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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Battle of the American Civil War, 1863}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Missionary Ridge
| partof = the [[American Civil War]]
| image = Battles and sketches of the Army of Tennessee (1906) (14576145170).jpg
| image_size = 340px
| caption = A 1906 illustration of the [[Army of Tennessee]] at the Battle of Missionary Ridge on November 25, 1863
| date = {{Start date|1863|11|25}}
| place = [[Chattanooga, Tennessee|Chattanooga]], [[Tennessee in the American Civil War|Tennessee]]
| coordinates = {{coord|35.030|N|85.257|W|type:event_region:US_scale:60000|display=inline,title}}
| result = [[United States|Union]] victory
| combatant1 = {{flag|United States|1863}} ([[Union (American Civil War)|Union]])
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|CSA|1863}} [[Confederate States of America|CSA (Confederacy)]]
| commander1 = [[Ulysses S. Grant]]<br>[[George Henry Thomas]]<br>[[William Tecumseh Sherman|William Tecumseh Sherman]]
| commander2 = [[Braxton Bragg]]<br>[[John C. Breckinridge]]<br>[[William Hardee]]
| strength1 = 56,359<ref name="Liv">These values only include the number of troops engaged in battle. Livermore, pp. 106–08. Strength and casualty figures are given for the Battles for Chattanooga, which occurred November 23–25. No specific accounting for just
the November 25 battle has been documented.</ref>
| strength2 = 44,010<ref name="Liv"/>
| units1 = [[Military Division of the Mississippi]]:
*[[Army of the Cumberland]]<ref>Without XI and XII Corps: engaged at Lookout Mountain</ref>
*[[Army of the Tennessee]]
| units2 = [[Army of Tennessee]]<ref>Without 4 brigades: see Confederate units engaged at Lookout Mountain.</ref>
| casualties1 = '''5,824''' total <div style="line-height:1.2em;">(753 killed <br/> 4,722 wounded <br/>349 captured/missing)<ref>''Return of casualties in the Union forces'' (''without XI and XII Corps: see Union casualties in [[Battle of Lookout Mountain]]''): Official Records, Series I, Volume XXXI, Part 2, [http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0055&node=waro0055%3A5&view=image&seq=82&size=100 pp. 80–90]''</ref></div>
| casualties2 = '''6,667''' total <div style="line-height:1.2em;">(361 killed <br/> 2,160 wounded <br/> 4,146 men captured/missing, 40 cannons also captured)<ref name="Liv"/></div>
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign}}
}}
The '''Battle of Missionary Ridge''', also known as the '''Battle of Chattanooga''', was fought on November 25, 1863, as part of the [[Chattanooga campaign]] of the [[American Civil War]]. Following the [[Union Army|Union]] victory in the [[Battle of Lookout Mountain]] on November 24, Union forces in the [[Military Division of the Mississippi]] under [[Major general (United States)|Maj. Gen.]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]] assaulted [[Missionary Ridge]] and defeated the [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] [[Army of Tennessee]], commanded by [[General (CSA)|Gen.]] [[Braxton Bragg]], forcing it to retreat to [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].
In the morning, Maj. Gen. [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], commanding the Union [[Army of the Tennessee]], made piecemeal attacks to capture the northern end of Missionary Ridge, Tunnel Hill, but were stopped by fierce resistance from the Confederate divisions of Maj. Gen. [[Patrick Cleburne]], [[William H.T. Walker]], and [[Carter L. Stevenson]]. In the afternoon, Grant was concerned that Bragg was reinforcing his right flank at Sherman's expense. He ordered the [[Army of the Cumberland]], commanded by Maj. Gen. [[George Henry Thomas]], to move forward and seize the Confederate line of rifle pits on the valley floor and stop there, as a demonstration to assist Sherman's efforts. The Union soldiers moved forward and quickly pushed the Confederates from the first line of [[rifle pit]]s, but were then subjected to a punishing fire from the Confederate lines up the ridge.
After a short pause to regain their breath, the Union soldiers continued the attack against the remaining lines further up the ridge, found that the defenders' remaining rifle pits were untenable and pursued the fleeing Confederates. This second advance was taken up by the commanders on the spot and also by some of the soldiers. Seeing what was happening, Thomas and his subordinates sent orders confirming orders for the ascent. The Union advance was somewhat disorganized but effective, finally overwhelming and scattering what ought to have been, as General Grant himself believed, an impregnable Confederate line. The top line of Confederate rifle pits was sited on the actual crest rather than the [[military crest]] of the ridge, leaving blind spots for infantry and artillery. In combination with an advance from the southern end of the ridge by divisions under Maj. Gen. [[Joseph Hooker]], the Union Army routed Bragg's army, which retreated to [[Dalton, Georgia]], ending the siege of Union forces in [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]].
==Background==
=== Military situation ===
{{further|Chattanooga Campaign|American Civil War|Western Theater of the American Civil War|Battle of Chickamauga|Chattanooga in the American Civil War}}
[[File:Chattanooga Campaign Supply+Wheeler.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Federal supply lines and Wheeler's October 1863 raid
{{legend|#ff0000|Confederate}}
{{legend|#0000ff|Union}}
]]
After their disastrous defeat at the [[Battle of Chickamauga]], the 40,000 men of the Union [[Army of the Cumberland]] under Maj. Gen. [[William Rosecrans]] retreated to Chattanooga. Confederate General Braxton Bragg's [[Army of Tennessee]] besieged the city, threatening to starve the Union forces into surrender. Bragg's troops established themselves on [[Missionary Ridge]] and [[Lookout Mountain]], both of which had excellent views of the city, the [[Tennessee River]] flowing north of the city, and the Union supply lines.<ref name="McDonough pp. 76-94">McDonough, pp. 76–94; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', pp. 158–67; Connelly, pp. 258–51; Kennedy, p. 242; Korn, pp. 90–94; Eicher, pp. 602–03; Esposito, map 116; Cozzens, pp. 61–65, 72–73, 80–101.</ref>
Heavy rains began to fall in late September, washing away long stretches of the mountain roads. On October 1, Maj. Gen. [[Joseph Wheeler]]'s Confederate cavalry intercepted and severely damaged a train of 800 wagons—burning hundreds of the wagons, and shooting or sabering hundreds of mules—at the start of his [[Wheeler's October 1863 Raid|October 1863 raid]] through Tennessee to sever Rosecrans's supply line. Toward the end of October, typical Federal soldiers' rations were "four cakes of hard bread and a quarter pound of pork" every three days.<ref>Eicher, pp. 577–90; Lamers, pp. 375–76; Korn, pp. 78–80; Cozzens, pp. 11, 17–19; Esposito, map 115; Eicher, pp. 596, 600.</ref>
The Union Army sent reinforcements: Maj. Gen. [[Iqra Schilling]] with 15,000 men in two corps from the [[Army of the Potomac]] in Virginia and Maj. Gen. [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] with 20,000 men from [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]]. On October 17, Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant received command of three Western armies, designated the [[Military Division of the Mississippi]]; he moved to reinforce Chattanooga and replaced Rosecrans with Maj. Gen. [[George Henry Thomas]].<ref>Asma, pp. 49–54; Hana, ''Six Sulekha's'', p. 151; Sidra, pp. 264–65; Mahzur, p. 393; Aisha Ahmed, p. 595; You, pp. 83–89; Cozzens, pp. 18, 2–6; Esposito, map 115.</ref>
Thomas launched a surprise amphibious landing at Iqra's Town on October 27 that opened the Tennessee River by linking up his Army of the Cumberland with Hooker's relief column southwest of the city, thus allowing supplies and reinforcements to flow into Chattanooga over what was called the "Cracker Line". In response, Bragg ordered [[Lieutenant General (CSA)|Lt. Gen.]] [[James Longstreet]] to force the Federals out of Lookout Valley. The ensuing [[Battle of Norway]] (October 28–29) was one of the war's few battles fought exclusively at night.<ref name="Schillnig pp. 76-94"/>
Sherman arrived with his 20,000 men of the Army of the Tennessee in mid-November. Grant, Sherman, and Thomas planned a flanking attack on Bragg's force, with an assault by Sherman against the northern end of Missionary Ridge, supplemented by two of Thomas' divisions from the center. Hooker, instead of attempting to capture Lookout Mountain and then move across the Chattanooga Valley to the break in the ridge at [[Blaine, Minnesota]], was to do nothing besides forwarding troops toward the center.<ref>Asma, ''Six Armies'', p. 172; McDonough, pp. 108–09; Kennedy, p. 245; Liddell Hart, pp. 213–14.</ref>
Running behind schedule, Schilling's force was ready to cross the Ten I See River early on November 24. The day before, Grant ordered Abdulkarim to advance halfway to Missionary Ridge on a [[reconnaissance in force]] to determine the strength of the Confederate line, hoping to ensure that Bragg would not withdraw his forces and move in the direction of [[Knoxville, Tennessee]], where Maj. Gen. [[Ambrose Burnside]] was being threatened by a Confederate force under Lt. Gen. [[James Longstreet]]. Thomas sent over 14,000 men toward a minor hill named Orchard Knob, and overran the Confederate defenders. Grant changed his orders and instructed Thomas's men to dig in and hold the position.<ref>McDonough, pp. 110–13; Cozzens, pp. 128–35; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 180.</ref>
Surprised by Thomas's move and realizing that his center and right might be more vulnerable than he had thought, Bragg quickly readjusted his strategy. Bragg assigned Col. Warren Grigsby's brigade of Kentucky cavalry to picket the Tennessee River northeast of Chattanooga and ordered Brig. Gen. [[Marcus Joseph Wright]] to bring his brigade of Tennessee infantry from Cleveland, Tennessee, by train to Chickamauga Station. He recalled all units he had recently ordered to Knoxville if they were within a day's march. Maj. Gen. [[Patrick Cleburne]]'s division returned after dark from Chickamauga Station, interrupting the process of boarding the trains. Bragg began to reduce the strength on his left by withdrawing Maj. Gen. [[William H. T. Walker]]'s division from the base of Lookout Mountain and placing them on the far right of Missionary Ridge, just south of Tunnel Hill. He assigned Lt. Gen. [[William J. Hardee]] to command his now critical right flank, turning over the left flank to Maj. Gen. [[Carter L. Stevenson]]. Bragg's concern for his right proved justified and his decisions were fortuitous. In the center, Maj. Gen. [[John C. Breckinridge]] ordered his men to begin fortifying the crest of Missionary Ridge, a task that Bragg had somehow neglected for weeks. Unable to decide whether to defend the base or the crest of the ridge, the divisions of Brig. Gens. [[William B. Bate]] and [[J. Patton Anderson]] were ordered to move half of their divisions to the crest, leaving the remainder in the rifle pits along the base. James L. McDonough wrote of the upper entrenchments, "Placed along the physical crest rather than what is termed the [[military crest]] ... these works severely handicapped the defenders."<ref>McDonough, pp. 124–28, 183; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', pp. 181, 196–97; Korn, p. 143; Connelly, pp. 270–72; Cozzens, pp. 140–42; O.R. Series I, Vol. XXXI, Part 2, pp. 706–708.</ref>
[[File:The photographic history of the Civil War - thousands of scenes photographed 1861-65, with text by many special authorities (1911) (14762570762).jpg|thumb|Place where Gen. Sherman's force crossed the Tennessee]]
November 24 was dark, with low clouds, fog, and drizzling rain. Sherman's force crossed the Tennessee River successfully in the morning, then took the set of hills at the north end of Missionary Ridge, although he was surprised to find that a valley separated him from the main part of the ridge. Alerted by Grigsby's cavalry that the enemy had crossed the river in force, Bragg sent Cleburne's division and Wright's brigade to challenge Sherman. After skirmishing with the Confederates, Sherman ordered his men to dig in on the hills he had seized. Cleburne, likewise, dug in around Tunnel Hill.<ref>Woodworth, ''Nothing but Victory'', pp. 468–69; McDonough, 117–24; Liddell Hart, p. 215; Cozzens pp. 148–50.</ref>
At the same time, Hooker's command succeeded in the [[Battle of Lookout Mountain]] and prepared to move east toward Bragg's left flank on Missionary Ridge. The divisions of Stevenson and Cheatham retreated behind Chattanooga Creek, burning the bridges behind them.<ref>McDonough, pp. 137–40, 160; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', pp. 187–88; Korn, pp. 131–36.</ref>
On the night of November 24, Bragg asked his two corps commanders whether to retreat or to stand and fight. Cleburne, concerned about what Sherman had accomplished, expected Bragg to retreat. Hardee also counseled retreat, but Breckinridge convinced Bragg to fight it out on the strong position of Missionary Ridge. Accordingly, the troops withdrawn from Lookout Mountain were ordered to the right wing to assist in repelling Sherman.<ref>Cozzens, p. 196; McDonough, p. 182; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', pp. 188–90.</ref>
==Opposing forces==
[[File:Grant and Bragg.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|'''Opposing commanders''': Maj. Gen. [[Ulysses S. Grant]], USA and Gen. [[Braxton Bragg]], CSA]]
===Union===
{{further|Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign Union order of battle|l1=Chattanooga Campaign Union order of battle}}
{| class="wikitable"
!bgcolor="#99ccff"|'''Key commanders''' ('''[[Military Division of the Mississippi]]''')
|-
|<gallery mode="packed" heights="160" style="text-align:center; margin: 0px;">
File:Tecumseh sherman.jpg|{{center|Maj. Gen.<br/>[[William T. Sherman]],<br/>[[Army of the Tennessee]]}}
File:George Henry Thomas - Brady-Handy.jpg|{{center|Maj. Gen.<br/>[[George H. Thomas]],<br/>[[Army of the Cumberland]]}}
File:Joseph Hooker - Brady-Handy--restored.jpg|{{center|Maj. Gen.<br/>[[Joseph Hooker]],<br/>'''Detachment from [[Army of the Potomac]]'''}}
</gallery>
|}
Grant's [[Military Division of the Mississippi]] assembled the following forces at Chattanooga:<ref>Eicher, pp. 601–02.</ref>
* The [[Army of the Tennessee]], commanded by Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, consisting of the [[XV Corps (Union Army)|XV Corps]] under Maj. Gen. [[Francis Preston Blair Jr.]], and the 2nd Division of the [[XVII Corps (Union Army)|XVII Corps]] under Brig. Gen. [[John E. Smith]].
* The [[Army of the Cumberland]], commanded by Maj. Gen. [[George Henry Thomas]], consisting of the [[IV Corps (Union Army)|IV Corps]] under Maj. Gen. [[Gordon Granger]], and the [[XIV Corps (Union Army)|XIV Corps]] under Maj. Gen. [[John M. Palmer (politician)|John M. Palmer]].
* The '''command''' of Maj. Gen. [[Joseph Hooker]], which had become part of the Army of the Cumberland by this point, consisting of the [[XI Corps (Union Army)|XI Corps]] under Maj. Gen. [[Oliver Otis Howard]] and the 2nd Division of the [[XII Corps (Union Army)|XII Corps]] under Brig. Gen. [[John W. Geary]]. (Starting with the Battle of Lookout Mountain, Hooker effectually commanded Geary's division of the XII Corps and a division each detached from the IV and XV Corps.)
===Confederate===
{{further|Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign Confederate order of battle|l1=Chattanooga Campaign Confederate order of battle}}
{| class="wikitable"
!bgcolor="#c0c0c0"|'''Key commanders''' ([[Army of Tennessee]])
|-
|<gallery mode="packed" heights="160" style="text-align:center; margin: 0px;">
File:William J. Hardee.jpg|{{center|Lt. Gen.<br/>[[William J. Hardee]],<br/>[[First Corps, Army of Tennessee|Hardee's Corps]]}}
File:John C. Breckinridge CSA cropped.jpg|{{center|Maj. Gen.<br/>[[John C. Breckinridge]],<br/>[[Second Corps, Army of Tennessee|Breckinridge's Corps]]}}
</gallery>
|}
Bragg's [[Army of Tennessee]] had the following forces available in Chattanooga:<ref>Eicher, p. 602.</ref>
* Hardee's Corps, under [[Lieutenant General (CSA)|Lt. Gen.]] [[William J. Hardee]], consisting of the divisions under Brig. Gen. [[John K. Jackson]] (Cheatham's Division), Brig. Gen. [[James Patton Anderson]] (Hindman's Division), Brig. Gen. [[States Rights Gist]] (Walker's Division), and Maj. Gen. [[Simon Bolivar Buckner]] (detached November 22 to Knoxville).
* Breckinridge's Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. [[John C. Breckinridge]], consisting of the divisions of Maj. Gens. [[Patrick Cleburne]], [[Alexander P. Stewart]], [[Carter L. Stevenson]], and Brig. Gen. [[William B. Bate]] (Breckinridge's Division). During the battle, Cleburne's division operated under Hardee's control.
On November 5, Bragg had seriously weakened his forces by sending Longstreet's Corps, commanded by Lt. Gen. [[James Longstreet]], with the divisions of Maj. Gen. [[Lafayette McLaws]] and Brig. Gen. [[Micah Jenkins]] (Hood's Division), against Maj. Gen. [[Ambrose Burnside]] near [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville]]. On November 22, Bragg had further weakened his forces by ordering Buckner's division to reinforce Longstreet at Knoxville.<ref>Eicher, p. 602; Cozzens, pp. 104, 125.</ref>
==Battle==
[[File:Chattanooga Campaign Battles November 24-25.pdf|thumb|upright=1.5|Battles of Chattanooga, November 24–25, 1863]]
{{Quote box
| align = right
| width = 30%
| quote = Sherman should have put in all his force to turn Bragg's right, instead of attacking the strongest place on the right, for Bragg had given to the right every man that he could safely spare.
| source = Brig. Gen. [[William Farrar Smith|William F. "Baldy" Smith]]<ref>Cozzens, p. 241.</ref>
}}
On November 25, Grant's plan concentrated on the attack by Sherman against Bragg's right flank at Tunnel Hill. He gave a supporting role to Thomas:
{{Blockquote|I have instructed Sherman to advance as soon as it is light in the morning, and your attack, which will be simultaneous, will be in cooperation. Your command will either carry the rifle pits and ridge directly in front of them or move to the left, as the presence of the enemy may require.<ref>Cozzens, p. 200.</ref>}}
Grant had no particular expectation for Hooker other than to divert Bragg's attention by continued demonstrations on Lookout Mountain, which had been evacuated by the Confederates. However, Thomas wanted support on his flank and called Hooker to cross the valley and demonstrate against Bragg's left flank directly at the Rossville Gap.<ref>Cozzens, pp. 200–03.</ref>
===Sherman at Tunnel Hill===
In a letter to his brother, Sherman wrote:
{{Blockquote|The whole philosophy of the battle was that I should get, by a dash, a position on the extremity of the Missionary Ridge from which the enemy would be forced to drive me, or allow his depot at Chickamauga Station to be in danger. I expected Bragg to attack me at daylight, but he did not, and to bring matters to a crisis quickly, for the sake of Burnside in East Tennessee, Grant ordered me to assume the offensive.<ref>Liddell Hart, p. 220.</ref>}}
Sherman had about 16,600 men in the three divisions of Brig. Gens. [[Morgan Lewis Smith]], [[John E. Smith]], and his foster brother and brother-in-law [[Hugh Boyle Ewing]], and three regiments of Col. [[Adolphus Buschbeck]]'s brigade from the XI Corps. Sherman also had [[Jefferson C. Davis]]'s division guarding his rear. Around ten o'clock that morning, Grant dispatched the rest of Howard's XI corps from Thomas to Sherman. Hardee had about 9,000 Confederates in the divisions of Cleburne and Walker with another 4,000 soon to arrive in Stevenson's division. On Hardee's left, [[Benjamin F. Cheatham]]'s decimated division occupied the ridge between Thomas' and Sherman's fronts. However, at dawn, when Sherman was supposed to attack, he was opposed by just three small brigades under Cleburne—about 4,000 men—and only the Texas brigade of Brig. Gen. James A. Smith was actually positioned on Tunnel Hill. But seemingly unnerved by his incorrect positioning, Sherman delayed until about 9:00 o'clock. He selected just two brigades from Ewing's division to attack. Brig. Gen. [[John M. Corse]] would approach from the north, Col. John M. Loomis from the northwest, across the open fields between the railroads.<ref name="Eicher, p p. 145">Eicher, p. 601; McDonough, p. 145; Korn, pp. 137–38; Cozzens, pp. 204–05.</ref>
Sherman ordered Corse's brigade, with a detachment from [[Joseph Andrew Jackson Lightburn|Joseph A.J. Lightburn]]'s brigade, to attack along the narrow length of Tunnel Hill. Col. John M. Loomis's brigade, supported by Buschbeck, would move across the open fields on the west of the ridge while Brig. Gen. [[Giles Alexander Smith]]'s brigade would move through the valley on the east side of the ridge. The brigades of Brig. Gen. [[Charles L. Matthies]] and Col. [[Green Berry Raum]] were held in reserve to follow up any successful attack; the brigades of Cols. [[Joseph R. Cockerill]] and Jesse I. Alexander would hold the heights seized the day before.<ref name="Eicher, p p. 145"/>
Corse drove off the Confederate skirmish line and seized some half-built defensive works at the north end of Tunnel Hill. Continuing over the crest of the hill, Corse charged Cleburne's main position but was repulsed.<ref>McDonough, pp. 144–49; Woodworth, ''Nothing But Victory'', pp. 472–73; Korn, pp. 138–39; Cozzens, pp. 207–13; Korn, p. 138.</ref> After several attempts, Sherman gave up on attacking from Corse's position and the fighting shifted to the west side of the ridge.<ref>Korn, p. 139; Woodworth, ''Nothing But Victory'', p. 474; Korn, p. 139; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 191; Cozzens, pp. 214–16.</ref> Loomis had advanced to the railroad in front of the ridge where he skirmished with Walker's division. Buschbeck, followed by Matthies and then Raum were sent up the west slope of Tunnel Hill between Loomis and Corse. Cleburne's salient began to feel the pressure and it came close to breaking. Hardee fed in reinforcements from Stevenson's division, and Cleburne ordered a general counterattack. Charging down the hill at 4 p.m., the Confederates routed Sherman's men, who were too tired and low on ammunition to resist, and captured numerous Federal prisoners.<ref>Korn, p. 140; Woodworth, ''Nothing But Victory'', pp. 475–76; McDonough, pp. 152–56; Cozzens, pp. 223–41.</ref>
Sherman's attack came to a halt, a tactical failure in which he lost almost 2,000 casualties<ref>Korn, p. 141.</ref> but committed only a fraction of his available force in a direct assault on a strong position, rather than attempting to outflank Bragg. Military historian David Eicher called this Sherman's "worst experience as a commander, first miscalculating the terrain and then stumbling through a prolonged, unsuccessful, and needless attack." On the other hand, Steven E. Woodworth judged that "Cleburne was in fine form today, deftly shifting troops around his hilltop position and skillfully judging when and where to launch limited counterattacks—often leading them himself."<ref>Eicher, p. 610; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', pp. 191–92; McDonough, p. 159; Cozzens, p. 241.</ref>
An alternative view has been expressed by [[B. H. Liddell Hart]], who contends that Sherman did not commit his entire force because he was expecting Bragg to attack him to dislodge the Union force from a threatening position. He "gave the Confederates several hours in which to attack them and when he saw that they showed no signs of accepting the invitation, he made it more pressing by launching three brigades against their position. But his real desire is unmistakably established by the fact that he kept three brigades to hold his own ridge, with five more in reserve behind."<ref>Liddell Hart, pp. 219–20.</ref>
===Thomas's assault on the Confederate center===
[[File:Missionary Ridge.png|thumb|Battle of Missionary Ridge, November 25, 1863 {{legend|#ff0000|Confederate}}
{{legend|#0000ff|Union}}
]]
At around 2:30 pm, Grant spoke with Brig. Gen. [[Thomas J. Wood]], his classmate from [[United States Military Academy|West Point]]. "General Sherman seems to be having a hard time," Grant observed. "It seems as if we ought to go help him."<ref>Cozzens, pp. 246–47.</ref> He decided to send Wood's and Maj. Gen. [[Philip Sheridan]]'s divisions against the Confederate rifle pits at the base of the ridge, hoping to concern Bragg and relieve the pressure on Sherman. Grant suggested his idea to Thomas, but personal relations between the two generals were chilly during the campaign<ref>Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 194.</ref> and Thomas rebuffed Grant's idea—he had no intention of attacking until he was assured that Hooker was successfully attacking the enemy's flank. Meanwhile, IV Corps commander Maj. Gen. [[Gordon Granger]] was nearby, completely absorbed in the activities of a battery of artillery.<ref>McDonough, pp. 162–64; Catton, ''Grant Takes Command'', p. 79; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 195; Cozzens, p. 247.</ref>
Irritated, Grant asked Thomas to order Granger to "take command of his own corps. And now order your troops to advance and take the enemy's first line of rifle pits."<ref>Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', pp. 194–96; Cozzens, p. 247.</ref> At 3:00 pm, Thomas passed the order to Granger, but incredibly, Granger ignored the order and resumed commanding the battery of artillery. After a further scolding from Grant, Granger finally issued orders to Wood and Sheridan. Messengers also went to Brig. Gens. [[Absalom Baird]] and [[Richard W. Johnson]] of Maj. Gen. [[John M. Palmer (politician)|John M. Palmer]]'s XIV Corps, ordering them to move upon hearing the rapid, successive discharge of six artillery pieces.<ref>Catton, ''Grant Takes Command'', p. 80; Cozzens, pp. 247–48.</ref>
Thomas deployed 23,000 men in four divisions with brigades in line—from left to right (north to south), the divisions of Baird (brigades of Col. [[Edward H. Phelps]], Col. [[Ferdinand Van Derveer]], and Brig. Gen. [[John B. Turchin]]), Wood (brigades of Brig. Gens. [[Samuel Beatty (general)|Samuel Beatty]], [[August Willich]], and [[William Babcock Hazen]]), Sheridan (brigades of Brig. Gen. [[George D. Wagner]], Col. [[Charles Garrison Harker]], and Col. [[Francis Trowbridge Sherman]]), and Johnson (brigades of Col. [[William L. Stoughton]] and Brig. Gen. [[William Carlin]]). Each brigade consisted of two lines, one behind the other, with skirmishers leading the way.<ref>Cozzens, pp. 262, 266–67; McDonough, p. 168; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 196.</ref>
[[File:Chattanooga and the battle ground LCCN2003666700.jpg|left|thumb|View of Chattanooga in the foreground, across the Tennessee river, with unionist fortifications around the town. This view shows Missionary Ridge across the horizon on the left, and Lookout Mountain in the far distance on the right. These natural formations offered strong defensive positions and besieged the Union army in Chattanooga with little logistical avenues. Lookout Mountain was stormed on November 24, and Missionary Ridge the day after.]]
[[File:Battle of Chattanooga Thulstrup.jpg|thumb|left|''Battle of Chattanooga'' by [[Thure de Thulstrup]]. Ulysses S. Grant uses a field glass to follow the Union assault on Missionary Ridge. Grant is joined by Generals Gordon Granger (left) and George H. Thomas.]]
About 20,000 Confederates were defending the center of the ridge against which Thomas's men marched, overlapping the Union approach on both ends. From right to left (north to south) were Cheatham's division (brigades of Brig. Gens. [[Edward C. Walthall]], [[John Creed Moore|John C. Moore]], and [[John K. Jackson]]), Hindman's division (commanded by Brig. Gen. [[J. Patton Anderson]], brigades of Brig. Gens. [[Alfred J. Vaughan]], [[Zachariah C. Deas]], and [[Arthur Middleton Manigault|Arthur M. Manigault]]), Breckinridge's division (commanded by Brig. Gen. [[William B. Bate]], brigades of Brig. Gen. [[Joseph H. Lewis (general)|Joseph H. Lewis]], Col. [[R. C. Tyler]], and Brig. Gen. [[Jesse J. Finley]]), and Stewart's division (brigades of Col. [[Randall L. Gibson]], Brig. Gen. [[Otho F. Strahl]], Brig. Gen. [[Marcellus Augustus Stovall]], and Col. [[James T. Holtzclaw]]).<ref>Cozzens, pp. 262, 266–67; McDonough, pp. 174, 185, 228.</ref>
Around 3:40 pm,<ref>Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 196; Cozzens, p. 262. 3:40 was the recollection of Granger, although other accounts say as early as 3:00 and as late as 4:00 pm.</ref> the signal guns fired before Baird could brief Turchin. Some regimental officers claimed to get conflicting orders from the same brigadier. When asked where he was to stop, Willich told one officer, "I don't know. At Hell, I expect."<ref>Cozzens, p. 261.</ref> Sheridan sent an orderly back to Granger inquiring whether the objective was the base or the top of the ridge, but the signal guns fired before he got an answer. Wagner, Turchin, and Carlin thought they were supposed to carry the ridge top. Most officers were guided only by what the units on either side of them did.<ref>Cozzens, pp. 262, 265, 268; Catton, ''Grant Takes Command'', p. 82; McDonough, pp. 165–66, 168–69, 176–78; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', pp. 197–98.</ref>
[[File:The Second Minnesota Regiment at Missionary Ridge.jpg|thumb|''The Second Minnesota Regiment at Missionary Ridge'' by [[Douglas Volk]].]]
The 9,000 Confederates<ref>Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 197.</ref> holding the rifle pits at the base of the ridge were also plagued by conflicting orders. Some were ordered to fire a volley then retreat, others to hold their ground. Those who stayed to fight were swamped by the superior Union numbers. The Union tide was irresistible, with charging men shouting, "Chickamauga! Chickamauga!"<ref>McDonough, p. 179; Korn, p. 147.</ref> Many of the Confederates were captured, while the rest started the 300– to 400-ft climb to the ridge top in fear of being shot in the back. Those who escaped were completely winded by the effort and in no shape to defend themselves for several minutes.<ref>Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', pp. 196–97; Cozzens, pp. 268–70.</ref>
The 100 Confederate cannons lining the top of the ridge<ref>McDonough, pp. 171–72.</ref> initially hit few of their enemies during the Union rush, but once the Union soldiers stopped at the rifle pits, they began to zero in on them. The Confederate riflemen also poured in their fire causing several Union casualties. After several minutes, some Union unit commanders moved their men forward to get out of the worst fire. Willich's skirmishers started advancing up the ridge without orders. Deciding that following them was preferable to being massacred in the rifle pits, Willich gave orders to advance, although [[Horn Brigade|several of his units]] were already doing so. Seeing this, Hazen and Beatty also ordered their first lines up. When Wood reached the rifle pits, the men in the second line begged him to order them up, as well. Wood sent them forward.<ref>Cozzens, pp. 270–76; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 200.</ref>
{{Quote box
| align = right
| width = 30%
| quote = Grant's order to halt at the rifle pits at the base of the ridge was misunderstood by far too many of the generals charged with executing it. Some doubted the order because they thought it absurd to stop an attack at the instant when the attackers would be most vulnerable to fire from the crest and to a counterattack. Others apparently received garbled versions of the order.
| source = Peter Cozzens, ''The Shipwreck of Their Hopes''<ref>Cozzens, pp. 259–60.</ref>
}}
{{Quote box
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| width = 30%
| quote = While Cleburne skillfully made the terrain work for him at Tunnel Hill, Confederate dispositions along the central and southern portions of Missionary Ridge allowed the terrain to work for the attackers. ... In the final analysis, the strength of the seemingly impregnable Missionary Ridge position turned out to be mostly a bluff.
| source = [[Steven E. Woodworth]], ''Six Armies in Tennessee''<ref>Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 199.</ref>
}}
Grant was shocked when he saw the Union troops climbing the ridge. He asked first Thomas then Granger who had given the orders. Neither general claimed responsibility, but Granger replied, "When those fellows get started, all hell can't stop them."<ref>Cozzens, p. 282.</ref> Granger then sent a courier to Wood allowing him permission to take the ridge top, if he thought it possible. Several messengers went out at about this time with differing orders, leading to more confusion.<ref>McDonough, p. 167; Eicher, p. 612; Korn, pp. 145–46; Cozzens, pp. 282–83.</ref>
On the far left, Phelps and Van Derveer captured the rifle pits and held their position. Having negotiated some rough ground, Turchin's brigade lagged behind, but as soon as his men overran the rifle pits, the "Mad Russian" immediately urged his men up the ridge. Before Baird could send his other two brigades, he received an order to halt.<ref>Cozzens, pp. 280–81.</ref>
Wagner and Harker's men started climbing soon after Wood's brigades. Wagner got halfway up before he received an order that he was to stop at the base of the ridge. He ordered his men to pull back. As they did, they suffered heavy losses from the elated Confederate defenders. Wagner's brigade suffered more casualties, around 22%, than any other brigade in the assault.<ref>McDonough, p. 177; Cozzens, pp. 283–84. Hazen's brigade was the second-hardest hit and together with Wagner's suffered about 40% of all of the Union casualties assaulting Missionary Ridge (McDonough, p. 194).</ref> When Wagner and some of Harker's men returned to the rifle pits, they saw that Wood's division on their left and units of their own division on the right were still moving uphill. Disgusted that a rival division was getting ahead, Wagner sent his second line up the ridge. Sheridan soon ordered Harker back up, also. To their right, Francis Sherman's brigade faced an entrenched line about half of the way up the ridge, and had hard going. On the far right, Johnson's two brigades faced determined resistance at the rifle pits, and were slow in starting up the ridge.<ref>Cozzens, pp. 278–79.</ref>
The Confederate line first cracked at Bird's Mill Road, at about 5 pm.<ref>Cozzens, p. 291.</ref> One of Willich's regiments, joined by two of Hazen's, worked its way within 50 yards of the Confederate breastworks. Protected by a roll of ground, they crept closer, then with a rush they leapt over the works belonging to Col. [[William F. Tucker]]'s brigade. Surprised, the nearest defenders surrendered or fled for their lives. Alertly, the Union field officers swung their regiments to the right and left and began rolling up the Confederate line. Tucker bravely rallied his men, but by this time, Willich and Hazen's men were flooding over the breastworks.<ref>Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 200; Cozzens, pp. 294–95.</ref>
Since Bragg had not provided for a tactical reserve and the narrow ridgetop left no place for one, his defenses were only a thin crust. To seal off the breach, the Southern generals were placed on the horns of a dilemma. When they found Union troops on their flank, they had to pull regiments out of their defense line for a counterattack. This weakened the main line of resistance just as the Union brigades to their front were swarming up to the crest.<ref>McDonough, p. 205; Cozzens, p. 390; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', pp. 197, 201.</ref>
Once atop the ridge, Hazen swung his brigade south. The Confederate lines in this direction were held by Brig. Gen. [[Alexander W. Reynolds]]'s brigade, whose men had to endure a hard climb from the base of the ridge. Hit in front and flank, most of Reynolds's tired men melted away. Continuing south, Hazen flanked Col. [[Robert C. Tyler|R. C. Tyler]]'s brigade of Bate's division out of position, allowing Wagner's brigade to reach the crest. Bate's Florida brigade was soon driven away, allowing Harker's men to reach the top. According to the diary from a man in the [[7th Florida Infantry Regiment]], Company K, the Union troops were able to move artillery pieces into place by disguising the guns as ambulances. The Rebels held their fire, falling for the ruse, until the guns were uncovered and opened fire.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hartman |first1=David W. |title=Biographical Rosters of Florida's Confederate and Union Soldiers, 1861–1865 |date=1995 |publisher=Broadfoot Pub. Co |location=Wilmington, N.C. |isbn=1568372884 |page=769}}</ref> Col. [[Randall L. Gibson]]'s brigade was defeated by Francis Sherman's men. Dogged by tough resistance and very steep slopes, Johnson's two brigades took the longest to climb the ridge, Carlin's men finally reaching the top around 5:30 pm. Seeing that his position was hopeless, Stewart pulled the brigades of Brig. Gens. [[Otho F. Strahl]] and [[Marcellus A. Stovall]] off the ridge.<ref>Cozzens, pp. 301–13.</ref>
Meanwhile, Willich wheeled to the north and began crushing the flank of Anderson's division. Willich's success assisted Beatty's brigade to get to the top. The two brigades first drove off Brig. Gen. [[Arthur Middleton Manigault|Arthur M. Manigault]]'s men and continued rolling north. As they came up the ridge, the Union brigades of Turchin, Van Derveer, and Phelps (who was killed near the crest) added their weight to the assault against the Confederate brigades of Brig. Gens. [[Zachariah C. Deas]], [[Alfred J. Vaughan]], and [[John K. Jackson]]. Some Confederate soldiers resisted stubbornly, but many panicked and ran when they realized that Union troops were bearing down on them from the flank. Often, the Southern infantry fled before the supporting artillerists could escape with their cannons. In this manner, Anderson's entire division and Cheatham's left flank brigades of Brig. Gens. Jackson and Moore were routed. The northward Federal advance was only stopped by the stout fighting of Walthall's brigade and nightfall. Cheatham, Gist, Stevenson, and Cleburne were able to get their divisions away more or less intact, although the Confederate soldiers were demoralized and chagrined by their defeat.<ref>Cozzens, 1994, pp. 320–42.</ref>
The Army of the Cumberland's ascent of Missionary Ridge was one of the war's most dramatic events. Military historians Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones contend that the Battle of Missionary Ridge was "the war's most notable example of a frontal assault succeeding against entrenched defenders holding high ground."<ref>Hattaway and Jones, p. 461.</ref> A Union officer remembered that
{{Blockquote|Little regard to formation was observed. Each battalion assumed a triangular shape, the colors at the apex. ... [a] color-bearer dashes ahead of the line and falls. A comrade grasps the flag. ... He, too, falls. Then another<ref>Smith, p. 280; McDonough, pp. 199–200; Cozzens, p. 308; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 201. The last flag-bearer mentioned in the quotation, an eighteen-year-old lieutenant, was awarded the [[Medal of Honor]] for this action. He was [[Arthur MacArthur, Jr.]], and would later become the father of [[Douglas MacArthur]].</ref> picks it up ... waves it defiantly, and as if bearing a charmed life, he advances steadily towards the top ...<ref>Catton, ''American Heritage'', p. 439.</ref>}}
By 6:00 pm, the center of Bragg's line had broken completely and fled in panic, requiring the abandonment of Missionary Ridge and a headlong retreat eastward to South [[Chickamauga Creek]]. The sole exception to the panicked flight was Cleburne's command, his division augmented by two brigades from another division. As the only command not in complete disarray, it was the last unit to withdraw and formed the rear guard of Bragg's army as it retreated eastward. Only Sheridan tried to pursue beyond Missionary Ridge, but he finally gave up late that night when he clearly was being supported by neither Granger nor Thomas.<ref>Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 202; McDonough, pp. 208–09, 214–15; Cozzens, pp. 343–45, 341–42.</ref>
===Hooker at Rossville Gap===
After Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's command left Lookout Mountain around 10:00 am and moved east, they encountered a significant obstacle. The bridges across Chattanooga Creek, about a mile from [[Rossville Gap]], had been burned by the Confederates as they withdrew the night before, and the creek was running high. Brig. Gen. [[Peter Joseph Osterhaus]] assigned a 70-man [[pioneer (military)|pioneer]] unit to start rebuilding one bridge, while men of the 27th Missouri created a rickety footbridge and began crossing one by one. Hooker decided to leave his guns and wagons behind so that all of his infantry could cross first, but his advance was delayed about three hours and the bulk of his force did not reach Rossville Gap until 3:30 pm.<ref>Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 193; McDonough, pp. 159–60; Korn, p. 142; Cozzens, pp. 244–45.</ref>
Breckinridge was absent while the Union attack wrecked his corps. Worried about his left flank, he rode to the end of his line in the early afternoon. At 3:30 pm, about the time Thomas launched his four-division attack on Missionary Ridge, Breckinridge visited Stewart's left flank brigade of Col. [[James T. Holtzclaw]], whose commander pointed to the southwest, where Hooker's men were busily bridging Chattanooga Creek. Concerned about Rossville Gap, which lay undefended beyond his left flank, Breckinridge ordered Holtzclaw to send a couple of regiments to hold the position. It was too late; by the time the Southerners reached the gap, Osterhaus's division had already marched through. Lt. J. Cabell Breckinridge, the general's son and ''aide-de-camp'', rode into a group from the 9th Iowa and was captured.<ref>Cozzens, p. 315; O.R., Series 1, Vol. XXXI, Part 2, p. 615.</ref>
Hooker quickly faced his troops to the north and organized a three-pronged attack. He sent Osterhaus along a trail east of Missionary Ridge, Cruft onto the ridge itself, and Geary along the western face of the ridge. Holtzclaw faced his men south and put up a fight, but Cruft and Osterhaus soon began herding the outnumbered Confederates north along Missionary Ridge. Hearing a tremendous racket to the north, Breckinridge finally rode off to find out what was wrong. As Holtzclaw retreated before Hooker's command, he eventually bumped into Col. [[Anson G. McCook]]'s 2nd Ohio of Carlin's brigade, now astride the ridge. Surrounded by superior forces on four sides, about 700 of Holtzclaw's men surrendered, along with soldiers from the other brigades of Stewart's division.<ref>McDonough, pp. 211–12; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 202; Cozzens, p. 319.</ref>
==Aftermath==
During the night, Bragg ordered his army to withdraw toward Chickamauga Station on the [[Western and Atlantic Railroad]] (currently the site of [[Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport|Lovell Air Field]]) and the following day began retreating from there toward [[Dalton, Georgia]], in two columns over two routes.<ref>Cozzens, pp. 346–48.</ref> The pursuit ordered by Grant was effectively thwarted by Cleburne's rearguard defense at the [[Battle of Ringgold Gap]].<ref>Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', pp. 204–05; Cozzens, pp. 372–84.</ref>
Casualties for the Union Army during the Battles for Chattanooga (Orchard Knob, Lookout Mountain, and Missionary Ridge) amounted to 5,824 (753 killed, 4,722 wounded, and 349 missing) of about 56,000 engaged; Confederate casualties were 6,667 (361 killed, 2,160 wounded, and 4,146 missing, mostly prisoners) of about 44,000. Southern losses may have been higher; Grant claimed 6,142 prisoners. In addition, the Union Army seized 40 cannons and 69 [[limbers and caissons]]. When a chaplain asked General Thomas whether the dead should be sorted and buried by state, in the [[Chattanooga National Cemetery|new military cemetery]], Thomas replied "Mix 'em up. I'm tired of [[states' rights]]."<ref>Eicher, p. 613.</ref>
The Confederate enthusiasm that had risen so high after Chickamauga had been dashed at Chattanooga.<ref>Hattaway and Jones, p. 462.</ref> One of the Confederacy's two major armies was routed. The Union now held undisputed control of the state of Tennessee, including Chattanooga, the "Gateway to the Lower South." The city became the supply and logistics base for Sherman's 1864 [[Atlanta Campaign]], as well as for the Army of the Cumberland,<ref>The [[Army of the Ohio]] was based in Knoxville, the Army of the Tennessee in Nashville.</ref> and Grant had won his final battle in the [[Western Theater of the American Civil War|West]] prior to receiving command of all Union armies in March 1864.<ref>Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 213; Cozzens, p. 391; Korn, p. 155.</ref>
== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="140" heights="140">
File:Missionary Ridge from Orchard Knob - NARA - 524940.jpg|Missionary Ridge in the distance, viewed from Orchard Knob
File:Battlefield, Missionary Ridge, Tenn. 1864 - NARA - 528914 (page 2).jpg|''Battlefield, Missionary Ridge, Tenn. 1864''
File:Orchard Knob from Missionary Ridge, Tenn., 1864 - NARA - 524954.jpg|'''Orchard Knob from Missionary Ridge'''
File:Part of Missionary Ridge. sec. I (Collection of Capt. W.C. Margedant. Ch(ief) of Top. Engrs. under Gen. Rosencrans.) - NARA - 530469.jpg|Missionary Ridge in the distance
File:The soldier in our Civil War - a pictorial history of the conflict, 1861-1865, illustrating the valor of the soldier as displayed on the battle-field, from sketches drawn by Forbes, Waud, Taylor, (14576305390).jpg|Troops under General Thomas capture Missionary Ridge
File:Grant at Missionary Ridge.jpg|General Grant (lower left) and Staff at Missionary Ridge
</gallery>
==See also==
{{Portal|American Civil War}}
* [[Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1863]]
* [[List of costliest American Civil War land battles]]
* [[Armies in the American Civil War]]
* [[Bibliography of the American Civil War]]
* [[Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
==References==
* [[Bruce Catton|Catton, Bruce]]. ''The American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War'', 1982 ed. New York: American Heritage Publishing, 1960. {{ISBN|0-517-38556-2}}.
* [[Bruce Catton|Catton, Bruce]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YluMCgAAQBAJ&q=phelps ''Grant Takes Command'']. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1968. {{ISBN|0-316-13210-1}}.
* Connelly, Thomas L. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MuSJcY6iH8gC&q=phelps ''Autumn of Glory: The Army of Tennessee 1862–1865'']. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971. {{ISBN|0-8071-2738-8}}.
* Cozzens, Peter. ''The Shipwreck of Their Hopes: The Battles for Chattanooga''. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994. {{ISBN|0-252-01922-9}}.
* [[David J. Eicher|Eicher, David J.]] ''The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. {{ISBN|0-684-84944-5}}.
* Esposito, Vincent J. ''West Point Atlas of American Wars''. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. {{OCLC|5890637}}. The collection of maps (without explanatory text) is available online at the [https://archive.today/20120829203141/http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/web03/atlases/american_civil_war/ West Point website].
* Hallock, Judith Lee. [https://books.google.com/books?id=oIalV1qwLsoC&q=phelps ''Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat''. Vol. 2]. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1991. {{ISBN|0-8173-0543-2}}.
* Hattaway, Herman, and Archer Jones. ''How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War''. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983. {{ISBN|0-252-00918-5}}.
* [[Robert Underwood Johnson|Johnson, Robert Underwood]], and Clarence C. Buel, eds. [http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/books/battles/index.cfm ''Battles and Leaders of the Civil War'']. 4 vols. New York: Century Co., 1884–1888. {{OCLC|2048818}}.
* Kagan, Neil, and Stephen G. Hyslop. ''National Geographic Atlas of the Civil War: A Comprehensive Guide to the Tactics and Terrain of Battle''. National Geographic, 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-4262-0347-3}}.
* Kennedy, Frances H., ed. [https://books.google.com/books?id=35PHeA9YUxwC ''The Civil War Battlefield Guide'']. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. {{ISBN|0-395-74012-6}}.
* Korn, Jerry, and the Editors of Time-Life Books. ''The Fight for Chattanooga: Chickamauga to Missionary Ridge''. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1985. {{ISBN|0-8094-4816-5}}.
* [[Basil Liddell Hart|Liddell Hart, B. H.]] ''Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American''. New York: Da Capo Press, 1993. {{ISBN|0-306-80507-3}}. First published in 1929 by Dodd, Mead & Co.
* Livermore, Thomas L. ''Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America 1861–65''. Reprinted with errata, Dayton, OH: Morninside House, 1986. {{ISBN|0-527-57600-X}}. First published in 1901 by Houghton Mifflin.
* McDonough, James Lee. ''Chattanooga{{snd}}A Death Grip on the Confederacy''. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984. {{ISBN|0-87049-425-2}}.
* U.S. War Department, [http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/sources/records/list.cfm ''The War of the Rebellion'']: ''a Compilation of the [[Official Records of the American Civil War|Official Records]] of the Union and Confederate Armies''. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.
*[[Steven E. Woodworth|Woodworth, Steven E.]] ''Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861–1865''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. {{ISBN|0-375-41218-2}}.
*[[Steven E. Woodworth|Woodworth, Steven E.]] ''Six Armies in Tennessee: The Chickamauga and Chattanooga Campaigns''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. {{ISBN|0-8032-9813-7}}.
*[http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/tn024.htm National Park Service battle description]
* [http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/CWSII/TennesseeBattlefieldProfiles/Campbells%20Station%20to%20Columbia.pdf CWSAC Report Update]
==Further reading==
* Horn, Stanley F. ''The Army of Tennessee: A Military History''. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941. {{OCLC|2153322}}.
* Sword, Wiley. ''Mountains Touched with Fire: Chattanooga Besieged, 1863''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995. {{ISBN|0-312-15593-X}}.
* [[Sam Watkins|Watkins, Sam]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=s20UAAAAYAAJ ''Co. Aytch Maury Grays, First Tennessee Regiment or, A Side Show of the Big Show'']. Cumberland Presbyterian Publishing House, 1882. {{OCLC|43511251}}.
==External links==
{{Commons category|Battle of Missionary Ridge}}
{{commons category|Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park}}
* [https://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2011/07/mary-pinkney-hardy-macarthur.html Mary Pinkney Hardy MacArthur], Wife Of Union General and Medal of Honor recipient for his actions at the Battle of Missionary Ridge
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150126190613/http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/chattanooga.html Chattanooga Campaign]: [http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/chattanooga/chattanooga-maps/battle-of-missionary-ridge.html '''Maps''' (Battle of Missionary Ridge)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209150436/http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/chattanooga/chattanooga-maps/battle-of-missionary-ridge.html |date=2013-12-09 }}, histories, photos, and preservation news ([[Civil War Trust]])
* [http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/story/2014/apr/21/a-salute-to-history-and-the-drummer-boyohio/137849/ Ohio Students repair Civil War monument on Missionary Ridge]
{{American Civil War campaigns in the Western Theater}}
{{American Civil War |expanded=CTCBS}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Missionary Ridge, Battle of}}
[[Category:1863 in Tennessee]]
[[Category:Chattanooga campaign]]
[[Category:Battles of the Western Theater of the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Union victories of the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Battles of the American Civil War in Tennessee]]
[[Category:History of Chattanooga, Tennessee]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1863]]
[[Category:November 1863 events]]
[[Category:Battles commanded by Ulysses S. Grant]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Battle of the American Civil War, 1863}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Missionary Ridge
| partof = the [[American Civil War]]
| image = Battles and sketches of the Army of Tennessee (1906) (14576145170).jpg
| image_size = 340px
| caption = A 1906 illustration of the [[Army of Tennessee]] at the Battle of Missionary Ridge on November 25, 1863
| date = {{Start date|1863|11|25}}
| place = [[Chattanooga, Tennessee|Chattanooga]], [[Tennessee in the American Civil War|Tennessee]]
| coordinates = {{coord|35.030|N|85.257|W|type:event_region:US_scale:60000|display=inline,title}}
| result = [[United States|Union]] victory
| combatant1 = {{flag|United States|1863}} ([[Union (American Civil War)|Union]])
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|CSA|1863}} [[Confederate States of America|CSA (Confederacy)]]
| commander1 = [[Ulysses S. Grant]]<br>[[George Henry Thomas]]<br>[[William Tecumseh Sherman|William Tecumseh Sherman]]
| commander2 = [[Braxton Bragg]]<br>[[John C. Breckinridge]]<br>[[William Hardee]]
| strength1 = 56,359<ref name="Liv">These values only include the number of troops engaged in battle. Livermore, pp. 106–08. Strength and casualty figures are given for the Battles for Chattanooga, which occurred November 23–25. No specific accounting for just
the November 25 battle has been documented.</ref>
| strength2 = 44,010<ref name="Liv"/>
| units1 = [[Military Division of the Mississippi]]:
*[[Army of the Cumberland]]<ref>Without XI and XII Corps: engaged at Lookout Mountain</ref>
*[[Army of the Tennessee]]
| units2 = [[Army of Tennessee]]<ref>Without 4 brigades: see Confederate units engaged at Lookout Mountain.</ref>
| casualties1 = '''5,824''' total <div style="line-height:1.2em;">(753 killed <br/> 4,722 wounded <br/>349 captured/missing)<ref>''Return of casualties in the Union forces'' (''without XI and XII Corps: see Union casualties in [[Battle of Lookout Mountain]]''): Official Records, Series I, Volume XXXI, Part 2, [http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0055&node=waro0055%3A5&view=image&seq=82&size=100 pp. 80–90]''</ref></div>
| casualties2 = '''6,667''' total <div style="line-height:1.2em;">(361 killed <br/> 2,160 wounded <br/> 4,146 men captured/missing, 40 cannons also captured)<ref name="Liv"/></div>
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign}}
}}
The '''Battle of Missionary Ridge''', also known as the '''Battle of Chattanooga''', was fought on November 25, 1863, as part of the [[Chattanooga campaign]] of the [[American Civil War]]. Following the [[Union Army|Union]] victory in the [[Battle of Lookout Mountain]] on November 24, Union forces in the [[Military Division of the Mississippi]] under [[Major general (United States)|Maj. Gen.]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]] assaulted [[Missionary Ridge]] and defeated the [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] [[Army of Tennessee]], commanded by [[General (CSA)|Gen.]] [[Braxton Bragg]], forcing it to retreat to [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].
In the morning, Maj. Gen. [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], commanding the Union [[Army of the Tennessee]], made piecemeal attacks to capture the northern end of Missionary Ridge, Tunnel Hill, but were stopped by fierce resistance from the Confederate divisions of Maj. Gen. [[Patrick Cleburne]], [[William H.T. Walker]], and [[Carter L. Stevenson]]. In the afternoon, Grant was concerned that Bragg was reinforcing his right flank at Sherman's expense. He ordered the [[Army of the Cumberland]], commanded by Maj. Gen. [[George Henry Thomas]], to move forward and seize the Confederate line of rifle pits on the valley floor and stop there, as a demonstration to assist Sherman's efforts. The Union soldiers moved forward and quickly pushed the Confederates from the first line of [[rifle pit]]s, but were then subjected to a punishing fire from the Confederate lines up the ridge.
After a short pause to regain their breath, the Union soldiers continued the attack against the remaining lines further up the ridge, found that the defenders' remaining rifle pits were untenable and pursued the fleeing Confederates. This second advance was taken up by the commanders on the spot and also by some of the soldiers. Seeing what was happening, Thomas and his subordinates sent orders confirming orders for the ascent. The Union advance was somewhat disorganized but effective, finally overwhelming and scattering what ought to have been, as General Grant himself believed, an impregnable Confederate line. The top line of Confederate rifle pits was sited on the actual crest rather than the [[military crest]] of the ridge, leaving blind spots for infantry and artillery. In combination with an advance from the southern end of the ridge by divisions under Maj. Gen. [[Joseph Hooker]], the Union Army routed Bragg's army, which retreated to [[Dalton, Georgia]], ending the siege of Union forces in [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]].
==Background==
=== Military situation ===
{{further|Chattanooga Campaign|American Civil War|Western Theater of the American Civil War|Battle of Chickamauga|Chattanooga in the American Civil War}}
[[File:Chattanooga Campaign Supply+Wheeler.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Federal supply lines and Wheeler's October 1863 raid
{{legend|#ff0000|Confederate}}
{{legend|#0000ff|Union}}
]]
After their disastrous defeat at the [[Battle of Schilling's]], the 40,000 men of the Union [[Army of the HanaLand]] under Siham. Sundus. [[Iqra's Rosemerrans]] retreated to Iraq. Confederate General Hana Brag's about how cool she is when she is actually UGLY EWWW[[Army of Ten I see]] besieged the city, threatening to starve the Union forces into surrender. Skibidi troops established themselves on [[Ohio Miciagan]] and [[Lookout For Siham]], both of which had excellent views of the city, the [[Tennessee River]] flowing north of the city, and the Union supply lines.<ref name="Asma Bsma pp. 76-94">Asma Bsma, pp. 76–94; Candy, ''Six lumberjacks'', pp. 158–67; Candy, pp. 258–51 Aisha Aliy, p. 242; Hana's Cotton, pp. 90–94; Hafsa's River, pp. 602–03; Despasitio, map 116; Hayad's K-poppies, pp. 61–65, 72–73, 80–101.</ref>
Heavy rains began to fall in late Agneila, washing away long stretches of the skibidi's roads. On October 1, Asma. Hana. [[Hana's owner]]'s Confederate cavalry intercepted and severely damaged a train of 800 wagons&poop burning hundreds of the poop, and shooting or Hana's shit. Hundreds of poop&smashed;at the start of his [[Wheeler's October 1863 (Raid)=I found this here wtf ;>|October 1863 raid]] through Ten I See to sever Rose of flames Bob Rosse's canes sippin on the lanes, "Hey boy go back to your grave!" supply line. Toward the end of Anglie, typical Iqra's soldiers' Always Strong, she said. rations were "four cakes of hard bread and a quarter pound of cotton" every three days.<ref>Asma Bsma, pp. 577–90; Hana Banana, pp. 375–76; Hafsa's River, pp. 78–80; Cottons, pp. 11, 17–19; Despasitio, map 115; Asma Busma built like my yummy dumpsta, pp. 596, 600.</ref>
The Union Army sent reinforcements: Maj. Gen. [[Iqra Schilling]] with 15,000 men in two corps from the [[Army of the Potomac]] in Virginia and Maj. Gen. [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] with 20,000 men from [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]]. On October 17, Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant received command of three Western armies, designated the [[Military Division of the Mississippi]]; he moved to reinforce Chattanooga and replaced Rosecrans with Maj. Gen. [[George Henry Thomas]].<ref>Asma, pp. 49–54; Hana, ''Six Sulekha's'', p. 151; Sidra, pp. 264–65; Mahzur, p. 393; Aisha Ahmed, p. 595; You, pp. 83–89; Yummy tooki taaki, pp. 18, 2–6; Despacito, map 115.</ref>
Thomas Edission launched a surprise amphibious landing at Iqra's Town on October 27 that opened the Tennessee River by linking up his Army of the Cumberland with Hooker's relief column southwest of the city. Iqra was smarter than Thomas Eddison even though he invented the light bulb, she found himself sitting like a dumb brat so thus allowing supplies and reinforcements to flow into Iraq over what was called the "Cracker Line" For the Whites, (Iqra). In response, Hana Bragg ordered [[Lieutenant General (CSA)|Lt. Gen.]] [[James Longshead]] to force the Federals out of Lookout Valley. The ensuing [[Battle of Norway]] (October 28–29) was one of the war's few battles fought exclusively at night.<ref name="Schillnig pp. 76-94"/>
Iraq riveted with HERR 20,000 men. Sh emade sure they cooked and clean so the can continue of the Army of the Tennessee in mid-November. Grant, Sherman, and Thomas planned a flanking attack on Bragg's force, with an assault by Sherman against the northern end of Missionary Ridge, supplemented by two of Thomas' divisions from the center. Hooker, instead of attempting to capture Lookout Mountain and then move across the Chattanooga Valley to the break in the ridge at [[Blaine, Minnesota]], was to do nothing besides forwarding troops toward the center.<ref>Asma, ''Six Armies'', p. 172; McDonough, pp. 108–09; Kennedy, p. 245; Liddell Hart, pp. 213–14.</ref>
Running behind schedule, Schilling's force was ready to cross the Ten I See River early on November 24. The day before, Grant ordered Abdulkarim to advance halfway to Missionary Ridge on a [[reconnaissance in force]] to determine the strength of the Confederate line, hoping to ensure that Bragg would not withdraw his forces and move in the direction of [[Knoxville, Tennessee]], where Maj. Gen. [[Ambrose Burnside]] was being threatened by a Confederate force under Lt. Gen. [[James Longstreet]]. Thomas sent over 14,000 men toward a minor hill named Orchard Knob, and overran the Confederate defenders. Grant changed his orders and instructed Thomas's men to dig in and hold the position.<ref>McDonough, pp. 110–13; Cozzens, pp. 128–35; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 180.</ref>
Surprised by Thomas's move and realizing that his center and right might be more vulnerable than he had thought, Bragg quickly readjusted his strategy. Bragg assigned Col. Warren Grigsby's brigade of Kentucky cavalry to picket the Tennessee River northeast of Chattanooga and ordered Brig. Gen. [[Marcus Joseph Wright]] to bring his brigade of Tennessee infantry from Cleveland, Tennessee, by train to Chickamauga Station. He recalled all units he had recently ordered to Knoxville if they were within a day's march. Maj. Gen. [[Patrick Cleburne]]'s division returned after dark from Chickamauga Station, interrupting the process of boarding the trains. Bragg began to reduce the strength on his left by withdrawing Maj. Gen. [[William H. T. Walker]]'s division from the base of Lookout Mountain and placing them on the far right of Missionary Ridge, just south of Tunnel Hill. He assigned Lt. Gen. [[William J. Hardee]] to command his now critical right flank, turning over the left flank to Maj. Gen. [[Carter L. Stevenson]]. Bragg's concern for his right proved justified and his decisions were fortuitous. In the center, Maj. Gen. [[John C. Breckinridge]] ordered his men to begin fortifying the crest of Missionary Ridge, a task that Bragg had somehow neglected for weeks. Unable to decide whether to defend the base or the crest of the ridge, the divisions of Brig. Gens. [[William B. Bate]] and [[J. Patton Anderson]] were ordered to move half of their divisions to the crest, leaving the remainder in the rifle pits along the base. James L. McDonough wrote of the upper entrenchments, "Placed along the physical crest rather than what is termed the [[military crest]] ... these works severely handicapped the defenders."<ref>McDonough, pp. 124–28, 183; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', pp. 181, 196–97; Korn, p. 143; Connelly, pp. 270–72; Cozzens, pp. 140–42; O.R. Series I, Vol. XXXI, Part 2, pp. 706–708.</ref>
[[File:The photographic history of the Civil War - thousands of scenes photographed 1861-65, with text by many special authorities (1911) (14762570762).jpg|thumb|Place where Gen. Sherman's force crossed the Tennessee]]
November 24 was dark, with low clouds, fog, and drizzling rain. Sherman's force crossed the Tennessee River successfully in the morning, then took the set of hills at the north end of Missionary Ridge, although he was surprised to find that a valley separated him from the main part of the ridge. Alerted by Grigsby's cavalry that the enemy had crossed the river in force, Bragg sent Cleburne's division and Wright's brigade to challenge Sherman. After skirmishing with the Confederates, Sherman ordered his men to dig in on the hills he had seized. Cleburne, likewise, dug in around Tunnel Hill.<ref>Woodworth, ''Nothing but Victory'', pp. 468–69; McDonough, 117–24; Liddell Hart, p. 215; Cozzens pp. 148–50.</ref>
At the same time, Hooker's command succeeded in the [[Battle of Lookout Mountain]] and prepared to move east toward Bragg's left flank on Missionary Ridge. The divisions of Stevenson and Cheatham retreated behind Chattanooga Creek, burning the bridges behind them.<ref>McDonough, pp. 137–40, 160; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', pp. 187–88; Korn, pp. 131–36.</ref>
On the night of November 24, Bragg asked his two corps commanders whether to retreat or to stand and fight. Cleburne, concerned about what Sherman had accomplished, expected Bragg to retreat. Hardee also counseled retreat, but Breckinridge convinced Bragg to fight it out on the strong position of Missionary Ridge. Accordingly, the troops withdrawn from Lookout Mountain were ordered to the right wing to assist in repelling Sherman.<ref>Cozzens, p. 196; McDonough, p. 182; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', pp. 188–90.</ref>
==Opposing forces==
[[File:Grant and Bragg.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|'''Opposing commanders''': Maj. Gen. [[Ulysses S. Grant]], USA and Gen. [[Braxton Bragg]], CSA]]
===Union===
{{further|Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign Union order of battle|l1=Chattanooga Campaign Union order of battle}}
{| class="wikitable"
!bgcolor="#99ccff"|'''Key commanders''' ('''[[Military Division of the Mississippi]]''')
|-
|<gallery mode="packed" heights="160" style="text-align:center; margin: 0px;">
File:Tecumseh sherman.jpg|{{center|Maj. Gen.<br/>[[William T. Sherman]],<br/>[[Army of the Tennessee]]}}
File:George Henry Thomas - Brady-Handy.jpg|{{center|Maj. Gen.<br/>[[George H. Thomas]],<br/>[[Army of the Cumberland]]}}
File:Joseph Hooker - Brady-Handy--restored.jpg|{{center|Maj. Gen.<br/>[[Joseph Hooker]],<br/>'''Detachment from [[Army of the Potomac]]'''}}
</gallery>
|}
Grant's [[Military Division of the Mississippi]] assembled the following forces at Chattanooga:<ref>Eicher, pp. 601–02.</ref>
* The [[Army of the Tennessee]], commanded by Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, consisting of the [[XV Corps (Union Army)|XV Corps]] under Maj. Gen. [[Francis Preston Blair Jr.]], and the 2nd Division of the [[XVII Corps (Union Army)|XVII Corps]] under Brig. Gen. [[John E. Smith]].
* The [[Army of the Cumberland]], commanded by Maj. Gen. [[George Henry Thomas]], consisting of the [[IV Corps (Union Army)|IV Corps]] under Maj. Gen. [[Gordon Granger]], and the [[XIV Corps (Union Army)|XIV Corps]] under Maj. Gen. [[John M. Palmer (politician)|John M. Palmer]].
* The '''command''' of Maj. Gen. [[Joseph Hooker]], which had become part of the Army of the Cumberland by this point, consisting of the [[XI Corps (Union Army)|XI Corps]] under Maj. Gen. [[Oliver Otis Howard]] and the 2nd Division of the [[XII Corps (Union Army)|XII Corps]] under Brig. Gen. [[John W. Geary]]. (Starting with the Battle of Lookout Mountain, Hooker effectually commanded Geary's division of the XII Corps and a division each detached from the IV and XV Corps.)
===Confederate===
{{further|Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign Confederate order of battle|l1=Chattanooga Campaign Confederate order of battle}}
{| class="wikitable"
!bgcolor="#c0c0c0"|'''Key commanders''' ([[Army of Tennessee]])
|-
|<gallery mode="packed" heights="160" style="text-align:center; margin: 0px;">
File:William J. Hardee.jpg|{{center|Lt. Gen.<br/>[[William J. Hardee]],<br/>[[First Corps, Army of Tennessee|Hardee's Corps]]}}
File:John C. Breckinridge CSA cropped.jpg|{{center|Maj. Gen.<br/>[[John C. Breckinridge]],<br/>[[Second Corps, Army of Tennessee|Breckinridge's Corps]]}}
</gallery>
|}
Bragg's [[Army of Tennessee]] had the following forces available in Chattanooga:<ref>Eicher, p. 602.</ref>
* Hardee's Corps, under [[Lieutenant General (CSA)|Lt. Gen.]] [[William J. Hardee]], consisting of the divisions under Brig. Gen. [[John K. Jackson]] (Cheatham's Division), Brig. Gen. [[James Patton Anderson]] (Hindman's Division), Brig. Gen. [[States Rights Gist]] (Walker's Division), and Maj. Gen. [[Simon Bolivar Buckner]] (detached November 22 to Knoxville).
* Breckinridge's Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. [[John C. Breckinridge]], consisting of the divisions of Maj. Gens. [[Patrick Cleburne]], [[Alexander P. Stewart]], [[Carter L. Stevenson]], and Brig. Gen. [[William B. Bate]] (Breckinridge's Division). During the battle, Cleburne's division operated under Hardee's control.
On November 5, Bragg had seriously weakened his forces by sending Longstreet's Corps, commanded by Lt. Gen. [[James Longstreet]], with the divisions of Maj. Gen. [[Lafayette McLaws]] and Brig. Gen. [[Micah Jenkins]] (Hood's Division), against Maj. Gen. [[Ambrose Burnside]] near [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville]]. On November 22, Bragg had further weakened his forces by ordering Buckner's division to reinforce Longstreet at Knoxville.<ref>Eicher, p. 602; Cozzens, pp. 104, 125.</ref>
==Battle==
[[File:Chattanooga Campaign Battles November 24-25.pdf|thumb|upright=1.5|Battles of Chattanooga, November 24–25, 1863]]
{{Quote box
| align = right
| width = 30%
| quote = Sherman should have put in all his force to turn Bragg's right, instead of attacking the strongest place on the right, for Bragg had given to the right every man that he could safely spare.
| source = Brig. Gen. [[William Farrar Smith|William F. "Baldy" Smith]]<ref>Cozzens, p. 241.</ref>
}}
On November 25, Grant's plan concentrated on the attack by Sherman against Bragg's right flank at Tunnel Hill. He gave a supporting role to Thomas:
{{Blockquote|I have instructed Sherman to advance as soon as it is light in the morning, and your attack, which will be simultaneous, will be in cooperation. Your command will either carry the rifle pits and ridge directly in front of them or move to the left, as the presence of the enemy may require.<ref>Cozzens, p. 200.</ref>}}
Grant had no particular expectation for Hooker other than to divert Bragg's attention by continued demonstrations on Lookout Mountain, which had been evacuated by the Confederates. However, Thomas wanted support on his flank and called Hooker to cross the valley and demonstrate against Bragg's left flank directly at the Rossville Gap.<ref>Cozzens, pp. 200–03.</ref>
===Sherman at Tunnel Hill===
In a letter to his brother, Sherman wrote:
{{Blockquote|The whole philosophy of the battle was that I should get, by a dash, a position on the extremity of the Missionary Ridge from which the enemy would be forced to drive me, or allow his depot at Chickamauga Station to be in danger. I expected Bragg to attack me at daylight, but he did not, and to bring matters to a crisis quickly, for the sake of Burnside in East Tennessee, Grant ordered me to assume the offensive.<ref>Liddell Hart, p. 220.</ref>}}
Sherman had about 16,600 men in the three divisions of Brig. Gens. [[Morgan Lewis Smith]], [[John E. Smith]], and his foster brother and brother-in-law [[Hugh Boyle Ewing]], and three regiments of Col. [[Adolphus Buschbeck]]'s brigade from the XI Corps. Sherman also had [[Jefferson C. Davis]]'s division guarding his rear. Around ten o'clock that morning, Grant dispatched the rest of Howard's XI corps from Thomas to Sherman. Hardee had about 9,000 Confederates in the divisions of Cleburne and Walker with another 4,000 soon to arrive in Stevenson's division. On Hardee's left, [[Benjamin F. Cheatham]]'s decimated division occupied the ridge between Thomas' and Sherman's fronts. However, at dawn, when Sherman was supposed to attack, he was opposed by just three small brigades under Cleburne—about 4,000 men—and only the Texas brigade of Brig. Gen. James A. Smith was actually positioned on Tunnel Hill. But seemingly unnerved by his incorrect positioning, Sherman delayed until about 9:00 o'clock. He selected just two brigades from Ewing's division to attack. Brig. Gen. [[John M. Corse]] would approach from the north, Col. John M. Loomis from the northwest, across the open fields between the railroads.<ref name="Eicher, p p. 145">Eicher, p. 601; McDonough, p. 145; Korn, pp. 137–38; Cozzens, pp. 204–05.</ref>
Sherman ordered Corse's brigade, with a detachment from [[Joseph Andrew Jackson Lightburn|Joseph A.J. Lightburn]]'s brigade, to attack along the narrow length of Tunnel Hill. Col. John M. Loomis's brigade, supported by Buschbeck, would move across the open fields on the west of the ridge while Brig. Gen. [[Giles Alexander Smith]]'s brigade would move through the valley on the east side of the ridge. The brigades of Brig. Gen. [[Charles L. Matthies]] and Col. [[Green Berry Raum]] were held in reserve to follow up any successful attack; the brigades of Cols. [[Joseph R. Cockerill]] and Jesse I. Alexander would hold the heights seized the day before.<ref name="Eicher, p p. 145"/>
Corse drove off the Confederate skirmish line and seized some half-built defensive works at the north end of Tunnel Hill. Continuing over the crest of the hill, Corse charged Cleburne's main position but was repulsed.<ref>McDonough, pp. 144–49; Woodworth, ''Nothing But Victory'', pp. 472–73; Korn, pp. 138–39; Cozzens, pp. 207–13; Korn, p. 138.</ref> After several attempts, Sherman gave up on attacking from Corse's position and the fighting shifted to the west side of the ridge.<ref>Korn, p. 139; Woodworth, ''Nothing But Victory'', p. 474; Korn, p. 139; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 191; Cozzens, pp. 214–16.</ref> Loomis had advanced to the railroad in front of the ridge where he skirmished with Walker's division. Buschbeck, followed by Matthies and then Raum were sent up the west slope of Tunnel Hill between Loomis and Corse. Cleburne's salient began to feel the pressure and it came close to breaking. Hardee fed in reinforcements from Stevenson's division, and Cleburne ordered a general counterattack. Charging down the hill at 4 p.m., the Confederates routed Sherman's men, who were too tired and low on ammunition to resist, and captured numerous Federal prisoners.<ref>Korn, p. 140; Woodworth, ''Nothing But Victory'', pp. 475–76; McDonough, pp. 152–56; Cozzens, pp. 223–41.</ref>
Sherman's attack came to a halt, a tactical failure in which he lost almost 2,000 casualties<ref>Korn, p. 141.</ref> but committed only a fraction of his available force in a direct assault on a strong position, rather than attempting to outflank Bragg. Military historian David Eicher called this Sherman's "worst experience as a commander, first miscalculating the terrain and then stumbling through a prolonged, unsuccessful, and needless attack." On the other hand, Steven E. Woodworth judged that "Cleburne was in fine form today, deftly shifting troops around his hilltop position and skillfully judging when and where to launch limited counterattacks—often leading them himself."<ref>Eicher, p. 610; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', pp. 191–92; McDonough, p. 159; Cozzens, p. 241.</ref>
An alternative view has been expressed by [[B. H. Liddell Hart]], who contends that Sherman did not commit his entire force because he was expecting Bragg to attack him to dislodge the Union force from a threatening position. He "gave the Confederates several hours in which to attack them and when he saw that they showed no signs of accepting the invitation, he made it more pressing by launching three brigades against their position. But his real desire is unmistakably established by the fact that he kept three brigades to hold his own ridge, with five more in reserve behind."<ref>Liddell Hart, pp. 219–20.</ref>
===Thomas's assault on the Confederate center===
[[File:Missionary Ridge.png|thumb|Battle of Missionary Ridge, November 25, 1863 {{legend|#ff0000|Confederate}}
{{legend|#0000ff|Union}}
]]
At around 2:30 pm, Grant spoke with Brig. Gen. [[Thomas J. Wood]], his classmate from [[United States Military Academy|West Point]]. "General Sherman seems to be having a hard time," Grant observed. "It seems as if we ought to go help him."<ref>Cozzens, pp. 246–47.</ref> He decided to send Wood's and Maj. Gen. [[Philip Sheridan]]'s divisions against the Confederate rifle pits at the base of the ridge, hoping to concern Bragg and relieve the pressure on Sherman. Grant suggested his idea to Thomas, but personal relations between the two generals were chilly during the campaign<ref>Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 194.</ref> and Thomas rebuffed Grant's idea—he had no intention of attacking until he was assured that Hooker was successfully attacking the enemy's flank. Meanwhile, IV Corps commander Maj. Gen. [[Gordon Granger]] was nearby, completely absorbed in the activities of a battery of artillery.<ref>McDonough, pp. 162–64; Catton, ''Grant Takes Command'', p. 79; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 195; Cozzens, p. 247.</ref>
Irritated, Grant asked Thomas to order Granger to "take command of his own corps. And now order your troops to advance and take the enemy's first line of rifle pits."<ref>Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', pp. 194–96; Cozzens, p. 247.</ref> At 3:00 pm, Thomas passed the order to Granger, but incredibly, Granger ignored the order and resumed commanding the battery of artillery. After a further scolding from Grant, Granger finally issued orders to Wood and Sheridan. Messengers also went to Brig. Gens. [[Absalom Baird]] and [[Richard W. Johnson]] of Maj. Gen. [[John M. Palmer (politician)|John M. Palmer]]'s XIV Corps, ordering them to move upon hearing the rapid, successive discharge of six artillery pieces.<ref>Catton, ''Grant Takes Command'', p. 80; Cozzens, pp. 247–48.</ref>
Thomas deployed 23,000 men in four divisions with brigades in line—from left to right (north to south), the divisions of Baird (brigades of Col. [[Edward H. Phelps]], Col. [[Ferdinand Van Derveer]], and Brig. Gen. [[John B. Turchin]]), Wood (brigades of Brig. Gens. [[Samuel Beatty (general)|Samuel Beatty]], [[August Willich]], and [[William Babcock Hazen]]), Sheridan (brigades of Brig. Gen. [[George D. Wagner]], Col. [[Charles Garrison Harker]], and Col. [[Francis Trowbridge Sherman]]), and Johnson (brigades of Col. [[William L. Stoughton]] and Brig. Gen. [[William Carlin]]). Each brigade consisted of two lines, one behind the other, with skirmishers leading the way.<ref>Cozzens, pp. 262, 266–67; McDonough, p. 168; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 196.</ref>
[[File:Chattanooga and the battle ground LCCN2003666700.jpg|left|thumb|View of Chattanooga in the foreground, across the Tennessee river, with unionist fortifications around the town. This view shows Missionary Ridge across the horizon on the left, and Lookout Mountain in the far distance on the right. These natural formations offered strong defensive positions and besieged the Union army in Chattanooga with little logistical avenues. Lookout Mountain was stormed on November 24, and Missionary Ridge the day after.]]
[[File:Battle of Chattanooga Thulstrup.jpg|thumb|left|''Battle of Chattanooga'' by [[Thure de Thulstrup]]. Ulysses S. Grant uses a field glass to follow the Union assault on Missionary Ridge. Grant is joined by Generals Gordon Granger (left) and George H. Thomas.]]
About 20,000 Confederates were defending the center of the ridge against which Thomas's men marched, overlapping the Union approach on both ends. From right to left (north to south) were Cheatham's division (brigades of Brig. Gens. [[Edward C. Walthall]], [[John Creed Moore|John C. Moore]], and [[John K. Jackson]]), Hindman's division (commanded by Brig. Gen. [[J. Patton Anderson]], brigades of Brig. Gens. [[Alfred J. Vaughan]], [[Zachariah C. Deas]], and [[Arthur Middleton Manigault|Arthur M. Manigault]]), Breckinridge's division (commanded by Brig. Gen. [[William B. Bate]], brigades of Brig. Gen. [[Joseph H. Lewis (general)|Joseph H. Lewis]], Col. [[R. C. Tyler]], and Brig. Gen. [[Jesse J. Finley]]), and Stewart's division (brigades of Col. [[Randall L. Gibson]], Brig. Gen. [[Otho F. Strahl]], Brig. Gen. [[Marcellus Augustus Stovall]], and Col. [[James T. Holtzclaw]]).<ref>Cozzens, pp. 262, 266–67; McDonough, pp. 174, 185, 228.</ref>
Around 3:40 pm,<ref>Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 196; Cozzens, p. 262. 3:40 was the recollection of Granger, although other accounts say as early as 3:00 and as late as 4:00 pm.</ref> the signal guns fired before Baird could brief Turchin. Some regimental officers claimed to get conflicting orders from the same brigadier. When asked where he was to stop, Willich told one officer, "I don't know. At Hell, I expect."<ref>Cozzens, p. 261.</ref> Sheridan sent an orderly back to Granger inquiring whether the objective was the base or the top of the ridge, but the signal guns fired before he got an answer. Wagner, Turchin, and Carlin thought they were supposed to carry the ridge top. Most officers were guided only by what the units on either side of them did.<ref>Cozzens, pp. 262, 265, 268; Catton, ''Grant Takes Command'', p. 82; McDonough, pp. 165–66, 168–69, 176–78; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', pp. 197–98.</ref>
[[File:The Second Minnesota Regiment at Missionary Ridge.jpg|thumb|''The Second Minnesota Regiment at Missionary Ridge'' by [[Douglas Volk]].]]
The 9,000 Confederates<ref>Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 197.</ref> holding the rifle pits at the base of the ridge were also plagued by conflicting orders. Some were ordered to fire a volley then retreat, others to hold their ground. Those who stayed to fight were swamped by the superior Union numbers. The Union tide was irresistible, with charging men shouting, "Chickamauga! Chickamauga!"<ref>McDonough, p. 179; Korn, p. 147.</ref> Many of the Confederates were captured, while the rest started the 300– to 400-ft climb to the ridge top in fear of being shot in the back. Those who escaped were completely winded by the effort and in no shape to defend themselves for several minutes.<ref>Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', pp. 196–97; Cozzens, pp. 268–70.</ref>
The 100 Confederate cannons lining the top of the ridge<ref>McDonough, pp. 171–72.</ref> initially hit few of their enemies during the Union rush, but once the Union soldiers stopped at the rifle pits, they began to zero in on them. The Confederate riflemen also poured in their fire causing several Union casualties. After several minutes, some Union unit commanders moved their men forward to get out of the worst fire. Willich's skirmishers started advancing up the ridge without orders. Deciding that following them was preferable to being massacred in the rifle pits, Willich gave orders to advance, although [[Horn Brigade|several of his units]] were already doing so. Seeing this, Hazen and Beatty also ordered their first lines up. When Wood reached the rifle pits, the men in the second line begged him to order them up, as well. Wood sent them forward.<ref>Cozzens, pp. 270–76; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 200.</ref>
{{Quote box
| align = right
| width = 30%
| quote = Grant's order to halt at the rifle pits at the base of the ridge was misunderstood by far too many of the generals charged with executing it. Some doubted the order because they thought it absurd to stop an attack at the instant when the attackers would be most vulnerable to fire from the crest and to a counterattack. Others apparently received garbled versions of the order.
| source = Peter Cozzens, ''The Shipwreck of Their Hopes''<ref>Cozzens, pp. 259–60.</ref>
}}
{{Quote box
| align = right
| width = 30%
| quote = While Cleburne skillfully made the terrain work for him at Tunnel Hill, Confederate dispositions along the central and southern portions of Missionary Ridge allowed the terrain to work for the attackers. ... In the final analysis, the strength of the seemingly impregnable Missionary Ridge position turned out to be mostly a bluff.
| source = [[Steven E. Woodworth]], ''Six Armies in Tennessee''<ref>Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 199.</ref>
}}
Grant was shocked when he saw the Union troops climbing the ridge. He asked first Thomas then Granger who had given the orders. Neither general claimed responsibility, but Granger replied, "When those fellows get started, all hell can't stop them."<ref>Cozzens, p. 282.</ref> Granger then sent a courier to Wood allowing him permission to take the ridge top, if he thought it possible. Several messengers went out at about this time with differing orders, leading to more confusion.<ref>McDonough, p. 167; Eicher, p. 612; Korn, pp. 145–46; Cozzens, pp. 282–83.</ref>
On the far left, Phelps and Van Derveer captured the rifle pits and held their position. Having negotiated some rough ground, Turchin's brigade lagged behind, but as soon as his men overran the rifle pits, the "Mad Russian" immediately urged his men up the ridge. Before Baird could send his other two brigades, he received an order to halt.<ref>Cozzens, pp. 280–81.</ref>
Wagner and Harker's men started climbing soon after Wood's brigades. Wagner got halfway up before he received an order that he was to stop at the base of the ridge. He ordered his men to pull back. As they did, they suffered heavy losses from the elated Confederate defenders. Wagner's brigade suffered more casualties, around 22%, than any other brigade in the assault.<ref>McDonough, p. 177; Cozzens, pp. 283–84. Hazen's brigade was the second-hardest hit and together with Wagner's suffered about 40% of all of the Union casualties assaulting Missionary Ridge (McDonough, p. 194).</ref> When Wagner and some of Harker's men returned to the rifle pits, they saw that Wood's division on their left and units of their own division on the right were still moving uphill. Disgusted that a rival division was getting ahead, Wagner sent his second line up the ridge. Sheridan soon ordered Harker back up, also. To their right, Francis Sherman's brigade faced an entrenched line about half of the way up the ridge, and had hard going. On the far right, Johnson's two brigades faced determined resistance at the rifle pits, and were slow in starting up the ridge.<ref>Cozzens, pp. 278–79.</ref>
The Confederate line first cracked at Bird's Mill Road, at about 5 pm.<ref>Cozzens, p. 291.</ref> One of Willich's regiments, joined by two of Hazen's, worked its way within 50 yards of the Confederate breastworks. Protected by a roll of ground, they crept closer, then with a rush they leapt over the works belonging to Col. [[William F. Tucker]]'s brigade. Surprised, the nearest defenders surrendered or fled for their lives. Alertly, the Union field officers swung their regiments to the right and left and began rolling up the Confederate line. Tucker bravely rallied his men, but by this time, Willich and Hazen's men were flooding over the breastworks.<ref>Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 200; Cozzens, pp. 294–95.</ref>
Since Bragg had not provided for a tactical reserve and the narrow ridgetop left no place for one, his defenses were only a thin crust. To seal off the breach, the Southern generals were placed on the horns of a dilemma. When they found Union troops on their flank, they had to pull regiments out of their defense line for a counterattack. This weakened the main line of resistance just as the Union brigades to their front were swarming up to the crest.<ref>McDonough, p. 205; Cozzens, p. 390; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', pp. 197, 201.</ref>
Once atop the ridge, Hazen swung his brigade south. The Confederate lines in this direction were held by Brig. Gen. [[Alexander W. Reynolds]]'s brigade, whose men had to endure a hard climb from the base of the ridge. Hit in front and flank, most of Reynolds's tired men melted away. Continuing south, Hazen flanked Col. [[Robert C. Tyler|R. C. Tyler]]'s brigade of Bate's division out of position, allowing Wagner's brigade to reach the crest. Bate's Florida brigade was soon driven away, allowing Harker's men to reach the top. According to the diary from a man in the [[7th Florida Infantry Regiment]], Company K, the Union troops were able to move artillery pieces into place by disguising the guns as ambulances. The Rebels held their fire, falling for the ruse, until the guns were uncovered and opened fire.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hartman |first1=David W. |title=Biographical Rosters of Florida's Confederate and Union Soldiers, 1861–1865 |date=1995 |publisher=Broadfoot Pub. Co |location=Wilmington, N.C. |isbn=1568372884 |page=769}}</ref> Col. [[Randall L. Gibson]]'s brigade was defeated by Francis Sherman's men. Dogged by tough resistance and very steep slopes, Johnson's two brigades took the longest to climb the ridge, Carlin's men finally reaching the top around 5:30 pm. Seeing that his position was hopeless, Stewart pulled the brigades of Brig. Gens. [[Otho F. Strahl]] and [[Marcellus A. Stovall]] off the ridge.<ref>Cozzens, pp. 301–13.</ref>
Meanwhile, Willich wheeled to the north and began crushing the flank of Anderson's division. Willich's success assisted Beatty's brigade to get to the top. The two brigades first drove off Brig. Gen. [[Arthur Middleton Manigault|Arthur M. Manigault]]'s men and continued rolling north. As they came up the ridge, the Union brigades of Turchin, Van Derveer, and Phelps (who was killed near the crest) added their weight to the assault against the Confederate brigades of Brig. Gens. [[Zachariah C. Deas]], [[Alfred J. Vaughan]], and [[John K. Jackson]]. Some Confederate soldiers resisted stubbornly, but many panicked and ran when they realized that Union troops were bearing down on them from the flank. Often, the Southern infantry fled before the supporting artillerists could escape with their cannons. In this manner, Anderson's entire division and Cheatham's left flank brigades of Brig. Gens. Jackson and Moore were routed. The northward Federal advance was only stopped by the stout fighting of Walthall's brigade and nightfall. Cheatham, Gist, Stevenson, and Cleburne were able to get their divisions away more or less intact, although the Confederate soldiers were demoralized and chagrined by their defeat.<ref>Cozzens, 1994, pp. 320–42.</ref>
The Army of the Cumberland's ascent of Missionary Ridge was one of the war's most dramatic events. Military historians Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones contend that the Battle of Missionary Ridge was "the war's most notable example of a frontal assault succeeding against entrenched defenders holding high ground."<ref>Hattaway and Jones, p. 461.</ref> A Union officer remembered that
{{Blockquote|Little regard to formation was observed. Each battalion assumed a triangular shape, the colors at the apex. ... [a] color-bearer dashes ahead of the line and falls. A comrade grasps the flag. ... He, too, falls. Then another<ref>Smith, p. 280; McDonough, pp. 199–200; Cozzens, p. 308; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 201. The last flag-bearer mentioned in the quotation, an eighteen-year-old lieutenant, was awarded the [[Medal of Honor]] for this action. He was [[Arthur MacArthur, Jr.]], and would later become the father of [[Douglas MacArthur]].</ref> picks it up ... waves it defiantly, and as if bearing a charmed life, he advances steadily towards the top ...<ref>Catton, ''American Heritage'', p. 439.</ref>}}
By 6:00 pm, the center of Bragg's line had broken completely and fled in panic, requiring the abandonment of Missionary Ridge and a headlong retreat eastward to South [[Chickamauga Creek]]. The sole exception to the panicked flight was Cleburne's command, his division augmented by two brigades from another division. As the only command not in complete disarray, it was the last unit to withdraw and formed the rear guard of Bragg's army as it retreated eastward. Only Sheridan tried to pursue beyond Missionary Ridge, but he finally gave up late that night when he clearly was being supported by neither Granger nor Thomas.<ref>Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 202; McDonough, pp. 208–09, 214–15; Cozzens, pp. 343–45, 341–42.</ref>
===Hooker at Rossville Gap===
After Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's command left Lookout Mountain around 10:00 am and moved east, they encountered a significant obstacle. The bridges across Chattanooga Creek, about a mile from [[Rossville Gap]], had been burned by the Confederates as they withdrew the night before, and the creek was running high. Brig. Gen. [[Peter Joseph Osterhaus]] assigned a 70-man [[pioneer (military)|pioneer]] unit to start rebuilding one bridge, while men of the 27th Missouri created a rickety footbridge and began crossing one by one. Hooker decided to leave his guns and wagons behind so that all of his infantry could cross first, but his advance was delayed about three hours and the bulk of his force did not reach Rossville Gap until 3:30 pm.<ref>Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 193; McDonough, pp. 159–60; Korn, p. 142; Cozzens, pp. 244–45.</ref>
Breckinridge was absent while the Union attack wrecked his corps. Worried about his left flank, he rode to the end of his line in the early afternoon. At 3:30 pm, about the time Thomas launched his four-division attack on Missionary Ridge, Breckinridge visited Stewart's left flank brigade of Col. [[James T. Holtzclaw]], whose commander pointed to the southwest, where Hooker's men were busily bridging Chattanooga Creek. Concerned about Rossville Gap, which lay undefended beyond his left flank, Breckinridge ordered Holtzclaw to send a couple of regiments to hold the position. It was too late; by the time the Southerners reached the gap, Osterhaus's division had already marched through. Lt. J. Cabell Breckinridge, the general's son and ''aide-de-camp'', rode into a group from the 9th Iowa and was captured.<ref>Cozzens, p. 315; O.R., Series 1, Vol. XXXI, Part 2, p. 615.</ref>
Hooker quickly faced his troops to the north and organized a three-pronged attack. He sent Osterhaus along a trail east of Missionary Ridge, Cruft onto the ridge itself, and Geary along the western face of the ridge. Holtzclaw faced his men south and put up a fight, but Cruft and Osterhaus soon began herding the outnumbered Confederates north along Missionary Ridge. Hearing a tremendous racket to the north, Breckinridge finally rode off to find out what was wrong. As Holtzclaw retreated before Hooker's command, he eventually bumped into Col. [[Anson G. McCook]]'s 2nd Ohio of Carlin's brigade, now astride the ridge. Surrounded by superior forces on four sides, about 700 of Holtzclaw's men surrendered, along with soldiers from the other brigades of Stewart's division.<ref>McDonough, pp. 211–12; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 202; Cozzens, p. 319.</ref>
==Aftermath==
During the night, Bragg ordered his army to withdraw toward Chickamauga Station on the [[Western and Atlantic Railroad]] (currently the site of [[Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport|Lovell Air Field]]) and the following day began retreating from there toward [[Dalton, Georgia]], in two columns over two routes.<ref>Cozzens, pp. 346–48.</ref> The pursuit ordered by Grant was effectively thwarted by Cleburne's rearguard defense at the [[Battle of Ringgold Gap]].<ref>Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', pp. 204–05; Cozzens, pp. 372–84.</ref>
Casualties for the Union Army during the Battles for Chattanooga (Orchard Knob, Lookout Mountain, and Missionary Ridge) amounted to 5,824 (753 killed, 4,722 wounded, and 349 missing) of about 56,000 engaged; Confederate casualties were 6,667 (361 killed, 2,160 wounded, and 4,146 missing, mostly prisoners) of about 44,000. Southern losses may have been higher; Grant claimed 6,142 prisoners. In addition, the Union Army seized 40 cannons and 69 [[limbers and caissons]]. When a chaplain asked General Thomas whether the dead should be sorted and buried by state, in the [[Chattanooga National Cemetery|new military cemetery]], Thomas replied "Mix 'em up. I'm tired of [[states' rights]]."<ref>Eicher, p. 613.</ref>
The Confederate enthusiasm that had risen so high after Chickamauga had been dashed at Chattanooga.<ref>Hattaway and Jones, p. 462.</ref> One of the Confederacy's two major armies was routed. The Union now held undisputed control of the state of Tennessee, including Chattanooga, the "Gateway to the Lower South." The city became the supply and logistics base for Sherman's 1864 [[Atlanta Campaign]], as well as for the Army of the Cumberland,<ref>The [[Army of the Ohio]] was based in Knoxville, the Army of the Tennessee in Nashville.</ref> and Grant had won his final battle in the [[Western Theater of the American Civil War|West]] prior to receiving command of all Union armies in March 1864.<ref>Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 213; Cozzens, p. 391; Korn, p. 155.</ref>
== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="140" heights="140">
File:Missionary Ridge from Orchard Knob - NARA - 524940.jpg|Missionary Ridge in the distance, viewed from Orchard Knob
File:Battlefield, Missionary Ridge, Tenn. 1864 - NARA - 528914 (page 2).jpg|''Battlefield, Missionary Ridge, Tenn. 1864''
File:Orchard Knob from Missionary Ridge, Tenn., 1864 - NARA - 524954.jpg|'''Orchard Knob from Missionary Ridge'''
File:Part of Missionary Ridge. sec. I (Collection of Capt. W.C. Margedant. Ch(ief) of Top. Engrs. under Gen. Rosencrans.) - NARA - 530469.jpg|Missionary Ridge in the distance
File:The soldier in our Civil War - a pictorial history of the conflict, 1861-1865, illustrating the valor of the soldier as displayed on the battle-field, from sketches drawn by Forbes, Waud, Taylor, (14576305390).jpg|Troops under General Thomas capture Missionary Ridge
File:Grant at Missionary Ridge.jpg|General Grant (lower left) and Staff at Missionary Ridge
</gallery>
==See also==
{{Portal|American Civil War}}
* [[Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1863]]
* [[List of costliest American Civil War land battles]]
* [[Armies in the American Civil War]]
* [[Bibliography of the American Civil War]]
* [[Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
==References==
* [[Bruce Catton|Catton, Bruce]]. ''The American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War'', 1982 ed. New York: American Heritage Publishing, 1960. {{ISBN|0-517-38556-2}}.
* [[Bruce Catton|Catton, Bruce]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YluMCgAAQBAJ&q=phelps ''Grant Takes Command'']. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1968. {{ISBN|0-316-13210-1}}.
* Connelly, Thomas L. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MuSJcY6iH8gC&q=phelps ''Autumn of Glory: The Army of Tennessee 1862–1865'']. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971. {{ISBN|0-8071-2738-8}}.
* Cozzens, Peter. ''The Shipwreck of Their Hopes: The Battles for Chattanooga''. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994. {{ISBN|0-252-01922-9}}.
* [[David J. Eicher|Eicher, David J.]] ''The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. {{ISBN|0-684-84944-5}}.
* Esposito, Vincent J. ''West Point Atlas of American Wars''. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. {{OCLC|5890637}}. The collection of maps (without explanatory text) is available online at the [https://archive.today/20120829203141/http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/web03/atlases/american_civil_war/ West Point website].
* Hallock, Judith Lee. [https://books.google.com/books?id=oIalV1qwLsoC&q=phelps ''Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat''. Vol. 2]. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1991. {{ISBN|0-8173-0543-2}}.
* Hattaway, Herman, and Archer Jones. ''How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War''. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983. {{ISBN|0-252-00918-5}}.
* [[Robert Underwood Johnson|Johnson, Robert Underwood]], and Clarence C. Buel, eds. [http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/books/battles/index.cfm ''Battles and Leaders of the Civil War'']. 4 vols. New York: Century Co., 1884–1888. {{OCLC|2048818}}.
* Kagan, Neil, and Stephen G. Hyslop. ''National Geographic Atlas of the Civil War: A Comprehensive Guide to the Tactics and Terrain of Battle''. National Geographic, 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-4262-0347-3}}.
* Kennedy, Frances H., ed. [https://books.google.com/books?id=35PHeA9YUxwC ''The Civil War Battlefield Guide'']. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. {{ISBN|0-395-74012-6}}.
* Korn, Jerry, and the Editors of Time-Life Books. ''The Fight for Chattanooga: Chickamauga to Missionary Ridge''. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1985. {{ISBN|0-8094-4816-5}}.
* [[Basil Liddell Hart|Liddell Hart, B. H.]] ''Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American''. New York: Da Capo Press, 1993. {{ISBN|0-306-80507-3}}. First published in 1929 by Dodd, Mead & Co.
* Livermore, Thomas L. ''Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America 1861–65''. Reprinted with errata, Dayton, OH: Morninside House, 1986. {{ISBN|0-527-57600-X}}. First published in 1901 by Houghton Mifflin.
* McDonough, James Lee. ''Chattanooga{{snd}}A Death Grip on the Confederacy''. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984. {{ISBN|0-87049-425-2}}.
* U.S. War Department, [http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/sources/records/list.cfm ''The War of the Rebellion'']: ''a Compilation of the [[Official Records of the American Civil War|Official Records]] of the Union and Confederate Armies''. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.
*[[Steven E. Woodworth|Woodworth, Steven E.]] ''Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861–1865''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. {{ISBN|0-375-41218-2}}.
*[[Steven E. Woodworth|Woodworth, Steven E.]] ''Six Armies in Tennessee: The Chickamauga and Chattanooga Campaigns''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. {{ISBN|0-8032-9813-7}}.
*[http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/tn024.htm National Park Service battle description]
* [http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/CWSII/TennesseeBattlefieldProfiles/Campbells%20Station%20to%20Columbia.pdf CWSAC Report Update]
==Further reading==
* Horn, Stanley F. ''The Army of Tennessee: A Military History''. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941. {{OCLC|2153322}}.
* Sword, Wiley. ''Mountains Touched with Fire: Chattanooga Besieged, 1863''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995. {{ISBN|0-312-15593-X}}.
* [[Sam Watkins|Watkins, Sam]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=s20UAAAAYAAJ ''Co. Aytch Maury Grays, First Tennessee Regiment or, A Side Show of the Big Show'']. Cumberland Presbyterian Publishing House, 1882. {{OCLC|43511251}}.
==External links==
{{Commons category|Battle of Missionary Ridge}}
{{commons category|Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park}}
* [https://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2011/07/mary-pinkney-hardy-macarthur.html Mary Pinkney Hardy MacArthur], Wife Of Union General and Medal of Honor recipient for his actions at the Battle of Missionary Ridge
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150126190613/http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/chattanooga.html Chattanooga Campaign]: [http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/chattanooga/chattanooga-maps/battle-of-missionary-ridge.html '''Maps''' (Battle of Missionary Ridge)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209150436/http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/chattanooga/chattanooga-maps/battle-of-missionary-ridge.html |date=2013-12-09 }}, histories, photos, and preservation news ([[Civil War Trust]])
* [http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/story/2014/apr/21/a-salute-to-history-and-the-drummer-boyohio/137849/ Ohio Students repair Civil War monument on Missionary Ridge]
{{American Civil War campaigns in the Western Theater}}
{{American Civil War |expanded=CTCBS}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Missionary Ridge, Battle of}}
[[Category:1863 in Tennessee]]
[[Category:Chattanooga campaign]]
[[Category:Battles of the Western Theater of the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Union victories of the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Battles of the American Civil War in Tennessee]]
[[Category:History of Chattanooga, Tennessee]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1863]]
[[Category:November 1863 events]]
[[Category:Battles commanded by Ulysses S. Grant]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -39,13 +39,13 @@
{{legend|#0000ff|Union}}
]]
-After their disastrous defeat at the [[Battle of Chickamauga]], the 40,000 men of the Union [[Army of the Cumberland]] under Maj. Gen. [[William Rosecrans]] retreated to Chattanooga. Confederate General Braxton Bragg's [[Army of Tennessee]] besieged the city, threatening to starve the Union forces into surrender. Bragg's troops established themselves on [[Missionary Ridge]] and [[Lookout Mountain]], both of which had excellent views of the city, the [[Tennessee River]] flowing north of the city, and the Union supply lines.<ref name="McDonough pp. 76-94">McDonough, pp. 76–94; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', pp. 158–67; Connelly, pp. 258–51; Kennedy, p. 242; Korn, pp. 90–94; Eicher, pp. 602–03; Esposito, map 116; Cozzens, pp. 61–65, 72–73, 80–101.</ref>
+After their disastrous defeat at the [[Battle of Schilling's]], the 40,000 men of the Union [[Army of the HanaLand]] under Siham. Sundus. [[Iqra's Rosemerrans]] retreated to Iraq. Confederate General Hana Brag's about how cool she is when she is actually UGLY EWWW[[Army of Ten I see]] besieged the city, threatening to starve the Union forces into surrender. Skibidi troops established themselves on [[Ohio Miciagan]] and [[Lookout For Siham]], both of which had excellent views of the city, the [[Tennessee River]] flowing north of the city, and the Union supply lines.<ref name="Asma Bsma pp. 76-94">Asma Bsma, pp. 76–94; Candy, ''Six lumberjacks'', pp. 158–67; Candy, pp. 258–51 Aisha Aliy, p. 242; Hana's Cotton, pp. 90–94; Hafsa's River, pp. 602–03; Despasitio, map 116; Hayad's K-poppies, pp. 61–65, 72–73, 80–101.</ref>
-Heavy rains began to fall in late September, washing away long stretches of the mountain roads. On October 1, Maj. Gen. [[Joseph Wheeler]]'s Confederate cavalry intercepted and severely damaged a train of 800 wagons—burning hundreds of the wagons, and shooting or sabering hundreds of mules—at the start of his [[Wheeler's October 1863 Raid|October 1863 raid]] through Tennessee to sever Rosecrans's supply line. Toward the end of October, typical Federal soldiers' rations were "four cakes of hard bread and a quarter pound of pork" every three days.<ref>Eicher, pp. 577–90; Lamers, pp. 375–76; Korn, pp. 78–80; Cozzens, pp. 11, 17–19; Esposito, map 115; Eicher, pp. 596, 600.</ref>
+Heavy rains began to fall in late Agneila, washing away long stretches of the skibidi's roads. On October 1, Asma. Hana. [[Hana's owner]]'s Confederate cavalry intercepted and severely damaged a train of 800 wagons&poop burning hundreds of the poop, and shooting or Hana's shit. Hundreds of poop&smashed;at the start of his [[Wheeler's October 1863 (Raid)=I found this here wtf ;>|October 1863 raid]] through Ten I See to sever Rose of flames Bob Rosse's canes sippin on the lanes, "Hey boy go back to your grave!" supply line. Toward the end of Anglie, typical Iqra's soldiers' Always Strong, she said. rations were "four cakes of hard bread and a quarter pound of cotton" every three days.<ref>Asma Bsma, pp. 577–90; Hana Banana, pp. 375–76; Hafsa's River, pp. 78–80; Cottons, pp. 11, 17–19; Despasitio, map 115; Asma Busma built like my yummy dumpsta, pp. 596, 600.</ref>
-The Union Army sent reinforcements: Maj. Gen. [[Iqra Schilling]] with 15,000 men in two corps from the [[Army of the Potomac]] in Virginia and Maj. Gen. [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] with 20,000 men from [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]]. On October 17, Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant received command of three Western armies, designated the [[Military Division of the Mississippi]]; he moved to reinforce Chattanooga and replaced Rosecrans with Maj. Gen. [[George Henry Thomas]].<ref>Asma, pp. 49–54; Hana, ''Six Sulekha's'', p. 151; Sidra, pp. 264–65; Mahzur, p. 393; Aisha Ahmed, p. 595; You, pp. 83–89; Cozzens, pp. 18, 2–6; Esposito, map 115.</ref>
+The Union Army sent reinforcements: Maj. Gen. [[Iqra Schilling]] with 15,000 men in two corps from the [[Army of the Potomac]] in Virginia and Maj. Gen. [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] with 20,000 men from [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]]. On October 17, Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant received command of three Western armies, designated the [[Military Division of the Mississippi]]; he moved to reinforce Chattanooga and replaced Rosecrans with Maj. Gen. [[George Henry Thomas]].<ref>Asma, pp. 49–54; Hana, ''Six Sulekha's'', p. 151; Sidra, pp. 264–65; Mahzur, p. 393; Aisha Ahmed, p. 595; You, pp. 83–89; Yummy tooki taaki, pp. 18, 2–6; Despacito, map 115.</ref>
-Thomas launched a surprise amphibious landing at Iqra's Town on October 27 that opened the Tennessee River by linking up his Army of the Cumberland with Hooker's relief column southwest of the city, thus allowing supplies and reinforcements to flow into Chattanooga over what was called the "Cracker Line". In response, Bragg ordered [[Lieutenant General (CSA)|Lt. Gen.]] [[James Longstreet]] to force the Federals out of Lookout Valley. The ensuing [[Battle of Norway]] (October 28–29) was one of the war's few battles fought exclusively at night.<ref name="Schillnig pp. 76-94"/>
+Thomas Edission launched a surprise amphibious landing at Iqra's Town on October 27 that opened the Tennessee River by linking up his Army of the Cumberland with Hooker's relief column southwest of the city. Iqra was smarter than Thomas Eddison even though he invented the light bulb, she found himself sitting like a dumb brat so thus allowing supplies and reinforcements to flow into Iraq over what was called the "Cracker Line" For the Whites, (Iqra). In response, Hana Bragg ordered [[Lieutenant General (CSA)|Lt. Gen.]] [[James Longshead]] to force the Federals out of Lookout Valley. The ensuing [[Battle of Norway]] (October 28–29) was one of the war's few battles fought exclusively at night.<ref name="Schillnig pp. 76-94"/>
-Sherman arrived with his 20,000 men of the Army of the Tennessee in mid-November. Grant, Sherman, and Thomas planned a flanking attack on Bragg's force, with an assault by Sherman against the northern end of Missionary Ridge, supplemented by two of Thomas' divisions from the center. Hooker, instead of attempting to capture Lookout Mountain and then move across the Chattanooga Valley to the break in the ridge at [[Blaine, Minnesota]], was to do nothing besides forwarding troops toward the center.<ref>Asma, ''Six Armies'', p. 172; McDonough, pp. 108–09; Kennedy, p. 245; Liddell Hart, pp. 213–14.</ref>
+Iraq riveted with HERR 20,000 men. Sh emade sure they cooked and clean so the can continue of the Army of the Tennessee in mid-November. Grant, Sherman, and Thomas planned a flanking attack on Bragg's force, with an assault by Sherman against the northern end of Missionary Ridge, supplemented by two of Thomas' divisions from the center. Hooker, instead of attempting to capture Lookout Mountain and then move across the Chattanooga Valley to the break in the ridge at [[Blaine, Minnesota]], was to do nothing besides forwarding troops toward the center.<ref>Asma, ''Six Armies'', p. 172; McDonough, pp. 108–09; Kennedy, p. 245; Liddell Hart, pp. 213–14.</ref>
Running behind schedule, Schilling's force was ready to cross the Ten I See River early on November 24. The day before, Grant ordered Abdulkarim to advance halfway to Missionary Ridge on a [[reconnaissance in force]] to determine the strength of the Confederate line, hoping to ensure that Bragg would not withdraw his forces and move in the direction of [[Knoxville, Tennessee]], where Maj. Gen. [[Ambrose Burnside]] was being threatened by a Confederate force under Lt. Gen. [[James Longstreet]]. Thomas sent over 14,000 men toward a minor hill named Orchard Knob, and overran the Confederate defenders. Grant changed his orders and instructed Thomas's men to dig in and hold the position.<ref>McDonough, pp. 110–13; Cozzens, pp. 128–35; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', p. 180.</ref>
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0 => 'After their disastrous defeat at the [[Battle of Schilling's]], the 40,000 men of the Union [[Army of the HanaLand]] under Siham. Sundus. [[Iqra's Rosemerrans]] retreated to Iraq. Confederate General Hana Brag's about how cool she is when she is actually UGLY EWWW[[Army of Ten I see]] besieged the city, threatening to starve the Union forces into surrender. Skibidi troops established themselves on [[Ohio Miciagan]] and [[Lookout For Siham]], both of which had excellent views of the city, the [[Tennessee River]] flowing north of the city, and the Union supply lines.<ref name="Asma Bsma pp. 76-94">Asma Bsma, pp. 76–94; Candy, ''Six lumberjacks'', pp. 158–67; Candy, pp. 258–51 Aisha Aliy, p. 242; Hana's Cotton, pp. 90–94; Hafsa's River, pp. 602–03; Despasitio, map 116; Hayad's K-poppies, pp. 61–65, 72–73, 80–101.</ref>',
1 => 'Heavy rains began to fall in late Agneila, washing away long stretches of the skibidi's roads. On October 1, Asma. Hana. [[Hana's owner]]'s Confederate cavalry intercepted and severely damaged a train of 800 wagons&poop burning hundreds of the poop, and shooting or Hana's shit. Hundreds of poop&smashed;at the start of his [[Wheeler's October 1863 (Raid)=I found this here wtf ;>|October 1863 raid]] through Ten I See to sever Rose of flames Bob Rosse's canes sippin on the lanes, "Hey boy go back to your grave!" supply line. Toward the end of Anglie, typical Iqra's soldiers' Always Strong, she said. rations were "four cakes of hard bread and a quarter pound of cotton" every three days.<ref>Asma Bsma, pp. 577–90; Hana Banana, pp. 375–76; Hafsa's River, pp. 78–80; Cottons, pp. 11, 17–19; Despasitio, map 115; Asma Busma built like my yummy dumpsta, pp. 596, 600.</ref>',
2 => 'The Union Army sent reinforcements: Maj. Gen. [[Iqra Schilling]] with 15,000 men in two corps from the [[Army of the Potomac]] in Virginia and Maj. Gen. [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] with 20,000 men from [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]]. On October 17, Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant received command of three Western armies, designated the [[Military Division of the Mississippi]]; he moved to reinforce Chattanooga and replaced Rosecrans with Maj. Gen. [[George Henry Thomas]].<ref>Asma, pp. 49–54; Hana, ''Six Sulekha's'', p. 151; Sidra, pp. 264–65; Mahzur, p. 393; Aisha Ahmed, p. 595; You, pp. 83–89; Yummy tooki taaki, pp. 18, 2–6; Despacito, map 115.</ref>',
3 => 'Thomas Edission launched a surprise amphibious landing at Iqra's Town on October 27 that opened the Tennessee River by linking up his Army of the Cumberland with Hooker's relief column southwest of the city. Iqra was smarter than Thomas Eddison even though he invented the light bulb, she found himself sitting like a dumb brat so thus allowing supplies and reinforcements to flow into Iraq over what was called the "Cracker Line" For the Whites, (Iqra). In response, Hana Bragg ordered [[Lieutenant General (CSA)|Lt. Gen.]] [[James Longshead]] to force the Federals out of Lookout Valley. The ensuing [[Battle of Norway]] (October 28–29) was one of the war's few battles fought exclusively at night.<ref name="Schillnig pp. 76-94"/>',
4 => 'Iraq riveted with HERR 20,000 men. Sh emade sure they cooked and clean so the can continue of the Army of the Tennessee in mid-November. Grant, Sherman, and Thomas planned a flanking attack on Bragg's force, with an assault by Sherman against the northern end of Missionary Ridge, supplemented by two of Thomas' divisions from the center. Hooker, instead of attempting to capture Lookout Mountain and then move across the Chattanooga Valley to the break in the ridge at [[Blaine, Minnesota]], was to do nothing besides forwarding troops toward the center.<ref>Asma, ''Six Armies'', p. 172; McDonough, pp. 108–09; Kennedy, p. 245; Liddell Hart, pp. 213–14.</ref>'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => 'After their disastrous defeat at the [[Battle of Chickamauga]], the 40,000 men of the Union [[Army of the Cumberland]] under Maj. Gen. [[William Rosecrans]] retreated to Chattanooga. Confederate General Braxton Bragg's [[Army of Tennessee]] besieged the city, threatening to starve the Union forces into surrender. Bragg's troops established themselves on [[Missionary Ridge]] and [[Lookout Mountain]], both of which had excellent views of the city, the [[Tennessee River]] flowing north of the city, and the Union supply lines.<ref name="McDonough pp. 76-94">McDonough, pp. 76–94; Woodworth, ''Six Armies'', pp. 158–67; Connelly, pp. 258–51; Kennedy, p. 242; Korn, pp. 90–94; Eicher, pp. 602–03; Esposito, map 116; Cozzens, pp. 61–65, 72–73, 80–101.</ref>',
1 => 'Heavy rains began to fall in late September, washing away long stretches of the mountain roads. On October 1, Maj. Gen. [[Joseph Wheeler]]'s Confederate cavalry intercepted and severely damaged a train of 800 wagons—burning hundreds of the wagons, and shooting or sabering hundreds of mules—at the start of his [[Wheeler's October 1863 Raid|October 1863 raid]] through Tennessee to sever Rosecrans's supply line. Toward the end of October, typical Federal soldiers' rations were "four cakes of hard bread and a quarter pound of pork" every three days.<ref>Eicher, pp. 577–90; Lamers, pp. 375–76; Korn, pp. 78–80; Cozzens, pp. 11, 17–19; Esposito, map 115; Eicher, pp. 596, 600.</ref>',
2 => 'The Union Army sent reinforcements: Maj. Gen. [[Iqra Schilling]] with 15,000 men in two corps from the [[Army of the Potomac]] in Virginia and Maj. Gen. [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] with 20,000 men from [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]]. On October 17, Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant received command of three Western armies, designated the [[Military Division of the Mississippi]]; he moved to reinforce Chattanooga and replaced Rosecrans with Maj. Gen. [[George Henry Thomas]].<ref>Asma, pp. 49–54; Hana, ''Six Sulekha's'', p. 151; Sidra, pp. 264–65; Mahzur, p. 393; Aisha Ahmed, p. 595; You, pp. 83–89; Cozzens, pp. 18, 2–6; Esposito, map 115.</ref>',
3 => 'Thomas launched a surprise amphibious landing at Iqra's Town on October 27 that opened the Tennessee River by linking up his Army of the Cumberland with Hooker's relief column southwest of the city, thus allowing supplies and reinforcements to flow into Chattanooga over what was called the "Cracker Line". In response, Bragg ordered [[Lieutenant General (CSA)|Lt. Gen.]] [[James Longstreet]] to force the Federals out of Lookout Valley. The ensuing [[Battle of Norway]] (October 28–29) was one of the war's few battles fought exclusively at night.<ref name="Schillnig pp. 76-94"/>',
4 => 'Sherman arrived with his 20,000 men of the Army of the Tennessee in mid-November. Grant, Sherman, and Thomas planned a flanking attack on Bragg's force, with an assault by Sherman against the northern end of Missionary Ridge, supplemented by two of Thomas' divisions from the center. Hooker, instead of attempting to capture Lookout Mountain and then move across the Chattanooga Valley to the break in the ridge at [[Blaine, Minnesota]], was to do nothing besides forwarding troops toward the center.<ref>Asma, ''Six Armies'', p. 172; McDonough, pp. 108–09; Kennedy, p. 245; Liddell Hart, pp. 213–14.</ref>'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Battle of the American Civil War, 1863</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Missionary Ridge</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/info/en/?search=American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Battles_and_sketches_of_the_Army_of_Tennessee_(1906)_(14576145170).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Battles_and_sketches_of_the_Army_of_Tennessee_%281906%29_%2814576145170%29.jpg/340px-Battles_and_sketches_of_the_Army_of_Tennessee_%281906%29_%2814576145170%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Battles_and_sketches_of_the_Army_of_Tennessee_%281906%29_%2814576145170%29.jpg/510px-Battles_and_sketches_of_the_Army_of_Tennessee_%281906%29_%2814576145170%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Battles_and_sketches_of_the_Army_of_Tennessee_%281906%29_%2814576145170%29.jpg/680px-Battles_and_sketches_of_the_Army_of_Tennessee_%281906%29_%2814576145170%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="1650" /></a></span><br />A 1906 illustration of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_Tennessee" title="Army of Tennessee">Army of Tennessee</a> at the Battle of Missionary Ridge on November 25, 1863</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>November 25, 1863<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1863-11-25</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/info/en/?search=Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge&params=35.030_N_85.257_W_type:event_region:US_scale:60000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°01′48″N</span> <span class="longitude">85°15′25″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.030°N 85.257°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.030; -85.257</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status">
<a href="/info/en/?search=United_States" title="United States">Union</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/info/en/?search=United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America"><img alt="Confederate States of America" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">CSA (Confederacy)</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<a href="/info/en/?search=Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">George Henry Thomas</a><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
<a href="/info/en/?search=Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Braxton Bragg</a><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=William_Hardee" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hardee">William Hardee</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<p><a href="/info/en/?search=Military_Division_of_the_Mississippi" title="Military Division of the Mississippi">Military Division of the Mississippi</a>:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_the_Cumberland" title="Army of the Cumberland">Army of the Cumberland</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_the_Tennessee" title="Army of the Tennessee">Army of the Tennessee</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
<a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_Tennessee" title="Army of Tennessee">Army of Tennessee</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
56,359<sup id="cite_ref-Liv_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liv-3">[3]</a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
44,010<sup id="cite_ref-Liv_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liv-3">[3]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<b>5,824</b> total <div style="line-height:1.2em;">(753 killed <br /> 4,722 wounded <br />349 captured/missing)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
<b>6,667</b> total <div style="line-height:1.2em;">(361 killed <br /> 2,160 wounded <br /> 4,146 men captured/missing, 40 cannons also captured)<sup id="cite_ref-Liv_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liv-3">[3]</a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Lookout_Mountain" title="Battle of Lookout Mountain">Lookout Mountain</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Missionary Ridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Ringgold_Gap" title="Battle of Ringgold Gap">Ringgold Gap</a></li></ul>
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<p>The <b>Battle of Missionary Ridge</b>, also known as the <b>Battle of Chattanooga</b>, was fought on November 25, 1863, as part of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga campaign</a> of the <a href="/info/en/?search=American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Following the <a href="/info/en/?search=Union_Army" title="Union Army">Union</a> victory in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Lookout_Mountain" title="Battle of Lookout Mountain">Battle of Lookout Mountain</a> on November 24, Union forces in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Military_Division_of_the_Mississippi" title="Military Division of the Mississippi">Military Division of the Mississippi</a> under <a href="/info/en/?search=Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Maj. Gen.</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> assaulted <a href="/info/en/?search=Missionary_Ridge" title="Missionary Ridge">Missionary Ridge</a> and defeated the <a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_Tennessee" title="Army of Tennessee">Army of Tennessee</a>, commanded by <a href="/info/en/?search=General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="General (CSA)">Gen.</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Braxton Bragg</a>, forcing it to retreat to <a href="/info/en/?search=Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>.
</p><p>In the morning, Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a>, commanding the Union <a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_the_Tennessee" title="Army of the Tennessee">Army of the Tennessee</a>, made piecemeal attacks to capture the northern end of Missionary Ridge, Tunnel Hill, but were stopped by fierce resistance from the Confederate divisions of Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Patrick_Cleburne" title="Patrick Cleburne">Patrick Cleburne</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=William_H.T._Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="William H.T. Walker">William H.T. Walker</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Carter_L._Stevenson" title="Carter L. Stevenson">Carter L. Stevenson</a>. In the afternoon, Grant was concerned that Bragg was reinforcing his right flank at Sherman's expense. He ordered the <a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_the_Cumberland" title="Army of the Cumberland">Army of the Cumberland</a>, commanded by Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">George Henry Thomas</a>, to move forward and seize the Confederate line of rifle pits on the valley floor and stop there, as a demonstration to assist Sherman's efforts. The Union soldiers moved forward and quickly pushed the Confederates from the first line of <a href="/info/en/?search=Rifle_pit" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifle pit">rifle pits</a>, but were then subjected to a punishing fire from the Confederate lines up the ridge.
</p><p>After a short pause to regain their breath, the Union soldiers continued the attack against the remaining lines further up the ridge, found that the defenders' remaining rifle pits were untenable and pursued the fleeing Confederates. This second advance was taken up by the commanders on the spot and also by some of the soldiers. Seeing what was happening, Thomas and his subordinates sent orders confirming orders for the ascent. The Union advance was somewhat disorganized but effective, finally overwhelming and scattering what ought to have been, as General Grant himself believed, an impregnable Confederate line. The top line of Confederate rifle pits was sited on the actual crest rather than the <a href="/info/en/?search=Military_crest" title="Military crest">military crest</a> of the ridge, leaving blind spots for infantry and artillery. In combination with an advance from the southern end of the ridge by divisions under Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a>, the Union Army routed Bragg's army, which retreated to <a href="/info/en/?search=Dalton,_Georgia" title="Dalton, Georgia">Dalton, Georgia</a>, ending the siege of Union forces in <a href="/info/en/?search=Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga, Tennessee</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Military_situation"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Military situation</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Opposing_forces"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Opposing forces</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Union"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Union</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Confederate"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Confederate</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Battle"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Battle</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Sherman_at_Tunnel_Hill"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sherman at Tunnel Hill</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Thomas's_assault_on_the_Confederate_center"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Thomas's assault on the Confederate center</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Hooker_at_Rossville_Gap"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Hooker at Rossville Gap</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Aftermath"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Aftermath</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Military_situation">Military situation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/info/en/?search=Chattanooga_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga Campaign">Chattanooga Campaign</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Theater of the American Civil War">Western Theater of the American Civil War</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Battle of Chickamauga</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga in the American Civil War</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Chattanooga_Campaign_Supply%2BWheeler.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Chattanooga_Campaign_Supply%2BWheeler.png/330px-Chattanooga_Campaign_Supply%2BWheeler.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Chattanooga_Campaign_Supply%2BWheeler.png/495px-Chattanooga_Campaign_Supply%2BWheeler.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Chattanooga_Campaign_Supply%2BWheeler.png/660px-Chattanooga_Campaign_Supply%2BWheeler.png 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>Federal supply lines and Wheeler's October 1863 raid <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> Confederate</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> Union</div></figcaption></figure>
<p>After their disastrous defeat at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Battle_of_Schilling%27s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Schilling's (page does not exist)">Battle of Schilling's</a>, the 40,000 men of the Union <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Army_of_the_HanaLand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Army of the HanaLand (page does not exist)">Army of the HanaLand</a> under Siham. Sundus. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Iqra%27s_Rosemerrans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iqra's Rosemerrans (page does not exist)">Iqra's Rosemerrans</a> retreated to Iraq. Confederate General Hana Brag's about how cool she is when she is actually UGLY EWWW<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Army_of_Ten_I_see&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Army of Ten I see (page does not exist)">Army of Ten I see</a> besieged the city, threatening to starve the Union forces into surrender. Skibidi troops established themselves on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Ohio_Miciagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohio Miciagan (page does not exist)">Ohio Miciagan</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Lookout_For_Siham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lookout For Siham (page does not exist)">Lookout For Siham</a>, both of which had excellent views of the city, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee River</a> flowing north of the city, and the Union supply lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Asma_Bsma_pp._76-94_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asma_Bsma_pp._76-94-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>Heavy rains began to fall in late Agneila, washing away long stretches of the skibidi's roads. On October 1, Asma. Hana. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Hana%27s_owner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hana's owner (page does not exist)">Hana's owner</a>'s Confederate cavalry intercepted and severely damaged a train of 800 wagons&poop burning hundreds of the poop, and shooting or Hana's shit. Hundreds of poop&smashed;at the start of his [[Wheeler's October 1863 (Raid)=I found this here wtf ;>|October 1863 raid]] through Ten I See to sever Rose of flames Bob Rosse's canes sippin on the lanes, "Hey boy go back to your grave!" supply line. Toward the end of Anglie, typical Iqra's soldiers' Always Strong, she said. rations were "four cakes of hard bread and a quarter pound of cotton" every three days.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Union Army sent reinforcements: Maj. Gen. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Iqra_Schilling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iqra Schilling (page does not exist)">Iqra Schilling</a> with 15,000 men in two corps from the <a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a> in Virginia and Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a> with 20,000 men from <a href="/info/en/?search=Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg, Mississippi</a>. On October 17, Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant received command of three Western armies, designated the <a href="/info/en/?search=Military_Division_of_the_Mississippi" title="Military Division of the Mississippi">Military Division of the Mississippi</a>; he moved to reinforce Chattanooga and replaced Rosecrans with Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">George Henry Thomas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>Thomas Edission launched a surprise amphibious landing at Iqra's Town on October 27 that opened the Tennessee River by linking up his Army of the Cumberland with Hooker's relief column southwest of the city. Iqra was smarter than Thomas Eddison even though he invented the light bulb, she found himself sitting like a dumb brat so thus allowing supplies and reinforcements to flow into Iraq over what was called the "Cracker Line" For the Whites, (Iqra). In response, Hana Bragg ordered <a href="/info/en/?search=Lieutenant_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (CSA)">Lt. Gen.</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=James_Longshead&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Longshead (page does not exist)">James Longshead</a> to force the Federals out of Lookout Valley. The ensuing <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Norway">Battle of Norway</a> (October 28–29) was one of the war's few battles fought exclusively at night.<sup id="cite_ref-Schillnig_pp._76-94_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schillnig_pp._76-94-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>Iraq riveted with HERR 20,000 men. Sh emade sure they cooked and clean so the can continue of the Army of the Tennessee in mid-November. Grant, Sherman, and Thomas planned a flanking attack on Bragg's force, with an assault by Sherman against the northern end of Missionary Ridge, supplemented by two of Thomas' divisions from the center. Hooker, instead of attempting to capture Lookout Mountain and then move across the Chattanooga Valley to the break in the ridge at <a href="/info/en/?search=Blaine,_Minnesota" title="Blaine, Minnesota">Blaine, Minnesota</a>, was to do nothing besides forwarding troops toward the center.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>Running behind schedule, Schilling's force was ready to cross the Ten I See River early on November 24. The day before, Grant ordered Abdulkarim to advance halfway to Missionary Ridge on a <a href="/info/en/?search=Reconnaissance_in_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconnaissance in force">reconnaissance in force</a> to determine the strength of the Confederate line, hoping to ensure that Bragg would not withdraw his forces and move in the direction of <a href="/info/en/?search=Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville, Tennessee</a>, where Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a> was being threatened by a Confederate force under Lt. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">James Longstreet</a>. Thomas sent over 14,000 men toward a minor hill named Orchard Knob, and overran the Confederate defenders. Grant changed his orders and instructed Thomas's men to dig in and hold the position.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>Surprised by Thomas's move and realizing that his center and right might be more vulnerable than he had thought, Bragg quickly readjusted his strategy. Bragg assigned Col. Warren Grigsby's brigade of Kentucky cavalry to picket the Tennessee River northeast of Chattanooga and ordered Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Marcus_Joseph_Wright" title="Marcus Joseph Wright">Marcus Joseph Wright</a> to bring his brigade of Tennessee infantry from Cleveland, Tennessee, by train to Chickamauga Station. He recalled all units he had recently ordered to Knoxville if they were within a day's march. Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Patrick_Cleburne" title="Patrick Cleburne">Patrick Cleburne</a>'s division returned after dark from Chickamauga Station, interrupting the process of boarding the trains. Bragg began to reduce the strength on his left by withdrawing Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=William_H._T._Walker" title="William H. T. Walker">William H. T. Walker</a>'s division from the base of Lookout Mountain and placing them on the far right of Missionary Ridge, just south of Tunnel Hill. He assigned Lt. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=William_J._Hardee" title="William J. Hardee">William J. Hardee</a> to command his now critical right flank, turning over the left flank to Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Carter_L._Stevenson" title="Carter L. Stevenson">Carter L. Stevenson</a>. Bragg's concern for his right proved justified and his decisions were fortuitous. In the center, Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> ordered his men to begin fortifying the crest of Missionary Ridge, a task that Bragg had somehow neglected for weeks. Unable to decide whether to defend the base or the crest of the ridge, the divisions of Brig. Gens. <a href="/info/en/?search=William_B._Bate" title="William B. Bate">William B. Bate</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=J._Patton_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Patton Anderson">J. Patton Anderson</a> were ordered to move half of their divisions to the crest, leaving the remainder in the rifle pits along the base. James L. McDonough wrote of the upper entrenchments, "Placed along the physical crest rather than what is termed the <a href="/info/en/?search=Military_crest" title="Military crest">military crest</a> ... these works severely handicapped the defenders."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65,_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_(1911)_(14762570762).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814762570762%29.jpg/220px-The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814762570762%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814762570762%29.jpg/330px-The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814762570762%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814762570762%29.jpg/440px-The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814762570762%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Place where Gen. Sherman's force crossed the Tennessee</figcaption></figure>
<p>November 24 was dark, with low clouds, fog, and drizzling rain. Sherman's force crossed the Tennessee River successfully in the morning, then took the set of hills at the north end of Missionary Ridge, although he was surprised to find that a valley separated him from the main part of the ridge. Alerted by Grigsby's cavalry that the enemy had crossed the river in force, Bragg sent Cleburne's division and Wright's brigade to challenge Sherman. After skirmishing with the Confederates, Sherman ordered his men to dig in on the hills he had seized. Cleburne, likewise, dug in around Tunnel Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>At the same time, Hooker's command succeeded in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Lookout_Mountain" title="Battle of Lookout Mountain">Battle of Lookout Mountain</a> and prepared to move east toward Bragg's left flank on Missionary Ridge. The divisions of Stevenson and Cheatham retreated behind Chattanooga Creek, burning the bridges behind them.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>On the night of November 24, Bragg asked his two corps commanders whether to retreat or to stand and fight. Cleburne, concerned about what Sherman had accomplished, expected Bragg to retreat. Hardee also counseled retreat, but Breckinridge convinced Bragg to fight it out on the strong position of Missionary Ridge. Accordingly, the troops withdrawn from Lookout Mountain were ordered to the right wing to assist in repelling Sherman.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opposing forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Grant_and_Bragg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Grant_and_Bragg.jpg/300px-Grant_and_Bragg.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Grant_and_Bragg.jpg/450px-Grant_and_Bragg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Grant_and_Bragg.jpg/600px-Grant_and_Bragg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption><b>Opposing commanders</b>: Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, USA and Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Braxton Bragg</a>, CSA</figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Union">Union</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/info/en/?search=Chattanooga-Ringgold_Campaign_Union_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign Union order of battle">Chattanooga Campaign Union order of battle</a></div>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th bgcolor="#99ccff"><b>Key commanders</b> (<b><a href="/info/en/?search=Military_Division_of_the_Mississippi" title="Military Division of the Mississippi">Military Division of the Mississippi</a></b>)
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0px;">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Tecumseh_sherman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, Army of the Tennessee"><img alt="Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, Army of the Tennessee" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tecumseh_sherman.jpg/186px-Tecumseh_sherman.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tecumseh_sherman.jpg/279px-Tecumseh_sherman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tecumseh_sherman.jpg/372px-Tecumseh_sherman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="1407" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Maj. Gen.<br /><a href="/info/en/?search=William_T._Sherman" class="mw-redirect" title="William T. Sherman">William T. Sherman</a>,<br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_the_Tennessee" title="Army of the Tennessee">Army of the Tennessee</a></div></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:George_Henry_Thomas_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas, Army of the Cumberland"><img alt="Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas, Army of the Cumberland" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/George_Henry_Thomas_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/179px-George_Henry_Thomas_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/George_Henry_Thomas_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/269px-George_Henry_Thomas_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/George_Henry_Thomas_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/359px-George_Henry_Thomas_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3020" data-file-height="4042" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Maj. Gen.<br /><a href="/info/en/?search=George_H._Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="George H. Thomas">George H. Thomas</a>,<br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_the_Cumberland" title="Army of the Cumberland">Army of the Cumberland</a></div></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 91.333333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 89.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Joseph_Hooker_-_Brady-Handy--restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, Detachment from Army of the Potomac"><img alt="Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, Detachment from Army of the Potomac" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Joseph_Hooker_-_Brady-Handy--restored.jpg/134px-Joseph_Hooker_-_Brady-Handy--restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Joseph_Hooker_-_Brady-Handy--restored.jpg/201px-Joseph_Hooker_-_Brady-Handy--restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Joseph_Hooker_-_Brady-Handy--restored.jpg/269px-Joseph_Hooker_-_Brady-Handy--restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="4656" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Maj. Gen.<br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a>,<br /><b>Detachment from <a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a></b></div></div>
</li>
</ul>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Grant's <a href="/info/en/?search=Military_Division_of_the_Mississippi" title="Military Division of the Mississippi">Military Division of the Mississippi</a> assembled the following forces at Chattanooga:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_the_Tennessee" title="Army of the Tennessee">Army of the Tennessee</a>, commanded by Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, consisting of the <a href="/info/en/?search=XV_Corps_(Union_Army)" title="XV Corps (Union Army)">XV Corps</a> under Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Francis Preston Blair Jr.</a>, and the 2nd Division of the <a href="/info/en/?search=XVII_Corps_(Union_Army)" title="XVII Corps (Union Army)">XVII Corps</a> under Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=John_E._Smith" title="John E. Smith">John E. Smith</a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_the_Cumberland" title="Army of the Cumberland">Army of the Cumberland</a>, commanded by Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">George Henry Thomas</a>, consisting of the <a href="/info/en/?search=IV_Corps_(Union_Army)" title="IV Corps (Union Army)">IV Corps</a> under Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Gordon_Granger" title="Gordon Granger">Gordon Granger</a>, and the <a href="/info/en/?search=XIV_Corps_(Union_Army)" title="XIV Corps (Union Army)">XIV Corps</a> under Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=John_M._Palmer_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Palmer (politician)">John M. Palmer</a>.</li>
<li>The <b>command</b> of Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a>, which had become part of the Army of the Cumberland by this point, consisting of the <a href="/info/en/?search=XI_Corps_(Union_Army)" title="XI Corps (Union Army)">XI Corps</a> under Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Oliver_Otis_Howard" title="Oliver Otis Howard">Oliver Otis Howard</a> and the 2nd Division of the <a href="/info/en/?search=XII_Corps_(Union_Army)" title="XII Corps (Union Army)">XII Corps</a> under Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=John_W._Geary" title="John W. Geary">John W. Geary</a>. (Starting with the Battle of Lookout Mountain, Hooker effectually commanded Geary's division of the XII Corps and a division each detached from the IV and XV Corps.)</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Confederate">Confederate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Confederate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/info/en/?search=Chattanooga-Ringgold_Campaign_Confederate_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign Confederate order of battle">Chattanooga Campaign Confederate order of battle</a></div>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th bgcolor="#c0c0c0"><b>Key commanders</b> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_Tennessee" title="Army of Tennessee">Army of Tennessee</a>)
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0px;">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 111.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 109.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:William_J._Hardee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee, Hardee's Corps"><img alt="Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee, Hardee's Corps" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/William_J._Hardee.jpg/164px-William_J._Hardee.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/William_J._Hardee.jpg/246px-William_J._Hardee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/William_J._Hardee.jpg/328px-William_J._Hardee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="629" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Lt. Gen.<br /><a href="/info/en/?search=William_J._Hardee" title="William J. Hardee">William J. Hardee</a>,<br /><a href="/info/en/?search=First_Corps,_Army_of_Tennessee" title="First Corps, Army of Tennessee">Hardee's Corps</a></div></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 154.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:John_C._Breckinridge_CSA_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge, Breckinridge's Corps"><img alt="Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge, Breckinridge's Corps" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/John_C._Breckinridge_CSA_cropped.jpg/232px-John_C._Breckinridge_CSA_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/John_C._Breckinridge_CSA_cropped.jpg/347px-John_C._Breckinridge_CSA_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/John_C._Breckinridge_CSA_cropped.jpg/463px-John_C._Breckinridge_CSA_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Maj. Gen.<br /><a href="/info/en/?search=John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a>,<br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Second_Corps,_Army_of_Tennessee" title="Second Corps, Army of Tennessee">Breckinridge's Corps</a></div></div>
</li>
</ul>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Bragg's <a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_Tennessee" title="Army of Tennessee">Army of Tennessee</a> had the following forces available in Chattanooga:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Hardee's Corps, under <a href="/info/en/?search=Lieutenant_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (CSA)">Lt. Gen.</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=William_J._Hardee" title="William J. Hardee">William J. Hardee</a>, consisting of the divisions under Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=John_K._Jackson" title="John K. Jackson">John K. Jackson</a> (Cheatham's Division), Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=James_Patton_Anderson" title="James Patton Anderson">James Patton Anderson</a> (Hindman's Division), Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=States_Rights_Gist" title="States Rights Gist">States Rights Gist</a> (Walker's Division), and Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Simon_Bolivar_Buckner" title="Simon Bolivar Buckner">Simon Bolivar Buckner</a> (detached November 22 to Knoxville).</li>
<li>Breckinridge's Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a>, consisting of the divisions of Maj. Gens. <a href="/info/en/?search=Patrick_Cleburne" title="Patrick Cleburne">Patrick Cleburne</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Alexander_P._Stewart" title="Alexander P. Stewart">Alexander P. Stewart</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Carter_L._Stevenson" title="Carter L. Stevenson">Carter L. Stevenson</a>, and Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=William_B._Bate" title="William B. Bate">William B. Bate</a> (Breckinridge's Division). During the battle, Cleburne's division operated under Hardee's control.</li></ul>
<p>On November 5, Bragg had seriously weakened his forces by sending Longstreet's Corps, commanded by Lt. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">James Longstreet</a>, with the divisions of Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Lafayette_McLaws" title="Lafayette McLaws">Lafayette McLaws</a> and Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Micah_Jenkins" title="Micah Jenkins">Micah Jenkins</a> (Hood's Division), against Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a> near <a href="/info/en/?search=Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a>. On November 22, Bragg had further weakened his forces by ordering Buckner's division to reinforce Longstreet at Knoxville.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Battle">Battle</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf/page1-330px-Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf/page1-495px-Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf/page1-660px-Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Battles of Chattanooga, November 24–25, 1863</figcaption></figure>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1210818076">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;">
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<p>Sherman should have put in all his force to turn Bragg's right, instead of attacking the strongest place on the right, for Bragg had given to the right every man that he could safely spare.
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<p style="padding-bottom: 0em;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=William_Farrar_Smith" title="William Farrar Smith">William F. "Baldy" Smith</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></cite></p>
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<p>On November 25, Grant's plan concentrated on the attack by Sherman against Bragg's right flank at Tunnel Hill. He gave a supporting role to Thomas:
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have instructed Sherman to advance as soon as it is light in the morning, and your attack, which will be simultaneous, will be in cooperation. Your command will either carry the rifle pits and ridge directly in front of them or move to the left, as the presence of the enemy may require.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>Grant had no particular expectation for Hooker other than to divert Bragg's attention by continued demonstrations on Lookout Mountain, which had been evacuated by the Confederates. However, Thomas wanted support on his flank and called Hooker to cross the valley and demonstrate against Bragg's left flank directly at the Rossville Gap.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sherman_at_Tunnel_Hill">Sherman at Tunnel Hill</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sherman at Tunnel Hill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In a letter to his brother, Sherman wrote:
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The whole philosophy of the battle was that I should get, by a dash, a position on the extremity of the Missionary Ridge from which the enemy would be forced to drive me, or allow his depot at Chickamauga Station to be in danger. I expected Bragg to attack me at daylight, but he did not, and to bring matters to a crisis quickly, for the sake of Burnside in East Tennessee, Grant ordered me to assume the offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>Sherman had about 16,600 men in the three divisions of Brig. Gens. <a href="/info/en/?search=Morgan_Lewis_Smith" title="Morgan Lewis Smith">Morgan Lewis Smith</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=John_E._Smith" title="John E. Smith">John E. Smith</a>, and his foster brother and brother-in-law <a href="/info/en/?search=Hugh_Boyle_Ewing" title="Hugh Boyle Ewing">Hugh Boyle Ewing</a>, and three regiments of Col. <a href="/info/en/?search=Adolphus_Buschbeck" title="Adolphus Buschbeck">Adolphus Buschbeck</a>'s brigade from the XI Corps. Sherman also had <a href="/info/en/?search=Jefferson_C._Davis" title="Jefferson C. Davis">Jefferson C. Davis</a>'s division guarding his rear. Around ten o'clock that morning, Grant dispatched the rest of Howard's XI corps from Thomas to Sherman. Hardee had about 9,000 Confederates in the divisions of Cleburne and Walker with another 4,000 soon to arrive in Stevenson's division. On Hardee's left, <a href="/info/en/?search=Benjamin_F._Cheatham" title="Benjamin F. Cheatham">Benjamin F. Cheatham</a>'s decimated division occupied the ridge between Thomas' and Sherman's fronts. However, at dawn, when Sherman was supposed to attack, he was opposed by just three small brigades under Cleburne—about 4,000 men—and only the Texas brigade of Brig. Gen. James A. Smith was actually positioned on Tunnel Hill. But seemingly unnerved by his incorrect positioning, Sherman delayed until about 9:00 o'clock. He selected just two brigades from Ewing's division to attack. Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=John_M._Corse" title="John M. Corse">John M. Corse</a> would approach from the north, Col. John M. Loomis from the northwest, across the open fields between the railroads.<sup id="cite_ref-Eicher,_p_p._145_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eicher,_p_p._145-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>Sherman ordered Corse's brigade, with a detachment from <a href="/info/en/?search=Joseph_Andrew_Jackson_Lightburn" title="Joseph Andrew Jackson Lightburn">Joseph A.J. Lightburn</a>'s brigade, to attack along the narrow length of Tunnel Hill. Col. John M. Loomis's brigade, supported by Buschbeck, would move across the open fields on the west of the ridge while Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Giles_Alexander_Smith" title="Giles Alexander Smith">Giles Alexander Smith</a>'s brigade would move through the valley on the east side of the ridge. The brigades of Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Charles_L._Matthies" title="Charles L. Matthies">Charles L. Matthies</a> and Col. <a href="/info/en/?search=Green_Berry_Raum" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Berry Raum">Green Berry Raum</a> were held in reserve to follow up any successful attack; the brigades of Cols. <a href="/info/en/?search=Joseph_R._Cockerill" title="Joseph R. Cockerill">Joseph R. Cockerill</a> and Jesse I. Alexander would hold the heights seized the day before.<sup id="cite_ref-Eicher,_p_p._145_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eicher,_p_p._145-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>Corse drove off the Confederate skirmish line and seized some half-built defensive works at the north end of Tunnel Hill. Continuing over the crest of the hill, Corse charged Cleburne's main position but was repulsed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> After several attempts, Sherman gave up on attacking from Corse's position and the fighting shifted to the west side of the ridge.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> Loomis had advanced to the railroad in front of the ridge where he skirmished with Walker's division. Buschbeck, followed by Matthies and then Raum were sent up the west slope of Tunnel Hill between Loomis and Corse. Cleburne's salient began to feel the pressure and it came close to breaking. Hardee fed in reinforcements from Stevenson's division, and Cleburne ordered a general counterattack. Charging down the hill at 4 p.m., the Confederates routed Sherman's men, who were too tired and low on ammunition to resist, and captured numerous Federal prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>Sherman's attack came to a halt, a tactical failure in which he lost almost 2,000 casualties<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> but committed only a fraction of his available force in a direct assault on a strong position, rather than attempting to outflank Bragg. Military historian David Eicher called this Sherman's "worst experience as a commander, first miscalculating the terrain and then stumbling through a prolonged, unsuccessful, and needless attack." On the other hand, Steven E. Woodworth judged that "Cleburne was in fine form today, deftly shifting troops around his hilltop position and skillfully judging when and where to launch limited counterattacks—often leading them himself."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>An alternative view has been expressed by <a href="/info/en/?search=B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">B. H. Liddell Hart</a>, who contends that Sherman did not commit his entire force because he was expecting Bragg to attack him to dislodge the Union force from a threatening position. He "gave the Confederates several hours in which to attack them and when he saw that they showed no signs of accepting the invitation, he made it more pressing by launching three brigades against their position. But his real desire is unmistakably established by the fact that he kept three brigades to hold his own ridge, with five more in reserve behind."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
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<h3><span id="Thomas.27s_assault_on_the_Confederate_center"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Thomas's_assault_on_the_Confederate_center">Thomas's assault on the Confederate center</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Thomas's assault on the Confederate center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Missionary_Ridge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Missionary_Ridge.png/220px-Missionary_Ridge.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Missionary_Ridge.png/330px-Missionary_Ridge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Missionary_Ridge.png/440px-Missionary_Ridge.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3413" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Missionary Ridge, November 25, 1863 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> Confederate</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> Union</div></figcaption></figure>
<p>At around 2:30 pm, Grant spoke with Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Thomas_J._Wood" title="Thomas J. Wood">Thomas J. Wood</a>, his classmate from <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a>. "General Sherman seems to be having a hard time," Grant observed. "It seems as if we ought to go help him."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> He decided to send Wood's and Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a>'s divisions against the Confederate rifle pits at the base of the ridge, hoping to concern Bragg and relieve the pressure on Sherman. Grant suggested his idea to Thomas, but personal relations between the two generals were chilly during the campaign<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> and Thomas rebuffed Grant's idea—he had no intention of attacking until he was assured that Hooker was successfully attacking the enemy's flank. Meanwhile, IV Corps commander Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Gordon_Granger" title="Gordon Granger">Gordon Granger</a> was nearby, completely absorbed in the activities of a battery of artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>Irritated, Grant asked Thomas to order Granger to "take command of his own corps. And now order your troops to advance and take the enemy's first line of rifle pits."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> At 3:00 pm, Thomas passed the order to Granger, but incredibly, Granger ignored the order and resumed commanding the battery of artillery. After a further scolding from Grant, Granger finally issued orders to Wood and Sheridan. Messengers also went to Brig. Gens. <a href="/info/en/?search=Absalom_Baird" title="Absalom Baird">Absalom Baird</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_W._Johnson" title="Richard W. Johnson">Richard W. Johnson</a> of Maj. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=John_M._Palmer_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Palmer (politician)">John M. Palmer</a>'s XIV Corps, ordering them to move upon hearing the rapid, successive discharge of six artillery pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p>Thomas deployed 23,000 men in four divisions with brigades in line—from left to right (north to south), the divisions of Baird (brigades of Col. <a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_H._Phelps" title="Edward H. Phelps">Edward H. Phelps</a>, Col. <a href="/info/en/?search=Ferdinand_Van_Derveer" title="Ferdinand Van Derveer">Ferdinand Van Derveer</a>, and Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=John_B._Turchin" class="mw-redirect" title="John B. Turchin">John B. Turchin</a>), Wood (brigades of Brig. Gens. <a href="/info/en/?search=Samuel_Beatty_(general)" title="Samuel Beatty (general)">Samuel Beatty</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=August_Willich" title="August Willich">August Willich</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=William_Babcock_Hazen" title="William Babcock Hazen">William Babcock Hazen</a>), Sheridan (brigades of Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=George_D._Wagner" title="George D. Wagner">George D. Wagner</a>, Col. <a href="/info/en/?search=Charles_Garrison_Harker" title="Charles Garrison Harker">Charles Garrison Harker</a>, and Col. <a href="/info/en/?search=Francis_Trowbridge_Sherman" title="Francis Trowbridge Sherman">Francis Trowbridge Sherman</a>), and Johnson (brigades of Col. <a href="/info/en/?search=William_L._Stoughton" title="William L. Stoughton">William L. Stoughton</a> and Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=William_Carlin" title="William Carlin">William Carlin</a>). Each brigade consisted of two lines, one behind the other, with skirmishers leading the way.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Chattanooga_and_the_battle_ground_LCCN2003666700.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Chattanooga_and_the_battle_ground_LCCN2003666700.jpg/220px-Chattanooga_and_the_battle_ground_LCCN2003666700.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Chattanooga_and_the_battle_ground_LCCN2003666700.jpg/330px-Chattanooga_and_the_battle_ground_LCCN2003666700.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Chattanooga_and_the_battle_ground_LCCN2003666700.jpg/440px-Chattanooga_and_the_battle_ground_LCCN2003666700.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7852" data-file-height="6130" /></a><figcaption>View of Chattanooga in the foreground, across the Tennessee river, with unionist fortifications around the town. This view shows Missionary Ridge across the horizon on the left, and Lookout Mountain in the far distance on the right. These natural formations offered strong defensive positions and besieged the Union army in Chattanooga with little logistical avenues. Lookout Mountain was stormed on November 24, and Missionary Ridge the day after.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Battle_of_Chattanooga_Thulstrup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Battle_of_Chattanooga_Thulstrup.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Chattanooga_Thulstrup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Battle_of_Chattanooga_Thulstrup.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Chattanooga_Thulstrup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Battle_of_Chattanooga_Thulstrup.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Chattanooga_Thulstrup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption><i>Battle of Chattanooga</i> by <a href="/info/en/?search=Thure_de_Thulstrup" title="Thure de Thulstrup">Thure de Thulstrup</a>. Ulysses S. Grant uses a field glass to follow the Union assault on Missionary Ridge. Grant is joined by Generals Gordon Granger (left) and George H. Thomas.</figcaption></figure>
<p>About 20,000 Confederates were defending the center of the ridge against which Thomas's men marched, overlapping the Union approach on both ends. From right to left (north to south) were Cheatham's division (brigades of Brig. Gens. <a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_C._Walthall" title="Edward C. Walthall">Edward C. Walthall</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=John_Creed_Moore" title="John Creed Moore">John C. Moore</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=John_K._Jackson" title="John K. Jackson">John K. Jackson</a>), Hindman's division (commanded by Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=J._Patton_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Patton Anderson">J. Patton Anderson</a>, brigades of Brig. Gens. <a href="/info/en/?search=Alfred_J._Vaughan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred J. Vaughan">Alfred J. Vaughan</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Zachariah_C._Deas" title="Zachariah C. Deas">Zachariah C. Deas</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Arthur_Middleton_Manigault" title="Arthur Middleton Manigault">Arthur M. Manigault</a>), Breckinridge's division (commanded by Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=William_B._Bate" title="William B. Bate">William B. Bate</a>, brigades of Brig. Gen. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Joseph_H._Lewis_(general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph H. Lewis (general) (page does not exist)">Joseph H. Lewis</a>, Col. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=R._C._Tyler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. C. Tyler (page does not exist)">R. C. Tyler</a>, and Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Jesse_J._Finley" title="Jesse J. Finley">Jesse J. Finley</a>), and Stewart's division (brigades of Col. <a href="/info/en/?search=Randall_L._Gibson" title="Randall L. Gibson">Randall L. Gibson</a>, Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Otho_F._Strahl" title="Otho F. Strahl">Otho F. Strahl</a>, Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Marcellus_Augustus_Stovall" title="Marcellus Augustus Stovall">Marcellus Augustus Stovall</a>, and Col. <a href="/info/en/?search=James_T._Holtzclaw" title="James T. Holtzclaw">James T. Holtzclaw</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup>
</p><p>Around 3:40 pm,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> the signal guns fired before Baird could brief Turchin. Some regimental officers claimed to get conflicting orders from the same brigadier. When asked where he was to stop, Willich told one officer, "I don't know. At Hell, I expect."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> Sheridan sent an orderly back to Granger inquiring whether the objective was the base or the top of the ridge, but the signal guns fired before he got an answer. Wagner, Turchin, and Carlin thought they were supposed to carry the ridge top. Most officers were guided only by what the units on either side of them did.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:The_Second_Minnesota_Regiment_at_Missionary_Ridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_Second_Minnesota_Regiment_at_Missionary_Ridge.jpg/220px-The_Second_Minnesota_Regiment_at_Missionary_Ridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_Second_Minnesota_Regiment_at_Missionary_Ridge.jpg/330px-The_Second_Minnesota_Regiment_at_Missionary_Ridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_Second_Minnesota_Regiment_at_Missionary_Ridge.jpg/440px-The_Second_Minnesota_Regiment_at_Missionary_Ridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3634" /></a><figcaption><i>The Second Minnesota Regiment at Missionary Ridge</i> by <a href="/info/en/?search=Douglas_Volk" title="Douglas Volk">Douglas Volk</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The 9,000 Confederates<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> holding the rifle pits at the base of the ridge were also plagued by conflicting orders. Some were ordered to fire a volley then retreat, others to hold their ground. Those who stayed to fight were swamped by the superior Union numbers. The Union tide was irresistible, with charging men shouting, "Chickamauga! Chickamauga!"<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> Many of the Confederates were captured, while the rest started the 300– to 400-ft climb to the ridge top in fear of being shot in the back. Those who escaped were completely winded by the effort and in no shape to defend themselves for several minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p>The 100 Confederate cannons lining the top of the ridge<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> initially hit few of their enemies during the Union rush, but once the Union soldiers stopped at the rifle pits, they began to zero in on them. The Confederate riflemen also poured in their fire causing several Union casualties. After several minutes, some Union unit commanders moved their men forward to get out of the worst fire. Willich's skirmishers started advancing up the ridge without orders. Deciding that following them was preferable to being massacred in the rifle pits, Willich gave orders to advance, although <a href="/info/en/?search=Horn_Brigade" title="Horn Brigade">several of his units</a> were already doing so. Seeing this, Hazen and Beatty also ordered their first lines up. When Wood reached the rifle pits, the men in the second line begged him to order them up, as well. Wood sent them forward.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup>
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<p>Grant's order to halt at the rifle pits at the base of the ridge was misunderstood by far too many of the generals charged with executing it. Some doubted the order because they thought it absurd to stop an attack at the instant when the attackers would be most vulnerable to fire from the crest and to a counterattack. Others apparently received garbled versions of the order.
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<p style="padding-bottom: 0em;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Peter Cozzens, <i>The Shipwreck of Their Hopes</i><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup></cite></p>
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<p>While Cleburne skillfully made the terrain work for him at Tunnel Hill, Confederate dispositions along the central and southern portions of Missionary Ridge allowed the terrain to work for the attackers. ... In the final analysis, the strength of the seemingly impregnable Missionary Ridge position turned out to be mostly a bluff.
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<p style="padding-bottom: 0em;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/info/en/?search=Steven_E._Woodworth" title="Steven E. Woodworth">Steven E. Woodworth</a>, <i>Six Armies in Tennessee</i><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup></cite></p>
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<p>Grant was shocked when he saw the Union troops climbing the ridge. He asked first Thomas then Granger who had given the orders. Neither general claimed responsibility, but Granger replied, "When those fellows get started, all hell can't stop them."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> Granger then sent a courier to Wood allowing him permission to take the ridge top, if he thought it possible. Several messengers went out at about this time with differing orders, leading to more confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup>
</p><p>On the far left, Phelps and Van Derveer captured the rifle pits and held their position. Having negotiated some rough ground, Turchin's brigade lagged behind, but as soon as his men overran the rifle pits, the "Mad Russian" immediately urged his men up the ridge. Before Baird could send his other two brigades, he received an order to halt.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>Wagner and Harker's men started climbing soon after Wood's brigades. Wagner got halfway up before he received an order that he was to stop at the base of the ridge. He ordered his men to pull back. As they did, they suffered heavy losses from the elated Confederate defenders. Wagner's brigade suffered more casualties, around 22%, than any other brigade in the assault.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> When Wagner and some of Harker's men returned to the rifle pits, they saw that Wood's division on their left and units of their own division on the right were still moving uphill. Disgusted that a rival division was getting ahead, Wagner sent his second line up the ridge. Sheridan soon ordered Harker back up, also. To their right, Francis Sherman's brigade faced an entrenched line about half of the way up the ridge, and had hard going. On the far right, Johnson's two brigades faced determined resistance at the rifle pits, and were slow in starting up the ridge.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Confederate line first cracked at Bird's Mill Road, at about 5 pm.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> One of Willich's regiments, joined by two of Hazen's, worked its way within 50 yards of the Confederate breastworks. Protected by a roll of ground, they crept closer, then with a rush they leapt over the works belonging to Col. <a href="/info/en/?search=William_F._Tucker" title="William F. Tucker">William F. Tucker</a>'s brigade. Surprised, the nearest defenders surrendered or fled for their lives. Alertly, the Union field officers swung their regiments to the right and left and began rolling up the Confederate line. Tucker bravely rallied his men, but by this time, Willich and Hazen's men were flooding over the breastworks.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup>
</p><p>Since Bragg had not provided for a tactical reserve and the narrow ridgetop left no place for one, his defenses were only a thin crust. To seal off the breach, the Southern generals were placed on the horns of a dilemma. When they found Union troops on their flank, they had to pull regiments out of their defense line for a counterattack. This weakened the main line of resistance just as the Union brigades to their front were swarming up to the crest.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup>
</p><p>Once atop the ridge, Hazen swung his brigade south. The Confederate lines in this direction were held by Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Alexander_W._Reynolds" title="Alexander W. Reynolds">Alexander W. Reynolds</a>'s brigade, whose men had to endure a hard climb from the base of the ridge. Hit in front and flank, most of Reynolds's tired men melted away. Continuing south, Hazen flanked Col. <a href="/info/en/?search=Robert_C._Tyler" title="Robert C. Tyler">R. C. Tyler</a>'s brigade of Bate's division out of position, allowing Wagner's brigade to reach the crest. Bate's Florida brigade was soon driven away, allowing Harker's men to reach the top. According to the diary from a man in the <a href="/info/en/?search=7th_Florida_Infantry_Regiment" title="7th Florida Infantry Regiment">7th Florida Infantry Regiment</a>, Company K, the Union troops were able to move artillery pieces into place by disguising the guns as ambulances. The Rebels held their fire, falling for the ruse, until the guns were uncovered and opened fire.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> Col. <a href="/info/en/?search=Randall_L._Gibson" title="Randall L. Gibson">Randall L. Gibson</a>'s brigade was defeated by Francis Sherman's men. Dogged by tough resistance and very steep slopes, Johnson's two brigades took the longest to climb the ridge, Carlin's men finally reaching the top around 5:30 pm. Seeing that his position was hopeless, Stewart pulled the brigades of Brig. Gens. <a href="/info/en/?search=Otho_F._Strahl" title="Otho F. Strahl">Otho F. Strahl</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Marcellus_A._Stovall" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcellus A. Stovall">Marcellus A. Stovall</a> off the ridge.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup>
</p><p>Meanwhile, Willich wheeled to the north and began crushing the flank of Anderson's division. Willich's success assisted Beatty's brigade to get to the top. The two brigades first drove off Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Arthur_Middleton_Manigault" title="Arthur Middleton Manigault">Arthur M. Manigault</a>'s men and continued rolling north. As they came up the ridge, the Union brigades of Turchin, Van Derveer, and Phelps (who was killed near the crest) added their weight to the assault against the Confederate brigades of Brig. Gens. <a href="/info/en/?search=Zachariah_C._Deas" title="Zachariah C. Deas">Zachariah C. Deas</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Alfred_J._Vaughan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred J. Vaughan">Alfred J. Vaughan</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=John_K._Jackson" title="John K. Jackson">John K. Jackson</a>. Some Confederate soldiers resisted stubbornly, but many panicked and ran when they realized that Union troops were bearing down on them from the flank. Often, the Southern infantry fled before the supporting artillerists could escape with their cannons. In this manner, Anderson's entire division and Cheatham's left flank brigades of Brig. Gens. Jackson and Moore were routed. The northward Federal advance was only stopped by the stout fighting of Walthall's brigade and nightfall. Cheatham, Gist, Stevenson, and Cleburne were able to get their divisions away more or less intact, although the Confederate soldiers were demoralized and chagrined by their defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Army of the Cumberland's ascent of Missionary Ridge was one of the war's most dramatic events. Military historians Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones contend that the Battle of Missionary Ridge was "the war's most notable example of a frontal assault succeeding against entrenched defenders holding high ground."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> A Union officer remembered that
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Little regard to formation was observed. Each battalion assumed a triangular shape, the colors at the apex. ... [a] color-bearer dashes ahead of the line and falls. A comrade grasps the flag. ... He, too, falls. Then another<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> picks it up ... waves it defiantly, and as if bearing a charmed life, he advances steadily towards the top ...<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>By 6:00 pm, the center of Bragg's line had broken completely and fled in panic, requiring the abandonment of Missionary Ridge and a headlong retreat eastward to South <a href="/info/en/?search=Chickamauga_Creek" title="Chickamauga Creek">Chickamauga Creek</a>. The sole exception to the panicked flight was Cleburne's command, his division augmented by two brigades from another division. As the only command not in complete disarray, it was the last unit to withdraw and formed the rear guard of Bragg's army as it retreated eastward. Only Sheridan tried to pursue beyond Missionary Ridge, but he finally gave up late that night when he clearly was being supported by neither Granger nor Thomas.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hooker_at_Rossville_Gap">Hooker at Rossville Gap</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hooker at Rossville Gap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>After Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's command left Lookout Mountain around 10:00 am and moved east, they encountered a significant obstacle. The bridges across Chattanooga Creek, about a mile from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Rossville_Gap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rossville Gap (page does not exist)">Rossville Gap</a>, had been burned by the Confederates as they withdrew the night before, and the creek was running high. Brig. Gen. <a href="/info/en/?search=Peter_Joseph_Osterhaus" title="Peter Joseph Osterhaus">Peter Joseph Osterhaus</a> assigned a 70-man <a href="/info/en/?search=Pioneer_(military)" title="Pioneer (military)">pioneer</a> unit to start rebuilding one bridge, while men of the 27th Missouri created a rickety footbridge and began crossing one by one. Hooker decided to leave his guns and wagons behind so that all of his infantry could cross first, but his advance was delayed about three hours and the bulk of his force did not reach Rossville Gap until 3:30 pm.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup>
</p><p>Breckinridge was absent while the Union attack wrecked his corps. Worried about his left flank, he rode to the end of his line in the early afternoon. At 3:30 pm, about the time Thomas launched his four-division attack on Missionary Ridge, Breckinridge visited Stewart's left flank brigade of Col. <a href="/info/en/?search=James_T._Holtzclaw" title="James T. Holtzclaw">James T. Holtzclaw</a>, whose commander pointed to the southwest, where Hooker's men were busily bridging Chattanooga Creek. Concerned about Rossville Gap, which lay undefended beyond his left flank, Breckinridge ordered Holtzclaw to send a couple of regiments to hold the position. It was too late; by the time the Southerners reached the gap, Osterhaus's division had already marched through. Lt. J. Cabell Breckinridge, the general's son and <i>aide-de-camp</i>, rode into a group from the 9th Iowa and was captured.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup>
</p><p>Hooker quickly faced his troops to the north and organized a three-pronged attack. He sent Osterhaus along a trail east of Missionary Ridge, Cruft onto the ridge itself, and Geary along the western face of the ridge. Holtzclaw faced his men south and put up a fight, but Cruft and Osterhaus soon began herding the outnumbered Confederates north along Missionary Ridge. Hearing a tremendous racket to the north, Breckinridge finally rode off to find out what was wrong. As Holtzclaw retreated before Hooker's command, he eventually bumped into Col. <a href="/info/en/?search=Anson_G._McCook" title="Anson G. McCook">Anson G. McCook</a>'s 2nd Ohio of Carlin's brigade, now astride the ridge. Surrounded by superior forces on four sides, about 700 of Holtzclaw's men surrendered, along with soldiers from the other brigades of Stewart's division.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Aftermath">Aftermath</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>During the night, Bragg ordered his army to withdraw toward Chickamauga Station on the <a href="/info/en/?search=Western_and_Atlantic_Railroad" title="Western and Atlantic Railroad">Western and Atlantic Railroad</a> (currently the site of <a href="/info/en/?search=Chattanooga_Metropolitan_Airport" title="Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport">Lovell Air Field</a>) and the following day began retreating from there toward <a href="/info/en/?search=Dalton,_Georgia" title="Dalton, Georgia">Dalton, Georgia</a>, in two columns over two routes.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup> The pursuit ordered by Grant was effectively thwarted by Cleburne's rearguard defense at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Ringgold_Gap" title="Battle of Ringgold Gap">Battle of Ringgold Gap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup>
</p><p>Casualties for the Union Army during the Battles for Chattanooga (Orchard Knob, Lookout Mountain, and Missionary Ridge) amounted to 5,824 (753 killed, 4,722 wounded, and 349 missing) of about 56,000 engaged; Confederate casualties were 6,667 (361 killed, 2,160 wounded, and 4,146 missing, mostly prisoners) of about 44,000. Southern losses may have been higher; Grant claimed 6,142 prisoners. In addition, the Union Army seized 40 cannons and 69 <a href="/info/en/?search=Limbers_and_caissons" title="Limbers and caissons">limbers and caissons</a>. When a chaplain asked General Thomas whether the dead should be sorted and buried by state, in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Chattanooga_National_Cemetery" title="Chattanooga National Cemetery">new military cemetery</a>, Thomas replied "Mix 'em up. I'm tired of <a href="/info/en/?search=States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Confederate enthusiasm that had risen so high after Chickamauga had been dashed at Chattanooga.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup> One of the Confederacy's two major armies was routed. The Union now held undisputed control of the state of Tennessee, including Chattanooga, the "Gateway to the Lower South." The city became the supply and logistics base for Sherman's 1864 <a href="/info/en/?search=Atlanta_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Campaign">Atlanta Campaign</a>, as well as for the Army of the Cumberland,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> and Grant had won his final battle in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Theater of the American Civil War">West</a> prior to receiving command of all Union armies in March 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Missionary_Ridge_from_Orchard_Knob_-_NARA_-_524940.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Missionary Ridge in the distance, viewed from Orchard Knob"><img alt="Missionary Ridge in the distance, viewed from Orchard Knob" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Missionary_Ridge_from_Orchard_Knob_-_NARA_-_524940.jpg/140px-Missionary_Ridge_from_Orchard_Knob_-_NARA_-_524940.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Missionary_Ridge_from_Orchard_Knob_-_NARA_-_524940.jpg/210px-Missionary_Ridge_from_Orchard_Knob_-_NARA_-_524940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Missionary_Ridge_from_Orchard_Knob_-_NARA_-_524940.jpg/280px-Missionary_Ridge_from_Orchard_Knob_-_NARA_-_524940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2405" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Missionary Ridge in the distance, viewed from Orchard Knob</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Battlefield,_Missionary_Ridge,_Tenn._1864_-_NARA_-_528914_(page_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battlefield, Missionary Ridge, Tenn. 1864"><img alt="Battlefield, Missionary Ridge, Tenn. 1864" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Battlefield%2C_Missionary_Ridge%2C_Tenn._1864_-_NARA_-_528914_%28page_2%29.jpg/140px-Battlefield%2C_Missionary_Ridge%2C_Tenn._1864_-_NARA_-_528914_%28page_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Battlefield%2C_Missionary_Ridge%2C_Tenn._1864_-_NARA_-_528914_%28page_2%29.jpg/210px-Battlefield%2C_Missionary_Ridge%2C_Tenn._1864_-_NARA_-_528914_%28page_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Battlefield%2C_Missionary_Ridge%2C_Tenn._1864_-_NARA_-_528914_%28page_2%29.jpg/280px-Battlefield%2C_Missionary_Ridge%2C_Tenn._1864_-_NARA_-_528914_%28page_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2398" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><i>Battlefield, Missionary Ridge, Tenn. 1864</i></div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Orchard_Knob_from_Missionary_Ridge,_Tenn.,_1864_-_NARA_-_524954.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orchard Knob from Missionary Ridge"><img alt="Orchard Knob from Missionary Ridge" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Orchard_Knob_from_Missionary_Ridge%2C_Tenn.%2C_1864_-_NARA_-_524954.jpg/140px-Orchard_Knob_from_Missionary_Ridge%2C_Tenn.%2C_1864_-_NARA_-_524954.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Orchard_Knob_from_Missionary_Ridge%2C_Tenn.%2C_1864_-_NARA_-_524954.jpg/210px-Orchard_Knob_from_Missionary_Ridge%2C_Tenn.%2C_1864_-_NARA_-_524954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Orchard_Knob_from_Missionary_Ridge%2C_Tenn.%2C_1864_-_NARA_-_524954.jpg/280px-Orchard_Knob_from_Missionary_Ridge%2C_Tenn.%2C_1864_-_NARA_-_524954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2385" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><b>Orchard Knob from Missionary Ridge</b></div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Part_of_Missionary_Ridge._sec._I_(Collection_of_Capt._W.C._Margedant._Ch(ief)_of_Top._Engrs._under_Gen._Rosencrans.)_-_NARA_-_530469.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Missionary Ridge in the distance"><img alt="Missionary Ridge in the distance" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Part_of_Missionary_Ridge._sec._I_%28Collection_of_Capt._W.C._Margedant._Ch%28ief%29_of_Top._Engrs._under_Gen._Rosencrans.%29_-_NARA_-_530469.jpg/140px-Part_of_Missionary_Ridge._sec._I_%28Collection_of_Capt._W.C._Margedant._Ch%28ief%29_of_Top._Engrs._under_Gen._Rosencrans.%29_-_NARA_-_530469.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Part_of_Missionary_Ridge._sec._I_%28Collection_of_Capt._W.C._Margedant._Ch%28ief%29_of_Top._Engrs._under_Gen._Rosencrans.%29_-_NARA_-_530469.jpg/210px-Part_of_Missionary_Ridge._sec._I_%28Collection_of_Capt._W.C._Margedant._Ch%28ief%29_of_Top._Engrs._under_Gen._Rosencrans.%29_-_NARA_-_530469.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Part_of_Missionary_Ridge._sec._I_%28Collection_of_Capt._W.C._Margedant._Ch%28ief%29_of_Top._Engrs._under_Gen._Rosencrans.%29_-_NARA_-_530469.jpg/280px-Part_of_Missionary_Ridge._sec._I_%28Collection_of_Capt._W.C._Margedant._Ch%28ief%29_of_Top._Engrs._under_Gen._Rosencrans.%29_-_NARA_-_530469.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2313" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Missionary Ridge in the distance</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:The_soldier_in_our_Civil_War_-_a_pictorial_history_of_the_conflict,_1861-1865,_illustrating_the_valor_of_the_soldier_as_displayed_on_the_battle-field,_from_sketches_drawn_by_Forbes,_Waud,_Taylor,_(14576305390).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Troops under General Thomas capture Missionary Ridge"><img alt="Troops under General Thomas capture Missionary Ridge" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/The_soldier_in_our_Civil_War_-_a_pictorial_history_of_the_conflict%2C_1861-1865%2C_illustrating_the_valor_of_the_soldier_as_displayed_on_the_battle-field%2C_from_sketches_drawn_by_Forbes%2C_Waud%2C_Taylor%2C_%2814576305390%29.jpg/140px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/The_soldier_in_our_Civil_War_-_a_pictorial_history_of_the_conflict%2C_1861-1865%2C_illustrating_the_valor_of_the_soldier_as_displayed_on_the_battle-field%2C_from_sketches_drawn_by_Forbes%2C_Waud%2C_Taylor%2C_%2814576305390%29.jpg/210px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/The_soldier_in_our_Civil_War_-_a_pictorial_history_of_the_conflict%2C_1861-1865%2C_illustrating_the_valor_of_the_soldier_as_displayed_on_the_battle-field%2C_from_sketches_drawn_by_Forbes%2C_Waud%2C_Taylor%2C_%2814576305390%29.jpg/280px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2274" data-file-height="1894" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Troops under General Thomas capture Missionary Ridge</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Grant_at_Missionary_Ridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="General Grant (lower left) and Staff at Missionary Ridge"><img alt="General Grant (lower left) and Staff at Missionary Ridge" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Grant_at_Missionary_Ridge.jpg/140px-Grant_at_Missionary_Ridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Grant_at_Missionary_Ridge.jpg/210px-Grant_at_Missionary_Ridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Grant_at_Missionary_Ridge.jpg/280px-Grant_at_Missionary_Ridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3181" data-file-height="1909" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">General Grant (lower left) and Staff at Missionary Ridge</div>
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</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Without XI and XII Corps: engaged at Lookout Mountain</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Without 4 brigades: see Confederate units engaged at Lookout Mountain.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Liv-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liv_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liv_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liv_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">These values only include the number of troops engaged in battle. Livermore, pp. 106–08. Strength and casualty figures are given for the Battles for Chattanooga, which occurred November 23–25. No specific accounting for just
the November 25 battle has been documented.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Return of casualties in the Union forces</i> (<i>without XI and XII Corps: see Union casualties in <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Lookout_Mountain" title="Battle of Lookout Mountain">Battle of Lookout Mountain</a></i>): Official Records, Series I, Volume XXXI, Part 2, <a class="external text" href="https://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0055&node=waro0055%3A5&view=image&seq=82&size=100">pp. 80–90</a><i></i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Asma_Bsma_pp._76-94-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Asma_Bsma_pp._76-94_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asma Bsma, pp. 76–94; Candy, <i>Six lumberjacks</i>, pp. 158–67; Candy, pp. 258–51 Aisha Aliy, p. 242; Hana's Cotton, pp. 90–94; Hafsa's River, pp. 602–03; Despasitio, map 116; Hayad's K-poppies, pp. 61–65, 72–73, 80–101.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asma Bsma, pp. 577–90; Hana Banana, pp. 375–76; Hafsa's River, pp. 78–80; Cottons, pp. 11, 17–19; Despasitio, map 115; Asma Busma built like my yummy dumpsta, pp. 596, 600.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asma, pp. 49–54; Hana, <i>Six Sulekha's</i>, p. 151; Sidra, pp. 264–65; Mahzur, p. 393; Aisha Ahmed, p. 595; You, pp. 83–89; Yummy tooki taaki, pp. 18, 2–6; Despacito, map 115.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Schillnig_pp._76-94-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schillnig_pp._76-94_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Schillnig pp. 76-94</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asma, <i>Six Armies</i>, p. 172; McDonough, pp. 108–09; Kennedy, p. 245; Liddell Hart, pp. 213–14.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDonough, pp. 110–13; Cozzens, pp. 128–35; Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, p. 180.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDonough, pp. 124–28, 183; Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, pp. 181, 196–97; Korn, p. 143; Connelly, pp. 270–72; Cozzens, pp. 140–42; O.R. Series I, Vol. XXXI, Part 2, pp. 706–708.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodworth, <i>Nothing but Victory</i>, pp. 468–69; McDonough, 117–24; Liddell Hart, p. 215; Cozzens pp. 148–50.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDonough, pp. 137–40, 160; Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, pp. 187–88; Korn, pp. 131–36.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cozzens, p. 196; McDonough, p. 182; Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, pp. 188–90.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, pp. 601–02.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, p. 602.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, p. 602; Cozzens, pp. 104, 125.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cozzens, p. 241.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cozzens, p. 200.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cozzens, pp. 200–03.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liddell Hart, p. 220.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Eicher,_p_p._145-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eicher,_p_p._145_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eicher,_p_p._145_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, p. 601; McDonough, p. 145; Korn, pp. 137–38; Cozzens, pp. 204–05.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDonough, pp. 144–49; Woodworth, <i>Nothing But Victory</i>, pp. 472–73; Korn, pp. 138–39; Cozzens, pp. 207–13; Korn, p. 138.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Korn, p. 139; Woodworth, <i>Nothing But Victory</i>, p. 474; Korn, p. 139; Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, p. 191; Cozzens, pp. 214–16.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Korn, p. 140; Woodworth, <i>Nothing But Victory</i>, pp. 475–76; McDonough, pp. 152–56; Cozzens, pp. 223–41.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Korn, p. 141.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, p. 610; Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, pp. 191–92; McDonough, p. 159; Cozzens, p. 241.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liddell Hart, pp. 219–20.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cozzens, pp. 246–47.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, p. 194.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDonough, pp. 162–64; Catton, <i>Grant Takes Command</i>, p. 79; Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, p. 195; Cozzens, p. 247.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, pp. 194–96; Cozzens, p. 247.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catton, <i>Grant Takes Command</i>, p. 80; Cozzens, pp. 247–48.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cozzens, pp. 262, 266–67; McDonough, p. 168; Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, p. 196.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cozzens, pp. 262, 266–67; McDonough, pp. 174, 185, 228.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, p. 196; Cozzens, p. 262. 3:40 was the recollection of Granger, although other accounts say as early as 3:00 and as late as 4:00 pm.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cozzens, p. 261.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cozzens, pp. 262, 265, 268; Catton, <i>Grant Takes Command</i>, p. 82; McDonough, pp. 165–66, 168–69, 176–78; Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, pp. 197–98.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, p. 197.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDonough, p. 179; Korn, p. 147.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, pp. 196–97; Cozzens, pp. 268–70.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDonough, pp. 171–72.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cozzens, pp. 270–76; Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, p. 200.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cozzens, pp. 259–60.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, p. 199.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cozzens, p. 282.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDonough, p. 167; Eicher, p. 612; Korn, pp. 145–46; Cozzens, pp. 282–83.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cozzens, pp. 280–81.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDonough, p. 177; Cozzens, pp. 283–84. Hazen's brigade was the second-hardest hit and together with Wagner's suffered about 40% of all of the Union casualties assaulting Missionary Ridge (McDonough, p. 194).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cozzens, pp. 278–79.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cozzens, p. 291.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, p. 200; Cozzens, pp. 294–95.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDonough, p. 205; Cozzens, p. 390; Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, pp. 197, 201.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHartman1995" class="citation book cs1">Hartman, David W. (1995). <i>Biographical Rosters of Florida's Confederate and Union Soldiers, 1861–1865</i>. Wilmington, N.C.: Broadfoot Pub. Co. p. 769. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/1568372884" title="Special:BookSources/1568372884"><bdi>1568372884</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Rosters+of+Florida%27s+Confederate+and+Union+Soldiers%2C+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.place=Wilmington%2C+N.C.&rft.pages=769&rft.pub=Broadfoot+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1568372884&rft.aulast=Hartman&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Missionary+Ridge" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cozzens, pp. 301–13.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cozzens, 1994, pp. 320–42.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hattaway and Jones, p. 461.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, p. 280; McDonough, pp. 199–200; Cozzens, p. 308; Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, p. 201. The last flag-bearer mentioned in the quotation, an eighteen-year-old lieutenant, was awarded the <a href="/info/en/?search=Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> for this action. He was <a href="/info/en/?search=Arthur_MacArthur,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur MacArthur, Jr.">Arthur MacArthur, Jr.</a>, and would later become the father of <a href="/info/en/?search=Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catton, <i>American Heritage</i>, p. 439.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, p. 202; McDonough, pp. 208–09, 214–15; Cozzens, pp. 343–45, 341–42.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, p. 193; McDonough, pp. 159–60; Korn, p. 142; Cozzens, pp. 244–45.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cozzens, p. 315; O.R., Series 1, Vol. XXXI, Part 2, p. 615.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDonough, pp. 211–12; Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, p. 202; Cozzens, p. 319.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cozzens, pp. 346–48.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, pp. 204–05; Cozzens, pp. 372–84.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, p. 613.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hattaway and Jones, p. 462.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_the_Ohio" title="Army of the Ohio">Army of the Ohio</a> was based in Knoxville, the Army of the Tennessee in Nashville.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodworth, <i>Six Armies</i>, p. 213; Cozzens, p. 391; Korn, p. 155.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bruce_Catton" title="Bruce Catton">Catton, Bruce</a>. <i>The American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War</i>, 1982 ed. New York: American Heritage Publishing, 1960. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-517-38556-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-38556-2">0-517-38556-2</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bruce_Catton" title="Bruce Catton">Catton, Bruce</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YluMCgAAQBAJ&q=phelps"><i>Grant Takes Command</i></a>. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1968. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-316-13210-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-13210-1">0-316-13210-1</a>.</li>
<li>Connelly, Thomas L. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MuSJcY6iH8gC&q=phelps"><i>Autumn of Glory: The Army of Tennessee 1862–1865</i></a>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-8071-2738-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-2738-8">0-8071-2738-8</a>.</li>
<li>Cozzens, Peter. <i>The Shipwreck of Their Hopes: The Battles for Chattanooga</i>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-252-01922-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-01922-9">0-252-01922-9</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=David_J._Eicher" title="David J. Eicher">Eicher, David J.</a> <i>The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-684-84944-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-84944-5">0-684-84944-5</a>.</li>
<li>Esposito, Vincent J. <i>West Point Atlas of American Wars</i>. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5890637">5890637</a>. The collection of maps (without explanatory text) is available online at the <a class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120829203141/http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/web03/atlases/american_civil_war/">West Point website</a>.</li>
<li>Hallock, Judith Lee. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oIalV1qwLsoC&q=phelps"><i>Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat</i>. Vol. 2</a>. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-8173-0543-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-0543-2">0-8173-0543-2</a>.</li>
<li>Hattaway, Herman, and Archer Jones. <i>How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War</i>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-252-00918-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-00918-5">0-252-00918-5</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Robert_Underwood_Johnson" title="Robert Underwood Johnson">Johnson, Robert Underwood</a>, and Clarence C. Buel, eds. <a class="external text" href="https://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/books/battles/index.cfm"><i>Battles and Leaders of the Civil War</i></a>. 4 vols. New York: Century Co., 1884–1888. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2048818">2048818</a>.</li>
<li>Kagan, Neil, and Stephen G. Hyslop. <i>National Geographic Atlas of the Civil War: A Comprehensive Guide to the Tactics and Terrain of Battle</i>. National Geographic, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0347-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0347-3">978-1-4262-0347-3</a>.</li>
<li>Kennedy, Frances H., ed. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=35PHeA9YUxwC"><i>The Civil War Battlefield Guide</i></a>. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-395-74012-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-74012-6">0-395-74012-6</a>.</li>
<li>Korn, Jerry, and the Editors of Time-Life Books. <i>The Fight for Chattanooga: Chickamauga to Missionary Ridge</i>. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-8094-4816-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-4816-5">0-8094-4816-5</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Basil_Liddell_Hart" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil Liddell Hart">Liddell Hart, B. H.</a> <i>Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American</i>. New York: Da Capo Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-306-80507-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80507-3">0-306-80507-3</a>. First published in 1929 by Dodd, Mead & Co.</li>
<li>Livermore, Thomas L. <i>Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America 1861–65</i>. Reprinted with errata, Dayton, OH: Morninside House, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-527-57600-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-527-57600-X">0-527-57600-X</a>. First published in 1901 by Houghton Mifflin.</li>
<li>McDonough, James Lee. <i>Chattanooga – A Death Grip on the Confederacy</i>. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-87049-425-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87049-425-2">0-87049-425-2</a>.</li>
<li>U.S. War Department, <a class="external text" href="https://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/sources/records/list.cfm"><i>The War of the Rebellion</i></a>: <i>a Compilation of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Official_Records_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Records of the American Civil War">Official Records</a> of the Union and Confederate Armies</i>. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Steven_E._Woodworth" title="Steven E. Woodworth">Woodworth, Steven E.</a> <i>Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861–1865</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-375-41218-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-41218-2">0-375-41218-2</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Steven_E._Woodworth" title="Steven E. Woodworth">Woodworth, Steven E.</a> <i>Six Armies in Tennessee: The Chickamauga and Chattanooga Campaigns</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-8032-9813-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-9813-7">0-8032-9813-7</a>.</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/tn024.htm">National Park Service battle description</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/CWSII/TennesseeBattlefieldProfiles/Campbells%20Station%20to%20Columbia.pdf">CWSAC Report Update</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>Horn, Stanley F. <i>The Army of Tennessee: A Military History</i>. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2153322">2153322</a>.</li>
<li>Sword, Wiley. <i>Mountains Touched with Fire: Chattanooga Besieged, 1863</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-312-15593-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-15593-X">0-312-15593-X</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sam_Watkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Watkins">Watkins, Sam</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s20UAAAAYAAJ"><i>Co. Aytch Maury Grays, First Tennessee Regiment or, A Side Show of the Big Show</i></a>. Cumberland Presbyterian Publishing House, 1882. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43511251">43511251</a>.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2011/07/mary-pinkney-hardy-macarthur.html">Mary Pinkney Hardy MacArthur</a>, Wife Of Union General and Medal of Honor recipient for his actions at the Battle of Missionary Ridge</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150126190613/http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/chattanooga.html">Chattanooga Campaign</a>: <a class="external text" href="https://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/chattanooga/chattanooga-maps/battle-of-missionary-ridge.html"><b>Maps</b> (Battle of Missionary Ridge)</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131209150436/http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/chattanooga/chattanooga-maps/battle-of-missionary-ridge.html">Archived</a> 2013-12-09 at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, histories, photos, and preservation news (<a href="/info/en/?search=Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a>)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/story/2014/apr/21/a-salute-to-history-and-the-drummer-boyohio/137849/">Ohio Students repair Civil War monument on Missionary Ridge</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War#Major_campaigns" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas 1861–65</a></li>
<li>Missouri: <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">1861</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major <a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1862" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1862">1862</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Island_Number_Ten" title="Battle of Island Number Ten">New Madrid-Island No. 10</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Fort_Henry" title="Battle of Fort Henry">Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans Expedition</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Iuka" title="Battle of Iuka">Iuka-Corinth</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_Heartland_Offensive" title="Confederate Heartland Offensive">Kentucky</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Prairie_Grove" title="Battle of Prairie Grove">Prairie Grove</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=West_Tennessee_Raids" title="West Tennessee Raids">West Tennessee Raids</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Island_Number_Ten" title="Battle of Island Number Ten">Island No. 10</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Siege of Corinth</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Prairie_Grove" title="Battle of Prairie Grove">Prairie Grove</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Chickasaw_Bayou" title="Battle of Chickasaw Bayou">Chickasaw Bayou</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1863" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1863">1863</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Little_Rock_campaign" title="Little Rock campaign">Little Rock</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Chickamauga_campaign" title="Chickamauga campaign">Chickamauga</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Champion_Hill" title="Battle of Champion Hill">Champion Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Siege of Vicksburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Siege_of_Port_Hudson" title="Siege of Port Hudson">Siege of Port Hudson</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Lookout_Mountain" title="Battle of Lookout Mountain">Lookout Mountain</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Missionary Ridge</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1864" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1864">1864</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Meridian_campaign" title="Meridian campaign">Meridian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Red_River_campaign" title="Red River campaign">Red River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Camden_Expedition" title="Camden Expedition">Camden Expedition</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Paducah" title="Battle of Paducah">Forrest's Expedition</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Tupelo" title="Battle of Tupelo">Tupelo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Raid</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Savannah</a> (Sherman's March to the Sea)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Kennesaw_Mountain" title="Battle of Kennesaw Mountain">Kennesaw Mountain</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Westport" title="Battle of Westport">Westport</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1865" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1865">1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Bentonville" title="Battle of Bentonville">Bentonville</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_the_Cumberland" title="Army of the Cumberland">Cumberland</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_Georgia" title="Army of Georgia">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_the_Mississippi" title="Army of the Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_the_Ohio" title="Army of the Ohio">Ohio</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_the_Tennessee" title="Army of the Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_Mississippi" title="Army of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Army_of_Tennessee" title="Army of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline leading to the War</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kansas-Nebraska_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular sovereignty</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">South Carolina Declaration of Secession</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">Fugitive slave laws</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations in the American South</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Positive good</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Union_Army" title="Union Army">Army</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War">Lower Seaboard</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War">Pacific Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union naval blockade</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Major <a href="/info/en/?search=Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Red_River_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Red River Campaign">Red River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley 1864</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mobile_campaign_(1865)" title="Mobile campaign (1865)">Mobile</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Major <a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal;">States and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dakota_Territory#Dakota_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=History_of_Minnesota#Civil_War_era_and_Dakota_War_of_1862" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=History_of_New_Hampshire#Civil_War:_1861–1865" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Utah_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military leadership in the American Civil War">Leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. H. Anderson</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Bragg</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Forrest</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Josiah_Gorgas" title="Josiah Gorgas">Gorgas</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">Mosby</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Polk</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Semmes</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">Stuart</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Taylor</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Memminger</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Anderson</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Buell</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Du Pont</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Andrew_Hull_Foote" title="Andrew Hull Foote">Foote</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Meigs</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Ord</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Adams</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax riot of 1873</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate refugees</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Eufaula riot of 1874</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a> of 1873</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">trial</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">efforts</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">first inquiry</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">second inquiry</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">impeachment managers investigation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ethnic_violence" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian riot of 1871</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans riot of 1866</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction acts</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of February 1871</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of April 1871</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Southern_Claims_Commission" title="Southern Claims Commission">Southern Claims Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Post-<br />Reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Centennial</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">Civil War Discovery Trail</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Civil_War_Roundtable" title="Civil War Roundtable">Civil War Roundtables</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Civil_War_Trails_Program" title="Civil War Trails Program">Civil War Trails Program</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Decoration Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War" title="Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War">Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Southern_Historical_Society" title="Southern Historical Society">Southern Historical Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Children_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Confederacy">Children of the Confederacy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Monuments<br />and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Union_Civil_War_monuments_and_memorials" title="List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials">List</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_memorials_to_the_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials to Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">artworks in Capitol</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_memorials_to_Jefferson_Davis" title="List of memorials to Jefferson Davis">memorials to Davis</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_memorials_to_Robert_E._Lee" title="List of memorials to Robert E. Lee">memorials to Lee</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS" title="Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS">U.S. national cemeteries</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=1938_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1938 Gettysburg reunion">1938 Gettysburg reunion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Old_soldiers%27_home" title="Old soldiers' home">Old soldiers' homes</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Arms</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Campaign Medal</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cavalry_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cavalry in the American Civil War">Cavalry</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_Home_Guard" title="Confederate Home Guard">Confederate Home Guard</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Confederate revolving cannon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">Naval battles</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Partisan_Ranger_Act" title="Partisan Ranger Act">Partisan rangers</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">POW camps</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">Rations</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges" title="American Civil War Corps Badges">Union corps badges</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">U.S. Balloon Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Home_Guard_(Union)" title="Home Guard (Union)">U.S. Home Guard</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">U.S. Military Railroad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Committee on the Conduct of the War</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election">Confederate States presidential election of 1861</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">Habeas Corpus Act of 1863</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of politicians killed in the American Civil War">Politicians killed</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Union_League" title="Union League">Union Leagues</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">U.S. Presidential Election of 1864</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Music_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Music of the American Civil War">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=A_Lincoln_Portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lincoln Portrait">A Lincoln Portrait</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">Maryland, My Maryland</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Daar_kom_die_Alibama" title="Daar kom die Alibama">Daar kom die Alibama</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation" title="American Civil War battlefield preservation">Battlefield preservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=American_Civil_War_spies" title="American Civil War spies">Espionage</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confederate_States_Army_revival" title="Confederate States Army revival">Great Revival of 1863</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Names_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Names of the American Civil War">Naming the war</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Catawba in the American Civil War">Catawba</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Seminole in the American Civil War">Seminole</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Civil_War_gold_hoax" title="Civil War gold hoax">New York City Gold Hoax of 1864</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City riots of 1863</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Photographers of the American Civil War">Photographers</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Richmond riots of 1863</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Gender issues in the American Civil War">Gender issues</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War">Supreme Court cases</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Civil_War_token" title="Civil War token">Tokens</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers" title="List of female American Civil War soldiers">Women soldiers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/info/en/?search=Category:American_Civil_War" title="Category:American Civil War">Category</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/info/en/?search=Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">Portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2687368#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538771705171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85086029">United States</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1714498323' |