success!"</a>. <i>Gforce Employment Solutions</i>. 19 November 2012. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.gforce.org.au/news/article,documentid,4065.aspx">the original</a> on 25 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gforce+Employment+Solutions&rft.atitle=2012+Gala+Day+Geelong+...+a+huge+success%21&rft.date=2012-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gforce.org.au%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Cdocumentid%2C4065.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518083317/http://www.weekendnotes.com.au/gala-day-geelong/">"Gala Day Geelong 2012"</a>. <i>Weekend Notes</i>. On Topic Media PTY LTD. 2012. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.weekendnotes.com.au/gala-day-geelong/">the original</a> on 18 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weekend+Notes&rft.atitle=Gala+Day+Geelong+2012&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weekendnotes.com.au%2Fgala-day-geelong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2009/04/11/61981_news.html">"Geelong World Heritage Day"</a>. <i>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Advertiser" title="Geelong Advertiser">Geelong Advertiser</a></i>. 12 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geelong+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Geelong+World+Heritage+Day&rft.date=2009-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongadvertiser.com.au%2Farticle%2F2009%2F04%2F11%2F61981_news.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130410072446/http://vigex.org.au/about-us.htm">"What is Vigex?"</a>. <i>Vigex, Inc</i>. 1980–2013. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.vigex.org.au/about-us.htm">the original</a> on 10 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vigex%2C+Inc&rft.atitle=What+is+Vigex%3F&rft.date=1980%2F2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vigex.org.au%2Fabout-us.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.grlc.vic.gov.au/glhc/about-dome">"About The Dome | Geelong Regional Libraries"</a>. <i>www.grlc.vic.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.grlc.vic.gov.au&rft.atitle=About+The+Dome+%7C+Geelong+Regional+Libraries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grlc.vic.gov.au%2Fglhc%2Fabout-dome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094806/https://sourceable.net/library-heritage-centre-geelong-landmark/">"Library and Heritage Centre to Be a Geelong Landmark"</a>. 14 January 2014. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://sourceable.net/library-heritage-centre-geelong-landmark/#">the original</a> on 18 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Library+and+Heritage+Centre+to+Be+a+Geelong+Landmark&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourceable.net%2Flibrary-heritage-centre-geelong-landmark%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/news/apple-cofounder-steve-wozniak-to-headline-geelong-technology-event/news-story/4fc16943c9f8c8200a0719c4bae70a94">"Jobs genius to add some star power"</a>. <i>Geelong Advertiser</i>. 8 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geelong+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Jobs+genius+to+add+some+star+power&rft.date=2017-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongadvertiser.com.au%2Fnews%2Fapple-cofounder-steve-wozniak-to-headline-geelong-technology-event%2Fnews-story%2F4fc16943c9f8c8200a0719c4bae70a94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongcityofdesign.com.au/">"Designated UNESCO Creative City"</a>. <i>Geelong City of Design</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geelong+City+of+Design&rft.atitle=Designated+UNESCO+Creative+City&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongcityofdesign.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190303024055/http://www.barrycrocker.net/about.htm">"About Barry"</a>. <i>Barry Crocker official website</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.barrycrocker.net/about.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barry+Crocker+official+website&rft.atitle=About+Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrycrocker.net%2Fabout.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span>
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<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p194880">"Magic Dirt overview"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Magic+Dirt+overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fp194880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070830183937/http://www.gpac.org.au/venue/default.aspx">"The Venues"</a>. <i>Geelong Performing Arts Centre website</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.gpac.org.au/venue/default.aspx">the original</a> on 30 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geelong+Performing+Arts+Centre+website&rft.atitle=The+Venues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpac.org.au%2Fvenue%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-21/australian-back-to-back-theatre-group-wins-ibsen-award/100924732">"Japan to Vienna, New York to London: the famous Australian theatre ensemble you've probably never heard of"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 20 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Japan+to+Vienna%2C+New+York+to+London%3A+the+famous+Australian+theatre+ensemble+you%27ve+probably+never+heard+of&rft.date=2022-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2022-03-21%2Faustralian-back-to-back-theatre-group-wins-ibsen-award%2F100924732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309033811/http://www.creativegeelong.com.au/index.html">"Creative Geelong"</a>. <i>www.creativegeelong.com.au</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.creativegeelong.com.au/index.html">the original</a> on 9 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.creativegeelong.com.au&rft.atitle=Creative+Geelong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.creativegeelong.com.au%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.cv.vic.gov.au/stories/built-environment/hubcaps-to-creative-hubs/">"Hubcaps to Creative Hubs"</a>. <i>Culture Victoria</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture+Victoria&rft.atitle=Hubcaps+to+Creative+Hubs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cv.vic.gov.au%2Fstories%2Fbuilt-environment%2Fhubcaps-to-creative-hubs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFreemanGrayNovacevski2016" class="citation web cs1">Freeman, Cristina Garduño; Gray, Fiona; Novacevski, Matt (27 December 2016). <a class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/how-crowdfunding-can-connect-people-to-their-heritage-and-community-69615">"How crowdfunding can connect people to their heritage and community"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=How+crowdfunding+can+connect+people+to+their+heritage+and+community&rft.date=2016-12-27&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Cristina+Gardu%C3%B1o&rft.au=Gray%2C+Fiona&rft.au=Novacevski%2C+Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fhow-crowdfunding-can-connect-people-to-their-heritage-and-community-69615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/about.html">"About The Geelong Advertiser"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Advertiser" title="Geelong Advertiser">Geelong Advertiser</a> website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geelong+Advertiser+website&rft.atitle=About+The+Geelong+Advertiser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongadvertiser.com.au%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040107070325/http://www.wan-press.org/article2823.html">"Oldest newspapers still in circulation"</a>. <i>World Association of Newspapers website</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.wan-press.org/article2823.html">the original</a> on 7 January 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Association+of+Newspapers+website&rft.atitle=Oldest+newspapers+still+in+circulation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wan-press.org%2Farticle2823.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-gfc-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gfc_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gfc_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211060547/http://www.gfc.com.au/TheClub/History/GFCHistory/tabid/4015/Default.aspx">"Geelong Football Club history"</a>. <i>Geelong Football Club</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.gfc.com.au/TheClub/History/GFCHistory/tabid/4015/Default.aspx">the original</a> on 11 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geelong+Football+Club&rft.atitle=Geelong+Football+Club+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfc.com.au%2FTheClub%2FHistory%2FGFCHistory%2Ftabid%2F4015%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMcLURE2008" class="citation web cs1">McLURE, DARYL (24 May 2008). <a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2008/05/24/14299_opinion.html">"Kick to kick"</a>. <i>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Advertiser" title="Geelong Advertiser">Geelong Advertiser</a></i>. geelongadvertiser.com.au<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Geelong+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Kick+to+kick&rft.date=2008-05-24&rft.aulast=McLURE&rft.aufirst=DARYL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongadvertiser.com.au%2Farticle%2F2008%2F05%2F24%2F14299_opinion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060319141613/http://www1.dvc.vic.gov.au/ocgc/traffic%20and%20transport/guide/the-arena-geelong.html">"The Arena, Geelong"</a>. <i>Office of Commonwealth Games Coordination website</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www1.dvc.vic.gov.au/ocgc/traffic%20and%20transport/guide/the-arena-geelong.html">the original</a> on 19 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+Commonwealth+Games+Coordination+website&rft.atitle=The+Arena%2C+Geelong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.dvc.vic.gov.au%2Focgc%2Ftraffic%2520and%2520transport%2Fguide%2Fthe-arena-geelong.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bigv.com.au/index.php?id=1049">Corio Bay Stingrays – Big V</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208070518/http://www.bigv.com.au/index.php?id=1049">Archived</a> 8 December 2015 at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-RaceClub-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RaceClub_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCountry_Racing_Victoria" class="citation web cs1">Country Racing Victoria. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080803131021/http://countryracing.com.au/index.php?option=com_club_info&club=59&Itemid=80">"Alexandra Race Club"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.countryracing.com.au/index.php?option=com_club_info&club=59&Itemid=80">the original</a> on 3 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alexandra+Race+Club&rft.au=Country+Racing+Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.countryracing.com.au%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_club_info%26club%3D59%26Itemid%3D80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071009151425/http://www.grc.com.au/cuppastwinners.htm">"Past Winners"</a>. <i>Geelong Racing Club website</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.grc.com.au/cuppastwinners.htm">the original</a> on 9 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geelong+Racing+Club+website&rft.atitle=Past+Winners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grc.com.au%2Fcuppastwinners.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEddy2007" class="citation news cs1">Eddy, Andrew (23 October 2007). <a class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/news/horse-racing/geelong-cup-again-a-good-guide/2007/10/22/1192940984902.html">"Geelong Cup again a good guide"</a>. <i>The Age website</i>. Melbourne<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age+website&rft.atitle=Geelong+Cup+again+a+good+guide&rft.date=2007-10-23&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2Fhorse-racing%2Fgeelong-cup-again-a-good-guide%2F2007%2F10%2F22%2F1192940984902.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RaceClub2-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RaceClub2_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCountry_Racing_Victoria" class="citation web cs1">Country Racing Victoria. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080803233436/http://countryracing.com.au/index.php?option=com_club_info&club=77&Itemid=80">"Geelong St Patricks Racing Club"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.countryracing.com.au/index.php?option=com_club_info&club=77&Itemid=80">the original</a> on 3 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geelong+St+Patricks+Racing+Club&rft.au=Country+Racing+Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.countryracing.com.au%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_club_info%26club%3D77%26Itemid%3D80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-harness-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harness_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Harness_Racing" class="citation web cs1">Australian Harness Racing. <a class="external text" href="https://www.harness.org.au/geelong/geelong.cfm?fromstate=vic">"Geelong"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geelong&rft.au=Australian+Harness+Racing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harness.org.au%2Fgeelong%2Fgeelong.cfm%3Ffromstate%3Dvic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-dogs-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dogs_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGreyhound_Racing_Victoria" class="citation web cs1">Greyhound Racing Victoria. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090421041102/http://geelong.grv.org.au/index.html">"Geelong"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://geelong.grv.org.au/index.html">the original</a> on 21 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geelong&rft.au=Greyhound+Racing+Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeelong.grv.org.au%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-speedtrials-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-speedtrials_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180805235601/http://geelongspeedtrials.com/">"Home Page"</a>. <i>Geelong Speed Trials</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongspeedtrials.com">the original</a> on 5 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geelong+Speed+Trials&rft.atitle=Home+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongspeedtrials.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Services_In_Geelong/Sports_and_Recreation/Reserves_Listing/">"Reserves Listing"</a>. <i>City of Greater Geelong website</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214142509/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Services_In_Geelong/Sports_and_Recreation/Reserves_Listing/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Greater+Geelong+website&rft.atitle=Reserves+Listing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongaustralia.com.au%2FServices_In_Geelong%2FSports_and_Recreation%2FReserves_Listing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCourtney_Crane2013" class="citation news cs1">Courtney Crane (21 June 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2013/06/21/367639_news.html">"Skaters celebrate the wheel thing"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Advertiser" title="Geelong Advertiser">Geelong Advertiser</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geelong+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Skaters+celebrate+the+wheel+thing&rft.date=2013-06-21&rft.au=Courtney+Crane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongadvertiser.com.au%2Farticle%2F2013%2F06%2F21%2F367639_news.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001557/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/ct/task/article/item/8cbdd8ebe56a8c6.aspx">"Skate Parks in Geelong"</a>. <i>City of Greater Geelong</i>. 2012. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/ct/task/article/item/8cbdd8ebe56a8c6.aspx">the original</a> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Greater+Geelong&rft.atitle=Skate+Parks+in+Geelong&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongaustralia.com.au%2Fct%2Ftask%2Farticle%2Fitem%2F8cbdd8ebe56a8c6.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111025130543/http://www.ifbbpro.com/hall-of-fame-welcome-message/bev-francis/">"IFBB Hall of Fame Inductees for 2000"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=International_Federation_of_Bodybuilding_and_Fitness" class="mw-redirect" title="International Federation of Bodybuilding and Fitness">International Federation of Bodybuilding and Fitness</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.ifbbpro.com/hall-of-fame-welcome-message/bev-francis/">the original</a> on 25 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IFBB+Hall+of+Fame+Inductees+for+2000&rft.pub=International+Federation+of+Bodybuilding+and+Fitness&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifbbpro.com%2Fhall-of-fame-welcome-message%2Fbev-francis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100810162826/http://www.australia-bodybuilding.com/bevfrancis.htm">"Bev Francis, Biography Page"</a>. Australia Bodybuilding. 2009. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.australia-bodybuilding.com/bevfrancis.htm">the original</a> on 10 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev+Francis%2C+Biography+Page&rft.pub=Australia+Bodybuilding&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australia-bodybuilding.com%2Fbevfrancis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2017CN-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2017CN_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/uci-expands-worldtour-to-37-events/">"UCI expands WorldTour to 37 events"</a>. <i>Cycling News</i>. 2 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cycling+News&rft.atitle=UCI+expands+WorldTour+to+37+events&rft.date=2016-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyclingnews.com%2Fnews%2Fuci-expands-worldtour-to-37-events%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2017UCI-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2017UCI_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.uci.ch/pressreleases/the-uci-reveals-expanded-uci-worldtour-calendar-for-207/">"The UCI reveals expanded UCI WorldTour calendar for 2017"</a>. <i>UCI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCI&rft.atitle=The+UCI+reveals+expanded+UCI+WorldTour+calendar+for+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uci.ch%2Fpressreleases%2Fthe-uci-reveals-expanded-uci-worldtour-calendar-for-207%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-18/victoria-commonwealth-games-announcement-daniel-andrews/102613156">Victoria to axe Commonwealth Games plans due to financial constraints</a> <i><a href="/info/en/?search=ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a></i> 18 July 2023</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070903080950/http://www.gordontafe.edu.au/index.cfm?action=2&secAction=7&terAction=2&pageAction=2">"History 1941 - Today"</a>. <i>Gordon Institute of TAFE website</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.gordontafe.edu.au/index.cfm?action=2&secAction=7&terAction=2&pageAction=2">the original</a> on 3 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gordon+Institute+of+TAFE+website&rft.atitle=History+1941+-+Today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gordontafe.edu.au%2Findex.cfm%3Faction%3D2%26secAction%3D7%26terAction%3D2%26pageAction%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209034015/http://www.deakin.edu.au/campuses/waurnponds.php">"Waurn Ponds campus"</a>. <i>Deakin University website</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.deakin.edu.au/campuses/waurnponds.php">the original</a> on 9 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deakin+University+website&rft.atitle=Waurn+Ponds+campus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deakin.edu.au%2Fcampuses%2Fwaurnponds.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-deakin.edu.au-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deakin.edu.au_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deakin.edu.au_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity" class="citation web cs1">University, Deakin. <a class="external text" href="https://www.deakin.edu.au/life-at-deakin/our-locations/geelong-waterfront-campus">"Geelong Waterfront Campus - Deakin"</a>. <i>www.deakin.edu.au</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.deakin.edu.au&rft.atitle=Geelong+Waterfront+Campus+-+Deakin&rft.aulast=University&rft.aufirst=Deakin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deakin.edu.au%2Flife-at-deakin%2Four-locations%2Fgeelong-waterfront-campus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity" class="citation web cs1">University, Deakin. <a class="external text" href="https://www.deakin.edu.au/life-at-deakin/our-locations/melbourne-burwood-campus">"Melbourne Burwood Campus - Deakin"</a>. <i>www.deakin.edu.au</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.deakin.edu.au&rft.atitle=Melbourne+Burwood+Campus+-+Deakin&rft.aulast=University&rft.aufirst=Deakin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deakin.edu.au%2Flife-at-deakin%2Four-locations%2Fmelbourne-burwood-campus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2007/09/18/6933_news.html">"Deakin medical school begins search for students"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Advertiser" title="Geelong Advertiser">Geelong Advertiser</a> website</i>. 18 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geelong+Advertiser+website&rft.atitle=Deakin+medical+school+begins+search+for+students&rft.date=2007-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongadvertiser.com.au%2Farticle%2F2007%2F09%2F18%2F6933_news.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.epworth.org.au/About-Us/Major-Projects/Epworth-Geelong-Development/Pages/homepage.aspx">"Epworth Geelong"</a>. <i>www.epworth.org.au</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.epworth.org.au&rft.atitle=Epworth+Geelong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epworth.org.au%2FAbout-Us%2FMajor-Projects%2FEpworth-Geelong-Development%2FPages%2Fhomepage.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPouliot2007–2010" class="citation web cs1">Pouliot, Alison (2007–2010). <a class="external text" href="https://www.wombatforestcare.org.au/index.php?page=Water_Issues_and_Environmental_Flows">"Water issues and environmental flows"</a>. <i>Wombat Forestcare Inc</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wombat+Forestcare+Inc&rft.atitle=Water+issues+and+environmental+flows&rft.date=2007%2F2010&rft.aulast=Pouliot&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wombatforestcare.org.au%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3DWater_Issues_and_Environmental_Flows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Geelong Gas Company 1858–1958: 100 years of public service and progressive development</span>
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<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070830132222/http://www.delisted.com.au/Company/3376/GEELONG%20GAS%20COMPANY%20LIMITED">"GEELONG GAS COMPANY LIMITED"</a>. <i>deListed website</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.delisted.com.au/Company/3376/GEELONG%20GAS%20COMPANY%20LIMITED">the original</a> on 30 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=deListed+website&rft.atitle=GEELONG+GAS+COMPANY+LIMITED&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.delisted.com.au%2FCompany%2F3376%2FGEELONG%2520GAS%2520COMPANY%2520LIMITED&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080101145531/http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/RoadsAndProjects/RoadProjects/RegionalVictoria/GeelongRingRoad/default.htm">"About Geelong Ring Road"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=VicRoads" title="VicRoads">VicRoads</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/RoadsAndProjects/RoadProjects/RegionalVictoria/GeelongRingRoad/default.htm">the original</a> on 1 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VicRoads&rft.atitle=About+Geelong+Ring+Road&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vicroads.vic.gov.au%2FHome%2FRoadsAndProjects%2FRoadProjects%2FRegionalVictoria%2FGeelongRingRoad%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2008/12/14/37395_news.html">"Brumby Declares Geelong Ring Road Open"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Advertiser" title="Geelong Advertiser">Geelong Advertiser</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geelong+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Brumby+Declares+Geelong+Ring+Road+Open&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongadvertiser.com.au%2Farticle%2F2008%2F12%2F14%2F37395_news.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070829150256/http://www.meinhardt.com.au/newsdeskdetail.php?nid=84">"Avalon Hangar Conversion for Qantas? Skybed Fit-Out Adds to Meinhardt Aviation Portfolio"</a>. <i>Meinhardt website</i>. 10 December 2003. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.meinhardt.com.au/newsdeskdetail.php?nid=84">the original</a> on 29 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meinhardt+website&rft.atitle=Avalon+Hangar+Conversion+for+Qantas%3F+Skybed+Fit-Out+Adds+to+Meinhardt+Aviation+Portfolio&rft.date=2003-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meinhardt.com.au%2Fnewsdeskdetail.php%3Fnid%3D84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-viclink-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-viclink_172-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-viclink_172-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101013359/http://www.viclink.com.au/location/view/19">"Greater Geelong"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Metlink" title="Metlink">Metlink</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.viclink.com.au/location/view/19">the original</a> on 1 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metlink&rft.atitle=Greater+Geelong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.viclink.com.au%2Flocation%2Fview%2F19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.vline.com.au/community/home/howbusy.html">How busy is my Geelong train? V/Line</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2012">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071210234651/http://www.gsr.com.au/our-trains/the-overland/the-journey.php">"The Overland Homepage"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Journey_Beyond" title="Journey Beyond">Journey Beyond</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.gsr.com.au/our-trains/the-overland/the-journey.php">the original</a> on 10 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journey+Beyond&rft.atitle=The+Overland+Homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsr.com.au%2Four-trains%2Fthe-overland%2Fthe-journey.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130827131931/http://www.vline.com.au/about/news/mediareleases/96766932/Article.aspx">"Myki to start on V/Line Commuter Services"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=V/Line" title="V/Line">V/Line</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.vline.com.au/about/news/mediareleases/96766932/Article.aspx">the original</a> on 27 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Myki+to+start+on+V%2FLine+Commuter+Services&rft.pub=V%2FLine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vline.com.au%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fmediareleases%2F96766932%2FArticle.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070903094716/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Accessing_Council/Transportation/Sea/">"City of Greater Geelong - Sea"</a>. <i>City of Greater Geelong website</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Accessing_Council/Transportation/Sea/">the original</a> on 3 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Greater+Geelong+website&rft.atitle=City+of+Greater+Geelong+-+Sea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongaustralia.com.au%2FAccessing_Council%2FTransportation%2FSea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ageport-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ageport_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/news/business/geelong-port-contributes-500mn-a-year-to-victoria/2005/09/11/1126377204533.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Geelong port contributes $500mn a year to Victoria'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i>. Melbourne. 12 September 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=%27Geelong+port+contributes+%24500mn+a+year+to+Victoria%27&rft.date=2005-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fgeelong-port-contributes-500mn-a-year-to-victoria%2F2005%2F09%2F11%2F1126377204533.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-stamp-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stamp_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPeninsular_Stamp_Club1987" class="citation book cs1">Peninsular Stamp Club (1987). <i>Notes on the inauguration of the Peninsular Princess car / passenger ferry</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+the+inauguration+of+the+Peninsular+Princess+car+%2F+passenger+ferry&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Peninsular+Stamp+Club&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207213802/http://www.dtf.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/MediaRelArc02.nsf/d025c300601da9dc4a25688e00143d49/e9fa53d63dc6e4ac4a256b510080ffb2%21OpenDocument%26Click%3D">"DEPUTY PREMIER LAUNCHES $12 MILLION QUEENSCLIFF TO SORRENTO FERRY"</a>. <i>Media Release from the Office of the Premier</i>. 22 April 2001. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.dtf.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/MediaRelArc02.nsf/d025c300601da9dc4a25688e00143d49/e9fa53d63dc6e4ac4a256b510080ffb2!OpenDocument&Click=">the original</a> on 7 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Media+Release+from+the+Office+of+the+Premier&rft.atitle=DEPUTY+PREMIER+LAUNCHES+%2412+MILLION+QUEENSCLIFF+TO+SORRENTO+FERRY&rft.date=2001-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtf.vic.gov.au%2Fdomino%2FWeb_Notes%2FMediaRelArc02.nsf%2Fd025c300601da9dc4a25688e00143d49%2Fe9fa53d63dc6e4ac4a256b510080ffb2%21OpenDocument%26Click%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.spiritoftasmania.com.au/geelong-terminal">"Introducing Spirit of Tasmania Quay"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introducing+Spirit+of+Tasmania+Quay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiritoftasmania.com.au%2Fgeelong-terminal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071122183219/http://www.mcharrys.com.au/McHGTS.html">"Geelong Transit System"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=McHarry%27s_Buslines" title="McHarry's Buslines">McHarry's Buslines</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.mcharrys.com.au/McHGTS.html">the original</a> on 22 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=McHarry%27s+Buslines&rft.atitle=Geelong+Transit+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcharrys.com.au%2FMcHGTS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110314042120/http://www.thegeelongtimes.com.au/news/View_Item.asp?task=edit&id=108">"2 into 1 Geelong taxi service"</a>. <i>Geelong Times</i>. 2 May 2007. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.thegeelongtimes.com.au/news/View_Item.asp?task=edit&id=108">the original</a> on 14 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geelong+Times&rft.atitle=2+into+1+Geelong+taxi+service&rft.date=2007-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegeelongtimes.com.au%2Fnews%2FView_Item.asp%3Ftask%3Dedit%26id%3D108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2008/09/25/18765_news.html">"Move to Ban Bellarine Taxis in Geelong"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_Advertiser" title="Geelong Advertiser">Geelong Advertiser</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geelong+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Move+to+Ban+Bellarine+Taxis+in+Geelong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongadvertiser.com.au%2Farticle%2F2008%2F09%2F25%2F18765_news.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070902064240/http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Services_In_Geelong/Sports_and_Recreation/Bike_Trails/Barwon_River_and_Geelong_Foreshore/">"Bike Trails: Barwon River and Geelong Foreshore"</a>. <i>City of Greater Geelong</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/Services_In_Geelong/Sports_and_Recreation/Bike_Trails/Barwon_River_and_Geelong_Foreshore/">the original</a> on 2 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Greater+Geelong&rft.atitle=Bike+Trails%3A+Barwon+River+and+Geelong+Foreshore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongaustralia.com.au%2FServices_In_Geelong%2FSports_and_Recreation%2FBike_Trails%2FBarwon_River_and_Geelong_Foreshore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeelong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Geelong&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Overland_travel_between_Melbourne_and_Adelaide#Q231765" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Overland travel between Melbourne and Adelaide">Overland travel between Melbourne and Adelaide</a></b></i>.</div></div>
</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217611005"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
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<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Great_Ocean_Road#Q231765" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Great Ocean Road">Great Ocean Road</a></b></i>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100124210343/http://www.geelongcity.vic.gov.au/">Official Geelong Government site</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.visitgreatoceanroad.org.au/">Official website of the Geelong Otway Tourism Region of the Great Ocean Road</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.g21.com.au/">Official G21 - Geelong Region Alliance site including growth statistics</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.ontvtonight.com/au/guide/listings/GeelongNight.html">Geelong TV Guide - All channels currently broadcasting in the Geelong and surrounding areas</a></li></ul>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130094686">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Geelong</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Geelong,_Victoria" class="extiw" title="c:Geelong, Victoria">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Geelong" class="extiw" title="voy:Geelong">Travel guides</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div>
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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Localities_in_the_City_of_Greater_Geelong" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:Geelong_suburbs" title="Template talk:Geelong suburbs"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:Geelong_suburbs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geelong suburbs"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Localities_in_the_City_of_Greater_Geelong" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Localities in the <a href="/info/en/?search=City_of_Greater_Geelong" title="City of Greater Geelong">City of Greater Geelong</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Armstrong_Creek,_Victoria" title="Armstrong Creek, Victoria">Armstrong Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Belmont,_Victoria" title="Belmont, Victoria">Belmont</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Corio,_Victoria" title="Corio, Victoria">Corio</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Grovedale,_Victoria" title="Grovedale, Victoria">Grovedale</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Highton,_Victoria" title="Highton, Victoria">Highton</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lara,_Victoria" title="Lara, Victoria">Lara</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Leopold,_Victoria" title="Leopold, Victoria">Leopold</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Newtown,_Victoria" title="Newtown, Victoria">Newtown</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ocean_Grove,_Victoria" title="Ocean Grove, Victoria">Ocean Grove</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Australia_Victoria_Greater_Geelong_City_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia_Victoria_Greater_Geelong_City_location_map.svg/80px-Australia_Victoria_Greater_Geelong_City_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia_Victoria_Greater_Geelong_City_location_map.svg/120px-Australia_Victoria_Greater_Geelong_City_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia_Victoria_Greater_Geelong_City_location_map.svg/160px-Australia_Victoria_Greater_Geelong_City_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="638" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Town</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Anakie,_Victoria" title="Anakie, Victoria">Anakie</a><b>^</b></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Avalon,_Victoria" title="Avalon, Victoria">Avalon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Balliang,_Victoria" title="Balliang, Victoria">Balliang</a><b>^</b></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Barwon_Heads,_Victoria" title="Barwon Heads, Victoria">Barwon Heads</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Batesford,_Victoria" title="Batesford, Victoria">Batesford</a><b>^</b></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bell_Park,_Victoria" title="Bell Park, Victoria">Bell Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bell_Post_Hill,_Victoria" title="Bell Post Hill, Victoria">Bell Post Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Breakwater,_Victoria" title="Breakwater, Victoria">Breakwater</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ceres,_Victoria" title="Ceres, Victoria">Ceres</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Charlemont,_Victoria" title="Charlemont, Victoria">Charlemont</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Clifton_Springs,_Victoria" title="Clifton Springs, Victoria">Clifton Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Connewarre,_Victoria" title="Connewarre, Victoria">Connewarre</a><b>^</b></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Curlewis,_Victoria" title="Curlewis, Victoria">Curlewis</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Drumcondra,_Victoria" title="Drumcondra, Victoria">Drumcondra</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Drysdale,_Victoria" title="Drysdale, Victoria">Drysdale</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=East_Geelong,_Victoria" title="East Geelong, Victoria">East Geelong</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fyansford,_Victoria" title="Fyansford, Victoria">Fyansford</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelong, Victoria">Geelong</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Geelong_West,_Victoria" title="Geelong West, Victoria">Geelong West</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hamlyn_Heights,_Victoria" title="Hamlyn Heights, Victoria">Hamlyn Heights</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Herne_Hill,_Victoria" title="Herne Hill, Victoria">Herne Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Indented_Head,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Indented Head, Victoria">Indented Head</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Little_River,_Victoria" title="Little River, Victoria">Little River</a><b>^</b></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lovely_Banks,_Victoria" title="Lovely Banks, Victoria">Lovely Banks</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Manifold_Heights,_Victoria" title="Manifold Heights, Victoria">Manifold Heights</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Marshall,_Victoria" title="Marshall, Victoria">Marshall</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Moolap,_Victoria" title="Moolap, Victoria">Moolap</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mount_Duneed,_Victoria" title="Mount Duneed, Victoria">Mount Duneed</a><b>^</b></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Newcomb,_Victoria" title="Newcomb, Victoria">Newcomb</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Norlane,_Victoria" title="Norlane, Victoria">Norlane</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=North_Geelong,_Victoria" title="North Geelong, Victoria">North Geelong</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=North_Shore,_Victoria" title="North Shore, Victoria">North Shore</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Point_Lonsdale,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Point Lonsdale, Victoria">Point Lonsdale</a><b>^</b></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Portarlington,_Victoria" title="Portarlington, Victoria">Portarlington</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rippleside,_Victoria" title="Rippleside, Victoria">Rippleside</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=South_Geelong,_Victoria" title="South Geelong, Victoria">South Geelong</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=St_Albans_Park,_Victoria" title="St Albans Park, Victoria">St Albans Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=St_Leonards,_Victoria" title="St Leonards, Victoria">St Leonards</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Thomson,_Victoria" title="Thomson, Victoria">Thomson</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wallington,_Victoria" title="Wallington, Victoria">Wallington</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wandana_Heights,_Victoria" title="Wandana Heights, Victoria">Wandana Heights</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Waurn_Ponds,_Victoria" title="Waurn Ponds, Victoria">Waurn Ponds</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Whittington,_Victoria" title="Whittington, Victoria">Whittington</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bellarine,_Victoria" title="Bellarine, Victoria">Bellarine</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Breamlea,_Victoria" title="Breamlea, Victoria">Breamlea</a><b>^</b></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mannerim,_Victoria" title="Mannerim, Victoria">Mannerim</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Marcus_Hill,_Victoria" title="Marcus Hill, Victoria">Marcus Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Moorabool,_Victoria" title="Moorabool, Victoria">Moorabool</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Point_Wilson,_Victoria" title="Point Wilson, Victoria">Point Wilson</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Staughton_Vale,_Victoria" title="Staughton Vale, Victoria">Staughton Vale</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Swan_Bay,_Victoria" title="Swan Bay, Victoria">Swan Bay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>^</b> - <i>Territory divided with another <a href="/info/en/?search=Local_government_areas_of_Victoria" title="Local government areas of Victoria">LGA</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_of_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Cities_of_Australia" title="Template:Cities of Australia"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:Cities_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Cities of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_of_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a></b> <i>(national capital)</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Albury" title="Albury">Albury</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Armidale" title="Armidale">Armidale</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bathurst,_New_South_Wales" title="Bathurst, New South Wales">Bathurst</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Broken_Hill" title="Broken Hill">Broken Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cessnock,_New_South_Wales" title="Cessnock, New South Wales">Cessnock</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Coffs_Harbour" title="Coffs Harbour">Coffs Harbour</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dubbo" title="Dubbo">Dubbo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Gosford" title="Gosford">Gosford</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Goulburn" title="Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Grafton,_New_South_Wales" title="Grafton, New South Wales">Grafton</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Griffith,_New_South_Wales" title="Griffith, New South Wales">Griffith</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=City_of_Lake_Macquarie" title="City of Lake Macquarie">Lake Macquarie</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lismore,_New_South_Wales" title="Lismore, New South Wales">Lismore</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lithgow,_New_South_Wales" title="Lithgow, New South Wales">Lithgow</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Maitland,_New_South_Wales" title="Maitland, New South Wales">Maitland</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Orange,_New_South_Wales" title="Orange, New South Wales">Orange</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Queanbeyan" title="Queanbeyan">Queanbeyan</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tamworth,_New_South_Wales" title="Tamworth, New South Wales">Tamworth</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wagga_Wagga" title="Wagga Wagga">Wagga Wagga</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wollongong" title="Wollongong">Wollongong</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Palmerston,_Northern_Territory" title="Palmerston, Northern Territory">Palmerston</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bundaberg" title="Bundaberg">Bundaberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Caloundra" title="Caloundra">Caloundra</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Gladstone,_Queensland" title="Gladstone, Queensland">Gladstone</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Gympie" title="Gympie">Gympie</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hervey_Bay" title="Hervey Bay">Hervey Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ipswich,_Queensland" title="Ipswich, Queensland">Ipswich</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mackay,_Queensland" title="Mackay, Queensland">Mackay</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Maryborough,_Queensland" title="Maryborough, Queensland">Maryborough</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mount_Isa" title="Mount Isa">Mount Isa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rockhampton" title="Rockhampton">Rockhampton</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sunshine_Coast,_Queensland" title="Sunshine Coast, Queensland">Sunshine Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Toowoomba" title="Toowoomba">Toowoomba</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Townsville" title="Townsville">Townsville</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mount_Gambier" title="Mount Gambier">Mount Gambier</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Murray_Bridge,_South_Australia" title="Murray Bridge, South Australia">Murray Bridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Port_Augusta" title="Port Augusta">Port Augusta</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Port_Lincoln" title="Port Lincoln">Port Lincoln</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Port_Pirie" title="Port Pirie">Port Pirie</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Victor_Harbor,_South_Australia" title="Victor Harbor, South Australia">Victor Harbor</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Whyalla" title="Whyalla">Whyalla</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Burnie" title="Burnie">Burnie</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Devonport,_Tasmania" title="Devonport, Tasmania">Devonport</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Launceston,_Tasmania" title="Launceston, Tasmania">Launceston</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ararat,_Victoria" title="Ararat, Victoria">Ararat</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bairnsdale" title="Bairnsdale">Bairnsdale</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ballarat" title="Ballarat">Ballarat</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Benalla" title="Benalla">Benalla</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bendigo" title="Bendigo">Bendigo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Castlemaine,_Victoria" title="Castlemaine, Victoria">Castlemaine</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Colac,_Victoria" title="Colac, Victoria">Colac</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geelong</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hamilton,_Victoria" title="Hamilton, Victoria">Hamilton</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Horsham,_Victoria" title="Horsham, Victoria">Horsham</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mildura" title="Mildura">Mildura</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Moe,_Victoria" title="Moe, Victoria">Moe</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Morwell,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Morwell, Victoria">Morwell</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Portland,_Victoria" title="Portland, Victoria">Portland</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sale,_Victoria" title="Sale, Victoria">Sale</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Seymour,_Victoria" title="Seymour, Victoria">Seymour</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shepparton" title="Shepparton">Shepparton</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Stawell,_Victoria" title="Stawell, Victoria">Stawell</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Swan_Hill,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Swan Hill, Victoria">Swan Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Traralgon" title="Traralgon">Traralgon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wangaratta" title="Wangaratta">Wangaratta</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Warragul,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Warragul, Victoria">Warragul</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Warrnambool" title="Warrnambool">Warrnambool</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wodonga" title="Wodonga">Wodonga</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bunbury,_Western_Australia" title="Bunbury, Western Australia">Bunbury</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Busselton" title="Busselton">Busselton</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Geraldton" title="Geraldton">Geraldton</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kalgoorlie" title="Kalgoorlie">Kalgoorlie-Boulder</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mandurah" title="Mandurah">Mandurah</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q231765#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q231765#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q231765#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/167857172">VIAF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4363599-4">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550324305171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79105697">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Geelong (Victoria)"><a class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1035878&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/999e8ae7-c18c-4261-bcff-904f5f376dd0">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=23998">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |