'{{Short description|Running over a short distance in a limited period of time}} উসাইন বোল্ট যিনি ঘন্টায় ৪৫ কিমি স্প্রিন্টে দৌড়াতে পারেন। কিন্তু বর্তমানে তিনি বিশ্বের দ্রুতগামী মানুষের ভেতরে ২য় স্থানে আছেন। প্রথম স্থান অধিকার করেছেন নিউইয়র্কের তরুন মিলিটারি অফিসার মেজর শাহারিয়ার ইসলাম। তিনি ঘন্টায় ৭,৬৮০ কিমি বেগে টানা ২ ঘন্টা ছুটতে পারেন। বিশ্বের দ্রুতগামী প্রানী চিতা ৪০০ কিমি বেগে দৌড়াতে পারে। {{Multiple issues|section=|{{Globalize|article|date=March 2019}}{{Recentism|article|date=March 2019}}{{Undue weight|to=IAAF sources|date=March 2019}}}} [[File:Usain Bolt 2012 Olympics 1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Usain Bolt]], world record holder in 100 m and 200 m sprints]] [[File:2014 DécaNation - 400 m 20.jpg|thumb|upright|This sprinter's initial crouch in the blocks allowed her to [[Isometric exercise#Isometric presses as preparation for explosive power movements|preload]] her muscles and channel the force generated from this into her first strides.]] '''Sprinting''' is [[running]] over a short distance at the top-most speed of the body in a limited period of time. It is used in many [[sport]]s that incorporate running, typically as a way of quickly reaching a target or goal, or avoiding or catching an opponent. [[Human physiology]] dictates that a runner's near-top speed cannot be maintained for more than 30–35 seconds due to the depletion of [[phosphocreatine]] stores in muscles, and perhaps secondarily to excessive [[metabolic acidosis]] as a result of [[anaerobic glycolysis]].<ref name="400M" /> In [[athletics (sport)|athletics]] and [[track and field]], '''sprints''' (or '''dashes''') are races over short distances. They are among the oldest running competitions, being recorded at the [[Ancient Olympic Games]]. Three sprints are currently held at the modern [[Summer Olympics]] and outdoor [[IAAF World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]: the [[100 metres]], [[200 metres]], and [[400 metres]]. At the professional level, sprinters begin the race by assuming a crouching position in the [[starting blocks]] before driving forward and gradually moving into an upright position as the race progresses and momentum is gained. The set position differs depending on the start. The use of starting blocks allows the sprinter to perform an enhanced [[Isometric exercise#Isometric presses as preparation for explosive power movements|isometric preload]]; this generates muscular pre-tension which is channeled into the subsequent forward drive, making it more powerful. Body alignment is of key importance in producing the optimal amount of force. Ideally, the athlete should begin in a 4-point stance and drive forwards, pushing off using both legs for maximum force production.<ref name="100 m – For the Expert">[http://www.iaaf.org/community/athletics/trackfield/newsid=4666.html 100 m – For the Expert]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.</ref> Athletes remain in the same lane on the running track throughout all sprinting events,<ref name=400M>[http://www.iaaf.org/community/athletics/trackfield/newsid=4682.html 400 m Introduction]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.</ref> with the sole exception of the 400&nbsp;metres indoors. Races up to 100&nbsp;metres are largely focused upon acceleration to an athlete's maximum speed.<ref name="100 m – For the Expert"/> All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance.<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/community/athletics/trackfield/newsid=4673.html 200 m For the Expert]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.</ref> {{TOCLimit|3}} ==History== {{Expand section|small=no|1=historical records of sprinting after the Ancient Olympics but before 1896|section=1|date=March 2019}} <!-- Note: some examples of pre-1896 history that could be incorporated: http://www.athletics-archive.com/historyofathletics/18001860/default.htm http://www.athletics-archive.com/historyofathletics/18601920/default.htm http://www.athletics-archive.com/historyofathletics/womeninathleticsi/default.htm --> {{See also|History of physical training and fitness}} [[File:Stadion of Nemea.jpg|thumbnail|The ''stadion'' of ancient [[Nemea]], Greece.]] The first 13 editions of the [[Ancient Olympic Games]] featured only one event—the [[stadion race]], which was a sprinting race from one end of the stadium to the other.<ref name=Instone>Instone, Stephen (15 November 2009). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greek_olympics_01.shtml#two The Olympics: Ancient versus Modern]. [[BBC]]. Retrieved on 23 March 2010.</ref> The [[Diaulos (running race)|Diaulos]] (Δίαυλος, "double pipe") was a double-stadion race, {{circa|{{convert|400|m|abbr=off}}}}, introduced in the 14th [[Olympiad]] of the [[ancient Olympic Games]] (724{{nbsp}}BC). Sprint races were part of the original Olympic Games in the 7th century B.C. as well as the first modern Olympic Games which started in the late 19th century ([[1896 Summer Olympics|Athens 1896]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Athens 1896 Olympic Games|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Athens-1896-Olympic-Games|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> and featured the 100 meters and 400 meters. Athletes started both races from a crouched start (4-point stance). In both the original Olympics and the modern Olympics, only men were allowed to participate in track and field until the [[1928 Summer Olympics|1928 games]] in Amsterdam, Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/amsterdam-1928 |title=Amsterdam 1928 |website=Olympics.com |date=25 April 2018 |access-date=9 August 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805135817/https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/amsterdam-1928 |archive-date=Aug 5, 2021 }}</ref> The 1928 games were also the first games to use a 400-meter track, which became the standard for track and field. The modern sprinting events have their roots in races of [[imperial measurement]]s which were later altered to metric: the 100&nbsp;m evolved from the [[100-yard dash]],<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/community/athletics/trackfield/newsid=4661.html 100 m – Introduction]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.</ref> the 200&nbsp;m distance came from the [[furlong]] (or {{frac|8}} [[mile]]),<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/community/athletics/trackfield/newsid=4677.html 200 m Introduction]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.</ref> and the 400&nbsp;m was the successor to the [[440-yard dash]] or quarter-mile race.<ref name="400M" /> Technological advances have always improved sprint performances (i.e., starting blocks, synthetic track material, and shoe technology). In 1924, athletes used a small shovel to dig holes to start the race. The world record in the 100-meter dash in 1924 was 10.4 seconds, while in 1948, (the first use of starting blocks) was 10.2 seconds, and was 10.1 seconds in 1956. The constant drive for faster athletes with better technology has brought man from 10.4 seconds to 9.58 seconds in less than 100 years. Track events were measured with the [[metric system]] except for the United Kingdom and the United States until 1965 and 1974 respectively. The [[Amateur Athletic Union|Amateur Athletic Association (AAU)]]{{CN|date=January 2023}} decided to switch track and field in the U.S. to the metric system to finally make track and field internationally equivalent. ==Biological factors for runners== Biological factors that determine a sprinter's potential include: {{Div col|colwidth=22em}} * [[Height]] (minor factor){{citation needed|date= August 2019}} * [[Muscle|Muscular]] strength * [[Adrenaline]] use * [[Anaerobic respiration]] capacity * [[Breathing]] * [[Footspeed]] * Proportion of [[Skeletal striated muscle#Fiber typing|fast twitch muscles]]<ref>Quinn, Elizabeth (2007-10-30). [http://sportsmedicine.about.com/od/anatomyandphysiology/a/MuscleFiberType.htm Fast and Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers] About.com. Retrieved on 2009-02-01.</ref> * Leg length * Pelvic width{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} {{div col end}} ==Competitions== [[File:Start women 60 m Doha 2010.jpg|thumb|Start of the women's 60&nbsp;m at the [[2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2010 World Indoor Championships]]]] ===Common contemporary distances=== ==== [[60 metres|60 meters]] ==== * Normally run indoors, on a straight section of an indoor athletic track. * Some of the fastest humans reach their maximum speed around the 60-metre mark. * 60-meters is often used as an outdoor distance by younger athletes when starting sprint racing. Note: Indoor distances are less standardized, as many facilities run shorter or occasionally longer distances depending on available space. 60 m is the championship distance. ==== [[100 metres|100 meters]]<ref name="liveabout.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liveabout.com/track-and-field-running-events-3259282|title = 3 Types of Track and Field Running Events}}</ref> ==== * Takes place on the straight of a standard outdoor 400 m track. * Often, the world-record holder in this race is considered "the world's fastest man/woman." * Primarily an outdoor race. [[File:Crawford, Dzingai 200 m Berlin 2009.jpg|thumb|A 200&nbsp;m bend]] ==== [[200 metres|200 meters]]<ref name="liveabout.com"/> ==== * Begins on the curve of a standard track (where the runners are staggered in their starting position, to ensure that they all run the same distance), and ends on the home straight. * Competed both indoors and outdoors, with only slightly slower times than outdoors. ==== [[400 metres|400 meters]]<ref name="liveabout.com"/> ==== * Runners are staggered in their starting positions to ensure that everyone runs the same distance. * Competed both indoors and outdoors, with only slightly slower times than outdoors. [[File:AllysonFelixRelay4x400London2012.jpg|thumb|[[Allyson Felix]], at [[2012 Summer Olympics|London 2012 Summer Olympics]]]] ==== [[4 × 100 metres relay]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/athletics-relay-races-rules-history-world-records-olympics|title=All you need to know about relay races: Rules, history, world records}}</ref> ==== * Runners are staggered in their starting positions to ensure that everyone runs the same distance. * Runners use acceleration zones and exchange zones to pass a baton ==== [[4 × 400 metres relay]]<ref name=":0"/> ==== * Runners are staggered in their starting positions to ensure that everyone runs the same distance. * Runners use exchange zones to pass a baton. * Typically, the final race at track meets. ===Historical and uncommon distances=== ====50 yards (45.72 m)==== The event was a common event for most American students because it was one of the standardized test events as part of the [[President's Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition#Awards|President's Award on Physical Fitness]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/fitness/index.html|title=President's Council on Sports, Fitness & Nutrition (PCSFN)|date=10 January 2017|website=HHS.gov}}</ref> ====50 m==== The [[50 metres]] is an uncommon event and alternative to the [[60 metres]]. [[Donovan Bailey]] holds the men's world record with a time of 5.56 seconds and [[Irina Privalova]] holds the women's world record with a time of 5.96 seconds. ====60 yards (54.864 m)==== {{main|60-yard dash}} * A rarely run sprinting event that was once more commonplace. The world record time of 5.99 is held by [[Lee McRae]] and was set in 1987. The time is often used for [[American Football]] speed training. ====55 m==== The [[55 metres]] is an uncommon event that resulted from the metrication of the [[60-yard dash|60 yards]] and is an alternative to the [[60 metres]]. ====70 Yards==== An extremely rare sprinting event, that was occasionally run in the 1960s. The world record of 6.90 is held by [[Bob Hayes]]. ====100 yards (91.44 m)==== * The outdoor standard in the English (imperial measured) speaking world. It was part of the [[British Empire and Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] up until [[Athletics at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|1966]] and was the premier event in American high school sprinting until the [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] changed to metric in 1980, now only a secondary distance to the 100 metres. * The unofficial World Record Holder is Jamaican [[Asafa Powell]] with a time of 9.07 seconds. ====150 m==== [[File:Manchester City Games 2009 - Men's final 2 (crop2).jpg|thumb|right|150 metres final at the Manchester City Games 2009]] * The informal distance of [[150 metres]] (164.042 yards) can be used to work on a 100&nbsp;m runner's stamina, or a 200&nbsp;m runner's speed, and has been used as an exhibition distance. The distance was used in a race between the 1996 Olympic champions, the 100&nbsp;m gold medalist [[Donovan Bailey]] (Canada) and the 200&nbsp;m gold medalist [[Michael Johnson (athlete)|Michael Johnson]] (USA). It was to decide which of the two was really the 'fastest man on earth' (see [[Bailey–Johnson 150-metre race]]). * The informal distance was used for an exhibition race during the Manchester Great CityGames as part of the 2009 [[Great Manchester Run]] (UK). Stars included Triple Olympic Champion [[Usain Bolt]] (Jamaica) alongside [[Ivory Williams]] (USA), [[Simeon Williamson]] (UK), and other international track stars. The female race included 400&nbsp;m Olympic Champion, [[Christine Ohuruogu]] of Great Britain alongside [[Debbie Ferguson-McKenzie]] ([[Bahamas]]). Bolt ran the distance in a record time of 14.35 seconds.<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/LRR09/news/newsid=50606.html Bolt runs 14.35 sec for 150m; covers 50m-150m in 8.70 sec!]. [[IAAF]] (2009-05-17). Retrieved on 2009-05-17.</ref><ref>{{YouTube|h0d69bXakUo|New World Best over 150m for Usain Bolt from Universal Sports}}</ref> ====Stadion==== [[File:Panathenaic Amphora Sprinters.jpg|thumb|A race scene from Ancient Greece, originally represented on a Panathenaic amphora]] The [[stadion (running race)|stadion]], also known as the stade, was the standard short distance sprint in ancient Greece and ran the length of a stadium. However, stadiums could vary in size and there was apparently no definite standard length for them, e.g., the stadium at Delphi measures 177 m and the one at Pergamon 210 m.<ref>Spivey, Nigel, ''The Ancient Olympics'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 111–112</ref> ====300 m==== * The [[300 metres]] is another informal distance, which could be used to aid a 200 m runner's stamina, or a 400 m runner's speed. Currently, the world's best for this event is 30.81 seconds, set by [[Wayde van Niekerk]] in [[Ostrava]], [[Czech Republic]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://olympics.nbcsports.com/2017/06/28/wayde-van-niekerk-michael-johnson-300-meters-world-record-video/|title=Wayde van Niekerk breaks another Michael Johnson record |publisher=olympics.nbcsports.com|date= 2017-06-28|access-date=2017-06-29}}</ref> The women's record is 35.30&nbsp;seconds, set by [[Ana Guevara]] at altitude in Mexico City in 2003. Junior girls in several countries run this distance instead of the 400 metres. ====Diaulos==== The [[Diaulos (running race)|diaulos]] was an event contested in the Ancient Greek Olympia that was double the length of a [[Stadion (unit)|stadion]]. [[File:Image from page 318 of "Greek athletic sports and festivals" (1910).jpg|thumb|The [[hoplitodromos]] race was two stades long and run with a shield and helmet. This drawing is based on an original from a Panathenaic amphora from c.336 BC.<ref>{{cite web |title=panathenaic amphora; prize/trophy |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1873-0820-369 |website=The British Museum |access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref>]] As well as standard foot races, in Ancient Greece there was also a sprint race called the [[hoplitodromos]] ('armed ''diaulos'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scanlon |first1=Thomas F. |title=Sport in the Greek and Roman Worlds: Volume 1 Early Greece, the Olympics, and Contests |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |page=213}}</ref>). This required the sprinters to additionally carry a large shield and wear a helmet. Similarly to the diaulos, they ran two stades in length i.e. one stade ending with a 180 degree turn around a post, which led onto the second stade in length back down the track.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scanlon |first1=Thomas F. |title=Sport in the Greek and Roman Worlds: Volume 1 Early Greece, the Olympics, and Contests |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |page=213}}</ref> ==== [[4 × 200 metres relay]]<ref name=":0" /> ==== * Runners are staggered in their starting positions to ensure that everyone runs the same distance. * Runners use acceleration zones and exchange zones to pass a baton == Equipment == === Shoes === Typically, a sprinter only needs two types of shoes, training shoes and [[Track spikes|sprinting spikes]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Beginner's Guide to Running Spikes|url=https://www.runnersneed.com/expert-advice/gear-guides/running-spikes-buying-guide.html|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Runners Need}}</ref> Sprinting spikes are typically designed to be lightweight, with a minimal cushion on the heels and a plate on the forefoot to keep the runner on the toes of each foot. The spike plate will typically have the maximum number of holes for metal spikes to be inserted to keep a proper grip on the track surface. [https://spikes.insideathletics.com.au/history-of-athletics-spikes/ These metal removable spikes] also come in varying sizes. The spikes typically range from 4&nbsp;mm to 15&nbsp;mm and come in different styles. Most facilities have specific requirements for what size and style spikes can be used.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-29|title=The Ultimate Track Spike Buyers Guide|url=https://thewiredrunner.com/track-spike-buyers-guide/|access-date=2021-07-27|website=The Wired Runner|language=en-US}}</ref> === Starting Blocks<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coachingyoungathletes.com/2017/03/09/5-secrets-to-success-with-starting-blocks/|title=5 Secrets to Success with Starting Blocks|date=9 March 2017}}</ref> === Starting blocks are not a necessity but are highly suggested for use in sprinting events. Starting blocks are a piece of equipment that typically consists of foot pads attached to a central rail. The point of using blocks is to help the athlete push themselves further down the track as quickly as possible. ==== [https://coachingyoungathletes.com/2017/03/09/5-secrets-to-success-with-starting-blocks/ Typical Block Start Set-up]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wensor|first=Darren|date=2017-03-09|title=5 Secrets to Success With Starting Blocks|url=https://coachingyoungathletes.com/2017/03/09/5-secrets-to-success-with-starting-blocks/|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Coaching Young Athletes|language=en}}</ref> ==== * Place heel slightly on the starting line * Place the blocks in the center of the track, approximately where your toe is. * The dominant foot will be in the front block. With the paddle being set at 45 degrees * The front block will be about 1 {{frac|3|4}}-2 foot lengths from the starting line. * The non-dominant foot will be in the back block.&nbsp; The paddle will be set as high as possible. * The back block will be set about 3-3 {{frac|1|2}} foot lengths from the starting line. * The front block and back block are only about 1-foot in length apart. * The toes should barely touch the ground. &nbsp; * Hands will be placed about shoulder-width apart, with the thumb and pointer finger slightly behind the line. * Arms should be in a straight position (locked or prepared to be locked at the elbows) * The arms will remain straight (if not locked at the elbows) * The hips will rise slightly above the shoulders (forcing the front half of the body to lean forward at about 45 degrees (slightly less)). * A forward lean is optimal because it shifts most of the weight to the hands with a minimal bend to the back. * The dominant leg should have about a 90-degree bend at the knee, while the non-dominant leg should be about 120 degrees * The arm on the dominant foot side will swing forward in an "exaggerated" fashion, while the arm on the non-dominant side will swing backward in the same fashion * The non-dominant foot will be the first step. * The non-dominant leg should come out with a long (within comfort's range) stride, bringing the knee to a 90-degree position (separation of the foot and opposite leg's knee about 2-2 {{frac|1|2}} feet), approximately a 45-degree shin angle, and [[Anatomical terms of motion|dorsiflexion]] with each stride. * Halfway before the first step lands, the "driving" position should have a straight line through the non-dominant ankle, knee, hips, shoulders, and head. === Baton === The baton is a required element for any relay race. The baton is passed to each athlete through different [[Relay race|exchange zones]], with different techniques. Typically, about {{Convert|1|ft|m}} and {{Convert|1.5|in|cm}} in diameter. === Timing === ==== Stopwatches ==== Used typically in training sessions to measure relative times and recovery times. Stopwatches are not always the most accurate way to measure times in a race setting, ==== Fully Automatic Timing / Gate Systems ==== Fully Automatic Timing (FAT) and gate systems are used to accurately measure races, with results as accurate as up to 1/1000 of a second.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Fully Automatic Timing (FAT) for Sports? {{!}} About|url=https://www.finishlynx.com/about-us/what-is-fully-automatic-timing/|access-date=2021-07-27|website=FinishLynx|date=20 November 2012 |language=en-US}}</ref> &nbsp; == Governing Bodies == As of 2021, [[World Athletics]] (WA) <ref>{{Cite web|title=About World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.worldathletics.org|language=en}}</ref> is the governing body for track and field around the world. Every country that wishes to participate in WA competitions must become a member.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Member Federations|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/structure/member-federations|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.worldathletics.org|language=en}}</ref> ==Rules== === Rule differences with each Governing Bodies === Each governing body sets its own rules for how competition is deemed fair.&nbsp; World Athletics sets the competition rules internationally.&nbsp;The World Athletics rulebook<ref>{{Cite web|title=Book of Rules {{!}} Official Documents|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/documents/book-of-rules|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.worldathletics.org|language=en}}</ref> is broken into 4 separate books. ===The start=== [[File:Start Jeremy Wariner 2007.jpg|thumb|[[Jeremy Wariner]] beginning a race from the starting blocks]] [[Starting blocks]] are used for all competition sprints (up to and including 400&nbsp;m) and relay events (first leg only, up to 4x400&nbsp;m).<ref name=IAAF>[http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=7c4c7e46-8979-453d-a355-a736fdac2281.pdf&urlslug=Competition%20Rules%202012-13 Competition Rules 2012-13], IAAF</ref> The starting blocks consist of two adjustable footplates attached to a rigid frame. Races commence with the firing of the [[Starting pistol|starter's gun]].<ref name=IAAF /> The starting commands are "On your marks" and "Set".<ref name=IAAF /> Once all athletes are in the set position, the starter's gun is fired, officially starting the race. For the 100&nbsp;m, all competitors are lined up side by side. For the 200&nbsp;m, 300&nbsp;m, and 400&nbsp;m, which involve curves, runners are staggered for the start. In the rare event that there are technical issues with a start, a green card is shown to all the athletes. The green card carries no penalty. If an athlete is unhappy with track conditions after the "on your marks" command is given, the athlete must raise a hand before the "set" command and provide the Start referee with a reason. It is then up to the Start referee to decide if the reason is valid. If the Start referee deems the reason invalid, a yellow card (warning) is issued to that particular athlete. If the athlete is already on a warning, the athlete is disqualified. ===False starts=== {{main|False start#Athletics (track and field)}} [[File:Skyttis athletics tracks.jpg|thumb|Sprint lanes in [[Örnsköldsvik]], [[Sweden]], as seen from the 100 m starting point]] According to the World Athletics (WA) rules, "An athlete, after assuming a full and final set position, shall not commence his starting motion until after receiving the report of the gun or approved starting apparatus. If, in the judgement of the Starter or Recallers, he does so any earlier, it shall be deemed a false start."<ref name="IAAF"/> The [[100 m]] Olympic gold and silver medallist [[Linford Christie]] of Great Britain famously had frequent false starts that were marginally below the legal reaction time of 0.1&nbsp; seconds. Christie and his coach, [[Ron Roddan]], both claimed that the false starts were due to Christie's exceptional reaction times being under legal time. His frequent false starting eventually led to his disqualification from the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] 100&nbsp;m final in [[Atlanta]], the US, due to a second false start by Christie. Since January 2010, under WA rules, a single false start by an athlete resulted in disqualification. In 2012, a new development to the false start rule was added. Because certain athletes could be disqualified for twitching in the starting blocks, but some athletes could make a twitch without the starter noticing and disqualifying the athlete, it was decided that twitching in the starting block while being in the 'set' position would only carry a maximum penalty of a yellow card or a warning. To instantly be disqualified for a false start, an athlete's hands must leave the track or their feet must leave the starting blocks, while the athlete is in their final 'set' position.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cherry |first1=Gene |title=Twitch or flinch no longer a false start |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-oly-athl-falsestart-adv3/twitch-or-flinch-no-longer-a-false-start-idUKBRE86N18M20120724 |access-date=22 June 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=4 July 2012}}</ref> ===Lanes=== [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1987-0822-034, Sabine Busch, Cornelia Ulrich.jpg|thumb|upright|The finish of the 1987 East German athletics championships]] For all Olympic sprint events, runners must remain within their pre-assigned lanes, which measure 1.22&nbsp;metres (4&nbsp;feet) wide, from start to finish.<ref>''2009 USATF Competition Rules'', Rule 160(1)</ref> The lanes can be numbered 1 through 8, 9, or rarely 10, starting with the inside lane. Any athlete who runs outside the assigned lane to gain an advantage is subject to disqualification. If the athlete is forced to run outside of his or her lane by another person, and no material advantage is gained, there will be no disqualification. Also, a runner who strays from his or her lane in the straightaway, or crosses the outer line of his or her lane on the bend, and gains no advantage by it, will not be disqualified as long as no other runner is obstructed. ===The finish=== The first athlete whose torso reaches the vertical plane of the closest edge of the finish line is the winner. To ensure that the sprinter's torso triggers the timing impulse at the finish line rather than an arm, foot, or other body parts, a double Photocell is commonly used. Times are only recorded by an electronic timing system when both of these Photocells are simultaneously blocked. [[Photo finish]] systems are also used at some track and field events. == World Records<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/records/by-category/world-records|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.worldathletics.org}}</ref> == {| class="wikitable" |+Women's World Records !Discipline !Performance !Competitor !Country !Venue !Date |- |50 meters |5.96 |Irina Privalova<ref name="worldathletics.org">{{Cite web|title=Irina Privalova {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/russia/irina-privalova-14299012|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.worldathletics.org}}</ref> |RUS<ref name="Member Federations">{{Cite web|title=Member Federations|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/structure/member-federations/europe#RUS|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.worldathletics.org|language=en}}</ref> |Madrid (ESP) |09 FEB 1995 |- |60 meters |6.92 |Irina Privalova<ref name="worldathletics.org"/> |RUS<ref name="Member Federations"/> |Madrid (ESP) |09 FEB 1995 |- |100 meters |10.49 |Florence Griffith-Joyner<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|title=Florence Griffith-Joyner {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/united-states/florence-griffith-joyner-14359548|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.worldathletics.org}}</ref> |USA<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|title=Member Federations|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/structure/member-federations/northcentral-americac#USA|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.worldathletics.org|language=en}}</ref> |Indianapolis, IN (USA) |16 JUL 1988 |- |200 meters (indoors) |21.87 |Merlene Ottey<ref>{{Cite web|title=Merlene Ottey {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/slovenia/merlene-ottey-14300206|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.worldathletics.org}}</ref> |JAM<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite web|title=Member Federations|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/structure/member-federations/northcentral-americac#JAM|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.worldathletics.org|language=en}}</ref> |Lievin (FRA) |13 FEB 1993 |- |200 meters (outdoors) |21.34 |Florence Griffith-Joyner<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |USA<ref name="ReferenceB"/> |Olympic Stadium, Jamsil, Seoul (KOR) |29 SEP 1988 |- |400 meters (indoors) |49.26 |Femke Bol<ref>{{Cite web|title=Femke Bol {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/netherlands/femke-bol-14707010|access-date=2023-02-28|website=www.worldathletics.org}}</ref> |NLD |Omnisport, Apeldoorn (NLD) |19 FEB 2023 |- |400 meters (outdoors) |47.60 |Marita Koch<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marita Koch {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/german-dem-rep/marita-koch-14349315|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.worldathletics.org}}</ref> |GDR |Bruce Stadium, Canberra (AUS) |06 OCT 1985 |- |4x100 meter relay |40.82 |Tianna Bartoletta,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tianna Bartoletta {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/united-states/tianna-bartoletta-14315831|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Allyson Felix,<ref name="ReferenceD">{{Cite web|title=Allyson Felix {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/united-states/allyson-felix-14309983|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Bianca Knight,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bianca Knight {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/united-states/bianca-knight-14314587|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Carmelita Jeter<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carmelita Jeter {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/united-states/carmelita-jeter-14313618|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> |USA<ref name="ReferenceB"/> |Olympic Stadium, London (GBR) |10 AUG 2012 |- |4x200 meter relay (indoors) |1:32.41 |Yuliya Gushchina,<ref name="ReferenceE">{{Cite web|title=Yuliya Gushchina {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/russia/yuliya-gushchina-14297898|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Yuliya Pechonkina,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yuliya Pechonkina {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/russia/yuliya-pechonkina-14298763|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Irina Khabarova,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Irina Khabarova {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/russia/irina-khabarova-14298065|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.worldathletics.org}}</ref> Yekaterina Kondratyeva<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yekaterina Kondratyeva|url=https://olympics.com/en/athletes/yekaterina-kondratyeva|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Olympics.com}}</ref> |RUS<ref name="Member Federations"/> |Glasgow (GBR) |29 JAN 2005 |- |4x200 meter relay (outdoors) |1:27.46 |Marion Jones,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marion Jones {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/united-states/marion-jones-14313964|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Nanceen Perry,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nanceen Perry {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/united-states/nanceen-perry-14318804|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> LaTasha Colander,<ref>{{Cite web|title=LaTasha Colander {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/united-states/latasha-colander-14307842|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> LaTasha Jenkins<ref>{{Cite web|title=LaTasha Jenkins {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/united-states/latasha-jenkins-14313570|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.worldathletics.org}}</ref> |USA<ref name="ReferenceB"/> |Philadelphia, PA (USA) |29 APR 2000 |- |4x400 meter relay (indoors) |3:23.37 |Yuliya Gushchina,<ref name="ReferenceE"/> Olga Kotlyarova,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olga Kotlyarova {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/russia/olga-kotlyarova-14298253|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Olga Zaytseva,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olga Zaytseva {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/russia/olga-zaytseva-14299866|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Olesya Krasnomovets-Forsheva<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olesya Krasnomovets {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/russia/olesya-krasnomovets-14298284|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> |RUS<ref name="Member Federations"/> |Glasgow (GBR) |28 JAN 2006 |- |4x400 meter relay (outdoors) |3:15.17 |Tatyana Ledovskaya,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tatiana Ledovskaya|url=https://olympics.com/en/athletes/tatiana-ledovskaya|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Olympics.com}}</ref> Olga Nazarova,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olga M. Nazarova {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/russia/olga-m.-nazarova-14298710|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.worldathletics.org}}</ref> Mariya Pinigina,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mariya Kulchunova-Pinigina {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ussr/mariya-kulchunova-pinigina-14351853|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Olga Bryzgina<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olga Vladykina-Bryzgina {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ukraine/olga-vladykina-bryzgina-14351412|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> |URS |Olympic Stadium, Jamsil, Seoul (KOR) |01 OCT 1988 |} {| class="wikitable" |+Men's World Records !Discipline !Performance !Competitor !Country !Venue !Date |- |50 meters |5.56 |Donovan Bailey<ref>{{Cite web|title=Donovan Bailey {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/canada/donovan-bailey-14174662|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> |CAN<ref>{{Cite web|title=Member Federations|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/structure/member-federations/northcentral-americac#CAN|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.worldathletics.org|language=en}}</ref> |Reno, NV (USA) |09 FEB 1996 |- |60 meters |6.34 |Christian Coleman<ref>{{Cite web|title=Christian Coleman {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/united-states/christian-coleman-14541956|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> |USA<ref name="ReferenceB"/> |Albuquerque, NM (USA) |18 FEB 2018 |- |100 meters |9.58 |Usain Bolt<ref name="ReferenceF">{{Cite web|title=Usain Bolt {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/jamaica/usain-bolt-14201847|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> |JAM<ref name="ReferenceC"/> |Olympiastadion, Berlin (GER) |16 AUG 2009 |- |200 meters (indoors) |19.92 |Frank Fredericks<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Fredericks {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/namibia/frank-fredericks-14213565|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> |NAM<ref>{{Cite web|title=Member Federations|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/structure/member-federations/africa#NAM|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.worldathletics.org|language=en}}</ref> |Liévin (FRA) |18 FEB 1996 |- |200 meters (outdoors) |19.19 |Usain Bolt<ref name="ReferenceF"/> |JAM<ref name="ReferenceC"/> |Olympiastadion, Berlin (GER) |20 AUG 2009 |- |400 meters (indoors) |44.57 |Kerron Clement<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerron Clement {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/united-states/kerron-clement-14234898|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> |USA<ref name="ReferenceB"/> |Fayetteville, AR (USA) |12 MAR 2005 |- |400 meters (outdoors) |43.03 |Wayde Van Niekerk<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wayde Van niekerk {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/south-africa/wayde-van-niekerk-14417677|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> |RSA<ref>{{Cite web|title=Member Federations|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/structure/member-federations/africa#RSA|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.worldathletics.org|language=en}}</ref> |Estádio Olímpico, Rio de Janeiro (BRA) |14 AUG 2016 |- |4x100 meter relay |36.84 |Nesta Carter,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nesta Carter {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/jamaica/nesta-carter-14201894|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Michael Frater,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Michael FRATER {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/jamaica/michael-frater-14202005|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Yohan Blake,<ref name="ReferenceG">{{Cite web|title=Yohan BLAKE {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/jamaica/yohan-blake-14201842|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Usain Bolt<ref name="ReferenceF"/> |JAM<ref name="ReferenceC"/> |Olympic Stadium, London (GBR) |11 AUG 2012 |- |4x200 meter relay (indoors) |1:22.11 |John Regis,<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Regis {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/great-britain-ni/john-regis-14190560|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Ade Mafe,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ade Mafe {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/great-britain-ni/ade-mafe-14351570|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Darren Braithwaite,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darren Braithwaite {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/great-britain-ni/darren-braithwaite-14188635|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.worldathletics.org}}</ref> Linford Christie<ref>{{Cite web|title=Linford Christie {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/great-britain-ni/linford-christie-14188828|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> |GBR<ref>{{Cite web|title=Member Federations|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/structure/member-federations/europe#GBR|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.worldathletics.org|language=en}}</ref> |Glasgow (GBR) |03 MAR 1991 |- |4x200 meter relay (outdoors) |1:18.63 |Nickel Ashmeade,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nickel Ashmeade {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/jamaica/nickel-ashmeade-14201803|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Warren Weir,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Warren Weir {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/jamaica/warren-weir-14202309|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Jermaine Brown,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Germaine BROWN {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/jamaica/germaine-brown-14201858|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Yohan Blake<ref name="ReferenceG"/> |JAM<ref name="ReferenceC"/> |T. Robinson Stadium, Nassau (BAH) |24 MAY 2014 |- |4x400 meter relay (indoors) |3:01.51 |Amere Lattin,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amere Lattin {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/united-states/amere-lattin-14563822|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Obi Igbokwe,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Obi IGBOKWE {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/united-states/obi-igbokwe-14621985|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.worldathletics.org}}</ref> Jermaine Holt,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jermaine Holt - Track and Field|url=https://uhcougars.com/sports/track-and-field/roster/jermaine-holt/6121|access-date=2021-07-30|website=University of Houston Athletics|language=en}}</ref> Kahmari Montgomery<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kahmari MONTGOMERY {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/united-states/kahmari-montgomery-14586813|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> |USA<ref name="ReferenceB"/> |Clemson, SC (USA) |09 FEB 2019 |- |4x400 meter relay (outdoors) |2:54.29 |Michael Johnson,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Michael Johnson {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/united-states/michael-johnson-14242187|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Harry "Butch" Reynolds,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harry Reynolds {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/united-states/harry-reynolds-14249424|access-date=2021-07-30|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Quincy Watts,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Quincy Watts {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/united-states/quincy-watts-14504938|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.worldathletics.org}}</ref> Andrew Valmon<ref>{{Cite web|title=Andrew Valmon - Head Track Coach - Staff Directory|url=https://umterps.com/staff-directory/andrew-valmon/3|access-date=2021-07-30|website=University of Maryland Athletics|language=en}}</ref> |USA<ref name="ReferenceB"/> |Gottlieb-Daimler Stadion, Stuttgart (GER) |22 AUG 1993 |} {| class="wikitable" |+Mixed World Records !Discipline !Performance !Competitor !Country !Venue !Date |- |4x400 meter relay mixed |3:08.80 |Justin Robinson, Rosey Effiong, Matthew Bowling, Alexis Holmes |USA<ref name="ReferenceB"/> |National Athletics Centre, Budapest (HUN) |19 AUG 2023 |} == Sprint training == While genetics play a large role in one's ability to sprint,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lombardo|first1=Michael P.|last2=Deaner|first2=Robert O.|date=2014-06-26|title=You can't teach speed: sprinters falsify the deliberate practice model of expertise|journal=PeerJ|language=en|volume=2|pages=e445|doi=10.7717/peerj.445|issn=2167-8359|pmc=4081292|pmid=25024914 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=ACTN3 and ACE genotypes in elite Jamaican and US sprinters|first1=Robert A.|last1=Scott|first2=Rachael|last2=Irving|first3=Laura|last3=Irwin|first4=Errol|last4=Morrison|first5=Vilma|last5=Charlton|first6=Krista|last6=Austin|first7=Dawn|last7=Tladi|first8=Michael|last8=Deason|first9=Samuel A.|last9=Headley|first10=Fred W.|last10=Kolkhorst|first11=Nan|last11=Yang|first12=Kathryn|last12=North|first13=Yannis P.|last13=Pitsiladis|date=1 January 2010|journal=Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise|volume=42|issue=1|pages=107–112|doi=10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181ae2bc0|pmid=20010124|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Genes for elite power and sprint performance: ACTN3 leads the way|first1=Nir|last1=Eynon|first2=Erik D.|last2=Hanson|first3=Alejandro|last3=Lucia|first4=Peter J.|last4=Houweling|first5=Fleur|last5=Garton|first6=Kathryn N.|last6=North|first7=David J.|last7=Bishop|date=1 September 2013|journal=Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)|volume=43|issue=9|pages=803–817|doi=10.1007/s40279-013-0059-4|pmid=23681449|s2cid=207492970}}</ref> athletes must be dedicated to their training to ensure that they can optimize their performances. Sprint training includes various running workouts, targeting acceleration, speed development, speed endurance, special endurance, and tempo endurance. Additionally, athletes perform intense strength training workouts, as well as plyometric or jumping workouts. Collectively, these training methods produce qualities that allow athletes to be stronger, and more powerful, in hopes of ultimately running faster.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Husbands, Chris.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/859777344|title=Sprinting : training, techniques and improving performance|date=30 September 2013|isbn=978-1-84797-645-1|location=Ramsbury|oclc=859777344}}</ref> ==See also== {{portal|Sport of athletics}} * [[Sprint cycling]] * [[Athletics at the Summer Olympics]] ** [[60 metres at the Olympics]] ** [[100 metres at the Olympics]] ** [[200 metres at the Olympics]] ** [[400 metres at the Olympics]] ** [[Sprint hurdles at the Olympics]] ** [[400 metres hurdles at the Olympics]] ** [[4×100 metres relay at the Olympics]] ** [[4×400 metres relay at the Olympics]] == Notes and references == {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061117141347/http://www.sprintic.com/extras/greatest_sprint_races/ Top 10 greatest sprint races in history] (archived 17 November 2006) * [https://iaaf.gekko.de/?a=sprints IAAF list of sprint records in XML] {{Running}} {{Athletics events}} {{Physical exercise}} {{Racing}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sprint (Race)}} [[Category:Sprint (running)| ]] [[Category:Athletics by type]] [[Category:Running by type]] [[Category:Anaerobic exercise]]'