Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{About|the United States city of Vincennes|other uses|Vincennes (disambiguation)}}
<!-- Infobox begins -->{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Vincennes, Indiana
|native_name =
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|nickname =
|motto =
|image_skyline = George_Rogers_Clark_Memorial_in_Vincennes,_Indiana.jpg
|imagesize = 300px
|image_caption = Vincennes' most recognizable landmark, <br /> The George Rogers Clark National Historical Park Rotunda
|image_flag = Flag of Vincennes, Indiana.png
|flag_size = 180px
|image =
|image_seal =
|image_map = File:Knox County Indiana Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Vincennes Highlighted 1879208.svg
|mapsize = 250x200px
|map_caption = Location of Vincennes in Knox County, Indiana
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Indiana]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Indiana|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Knox County, Indiana|Knox]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of townships in Indiana|Township]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Vincennes Township, Knox County, Indiana|Vincennes]]
|government_type =
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = Joe Yochum ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) Elected out 2025
|leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->
|leader_name1 =
|leader_title2 =
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|established_title = <!-- Settled -->
|established_date = 1732
|established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
|established_date2 =
|established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
|established_date3 =
|named_for = [[François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes]]
|area_land_km2 = 19.19
|area_water_km2 = 0.18
|area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_18.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=March 16, 2022}}</ref>
|area_total_km2 = 19.37
|area_total_sq_mi = 7.48
|area_land_sq_mi = 7.41
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.07
|area_water_percent = 0.94
|area_urban_sq_mi =
|area_metro_sq_mi =
|population_footnotes =
|population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
|population_est =
|pop_est_as_of =
|population_note =
|population_total = 16759
|population_density_km2 = 873.19
|population_density_sq_mi = 2261.67
|population_metro =
|population_density_metro_km2 =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban =
|timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|coordinates = {{coord|38|40|42|N|87|30|58|W|region:US-IN|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_m = 128
|elevation_ft = 420
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]
|postal_code = 47591
|website = {{URL|www.vincennes.org}}
|area_code = [[Area codes 812 and 930|812 and 930]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 18-79208<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2008-01-31|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref>
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 0445300<ref name="GR3">{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|access-date=2008-01-31|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=2007-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212191832/http://geonames.usgs.gov/|archive-date=2012-02-12|url-status=live}}</ref>
|footnotes =
|pop_est_footnotes =
|unit_pref = Imperial
}}
<!-- Infobox ends -->
'''Vincennes''' is a city in and the [[county seat]] of [[Knox County, Indiana|Knox County]], [[Indiana]], [[United States]].<ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|access-date=2011-06-07|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|archive-date=2011-05-31|url-status=live}}</ref> It is located on the lower [[Wabash River]] in the [[Southwestern Indiana|southwestern]] part of the state, nearly halfway between [[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]] and [[Terre Haute, Indiana|Terre Haute]]. Founded in 1732 by French [[fur trade]]rs, notably [[François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes]], for whom the Fort was named, Vincennes is the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in Indiana and one of the oldest settlements west of the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachians]]. The population was 16,759 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]].<ref name="2020 census">{{cite web |title=Vincennes city, Indiana - Census Bureau Profile |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Vincennes_city,_Indiana?g=160XX00US1879208 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref>
==History==
The vicinity of Vincennes was inhabited for thousands of years by different cultures of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=James R. III|author2=Amy L. Johnson|title=Early Peoples of Indiana|url=http://www.in.gov/dnr/historic/files/HP_earlypeoples.pdf|website=IN.gov|publisher=Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology|access-date=24 June 2015|location=Indianapolis|date=2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626133033/http://www.in.gov/dnr/historic/files/HP_earlypeoples.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[Woodland period|Late Woodland period]], some of these peoples used local [[loess]] hills as burial sites; some of the more prominent examples are the Sugar Loaf Mound and the [[Pyramid Mound]].<ref>Stafford, C. Russell. "The Geomorphology of Sugar Loaf Mound: Prehistoric Cemeteries and the Formation of Loess Cones in the Lower Wabash Valley," ''Geoarchaeology: An International Journal'' 13.7 (1998): 649–672.</ref>{{rp|668}} In [[historic]] times, prominent local Indian groups who drove these people out were the [[Shawnee]], [[Wabash Confederacy|Wabash]], and the [[Miami tribe]].
The first European settlers were French, when Vincennes was founded as part of the French colony of [[Illinois Country]], New France. Later on, it would be transferred to the colony of [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]]. Several years later, France lost the [[French and Indian War]] (part of the [[Seven Years' War]]), and as result ceded territory east of the [[Mississippi River]], including Vincennes, to the [[Great Britain in the Seven Years' War|victorious British]].
Once the area was under [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] control, it was associated with the [[Province of Quebec (1763-1791)|Province of Quebec]] until after the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]. It then became part of the [[Illinois County]] of the [[Colony and Dominion of Virginia]]. Next it became part of [[Knox County, Indiana|Knox County]] in the [[Northwest Territory]], and it was later included in the [[Indiana Territory]]. Vincennes served as capital of the Indiana Territory from 1800 until 1813, when the government was moved to [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]].
[[File:Vincennes, Indiana map from 1876 atlas.JPG|thumb|left|Map of Vincennes from 1876 atlas]]
===New France===
The first trading post on the [[Wabash River]] was established by Sieur Juchereau, Lieutenant General of [[Montréal]]. With thirty-four [[Canadien]]s, he founded the company post on October 28, 1702, to trade for [[American Bison|Buffalo]] hides with [[Indigenous people of the Americas|American Indians]]. The exact location of Juchereau's trading post is not known, but because the [[Buffalo Trace (road)|Buffalo Trace]] crosses the Wabash at Vincennes, many believe it was here. The post was a success; in the first two years, the traders collected over 13,000 buffalo hides.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lasselle |first=Charles B |date=March 1906 |title=The Old Indian Traders of Indiana |journal=The Indiana Magazine of History |volume=II |issue=1 |page=3 |publisher=George S. Cottman |location=Indianapolis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpwKAAAAIAAJ |access-date=11 January 2008 }}</ref> When Juchereau died,{{when|date=April 2022}} the post was abandoned.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} The French-Canadian settlers left what they considered hostile territory for [[Old Mobile Site|Mobile]] (in present-day Alabama), then the capital of [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]].
The oldest European town in Indiana, Vincennes was officially established in 1732 as a second [[France|French]] [[fur trading]] post in this area. The [[Compagnie des Indes]] commissioned a French officer, [[François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes]], to build a post along the Wabash River to discourage local nations from trading with the English.<ref>Derleth, p. 4.</ref> Vincennes founded the new trading post near the meeting points of the [[Wabash River|Wabash]] and [[White River (Indiana)|White]] rivers, and the overland [[Buffalo Trace (road)|Buffalo Trace]].<ref>Derleth, p. 8.</ref> Vincennes, who had lived with his father among the [[Miami tribe]], persuaded the [[Piankeshaw]] to establish a village at his trading post. He also encouraged Canadien settlers to move there, and started his own family to increase the village population.<ref>Derleth, p. 9.</ref> Because the Wabash post was so remote, however, Vincennes had a hard time getting trade supplies from Louisiana for the native nations, who were also being courted by English traders. The boundary between the French colonies of Louisiana and Canada, although inexact in the first years of the settlement, was decreed in 1745 to run between [[Fort Ouiatenon]] (below the site of modern-day [[Lafayette, Indiana]]) and Vincennes.<ref name="Ekberg-French Roots">{{cite book|last=Ekberg|first=Carl|title=French Roots in the Illinois Country: The Mississippi Frontier in Colonial Times|date=2000|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Urbana and Chicago, Ill.|isbn=978-0-252-06924-6|page=32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOdf3FRXms0C&pg=PA32|access-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219152958/https://books.google.com/books?id=NOdf3FRXms0C&pg=PA32|archive-date=19 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 1736, during the French war with the [[Chickasaw]] nation, Vincennes was captured and burned at the stake near the present-day town of [[Fulton, Mississippi]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Indiana Historical Society Publications|volume=VII|year=1923|chapter=Sieur de Vincennes Identified|first=Pierre-Georges|last=Roy|publisher=C. E. Pauley and Company|location=Indianapolis|pages=17–18|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/sieurdevincennes71royp#page/16/mode/2up/search/burned|access-date=2015-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403030924/https://archive.org/stream/sieurdevincennes71royp#page/16/mode/2up/search/burned|archive-date=2016-04-03|url-status=live}}</ref> His settlement on the Wabash was renamed Poste Vincennes in his honor.
Louisiana Governor [[Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville]], next appointed [[Louis Groston de Saint-Ange de Bellerive]] to command Poste Vincennes.
As the French colonists pushed north from Louisiana and south from Canada, however, the American colonists to the east continued to push west. In addition, British traders lured away many of Indians who had traded with the Canadiens. This competition escalated in the [[Ohio Country]] until 1754 and the eruption of the [[French and Indian War]] (the North American theater of the [[Seven Years' War]] between Britain and France.){{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
===British America===
[[File:Vincennes Indiana British Fort Diorama.JPG|thumb|right|Diorama of Fort Sackville]]
On February 10, 1763, when [[New France]] was ceded to the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] at the conclusion of the [[French and Indian War]], Vincennes fell under the authority of Great Britain. British officer John Ramsey came to Vincennes in 1766. He took a census of the settlement, built up the fort, and renamed it [[Fort Sackville]]. The population grew quickly in the years that followed, resulting in a unique culture of interdependent [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], [[French Canadians|Canadien]] settlers and British traders.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
Vincennes was far from centers of British power. In 1770 and 1772, [[Thomas Gage]], the commander in chief of Britain's North American forces, received warnings that the residents of Vincennes were [[American Revolution|agitating against]] [[the Crown]], and were inciting native tribes along the river trade routes to attack British traders. The [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|Colonial Secretary]], the [[Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire|Earl of Hillsborough]], ordered the residents to be removed from Vincennes in response. Gage demurred while the residents responded to the charges against them, claiming to be "peaceful settlers, cultivating the land which His Most Christian Majesty [meaning the King of France] granted us." The issue was resolved by Hillsborough's successor, [[William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth|Lord Dartmouth]], who insisted to Gage that the residents were not lawless vagabonds, but British subjects whose rights were protected by the Crown. Gage took no action against the residents of Vincennes.<ref>Barnhart, p. 172–173.</ref> In 1778, residents at Poste Vincennes received word of the [[Treaty of Alliance (1778)|French alliance]] with the American [[Second Continental Congress]] from [[Pierre Gibault|Father Pierre Gibault]] and Dr. Jean Laffont. They mobilized in support of the American revolutionaries, as did the local [[Piankeshaw]], led by Chief [[Young Tobacco]].{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
===Revolutionary War===
{{main article|Siege of Fort Vincennes}}
[[File:Clark's march against Vincennes, across the Wabash River through wilderness and flood - NARA - 518211.tif|thumb|left|upright|''Clark's march against Vincennes, across the Wabash River through wilderness and flood'', artist unknown, from the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]]]
Lieutenant Colonel [[George Rogers Clark|George R. Clark]], Captain Leonard Helm, and others created a plan to capture the French forts that the British occupied after Louisiana was ceded. After Kaskaskia was captured by Clark, Lieutenant Governor [[Henry Hamilton (governor)|Henry Hamilton]] sent British soldiers and reinforcements from Detroit to Fort Vincennes and helped to rebuild the fort.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
The [[Italians|Italian]] merchant and Patriot [[Francis Vigo]] found Clark and informed the British presence at the fort. Vigo served with the Patriots, ordered war supplies from the Spanish to help, and acted as a secret agent for the Patriots. Clark rounded up enough men to outnumber the British and planned a surprise attack on Fort Vincennes in the heart of winter, a horrible time when no armies were expected to be able to attack due to illness, lack of food, and the flood waters that were high during this time. The Patriots won the Battle of Vincennes on February 23–24, 1779. Hamilton thought of Vincennes as "a refuge for debtors and Vagabonds from Canada." [[George Rogers Clark]] recaptured Fort Sackville in the [[Battle of Vincennes]] without losing a single soldier.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
===Post-Revolution turmoil===
[[File:GRC P8290050 Am Rev Marker.JPG|thumb|upright|American Revolutionary War Historic Memorial Plaque in Vincennes]]Although the Americans would remain in control of Vincennes, it took years to establish peace. In 1786, Captain [[John Hardin]] led a mounted [[Kentucky]] militia across the [[Ohio River]] and destroyed a friendly Piankeshaw town near Vincennes. This led to a series of [[Battle of the Embarras River|attacks]] and counter-attacks between Wabash Indians and American settlers. Finally, on 15 July 1786, the Wabash landed in forty-seven war canoes at Vincennes to drive the Americans back to Kentucky.<ref>Allison, p. 57.</ref> The Indians warned the Canadians in advance of their attack and assured them that they would not be harmed, but the Canadians warned the Americans. They quickly supplied Fort Patrick Henry and waited out the [[siege]]. One American was killed and four wounded, and the war party left after destroying the Americans' farms.
In response, Virginia Governor Patrick Henry authorized George Rogers Clark to raise the Kentucky militia and mount an expedition against the warring tribes. General Clark gathered a force of 1,000 militia and departed [[Clarksville, Indiana|Clarksville]] 9 September 1786, along the [[Buffalo Trace (road)|Buffalo Trace]].<ref>Allison, p. 58.</ref> The militia spent ten days in Vincennes before marching north along the Wabash, but men deserted by the hundreds. Clark was soon forced to return to Vincennes without any action taken. Clark left 150 men to help defend Vincennes, but this force soon turned into a lawless mob, and the citizens of Vincennes petitioned Congress for help.<ref>Allison, p. 58: One resident of Vincennes was heard to pray "Lord, please send the Kentuckians home and bring back the Indians."</ref> Secretary of War [[Henry Knox]] sent Colonel [[Josiah Harmar]] and the [[First American Regiment]] to restore order. The Kentucky militia fled Vincennes at the approach of [[Regular Army (United States)|U.S. Regulars]].<ref>Allison, p. 61.</ref>
Colonel Harmar left 100 regulars under Major [[Jean François Hamtramck]] and directed them to build a fort, [[Forts of Vincennes, Indiana#Fort Knox abandoned|Fort Knox]].<ref>Allison, p. 62.</ref> Vincennes remained an isolated town, difficult to supply due to its position deep within Indian territory. Secure transport to and from Vincennes meant travelling with a large, armed party, whether over land or via the Wabash River. On 30 September 1790, Major Hamtramck led 350 men from Vincennes as far north as the [[Vermilion River (Wabash River tributary)|Vermillion River]], to engage some of the Indian villages which had been at war with Vincennes. The [[Kickapoo people|Kickapoo]] tracked the party, however, and evacuated every village along the way before the Americans arrived.<ref>Allison, p. 68.</ref> Hamtramck destroyed some abandoned villages, but he did not engage any war parties. Faced with desertions from Kentucky militia, Hamtramck returned to Vincennes. The expedition had done no serious harm to the enemies of Vincennes, but it distracted some of the Wabash villages while Josiah Harmar, now a General, led a much larger [[Harmar's Defeat|expedition]] up through Ohio country towards ''[[Kekionga]]''.
===The Vincennes Tract===
The earliest land claims by inhabitants of Vincennes were based on a sale by the Indians to the French in 1742 of a tract of land containing 1.6 million acres, known as the Vincennes Tract. It was a rectangular block lying at right angles to the course of the Wabash River at Vincennes. The tract was ceded by France to Britain by treaty in 1763 after the French and Indian War. On October 18, 1775, an agent for the Wabash Company purchased two tracts of land along the Wabash River from the Piankeshaw tribe called the 'Plankashaw Deed'. In these deeds, the Vincennes Tract was excepted, and it was the first recognition of the tract in period documents. Eventually, the United States Supreme Court invalidated the deeds.
The claims based on French sovereignty or individual deeds issued under it were eventually rejected by congress, because if there were such grants, they passed to the United States by the Treaty of Paris 1783.
By right of conquest, George Rogers Clark secured this land for the United States in 1779 and the Land Act of 1796 honored its boundaries.
The Vincennes Donation Lands were embodied in ''An Act for granting lands to the Inhabitants and settlers at Vincennes and the Illinois country, in the territory northwest of the Ohio, and for confirming them in their possessions (1791)''.
===Growth of the town===
By 1798, the population had reached 2,500. Vincennes was no longer considered a trading outpost, but a thriving city.<ref>Allison, p. 87.</ref>
Elihu Stout published the first newspaper in the Indiana Territory in 1804 at Vincennes. The ''Indiana Gazette'' debuted on July 31, 1804. Fire destroyed the printing presses in 1806, but Stout revived the newspaper as the ''Western Sun'' in 1807.<ref name="blog.newspapers.library.in.gov">{{cite web|url=http://blog.newspapers.library.in.gov/vincennes-gazette/|title=Indiana Historic Newspaper Digitization Project Blog|access-date=2014-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808045445/http://blog.newspapers.library.in.gov/vincennes-gazette/|archive-date=2014-08-08|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>John W. Miller, ''Indiana Newspaper Bibliography'' (Indiana Historical Society, 1982), 210–13.</ref>
Vincennes served as the first capital of [[Indiana Territory]] until it was moved to [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]] on May 1, 1813.
In 1826, "A party of [[Shawnee|Shawnee Indians]] ... in men, women, and children, to 500, passed through this place [Vincennes] ... from their reservation at [[Wapakoneta, Ohio|Wapaghkonetta]], moving to the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]]. The celebrated [[Tenskwatawa|Indian prophet]], and a son of the great [[Tecumseh]], were in the company."<ref>{{Cite news
| page = 3
| title = Shawnee Indians – Wapakoneta Ohio – Vincennes Indiana
| work = Boston Reporter and Telegraph
| access-date = 2013-02-18
| date = 1826-12-15
| url = http://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/shawnee-indians-wapakoneta-oh-1826-newspaper
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130605161415/http://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/shawnee-indians-wapakoneta-oh-1826-newspaper
| archive-date = 2013-06-05
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
===Slavery===
{{quote box|align=right|width=250px|Those who were pro-slavery tried to perform an end run around the Indiana constitution by putting in place indentured servitude under which slaves, in theory, appeared to be able earn their freedom. However, the terms often placed on indentured servants were so excessive, many never actually never were able to achieve freedom.|—Rebecca R. Bibbs, ''It took two Supreme Court cases to end slavery in Indiana''<ref name="Bibbs">{{Cite news |last=Bibbs |first=Rebecca R. |date=February 2, 2020 |title=Hidden History: It took two Supreme Court cases to end slavery in Indiana |language=en |work=The Herald |url=https://www.heraldbulletin.com/news/local_news/it-took-two-supreme-court-cases-to-end-slavery-in-indiana/article_3ed8c74a-44ba-11ea-9414-c71f02845816.html |access-date=2022-02-23}}</ref>}}
Slavery was practiced in the 16th century, when the present-day state of Indiana was part of [[New France]] (1534–1763), by the French and Native Americans. When the area became part of the [[Northwest Territory]], slavery was banned by the [[Northwest Ordinance]] of 1787, but slavery and [[indentured servitude]] continued.
<ref name="Keierleber">{{Cite news |last=Keierleber |first=Mark |date=February 16, 2013 |title=Woman's battle helped end slavery in Indiana |work=The Herald-Tribune}}</ref><ref name="IR">{{Cite news |date=August 9, 2021 |title=Mary Bateman Clark helped end slavery, indentured servitude in Indiana |language=en-US |work=Indianapolis Recorder |url=https://indianapolisrecorder.com/mary-bateman-clark-helped-end-slavery-indentured-servitude-in-indiana/ |access-date=2022-02-21}}</ref> Slaveholders created a "loophole", that the provision did not apply to African Americans who were already enslaved in the state.<ref name="Johnson">{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=Taylor |date=2021-02-09 |title=Polly Strong & Mary Clark remembered as 'pioneers in this ongoing struggle for freedom' |language=en-US |work=My Wabash Valley, WTWO-TV, Nexstar Media |url=https://www.mywabashvalley.com/hidden-history/black-history-month/polly-strong-mary-clark-remembered-as-pioneers-in-this-ongoing-struggle-for-freedom/ |access-date=2022-02-21}}</ref> In 1816, the [[Constitution of Indiana]] made forced labor illegal, stating that "there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in this state."<ref name="Keierleber" />
[[Polly Strong]], an enslaved woman of Vincennes, was the plaintiff in a case that argued that she should be free. After losing in the Harrison County Circuit Court, she won the case at the [[Indiana Supreme Court]] on July 22, 1820, and she was freed.<ref name="IR" /> In the case of
Clark's attorney appealed the decision with the Indiana Supreme Court in the case of ''[[Mary Bateman Clark#Court cases|Mary Clark v. G.W. Johnston]]'' was a former slave who was made an [[indentured servitude|indentured servant]] and lived in Vincennes. She won her freedom on November 6, 1821, when the Indiana Supreme Court ruled that servitude violated the state's 1816 Constitution.<ref name="Williams SB">{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Sandra Boyd |year=1997 |title=The Indiana Supreme Court and the Struggle Against Slavery |journal=Indiana Law Review |series=Symposium: The History of Indiana Courts: People, Legacy and Defining Moments |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=307–310 }}</ref> This was a landmark contract law case for indentured servants and foretold the end of [[wikt:bondservant|forced labor]] in Indiana.<ref name="IBC">{{Cite web |title=Mary Bateman Clark Project |url=https://www.in.gov/ibc/legacyprojects/2770.htm |access-date=2022-02-25 |website=Indiana Bicentennial Commission, Indiana state government}}</ref>
=== Time zone controversy ===
On November 4, 2007, Knox County joined [[Daviess County, Indiana|Daviess]], [[Martin County, Indiana|Martin]], [[Pike County, Indiana|Pike]], and [[Dubois County, Indiana|Dubois]] counties in returning to the [[Eastern Time zone]]. Controversy concerning [[time in Indiana]] has caused a change in the time zone of Vincennes on three different occasions since the [[Standard Time Act of 1918]].
=== Unofficial city flag ===
[[File:Flag of Vincennes, Indiana.png|thumb|right]]This flag for the city of Vincennes, Indiana, albeit unofficial, is used around the city. It features the signature V, four [[fleur-de-lis|fleurs-de-lis]], symbolizing the city's French heritage, its existence in four centuries: 18th, 19th, 20th, and 21st, since the city's establishment in 1732. Similar in appearance to the flag of [[Indianapolis]], Vincennes' flag is more squared in appearance and has a diamond center rather than a circle. It represents the layout of Vincennes. White stripes radiating from the diamond represent Vincennes' part in the settlement of the frontier, as it was at the crossroads of several great pioneer trails.
== Geography ==
Vincennes is located on the banks of the Wabash River at the western edge of Knox County; this is also the western edge of the state of Indiana, and Illinois is across the river to the west. The city lies about {{convert|100|mi}} southwest of [[Indianapolis]]. [[U.S. Route 41 in Indiana|U.S. Route 41]] passes through the city from north to south, and [[U.S. Route 50 in Indiana|U.S. Route 50]] passes just to the north of the city from east to west.
According to the 2010 census, Vincennes has a total area of {{convert|7.478|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|7.41|sqmi|sqkm|2}} (or 99.09%) is land and {{convert|0.068|sqmi|sqkm|2}} (or 0.91%) is water.<ref name="census-g001">{{cite web
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1879208
|title=G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1
|access-date=2015-07-29
|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213082731/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1879208
|archive-date=2020-02-13
}}</ref>
===Climate===
Vincennes has a humid subtropical climate with hot summers and cool winters with heavy rainfall at times throughout much of the year. There are an average of 53.1 days with highs of {{convert|90|F|C}} or higher and an average of 101.5 days with lows of {{convert|32|F|C}} or lower.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qwikcast.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=15357&refer= | title=VINCENNES, INDIANA Travel Weather | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719120205/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=15357&refer= | archive-date=2013-07-19}}</ref> Average January temperatures are a high of {{convert|36.3|F|C}} and a low of {{convert|18.3|F|C}}. Average July temperatures are a high of {{convert|87.7|F|C}} and a low of {{convert|64.8|F|C}}. The record high temperature was {{convert|104|F|C}} on June 26, 1988. The record low temperature was {{convert|-26|F|C}} on January 19, 1994.
Average annual precipitation is {{convert|44.43|in|cm}}. Measurable precipitation occurs on an average of 105.6 days each year. The wettest year was 1990 with {{convert|60.08|in|cm}} and the dryest year was 1988 with {{convert|36.02|in|cm}}. The most precipitation in one month was {{convert|11.18|in|cm}} in November 1985. The most precipitation in 24 hours was {{convert|5.07|in|cm}}.
Average annual snowfall is {{convert|5.8|in|cm}}. Measurable snowfall occurs on only 2.6 days. The snowiest season was 1989–90 when {{convert|16.4|in|cm}} fell. The most snow in one month was {{convert|8.5|in|cm}} in December 1990. The most snow in 24 hours was {{convert|8.0|in|cm}} on March 24, 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mrcc.isws.illinois.edu/climate_midwest/historical/temp/in/129113_tsum.html |title=Temperature Summary - 129113 VINCENNES 5 NE, IN |access-date=2010-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719211745/http://mrcc.isws.illinois.edu/climate_midwest/historical/temp/in/129113_tsum.html |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref>
==Demographics==
{{US Census population
| 1850 = 2070
| 1860 = 3960
| 1870 = 5440
| 1880 = 7680
| 1890 = 8853
| 1900 = 10249
| 1910 = 14895
| 1920 = 17160
| 1930 = 17564
| 1940 = 18228
| 1950 = 18831
| 1960 = 18046
| 1970 = 19867
| 1980 = 20857
| 1990 = 19859
| 2000 = 18701
| 2010 = 18423
| 2020 = 16759
| footnote = U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
}}
===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2012-12-11}}</ref> of 2010, there were 18,423 people, 7,407 households, and 4,108 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert|2486.2|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 8,259 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1114.6|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 91.9% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 4.7% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.3% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.7% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.7% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 1.7% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.9% of the population.
There were 7,407 households, of which 26.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.8% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.5% were non-families. 36.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.83.
The median age in the city was 33 years. 19.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 20.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.4% were from 25 to 44; 23.6% were from 45 to 64; and 15% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.3% male and 49.7% female.
===2000 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2" /> of 2000, there were 18,701 people, 7,614 households, and 4,332 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|2,620.3|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 8,574 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1,201.4|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 94.34% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 3.28% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.25% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.72% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.06% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.48% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.88% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.02% of the population.
There were 7,614 households, out of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.8% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.1% were non-families. 35.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.85.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.0% under the age of 18, 20.5% from 18 to 24, 24.0% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $26,289, and the median income for a family was $35,424. Males had a median income of $27,029 versus $20,254 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $14,993. About 15.0% of families and 20.7% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 25.9% of those under age 18 and 12.7% of those age 65 or over.
==Education==
[[File:Knox County Courthhouse, Vincennes.JPG|thumb|right|Knox County Courthouse]]
===Public schools===
'''Elementary Schools'''
*South Knox Elementary School
*Tecumseh – Harrison Elementary
*Franklin Elementary
*Vigo Elementary
*Riley Elementary
*Washington Elementary (Decommissioned in May 2010)
'''Middle School'''
*South Knox Middle-Highschool
*Clark Middle School
'''High School'''
*South Knox Middle-Highschool
*[[Lincoln High School (Vincennes)|Lincoln High School]]
===Parochial schools===
'''Elementary school'''
*Flaget Elementary (K–5)
'''High school'''
*[[Vincennes Rivet High School]] (6–12)
===Other private schools===
*Southwestern Indiana Youth Village (4–12)
===Higher education===
*[[Vincennes University]] was established in 1801 as '''Jefferson Academy'''. It is the oldest college of higher learning in Indiana.
*[[Purdue Polytechnic Institute]] maintains a satellite campus in Vincennes in a partnership with Vincennes University.
==Government==
The city government consists of a seven-member city council. Five of whom are elected from districts the other two are elected at large. The mayor is elected in a citywide vote.
==Media==
===Television===
* [[WVUT]] [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] (22) – 22.1 / 22.2 / 22.3 – [[Vincennes University]]
===Radio===
* 91.1 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] [[WVUB]] "Blazer 91-1" – [[Vincennes University]]
* 92.1 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] [[WZDM]] "Wisdom 92-1" – [[The Original Company]]
* 96.7 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] [[WFML]] –
* 1450 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] [[WAOV]] – [[The Original Company]]
===Newspaper===
* ''[[Vincennes Sun-Commercial]]''
==Legacy==
The Revolutionary War battle at Vincennes was featured in the 1901 novel ''Alice of Old Vincennes'' by [[Maurice Thompson]].<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/0/9/4097/4097.txt Alice of Old Vincennes]</ref> Four ships have also been named {{USS|Vincennes||6}} in honor of this battle; as well as for the city. The first {{USS|Vincennes|1826|2}} was an 18-gun sloop-of-war commissioned in 1826 and sold in 1867. The second {{USS|Vincennes|CA-44|2}} was a {{Sclass|New Orleans|cruiser|4}} heavy cruiser commissioned in 1937 and lost in the Battle of Savo Island in 1942. The third {{USS|Vincennes|CL-64|2}} was a {{Sclass|Cleveland|cruiser|4}} light cruiser commissioned in 1944 and decommissioned in 1946. The fourth and most recent {{USS|Vincennes|CG-49|2}} was a {{Sclass|Ticonderoga|cruiser|4}} guided missile cruiser commissioned in 1985 which was decommissioned and scrapped in 2005.
{{multiple image
| align = center
| total_width = 920
| image1 = Vincennes (color).jpg
| width1 = 800 | height1 = 528
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = USS Vincennes (CA-44) in Panama Canal 1938.jpg
| width2 = 740 | height2 = 549
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| image3 = USS Vincennes (CL-64) underway in San Francisco Bay on 29 August 1945 (NH 98189).jpg
|width3 = 740 | height3 = 596
|alt3 =
|caption3 =
| image4 = USS Vincennes returns to San Diego Oct 1988.jpg
|width4 = 800| height4 = 520
|alt4 =
|caption4 =
| footer = The four US Navy ships named ''Vincennes''
| footer_align = center
}}
==Notable people==
* [[Bruce Barmes]] (1929-2014), [[baseball]] player, [[History of the Washington Senators (1901–1960)|Washington Senators]]
* [[Clint Barmes]] (b. 1979), [[baseball]] player, [[San Diego Padres]]
* [[David Carter (offensive lineman)|David Carter]], retired [[American Football|football]] player, center and guard [[Houston Oilers]]
*[[E. Wallace Chadwick]] (1884-1969), [[U.S. Congressman]] for [[Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district]] from 1947 to 1949
* [[Albert K. Dawson]] (1885–1967), photographer, film correspondent in World War I
* [[James C. Denny]] (1829-1887), [[Indiana Attorney General]] (1872-1874)
* [[Henry Dodge]] (1782–1867), U.S. Senator from [[Wisconsin]]
* [[Mike Eskew]], former [[Chairman]] and [[CEO]] of [[United Parcel Service|UPS]]
* [[James Freeman Gilbert]], geophysicist
* [[Bruce Bouillet]], guitarist for [[Racer X (band)|Racer X]]
* [[David Goodnow]], [[television]] news broadcaster
* [[William Henry Harrison]] (1773–1841), Indiana Territorial Governor and [[9th President of the United States]]
* [[Mitch Henderson]], basketball head coach, [[Princeton Tigers men's basketball|Princeton]]
* [[Charles T. Hinde]], businessman and riverboat captain; briefly lived in Vincennes
* [[Jane Jarvis]], (1915-2010), organist for the [[New York Mets]] and [[jazz]] musician
* [[Buck Jones]] (1891–1942), actor, silent and 1930s film star
* [[John Rice Jones]], politician and jurist
* [[Stanislaus P. La Lumiere]], president of [[Marquette University]]
* [[Julian Morgenstern]] (1881–1976), rabbi, professor, and president of [[Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion|Hebrew Union College]]
* [[Alvy Moore]] (1921–1997), actor
* [[Curtis Painter]] (b. 1985) [[American Football|football]] player, quarterback [[Purdue University]], [[Indianapolis Colts]], [[Baltimore Ravens]], [[New York Giants]]
* [[William Edward Phipps]], film and television actor, born in Vincennes
* [[Ollie Pickering]] (1870–1952), first batter in MLB [[American League]] history; lived and died in Vincennes
* [[Red Skelton]] (1913–1997), comedian and film actor, star of ''[[The Red Skelton Show]]''
* [[Richard L. Stevens]], brigadier general, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
* [[Dan Stryzinski]], [[American Football|football]] player, punter for [[Indiana University]] and eight NFL teams
* [[Sarah Knox Taylor]] (1814–1835), daughter of [[Zachary Taylor]] and first wife of [[Jefferson Davis]]
* [[Waller Taylor]], lawyer, [[Adjutant General]], [[United States Senator]] from Indiana
* [[Alice Terry]] (1899–1987), actress and director, silent films; wife of director [[Rex Ingram (director)|Rex Ingram]]
* [[Samuel Williams (American politician)|Samuel Williams]] (1851–1913), judge and politician
* [[Benjamin Willoughby]] (1855-1940), Justice of the [[Indiana Supreme Court]]
==Local attractions==
* [[George Rogers Clark National Historical Park]], the memorial and park built for the war hero George Rogers Clark.
[[File:Vincennes Indiana Cathedral.JPG|thumb|Xavier Cathedral]]
* [[St. Francis Xavier Cathedral and Library]], the oldest Catholic church in the state of Indiana and Indiana's oldest library.
* [[Grand Rapids Dam]] was once a dam on the [[Wabash River]] near present-day Vincennes; its remains are still visible.
* [[Grouseland]], the mansion home of [[William Henry Harrison]], 9th United States President.
* [[Forts of Vincennes, Indiana#Fort Knox II|Fort Knox II]]: Operated by the Indiana State Museum and Historic Sites Corp, Fort Knox was the jumping off point for the Tippecanoe Campaign in 1811. Outline of the fort is marked for self-guided tours.
* Fort Sackville, one of the forts of Vincennes.
* The [[U.S. Navy]] has named four [[USS Vincennes|ships]] in honor of Vincennes.
* The Servant of God, Bishop [[Simon Bruté]] de Remur, first Catholic Bishop of the [[Diocese of Vincennes]].
* The [[Indiana Territorial Capitol]]. Is the primary site owned by the Indiana State Museum and Historic Sites Corp in Vincennes. The building was once the center of government for the Indiana Territory from 1800 to 1813.
* The [[Indiana Military Museum]] (indianamilitarymuseum.org)
* [[Pantheon Theatre]]
* The [[Red Skelton]] Museum of American Comedy on the campus of Vincennes University contains memorabilia of radio, TV, and movie star Red Skelton, who was born in Vincennes. As of 2017, his birth home still exists, but is in private hands.
* In addition to the George Rogers Clark National Historical Park, St. Francis Xavier Cathedral and Library, Grouseland, Fort Knox II, and Indiana Territorial Capitol, [[Gregg Park]], [[Hack and Simon Office Building]], [[Kimmell Park]], [[Old State Bank (Vincennes, Indiana)|Old State Bank]], [[Pyramid Mound]], [[Vincennes Fortnightly Club]], and the [[Vincennes Historic District]] are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref><ref name="nps">{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/listings/20131018.htm|title=National Register of Historic Places Listings|date=2013-10-18|work=Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 9/16/13 through 9/30/13|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=2016-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312121947/http://www.nps.gov/nr/listings/20131018.htm|archive-date=2016-03-12|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==See also==
{{Portal|Indiana}}
*[[Indiana Territory]]
*[[Forts of Vincennes, Indiana]]
*[[Grand Rapids Dam]]
*[[Grand Rapids Hotel]]
*[[Piankashaw]] Indians
*[[USS Vincennes|USS ''Vincennes'']], 4 ships
==References==
* {{cite book|author=Allison, Harold|title=The Tragic Saga of the Indiana Indians|year=1986|publisher=Turner Publishing Company, Paducah|isbn=0-938021-07-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Barnhart, John D.|author2=Riker, Dorothy L. |title=Indiana to 1816. The Colonial Period |year=1971|publisher=Indiana Historical Society|isbn=0-87195-109-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Derleth, August|title=Vincennes: Portal to the West|url=https://archive.org/details/vincennesportalt00derl|url-access=registration|year=1968|publisher=[[Prentice-Hall]], Inc|location= Englewood Cliffs, NJ|lccn=68020537}}
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/629338/Vincennes Vincennes]. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
* {{cite book|author=Nolan, John Matthew|title=2,543 Days: A History of the Hotel at Grand Rapids Dam on the Wabash River|year=2011|publisher=J.M. Nolan |isbn=978-1-257-04152-7}}
==External links==
{{wikivoyage|Vincennes}}
* [http://www.vincennescvb.org Vincennes, Knox County Convention and Visitors Bureau, Indiana]
* [http://www.vincennes.org City of Vincennes, Indiana]
* [http://www.vinu.edu/ Vincennes University]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061430/http://rking.vinu.edu/vinbrief.htm Vincennes brief history (Vincennes University)]
* [http://www.vcsc.k12.in.us Vincennes School Corporation]
* [http://www.nps.gov/gero/ George Rogers Clark National Park]
* [http://www.in.gov/ism/StateHistoricSites/VincennesSites/vin_itc.aspx Indiana Territorial Capitol]
* [http://www.revolutionarywararchives.org/vincennes.html Revolutionary War Archives – Battle of Vincennes]
{{Knox County, Indiana}}
{{County Seats of Indiana}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Vincennes, Indiana| ]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1732]]
[[Category:1732 establishments in the French colonial empire]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{About|the United States city of Vincennes|other uses|Vincennes (disambiguation)}}
<!-- Infobox begins -->{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Vincennes, Indiana
|native_name =
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|nickname =
|motto =
|image_skyline = George_Rogers_Clark_Memorial_in_Vincennes,_Indiana.jpg
|imagesize = 300px
|image_caption = Vincennes' most recognizable landmark, <br /> The George Rogers Clark National Historical Park Rotunda
|image_flag = Flag of Vincennes, Indiana.png
|flag_size = 180px
|image =
|image_seal =
|image_map = File:Knox County Indiana Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Vincennes Highlighted 1879208.svg
|mapsize = 250x200px
|map_caption = Location of Vincennes in Knox County, Indiana
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Indiana]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Indiana|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Knox County, Indiana|Knox]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of townships in Indiana|Township]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Vincennes Township, Knox County, Indiana|Vincennes]]
|government_type =
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = Joe Yochum ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) Elected out 2025
|leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->
|leader_name1 =
|leader_title2 =
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|established_title = <!-- Settled -->
|established_date = 1732
|established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
|established_date2 =
|established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
|established_date3 =
|named_for = [[François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes]]
|area_land_km2 = 19.19
|area_water_km2 = 0.18
|area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_18.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=March 16, 2022}}</ref>
|area_total_km2 = 19.37
|area_total_sq_mi = 7.48
|area_land_sq_mi = 7.41
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.07
|area_water_percent = 0.94
|area_urban_sq_mi =
|area_metro_sq_mi =
|population_footnotes =
|population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
|population_est =
|pop_est_as_of =
|population_note =
|population_total = 16759
|population_density_km2 = 873.19
|population_density_sq_mi = 2261.67
|population_metro =
|population_density_metro_km2 =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
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|timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|coordinates = {{coord|38|40|42|N|87|30|58|W|region:US-IN|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_m = 128
|elevation_ft = 420
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]
|postal_code = 47591
|website = {{URL|www.vincennes.org}}
|area_code = [[Area codes 812 and 930|812 and 930]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 18-79208<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2008-01-31|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref>
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 0445300<ref name="GR3">{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|access-date=2008-01-31|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=2007-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212191832/http://geonames.usgs.gov/|archive-date=2012-02-12|url-status=live}}</ref>
|footnotes =
|pop_est_footnotes =
|unit_pref = Imperial
}}
<!-- Infobox ends -->
'''Vincennes''' is a city in and the [[county seat]] of [[Knox County, Indiana|Knox County]], [[Indiana]], [[United States]].<ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|access-date=2011-06-07|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|archive-date=2011-05-31|url-status=live}}</ref> It is located on the lower [[Wabash River]] in the [[Southwestern Indiana|southwestern]] part of the state, nearly halfway between [[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]] and [[Terre Haute, Indiana|Terre Haute]]. Founded in 1732 by French [[fur trade]]rs, notably [[François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes]], for whom the Fort was named, Vincennes is the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in Indiana and one of the oldest settlements west of the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachians]]. The population was 16,759 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]].<ref name="2020 census">{{cite web |title=Vincennes city, Indiana - Census Bureau Profile |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Vincennes_city,_Indiana?g=160XX00US1879208 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref>
==History==
The vicinity of Vincennes was inhabited for thousands of years by different cultures of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=James R. III|author2=Amy L. Johnson|title=Early Peoples of Indiana|url=http://www.in.gov/dnr/historic/files/HP_earlypeoples.pdf|website=IN.gov|publisher=Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology|access-date=24 June 2015|location=Indianapolis|date=2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626133033/http://www.in.gov/dnr/historic/files/HP_earlypeoples.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[Woodland period|Late Woodland period]], some of these peoples used local [[loess]] hills as burial sites; some of the more prominent examples are the Sugar Loaf Mound and the [[Pyramid Mound]].<ref>Stafford, C. Russell. "The Geomorphology of Sugar Loaf Mound: Prehistoric Cemeteries and the Formation of Loess Cones in the Lower Wabash Valley," ''Geoarchaeology: An International Journal'' 13.7 (1998): 649–672.</ref>{{rp|668}} In [[historic]] times, prominent local Indian groups who drove these people out were the [[Shawnee]], [[Wabash Confederacy|Wabash]], and the [[Miami tribe]].
The first European settlers were French, when Vincennes was founded as part of the French colony of [[Illinois Country]], New France. Later on, it would be transferred to the colony of [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]]. Several years later, France lost the [[French and Indian War]] (part of the [[Seven Years' War]]), and as result ceded territory east of the [[Mississippi River]], including Vincennes, to the [[Great Britain in the Seven Years' War|victorious British]].
Once the area was under [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] control, it was associated with the [[Province of Quebec (1763-1791)|Province of Quebec]] until after the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]. It then became part of the [[Illinois County]] of the [[Colony and Dominion of Virginia]]. Next it became part of [[Knox County, Indiana|Knox County]] in the [[Northwest Territory]], and it was later included in the [[Indiana Territory]]. Vincennes served as capital of the Indiana Territory from 1800 until 1813, when the government was moved to [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]].
[[File:Vincennes, Indiana map from 1876 atlas.JPG|thumb|left|Map of Vincennes from 1876 atlas]]
===New France===
The first trading post on the [[Wabash River]] was established by Sieur Juchereau, Lieutenant General of [[Montréal]]. With thirty-four [[Canadien]]s, he founded the company post on October 28, 1702, to trade for [[American Bison|Buffalo]] hides with [[Indigenous people of the Americas|American Indians]]. The exact location of Juchereau's trading post is not known, but because the [[Buffalo Trace (road)|Buffalo Trace]] crosses the Wabash at Vincennes, many believe it was here. The post was a success; in the first two years, the traders collected over 13,000 buffalo hides.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lasselle |first=Charles B |date=March 1906 |title=The Old Indian Traders of Indiana |journal=The Indiana Magazine of History |volume=II |issue=1 |page=3 |publisher=George S. Cottman |location=Indianapolis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpwKAAAAIAAJ |access-date=11 January 2008 }}</ref> When Juchereau died,{{when|date=April 2022}} the post was abandoned.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} The French-Canadian settlers left what they considered hostile territory for [[Old Mobile Site|Mobile]] (in present-day Alabama), then the capital of [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]].
The oldest European town in Indiana, Vincennes was officially established in 1732 as a second [[France|French]] [[fur trading]] post in this area. The [[Compagnie des Indes]] commissioned a French officer, [[François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes]], to build a post along the Wabash River to discourage local nations from trading with the English.<ref>Derleth, p. 4.</ref> Vincennes founded the new trading post near the meeting points of the [[Wabash River|Wabash]] and [[White River (Indiana)|White]] rivers, and the overland [[Buffalo Trace (road)|Buffalo Trace]].<ref>Derleth, p. 8.</ref> Vincennes, who had lived with his father among the [[Miami tribe]], persuaded the [[Piankeshaw]] to establish a village at his trading post. He also encouraged Canadien settlers to move there, and started his own family to increase the village population.<ref>Derleth, p. 9.</ref> Because the Wabash post was so remote, however, Vincennes had a hard time getting trade supplies from Louisiana for the native nations, who were also being courted by English traders. The boundary between the French colonies of Louisiana and Canada, although inexact in the first years of the settlement, was decreed in 1745 to run between [[Fort Ouiatenon]] (below the site of modern-day [[Lafayette, Indiana]]) and Vincennes.<ref name="Ekberg-French Roots">{{cite book|last=Ekberg|first=Carl|title=French Roots in the Illinois Country: The Mississippi Frontier in Colonial Times|date=2000|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Urbana and Chicago, Ill.|isbn=978-0-252-06924-6|page=32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOdf3FRXms0C&pg=PA32|access-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219152958/https://books.google.com/books?id=NOdf3FRXms0C&pg=PA32|archive-date=19 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 1736, during the French war with the [[Chickasaw]] nation, Vincennes was captured and burned at the stake near the present-day town of [[Fulton, Mississippi]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Indiana Historical Society Publications|volume=VII|year=1923|chapter=Sieur de Vincennes Identified|first=Pierre-Georges|last=Roy|publisher=C. E. Pauley and Company|location=Indianapolis|pages=17–18|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/sieurdevincennes71royp#page/16/mode/2up/search/burned|access-date=2015-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403030924/https://archive.org/stream/sieurdevincennes71royp#page/16/mode/2up/search/burned|archive-date=2016-04-03|url-status=live}}</ref> His settlement on the Wabash was renamed Poste Vincennes in his honor.
Louisiana Governor [[Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville]], next appointed [[Louis Groston de Saint-Ange de Bellerive]] to command Poste Vincennes.
As the French colonists pushed north from Louisiana and south from Canada, however, the American colonists to the east continued to push west. In addition, British traders lured away many of Indians who had traded with the Canadiens. This competition escalated in the [[Ohio Country]] until 1754 and the eruption of the [[French and Indian War]] (the North American theater of the [[Seven Years' War]] between Britain and France.){{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
===British America===
[[File:Vincennes Indiana British Fort Diorama.JPG|thumb|right|Diorama of Fort Sackville]]
On February 10, 1763, when [[New France]] was ceded to the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] at the conclusion of the [[French and Indian War]], Vincennes fell under the authority of Great Britain. British officer John Ramsey came to Vincennes in 1766. He took a census of the settlement, built up the fort, and renamed it [[Fort Sackville]]. The population grew quickly in the years that followed, resulting in a unique culture of interdependent [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], [[French Canadians|Canadien]] settlers and British traders.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
Vincennes was far from centers of British power. In 1770 and 1772, [[Thomas Gage]], the commander in chief of Britain's North American forces, received warnings that the residents of Vincennes were [[American Revolution|agitating against]] [[the Crown]], and were inciting native tribes along the river trade routes to attack British traders. The [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|Colonial Secretary]], the [[Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire|Earl of Hillsborough]], ordered the residents to be removed from Vincennes in response. Gage demurred while the residents responded to the charges against them, claiming to be "peaceful settlers, cultivating the land which His Most Christian Majesty [meaning the King of France] granted us." The issue was resolved by Hillsborough's successor, [[William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth|Lord Dartmouth]], who insisted to Gage that the residents were not lawless vagabonds, but British subjects whose rights were protected by the Crown. Gage took no action against the residents of Vincennes.<ref>Barnhart, p. 172–173.</ref> In 1778, residents at Poste Vincennes received word of the [[Treaty of Alliance (1778)|French alliance]] with the American [[Second Continental Congress]] from [[Pierre Gibault|Father Pierre Gibault]] and Dr. Jean Laffont. They mobilized in support of the American revolutionaries, as did the local [[Piankeshaw]], led by Chief [[Young Tobacco]].{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
===Revolutionary War===
{{main article|Siege of Fort Vincennes}}
[[File:Clark's march against Vincennes, across the Wabash River through wilderness and flood - NARA - 518211.tif|thumb|left|upright|''Clark's march against Vincennes, across the Wabash River through wilderness and flood'', artist unknown, from the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]]]
Lieutenant Colonel [[George Rogers Clark|George R. Clark]], Captain Leonard Helm, and others created a plan to capture the French forts that the British occupied after Louisiana was ceded. After Kaskaskia was captured by Clark, Lieutenant Governor [[Henry Hamilton (governor)|Henry Hamilton]] sent British soldiers and reinforcements from Detroit to Fort Vincennes and helped to rebuild the fort.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
The [[Italians|Italian]] merchant and Patriot [[Francis Vigo]] found Clark and informed the British presence at the fort. Vigo served with the Patriots, ordered war supplies from the Spanish to help, and acted as a secret agent for the Patriots. Clark rounded up enough men to outnumber the British and planned a surprise attack on Fort Vincennes in the heart of winter, a horrible time when no armies were expected to be able to attack due to illness, lack of food, and the flood waters that were high during this time. The Patriots won the Battle of Vincennes on February 23–24, 1779. Hamilton thought of Vincennes as "a refuge for debtors and Vagabonds from Canada." [[George Rogers Clark]] recaptured Fort Sackville in the [[Battle of Vincennes]] without losing a single soldier.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
===Post-Revolution turmoil===
[[File:GRC P8290050 Am Rev Marker.JPG|thumb|upright|American Revolutionary War Historic Memorial Plaque in Vincennes]]Although the Americans would remain in control of Vincennes, it took years to establish peace. In 1786, Captain [[John Hardin]] led a mounted [[Kentucky]] militia across the [[Ohio River]] and destroyed a friendly Piankeshaw town near Vincennes. This led to a series of [[Battle of the Embarras River|attacks]] and counter-attacks between Wabash Indians and American settlers. Finally, on 15 July 1786, the Wabash landed in forty-seven war canoes at Vincennes to drive the Americans back to Kentucky.<ref>Allison, p. 57.</ref> The Indians warned the Canadians in advance of their attack and assured them that they would not be harmed, but the Canadians warned the Americans. They quickly supplied Fort Patrick Henry and waited out the [[siege]]. One American was killed and four wounded, and the war party left after destroying the Americans' farms.
In response, Virginia Governor Patrick Henry authorized George Rogers Clark to raise the Kentucky militia and mount an expedition against the warring tribes. General Clark gathered a force of 1,000 militia and departed [[Clarksville, Indiana|Clarksville]] 9 September 1786, along the [[Buffalo Trace (road)|Buffalo Trace]].<ref>Allison, p. 58.</ref> The militia spent ten days in Vincennes before marching north along the Wabash, but men deserted by the hundreds. Clark was soon forced to return to Vincennes without any action taken. Clark left 150 men to help defend Vincennes, but this force soon turned into a lawless mob, and the citizens of Vincennes petitioned Congress for help.<ref>Allison, p. 58: One resident of Vincennes was heard to pray "Lord, please send the Kentuckians home and bring back the Indians."</ref> Secretary of War [[Henry Knox]] sent Colonel [[Josiah Harmar]] and the [[First American Regiment]] to restore order. The Kentucky militia fled Vincennes at the approach of [[Regular Army (United States)|U.S. Regulars]].<ref>Allison, p. 61.</ref>
Colonel Harmar left 100 regulars under Major [[Jean François Hamtramck]] and directed them to build a fort, [[Forts of Vincennes, Indiana#Fort Knox abandoned|Fort Knox]].<ref>Allison, p. 62.</ref> Vincennes remained an isolated town, difficult to supply due to its position deep within Indian territory. Secure transport to and from Vincennes meant travelling with a large, armed party, whether over land or via the Wabash River. On 30 September 1790, Major Hamtramck led 350 men from Vincennes as far north as the [[Vermilion River (Wabash River tributary)|Vermillion River]], to engage some of the Indian villages which had been at war with Vincennes. The [[Kickapoo people|Kickapoo]] tracked the party, however, and evacuated every village along the way before the Americans arrived.<ref>Allison, p. 68.</ref> Hamtramck destroyed some abandoned villages, but he did not engage any war parties. Faced with desertions from Kentucky militia, Hamtramck returned to Vincennes. The expedition had done no serious harm to the enemies of Vincennes, but it distracted some of the Wabash villages while Josiah Harmar, now a General, led a much larger [[Harmar's Defeat|expedition]] up through Ohio country towards ''[[Kekionga]]''.
===The Vincennes Tract===
The earliest land claims by inhabitants of Vincennes were based on a sale by the Indians to the French in 1742 of a tract of land containing 1.6 million acres, known as the Vincennes Tract. It was a rectangular block lying at right angles to the course of the Wabash River at Vincennes. The tract was ceded by France to Britain by treaty in 1763 after the French and Indian War. On October 18, 1775, an agent for the Wabash Company purchased two tracts of land along the Wabash River from the Piankeshaw tribe called the 'Plankashaw Deed'. In these deeds, the Vincennes Tract was excepted, and it was the first recognition of the tract in period documents. Eventually, the United States Supreme Court invalidated the deeds.
The claims based on French sovereignty or individual deeds issued under it were eventually rejected by congress, because if there were such grants, they passed to the United States by the Treaty of Paris 1783.
By right of conquest, George Rogers Clark secured this land for the United States in 1779 and the Land Act of 1796 honored its boundaries.
The Vincennes Donation Lands were embodied in ''An Act for granting lands to the Inhabitants and settlers at Vincennes and the Illinois country, in the territory northwest of the Ohio, and for confirming them in their possessions (1791)''.
===Growth of the town===
By 1798, the population had reached 2,500. Vincennes was no longer considered a trading outpost, but a thriving city.<ref>Allison, p. 87.</ref>
Elihu Stout published the first newspaper in the Indiana Territory in 1804 at Vincennes. The ''Indiana Gazette'' debuted on July 31, 1804. Fire destroyed the printing presses in 1806, but Stout revived the newspaper as the ''Western Sun'' in 1807.<ref name="blog.newspapers.library.in.gov">{{cite web|url=http://blog.newspapers.library.in.gov/vincennes-gazette/|title=Indiana Historic Newspaper Digitization Project Blog|access-date=2014-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808045445/http://blog.newspapers.library.in.gov/vincennes-gazette/|archive-date=2014-08-08|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>John W. Miller, ''Indiana Newspaper Bibliography'' (Indiana Historical Society, 1982), 210–13.</ref>
Vincennes served as the first capital of [[Indiana Territory]] until it was moved to [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]] on May 1, 1813.
In 1826, "A party of [[Shawnee|Shawnee Indians]] ... in men, women, and children, to 500, passed through this place [Vincennes] ... from their reservation at [[Wapakoneta, Ohio|Wapaghkonetta]], moving to the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]]. The celebrated [[Tenskwatawa|Indian prophet]], and a son of the great [[Tecumseh]], were in the company."<ref>{{Cite news
| page = 3
| title = Shawnee Indians – Wapakoneta Ohio – Vincennes Indiana
| work = Boston Reporter and Telegraph
| access-date = 2013-02-18
| date = 1826-12-15
| url = http://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/shawnee-indians-wapakoneta-oh-1826-newspaper
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130605161415/http://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/shawnee-indians-wapakoneta-oh-1826-newspaper
| archive-date = 2013-06-05
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
===Slavery===
{{quote box|align=right|width=250px|Those who were pro-slavery tried to perform an end run around the Indiana constitution by putting in place indentured servitude under which slaves, in theory, appeared to be able earn their freedom. However, the terms often placed on indentured servants were so excessive, many never actually never were able to achieve freedom.|—Rebecca R. Bibbs, ''It took two Supreme Court cases to end slavery in Indiana''<ref name="Bibbs">{{Cite news |last=Bibbs |first=Rebecca R. |date=February 2, 2020 |title=Hidden History: It took two Supreme Court cases to end slavery in Indiana |language=en |work=The Herald |url=https://www.heraldbulletin.com/news/local_news/it-took-two-supreme-court-cases-to-end-slavery-in-indiana/article_3ed8c74a-44ba-11ea-9414-c71f02845816.html |access-date=2022-02-23}}</ref>}}
Slavery was practiced in the 16th century, when the present-day state of Indiana was part of [[New France]] (1534–1763), by the French and Native Americans. When the area became part of the [[Northwest Territory]], slavery was banned by the [[Northwest Ordinance]] of 1787, but slavery and [[indentured servitude]] continued.
<ref name="Keierleber">{{Cite news |last=Keierleber |first=Mark |date=February 16, 2013 |title=Woman's battle helped end slavery in Indiana |work=The Herald-Tribune}}</ref><ref name="IR">{{Cite news |date=August 9, 2021 |title=Mary Bateman Clark helped end slavery, indentured servitude in Indiana |language=en-US |work=Indianapolis Recorder |url=https://indianapolisrecorder.com/mary-bateman-clark-helped-end-slavery-indentured-servitude-in-indiana/ |access-date=2022-02-21}}</ref> Slaveholders created a "loophole", that the provision did not apply to African Americans who were already enslaved in the state.<ref name="Johnson">{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=Taylor |date=2021-02-09 |title=Polly Strong & Mary Clark remembered as 'pioneers in this ongoing struggle for freedom' |language=en-US |work=My Wabash Valley, WTWO-TV, Nexstar Media |url=https://www.mywabashvalley.com/hidden-history/black-history-month/polly-strong-mary-clark-remembered-as-pioneers-in-this-ongoing-struggle-for-freedom/ |access-date=2022-02-21}}</ref> In 1816, the [[Constitution of Indiana]] made forced labor illegal, stating that "there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in this state."<ref name="Keierleber" />
[[Polly Strong]], an enslaved woman of Vincennes, was the plaintiff in a case that argued that she should be free. After losing in the Harrison County Circuit Court, she won the case at the [[Indiana Supreme Court]] on July 22, 1820, and she was freed.<ref name="IR" /> In the case of
Clark's attorney appealed the decision with the Indiana Supreme Court in the case of ''[[Mary Bateman Clark#Court cases|Mary Clark v. G.W. Johnston]]'' was a former slave who was made an [[indentured servitude|indentured servant]] and lived in Vincennes. She won her freedom on November 6, 1821, when the Indiana Supreme Court ruled that servitude violated the state's 1816 Constitution.<ref name="Williams SB">{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Sandra Boyd |year=1997 |title=The Indiana Supreme Court and the Struggle Against Slavery |journal=Indiana Law Review |series=Symposium: The History of Indiana Courts: People, Legacy and Defining Moments |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=307–310 }}</ref> This was a landmark contract law case for indentured servants and foretold the end of [[wikt:bondservant|forced labor]] in Indiana.<ref name="IBC">{{Cite web |title=Mary Bateman Clark Project |url=https://www.in.gov/ibc/legacyprojects/2770.htm |access-date=2022-02-25 |website=Indiana Bicentennial Commission, Indiana state government}}</ref>
=== Time zone controversy ===
On November 4, 2007, Knox County joined [[Daviess County, Indiana|Daviess]], [[Martin County, Indiana|Martin]], [[Pike County, Indiana|Pike]], and [[Dubois County, Indiana|Dubois]] counties in returning to the [[Eastern Time zone]]. Controversy concerning [[time in Indiana]] has caused a change in the time zone of Vincennes on three different occasions since the [[Standard Time Act of 1918]].
=== Unofficial city flag ===
[[File:Flag of Vincennes, Indiana.png|thumb|right]]This flag for the city of Vincennes, Indiana, albeit unofficial, is used around the city. It features the signature V, four [[fleur-de-lis|fleurs-de-lis]], symbolizing the city's French heritage, its existence in four centuries: 18th, 19th, 20th, and 21st, since the city's establishment in 1732. Similar in appearance to the flag of [[Indianapolis]], Vincennes' flag is more squared in appearance and has a diamond center rather than a circle. It represents the layout of Vincennes. White stripes radiating from the diamond represent Vincennes' part in the settlement of the frontier, as it was at the crossroads of several great pioneer trails.
== Geography ==
Vincennes is located on the banks of the Wabash River at the western edge of Knox County; this is also the western edge of the state of Indiana, and Illinois is across the river to the west. The city lies about {{convert|100|mi}} southwest of [[Indianapolis]]. [[U.S. Route 41 in Indiana|U.S. Route 41]] passes through the city from north to south, and [[U.S. Route 50 in Indiana|U.S. Route 50]] passes just to the north of the city from east to west.
According to the 2010 census, Vincennes has a total area of {{convert|7.478|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|7.41|sqmi|sqkm|2}} (or 99.09%) is land and {{convert|0.068|sqmi|sqkm|2}} (or 0.91%) is water.<ref name="census-g001">{{cite web
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1879208
|title=G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1
|access-date=2015-07-29
|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213082731/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1879208
|archive-date=2020-02-13
}}</ref>
===Climate===
Vincennes has a humid subtropical climate with hot summers and cool winters with heavy rainfall at times throughout much of the year. There are an average of 53.1 days with highs of {{convert|90|F|C}} or higher and an average of 101.5 days with lows of {{convert|32|F|C}} or lower.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qwikcast.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=15357&refer= | title=VINCENNES, INDIANA Travel Weather | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719120205/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=15357&refer= | archive-date=2013-07-19}}</ref> Average January temperatures are a high of {{convert|36.3|F|C}} and a low of {{convert|18.3|F|C}}. Average July temperatures are a high of {{convert|87.7|F|C}} and a low of {{convert|64.8|F|C}}. The record high temperature was {{convert|104|F|C}} on June 26, 1988. The record low temperature was {{convert|-26|F|C}} on January 19, 1994.
Average annual precipitation is {{convert|44.43|in|cm}}. Measurable precipitation occurs on an average of 105.6 days each year. The wettest year was 1990 with {{convert|60.08|in|cm}} and the dryest year was 1988 with {{convert|36.02|in|cm}}. The most precipitation in one month was {{convert|11.18|in|cm}} in November 1985. The most precipitation in 24 hours was {{convert|5.07|in|cm}}.
Average annual snowfall is {{convert|5.8|in|cm}}. Measurable snowfall occurs on only 2.6 days. The snowiest season was 1989–90 when {{convert|16.4|in|cm}} fell. The most snow in one month was {{convert|8.5|in|cm}} in December 1990. The most snow in 24 hours was {{convert|8.0|in|cm}} on March 24, 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mrcc.isws.illinois.edu/climate_midwest/historical/temp/in/129113_tsum.html |title=Temperature Summary - 129113 VINCENNES 5 NE, IN |access-date=2010-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719211745/http://mrcc.isws.illinois.edu/climate_midwest/historical/temp/in/129113_tsum.html |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref>
==Demographics==
{{US Census population
| 1850 = 2070
| 1860 = 3960
| 1870 = 5440
| 1880 = 7680
| 1890 = 8853
| 1900 = 10249
| 1910 = 14895
| 1920 = 17160
| 1930 = 17564
| 1940 = 18228
| 1950 = 18831
| 1960 = 18046
| 1970 = 19867
| 1980 = 20857
| 1990 = 19859
| 2000 = 18701
| 2010 = 18423
| 2020 = 16759
| footnote = U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
}}
===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2012-12-11}}</ref> of 2010, there were 18,423 people, 7,407 households, and 4,108 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert|2486.2|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 8,259 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1114.6|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 91.9% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 4.7% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.3% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.7% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.7% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 1.7% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.9% of the population.
There were 7,407 households, of which 26.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.8% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.5% were non-families. 36.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.83.
The median age in the city was 33 years. 19.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 20.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.4% were from 25 to 44; 23.6% were from 45 to 64; and 15% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.3% male and 49.7% female.
===2000 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2" /> of 2000, there were 18,701 people, 7,614 households, and 4,332 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|2,620.3|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 8,574 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1,201.4|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 94.34% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 3.28% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.25% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.72% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.06% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.48% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.88% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.02% of the population.
There were 7,614 households, out of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.8% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.1% were non-families. 35.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.85.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.0% under the age of 18, 20.5% from 18 to 24, 24.0% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $26,289, and the median income for a family was $35,424. Males had a median income of $27,029 versus $20,254 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $14,993. About 15.0% of families and 20.7% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 25.9% of those under age 18 and 12.7% of those age 65 or over.
==Education==
[[File:Knox County Courthhouse, Vincennes.JPG|thumb|right|Knox County Courthouse]]
===Public schools===
'''Elementary Schools'''
*South Knox Elementary School
*Tecumseh – Harrison Elementary
*Franklin Elementary
*Vigo Elementary
*Riley Elementary
*Washington Elementary (Decommissioned in May 2010)
'''Middle School'''
*South Knox Middle-Highschool
*Clark Middle School
'''High School'''
*South Knox Middle-Highschool
*[[Lincoln High School (Vincennes)|Lincoln High School]]
===Parochial schools===
'''Elementary school'''
*Flaget Elementary (K–5)
'''High school'''
*[[Vincennes Rivet High School]] (6–12)
===Other private schools===
*Southwestern Indiana Youth Village (4–12)pp butt
===Higher education===
*[[Vincennes University]] was established in 1801 as '''Jefferson Academy'''. It is the oldest college of higher learning in Indiana.
*[[Purdue Polytechnic Institute]] maintains a satellite campus in Vincennes in a partnership with Vincennes University.
==Government==
The city government consists of a seven-member city council. Five of whom are elected from districts the other two are elected at large. The mayor is elected in a citywide vote.
==Media==
===Television===
* [[WVUT]] [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] (22) – 22.1 / 22.2 / 22.3 – [[Vincennes University]]
===Radio===
* 91.1 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] [[WVUB]] "Blazer 91-1" – [[Vincennes University]]
* 92.1 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] [[WZDM]] "Wisdom 92-1" – [[The Original Company]]
* 96.7 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] [[WFML]] –
* 1450 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] [[WAOV]] – [[The Original Company]]
===Newspaper===
* ''[[Vincennes Sun-Commercial]]''
==Legacy==
The Revolutionary War battle at Vincennes was featured in the 1901 novel ''Alice of Old Vincennes'' by [[Maurice Thompson]].<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/0/9/4097/4097.txt Alice of Old Vincennes]</ref> Four ships have also been named {{USS|Vincennes||6}} in honor of this battle; as well as for the city. The first {{USS|Vincennes|1826|2}} was an 18-gun sloop-of-war commissioned in 1826 and sold in 1867. The second {{USS|Vincennes|CA-44|2}} was a {{Sclass|New Orleans|cruiser|4}} heavy cruiser commissioned in 1937 and lost in the Battle of Savo Island in 1942. The third {{USS|Vincennes|CL-64|2}} was a {{Sclass|Cleveland|cruiser|4}} light cruiser commissioned in 1944 and decommissioned in 1946. The fourth and most recent {{USS|Vincennes|CG-49|2}} was a {{Sclass|Ticonderoga|cruiser|4}} guided missile cruiser commissioned in 1985 which was decommissioned and scrapped in 2005.
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Vincennes (color).jpg
| width1 = 800 | height1 = 528
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| caption1 =
| image2 = USS Vincennes (CA-44) in Panama Canal 1938.jpg
| width2 = 740 | height2 = 549
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| image3 = USS Vincennes (CL-64) underway in San Francisco Bay on 29 August 1945 (NH 98189).jpg
|width3 = 740 | height3 = 596
|alt3 =
|caption3 =
| image4 = USS Vincennes returns to San Diego Oct 1988.jpg
|width4 = 800| height4 = 520
|alt4 =
|caption4 =
| footer = The four US Navy ships named ''Vincennes''
| footer_align = center
}}
==Notable people==
* [[Bruce Barmes]] (1929-2014), [[baseball]] player, [[History of the Washington Senators (1901–1960)|Washington Senators]]
* [[Clint Barmes]] (b. 1979), [[baseball]] player, [[San Diego Padres]]
* [[David Carter (offensive lineman)|David Carter]], retired [[American Football|football]] player, center and guard [[Houston Oilers]]
*[[E. Wallace Chadwick]] (1884-1969), [[U.S. Congressman]] for [[Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district]] from 1947 to 1949
* [[Albert K. Dawson]] (1885–1967), photographer, film correspondent in World War I
* [[James C. Denny]] (1829-1887), [[Indiana Attorney General]] (1872-1874)
* [[Henry Dodge]] (1782–1867), U.S. Senator from [[Wisconsin]]
* [[Mike Eskew]], former [[Chairman]] and [[CEO]] of [[United Parcel Service|UPS]]
* [[James Freeman Gilbert]], geophysicist
* [[Bruce Bouillet]], guitarist for [[Racer X (band)|Racer X]]
* [[David Goodnow]], [[television]] news broadcaster
* [[William Henry Harrison]] (1773–1841), Indiana Territorial Governor and [[9th President of the United States]]
* [[Mitch Henderson]], basketball head coach, [[Princeton Tigers men's basketball|Princeton]]
* [[Charles T. Hinde]], businessman and riverboat captain; briefly lived in Vincennes
* [[Jane Jarvis]], (1915-2010), organist for the [[New York Mets]] and [[jazz]] musician
* [[Buck Jones]] (1891–1942), actor, silent and 1930s film star
* [[John Rice Jones]], politician and jurist
* [[Stanislaus P. La Lumiere]], president of [[Marquette University]]
* [[Julian Morgenstern]] (1881–1976), rabbi, professor, and president of [[Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion|Hebrew Union College]]
* [[Alvy Moore]] (1921–1997), actor
* [[Curtis Painter]] (b. 1985) [[American Football|football]] player, quarterback [[Purdue University]], [[Indianapolis Colts]], [[Baltimore Ravens]], [[New York Giants]]
* [[William Edward Phipps]], film and television actor, born in Vincennes
* [[Ollie Pickering]] (1870–1952), first batter in MLB [[American League]] history; lived and died in Vincennes
* [[Red Skelton]] (1913–1997), comedian and film actor, star of ''[[The Red Skelton Show]]''
* [[Richard L. Stevens]], brigadier general, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
* [[Dan Stryzinski]], [[American Football|football]] player, punter for [[Indiana University]] and eight NFL teams
* [[Sarah Knox Taylor]] (1814–1835), daughter of [[Zachary Taylor]] and first wife of [[Jefferson Davis]]
* [[Waller Taylor]], lawyer, [[Adjutant General]], [[United States Senator]] from Indiana
* [[Alice Terry]] (1899–1987), actress and director, silent films; wife of director [[Rex Ingram (director)|Rex Ingram]]
* [[Samuel Williams (American politician)|Samuel Williams]] (1851–1913), judge and politician
* [[Benjamin Willoughby]] (1855-1940), Justice of the [[Indiana Supreme Court]]
==Local attractions==
* [[George Rogers Clark National Historical Park]], the memorial and park built for the war hero George Rogers Clark.
[[File:Vincennes Indiana Cathedral.JPG|thumb|Xavier Cathedral]]
* [[St. Francis Xavier Cathedral and Library]], the oldest Catholic church in the state of Indiana and Indiana's oldest library.
* [[Grand Rapids Dam]] was once a dam on the [[Wabash River]] near present-day Vincennes; its remains are still visible.
* [[Grouseland]], the mansion home of [[William Henry Harrison]], 9th United States President.
* [[Forts of Vincennes, Indiana#Fort Knox II|Fort Knox II]]: Operated by the Indiana State Museum and Historic Sites Corp, Fort Knox was the jumping off point for the Tippecanoe Campaign in 1811. Outline of the fort is marked for self-guided tours.
* Fort Sackville, one of the forts of Vincennes.
* The [[U.S. Navy]] has named four [[USS Vincennes|ships]] in honor of Vincennes.
* The Servant of God, Bishop [[Simon Bruté]] de Remur, first Catholic Bishop of the [[Diocese of Vincennes]].
* The [[Indiana Territorial Capitol]]. Is the primary site owned by the Indiana State Museum and Historic Sites Corp in Vincennes. The building was once the center of government for the Indiana Territory from 1800 to 1813.
* The [[Indiana Military Museum]] (indianamilitarymuseum.org)
* [[Pantheon Theatre]]
* The [[Red Skelton]] Museum of American Comedy on the campus of Vincennes University contains memorabilia of radio, TV, and movie star Red Skelton, who was born in Vincennes. As of 2017, his birth home still exists, but is in private hands.
* In addition to the George Rogers Clark National Historical Park, St. Francis Xavier Cathedral and Library, Grouseland, Fort Knox II, and Indiana Territorial Capitol, [[Gregg Park]], [[Hack and Simon Office Building]], [[Kimmell Park]], [[Old State Bank (Vincennes, Indiana)|Old State Bank]], [[Pyramid Mound]], [[Vincennes Fortnightly Club]], and the [[Vincennes Historic District]] are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref><ref name="nps">{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/listings/20131018.htm|title=National Register of Historic Places Listings|date=2013-10-18|work=Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 9/16/13 through 9/30/13|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=2016-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312121947/http://www.nps.gov/nr/listings/20131018.htm|archive-date=2016-03-12|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==See also==
{{Portal|Indiana}}
*[[Indiana Territory]]
*[[Forts of Vincennes, Indiana]]
*[[Grand Rapids Dam]]
*[[Grand Rapids Hotel]]
*[[Piankashaw]] Indians
*[[USS Vincennes|USS ''Vincennes'']], 4 ships
==References==
* {{cite book|author=Allison, Harold|title=The Tragic Saga of the Indiana Indians|year=1986|publisher=Turner Publishing Company, Paducah|isbn=0-938021-07-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Barnhart, John D.|author2=Riker, Dorothy L. |title=Indiana to 1816. The Colonial Period |year=1971|publisher=Indiana Historical Society|isbn=0-87195-109-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Derleth, August|title=Vincennes: Portal to the West|url=https://archive.org/details/vincennesportalt00derl|url-access=registration|year=1968|publisher=[[Prentice-Hall]], Inc|location= Englewood Cliffs, NJ|lccn=68020537}}
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/629338/Vincennes Vincennes]. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
* {{cite book|author=Nolan, John Matthew|title=2,543 Days: A History of the Hotel at Grand Rapids Dam on the Wabash River|year=2011|publisher=J.M. Nolan |isbn=978-1-257-04152-7}}
==External links==
{{wikivoyage|Vincennes}}
* [http://www.vincennescvb.org Vincennes, Knox County Convention and Visitors Bureau, Indiana]
* [http://www.vincennes.org City of Vincennes, Indiana]
* [http://www.vinu.edu/ Vincennes University]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061430/http://rking.vinu.edu/vinbrief.htm Vincennes brief history (Vincennes University)]
* [http://www.vcsc.k12.in.us Vincennes School Corporation]
* [http://www.nps.gov/gero/ George Rogers Clark National Park]
* [http://www.in.gov/ism/StateHistoricSites/VincennesSites/vin_itc.aspx Indiana Territorial Capitol]
* [http://www.revolutionarywararchives.org/vincennes.html Revolutionary War Archives – Battle of Vincennes]
{{Knox County, Indiana}}
{{County Seats of Indiana}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Vincennes, Indiana| ]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1732]]
[[Category:1732 establishments in the French colonial empire]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the United States city of Vincennes. For other uses, see <a href="/info/en/?search=Vincennes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vincennes (disambiguation)">Vincennes (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Indiana, United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Vincennes, Indiana</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/info/en/?search=City" title="City">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:George_Rogers_Clark_Memorial_in_Vincennes,_Indiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vincennes' most recognizable landmark, The George Rogers Clark National Historical Park Rotunda"><img alt="Vincennes' most recognizable landmark, The George Rogers Clark National Historical Park Rotunda" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/George_Rogers_Clark_Memorial_in_Vincennes%2C_Indiana.jpg/300px-George_Rogers_Clark_Memorial_in_Vincennes%2C_Indiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/George_Rogers_Clark_Memorial_in_Vincennes%2C_Indiana.jpg/450px-George_Rogers_Clark_Memorial_in_Vincennes%2C_Indiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/George_Rogers_Clark_Memorial_in_Vincennes%2C_Indiana.jpg/600px-George_Rogers_Clark_Memorial_in_Vincennes%2C_Indiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="418" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Vincennes' most recognizable landmark, <br /> The George Rogers Clark National Historical Park Rotunda</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style>
<div class="ib-settlement-cols">
<div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Flag_of_Vincennes,_Indiana.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Vincennes, Indiana"><img alt="Flag of Vincennes, Indiana" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Vincennes%2C_Indiana.png/180px-Flag_of_Vincennes%2C_Indiana.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Vincennes%2C_Indiana.png/270px-Flag_of_Vincennes%2C_Indiana.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Vincennes%2C_Indiana.png/360px-Flag_of_Vincennes%2C_Indiana.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Knox_County_Indiana_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Vincennes_Highlighted_1879208.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Vincennes in Knox County, Indiana"><img alt="Location of Vincennes in Knox County, Indiana" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Knox_County_Indiana_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Vincennes_Highlighted_1879208.svg/243px-Knox_County_Indiana_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Vincennes_Highlighted_1879208.svg.png" decoding="async" width="243" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Knox_County_Indiana_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Vincennes_Highlighted_1879208.svg/364px-Knox_County_Indiana_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Vincennes_Highlighted_1879208.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Knox_County_Indiana_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Vincennes_Highlighted_1879208.svg/485px-Knox_County_Indiana_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Vincennes_Highlighted_1879208.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="414" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Vincennes in Knox County, Indiana</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vincennes,_Indiana&params=38_40_42_N_87_30_58_W_region:US-IN_type:city(16759)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°40′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">87°30′58″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.67833°N 87.51611°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.67833; -87.51611</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/info/en/?search=U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_counties_in_Indiana" title="List of counties in Indiana">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Knox_County,_Indiana" title="Knox County, Indiana">Knox</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_townships_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of townships in Indiana">Township</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Vincennes_Township,_Knox_County,_Indiana" title="Vincennes Township, Knox County, Indiana">Vincennes</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/info/en/?search=Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie_Bissot,_Sieur_de_Vincennes" title="François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes">François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/info/en/?search=Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Joe Yochum (<a href="/info/en/?search=Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>) Elected out 2025</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-1">[1]</a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">7.48 sq mi (19.37 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">7.41 sq mi (19.19 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">0.07 sq mi (0.18 km<sup>2</sup>)  0.94%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">420 ft (128 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/info/en/?search=2020_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Census">2020</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">16,759</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,261.67/sq mi (873.19/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/info/en/?search=Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=UTC-5" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-5">UTC-5</a> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/info/en/?search=Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=UTC-4" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-4">UTC-4</a> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/info/en/?search=ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">47591</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/info/en/?search=Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Area_codes_812_and_930" title="Area codes 812 and 930">812 and 930</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/info/en/?search=Federal_Information_Processing_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Information Processing Standard">FIPS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18-79208<sup id="cite_ref-GR2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR2-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/info/en/?search=Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> feature ID</th><td class="infobox-data">0445300<sup id="cite_ref-GR3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR3-3">[3]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="https://www.vincennes.org">www<wbr />.vincennes<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Vincennes</b> is a city in and the <a href="/info/en/?search=County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> of <a href="/info/en/?search=Knox_County,_Indiana" title="Knox County, Indiana">Knox County</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GR6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR6-4">[4]</a></sup> It is located on the lower <a href="/info/en/?search=Wabash_River" title="Wabash River">Wabash River</a> in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Southwestern_Indiana" title="Southwestern Indiana">southwestern</a> part of the state, nearly halfway between <a href="/info/en/?search=Evansville,_Indiana" title="Evansville, Indiana">Evansville</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Terre_Haute,_Indiana" title="Terre Haute, Indiana">Terre Haute</a>. Founded in 1732 by French <a href="/info/en/?search=Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur traders</a>, notably <a href="/info/en/?search=Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie_Bissot,_Sieur_de_Vincennes" title="François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes">François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes</a>, for whom the Fort was named, Vincennes is the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in Indiana and one of the oldest settlements west of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachians</a>. The population was 16,759 at the <a href="/info/en/?search=2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2020_census_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020_census-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#New_France"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">New France</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#British_America"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">British America</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Revolutionary_War"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Revolutionary War</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Post-Revolution_turmoil"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Post-Revolution turmoil</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#The_Vincennes_Tract"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">The Vincennes Tract</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Growth_of_the_town"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Growth of the town</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Slavery"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Slavery</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Time_zone_controversy"><span class="tocnumber">1.8</span> <span class="toctext">Time zone controversy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Unofficial_city_flag"><span class="tocnumber">1.9</span> <span class="toctext">Unofficial city flag</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#2010_census"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">2010 census</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#2000_census"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">2000 census</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Public_schools"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Public schools</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Parochial_schools"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Parochial schools</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Other_private_schools"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Other private schools</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Higher_education"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Higher education</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Government"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Government</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Media"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Media</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Television"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Television</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Radio"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Radio</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Newspaper"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Newspaper</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Notable_people"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notable people</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Local_attractions"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Local attractions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The vicinity of Vincennes was inhabited for thousands of years by different cultures of <a href="/info/en/?search=Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> During the <a href="/info/en/?search=Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Late Woodland period</a>, some of these peoples used local <a href="/info/en/?search=Loess" title="Loess">loess</a> hills as burial sites; some of the more prominent examples are the Sugar Loaf Mound and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Pyramid_Mound" title="Pyramid Mound">Pyramid Mound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 668">: 668 </span></sup> In <a href="/info/en/?search=Historic" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic">historic</a> times, prominent local Indian groups who drove these people out were the <a href="/info/en/?search=Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Wabash_Confederacy" title="Wabash Confederacy">Wabash</a>, and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Miami_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami tribe">Miami tribe</a>.
</p><p>The first European settlers were French, when Vincennes was founded as part of the French colony of <a href="/info/en/?search=Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a>, New France. Later on, it would be transferred to the colony of <a href="/info/en/?search=Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a>. Several years later, France lost the <a href="/info/en/?search=French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (part of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>), and as result ceded territory east of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, including Vincennes, to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">victorious British</a>.
</p><p>Once the area was under <a href="/info/en/?search=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> control, it was associated with the <a href="/info/en/?search=Province_of_Quebec_(1763-1791)" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Quebec (1763-1791)">Province of Quebec</a> until after the <a href="/info/en/?search=American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>. It then became part of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Illinois_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois County">Illinois County</a> of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Colony_and_Dominion_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony and Dominion of Virginia">Colony and Dominion of Virginia</a>. Next it became part of <a href="/info/en/?search=Knox_County,_Indiana" title="Knox County, Indiana">Knox County</a> in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a>, and it was later included in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a>. Vincennes served as capital of the Indiana Territory from 1800 until 1813, when the government was moved to <a href="/info/en/?search=Corydon,_Indiana" title="Corydon, Indiana">Corydon</a>.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Vincennes,_Indiana_map_from_1876_atlas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vincennes%2C_Indiana_map_from_1876_atlas.JPG/220px-Vincennes%2C_Indiana_map_from_1876_atlas.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vincennes%2C_Indiana_map_from_1876_atlas.JPG/330px-Vincennes%2C_Indiana_map_from_1876_atlas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vincennes%2C_Indiana_map_from_1876_atlas.JPG/440px-Vincennes%2C_Indiana_map_from_1876_atlas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Map of Vincennes from 1876 atlas</figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="New_France">New France</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: New France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The first trading post on the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wabash_River" title="Wabash River">Wabash River</a> was established by Sieur Juchereau, Lieutenant General of <a href="/info/en/?search=Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="Montréal">Montréal</a>. With thirty-four <a href="/info/en/?search=Canadien" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadien">Canadiens</a>, he founded the company post on October 28, 1702, to trade for <a href="/info/en/?search=American_Bison" class="mw-redirect" title="American Bison">Buffalo</a> hides with <a href="/info/en/?search=Indigenous_people_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of the Americas">American Indians</a>. The exact location of Juchereau's trading post is not known, but because the <a href="/info/en/?search=Buffalo_Trace_(road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Trace (road)">Buffalo Trace</a> crosses the Wabash at Vincennes, many believe it was here. The post was a success; in the first two years, the traders collected over 13,000 buffalo hides.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> When Juchereau died,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the post was abandoned.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The French-Canadian settlers left what they considered hostile territory for <a href="/info/en/?search=Old_Mobile_Site" title="Old Mobile Site">Mobile</a> (in present-day Alabama), then the capital of <a href="/info/en/?search=Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a>.
</p><p>The oldest European town in Indiana, Vincennes was officially established in 1732 as a second <a href="/info/en/?search=France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Fur_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Fur trading">fur trading</a> post in this area. The <a href="/info/en/?search=Compagnie_des_Indes" class="mw-redirect" title="Compagnie des Indes">Compagnie des Indes</a> commissioned a French officer, <a href="/info/en/?search=Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie_Bissot,_Sieur_de_Vincennes" title="François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes">François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes</a>, to build a post along the Wabash River to discourage local nations from trading with the English.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> Vincennes founded the new trading post near the meeting points of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wabash_River" title="Wabash River">Wabash</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=White_River_(Indiana)" title="White River (Indiana)">White</a> rivers, and the overland <a href="/info/en/?search=Buffalo_Trace_(road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Trace (road)">Buffalo Trace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Vincennes, who had lived with his father among the <a href="/info/en/?search=Miami_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami tribe">Miami tribe</a>, persuaded the <a href="/info/en/?search=Piankeshaw" title="Piankeshaw">Piankeshaw</a> to establish a village at his trading post. He also encouraged Canadien settlers to move there, and started his own family to increase the village population.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Because the Wabash post was so remote, however, Vincennes had a hard time getting trade supplies from Louisiana for the native nations, who were also being courted by English traders. The boundary between the French colonies of Louisiana and Canada, although inexact in the first years of the settlement, was decreed in 1745 to run between <a href="/info/en/?search=Fort_Ouiatenon" title="Fort Ouiatenon">Fort Ouiatenon</a> (below the site of modern-day <a href="/info/en/?search=Lafayette,_Indiana" title="Lafayette, Indiana">Lafayette, Indiana</a>) and Vincennes.<sup id="cite_ref-Ekberg-French_Roots_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ekberg-French_Roots-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1736, during the French war with the <a href="/info/en/?search=Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a> nation, Vincennes was captured and burned at the stake near the present-day town of <a href="/info/en/?search=Fulton,_Mississippi" title="Fulton, Mississippi">Fulton, Mississippi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> His settlement on the Wabash was renamed Poste Vincennes in his honor.
</p><p>Louisiana Governor <a href="/info/en/?search=Jean-Baptiste_Le_Moyne,_Sieur_de_Bienville" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville">Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville</a>, next appointed <a href="/info/en/?search=Louis_Groston_de_Saint-Ange_de_Bellerive" title="Louis Groston de Saint-Ange de Bellerive">Louis Groston de Saint-Ange de Bellerive</a> to command Poste Vincennes.
</p><p>As the French colonists pushed north from Louisiana and south from Canada, however, the American colonists to the east continued to push west. In addition, British traders lured away many of Indians who had traded with the Canadiens. This competition escalated in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> until 1754 and the eruption of the <a href="/info/en/?search=French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (the North American theater of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> between Britain and France.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="British_America">British America</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: British America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Vincennes_Indiana_British_Fort_Diorama.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vincennes_Indiana_British_Fort_Diorama.JPG/220px-Vincennes_Indiana_British_Fort_Diorama.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vincennes_Indiana_British_Fort_Diorama.JPG/330px-Vincennes_Indiana_British_Fort_Diorama.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vincennes_Indiana_British_Fort_Diorama.JPG/440px-Vincennes_Indiana_British_Fort_Diorama.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Diorama of Fort Sackville</figcaption></figure>
<p>On February 10, 1763, when <a href="/info/en/?search=New_France" title="New France">New France</a> was ceded to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> at the conclusion of the <a href="/info/en/?search=French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, Vincennes fell under the authority of Great Britain. British officer John Ramsey came to Vincennes in 1766. He took a census of the settlement, built up the fort, and renamed it <a href="/info/en/?search=Fort_Sackville" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Sackville">Fort Sackville</a>. The population grew quickly in the years that followed, resulting in a unique culture of interdependent <a href="/info/en/?search=Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">Canadien</a> settlers and British traders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Vincennes was far from centers of British power. In 1770 and 1772, <a href="/info/en/?search=Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Thomas Gage</a>, the commander in chief of Britain's North American forces, received warnings that the residents of Vincennes were <a href="/info/en/?search=American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">agitating against</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>, and were inciting native tribes along the river trade routes to attack British traders. The <a href="/info/en/?search=Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Colonial Secretary</a>, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wills_Hill,_1st_Marquess_of_Downshire" title="Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire">Earl of Hillsborough</a>, ordered the residents to be removed from Vincennes in response. Gage demurred while the residents responded to the charges against them, claiming to be "peaceful settlers, cultivating the land which His Most Christian Majesty [meaning the King of France] granted us." The issue was resolved by Hillsborough's successor, <a href="/info/en/?search=William_Legge,_2nd_Earl_of_Dartmouth" title="William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth">Lord Dartmouth</a>, who insisted to Gage that the residents were not lawless vagabonds, but British subjects whose rights were protected by the Crown. Gage took no action against the residents of Vincennes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> In 1778, residents at Poste Vincennes received word of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">French alliance</a> with the American <a href="/info/en/?search=Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> from <a href="/info/en/?search=Pierre_Gibault" title="Pierre Gibault">Father Pierre Gibault</a> and Dr. Jean Laffont. They mobilized in support of the American revolutionaries, as did the local <a href="/info/en/?search=Piankeshaw" title="Piankeshaw">Piankeshaw</a>, led by Chief <a href="/info/en/?search=Young_Tobacco" title="Young Tobacco">Young Tobacco</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Revolutionary_War">Revolutionary War</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Revolutionary War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Siege_of_Fort_Vincennes" title="Siege of Fort Vincennes">Siege of Fort Vincennes</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Clark%27s_march_against_Vincennes,_across_the_Wabash_River_through_wilderness_and_flood_-_NARA_-_518211.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Clark%27s_march_against_Vincennes%2C_across_the_Wabash_River_through_wilderness_and_flood_-_NARA_-_518211.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Clark%27s_march_against_Vincennes%2C_across_the_Wabash_River_through_wilderness_and_flood_-_NARA_-_518211.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Clark%27s_march_against_Vincennes%2C_across_the_Wabash_River_through_wilderness_and_flood_-_NARA_-_518211.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Clark%27s_march_against_Vincennes%2C_across_the_Wabash_River_through_wilderness_and_flood_-_NARA_-_518211.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Clark%27s_march_against_Vincennes%2C_across_the_Wabash_River_through_wilderness_and_flood_-_NARA_-_518211.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Clark%27s_march_against_Vincennes%2C_across_the_Wabash_River_through_wilderness_and_flood_-_NARA_-_518211.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1791" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><i>Clark's march against Vincennes, across the Wabash River through wilderness and flood</i>, artist unknown, from the <a href="/info/en/?search=National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/info/en/?search=George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">George R. Clark</a>, Captain Leonard Helm, and others created a plan to capture the French forts that the British occupied after Louisiana was ceded. After Kaskaskia was captured by Clark, Lieutenant Governor <a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Hamilton_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Hamilton (governor)">Henry Hamilton</a> sent British soldiers and reinforcements from Detroit to Fort Vincennes and helped to rebuild the fort.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> merchant and Patriot <a href="/info/en/?search=Francis_Vigo" title="Francis Vigo">Francis Vigo</a> found Clark and informed the British presence at the fort. Vigo served with the Patriots, ordered war supplies from the Spanish to help, and acted as a secret agent for the Patriots. Clark rounded up enough men to outnumber the British and planned a surprise attack on Fort Vincennes in the heart of winter, a horrible time when no armies were expected to be able to attack due to illness, lack of food, and the flood waters that were high during this time. The Patriots won the Battle of Vincennes on February 23–24, 1779. Hamilton thought of Vincennes as "a refuge for debtors and Vagabonds from Canada." <a href="/info/en/?search=George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">George Rogers Clark</a> recaptured Fort Sackville in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Vincennes" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Vincennes">Battle of Vincennes</a> without losing a single soldier.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Post-Revolution_turmoil">Post-Revolution turmoil</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-Revolution turmoil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:GRC_P8290050_Am_Rev_Marker.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/GRC_P8290050_Am_Rev_Marker.JPG/170px-GRC_P8290050_Am_Rev_Marker.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/GRC_P8290050_Am_Rev_Marker.JPG/255px-GRC_P8290050_Am_Rev_Marker.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/GRC_P8290050_Am_Rev_Marker.JPG/340px-GRC_P8290050_Am_Rev_Marker.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>American Revolutionary War Historic Memorial Plaque in Vincennes</figcaption></figure><p>Although the Americans would remain in control of Vincennes, it took years to establish peace. In 1786, Captain <a href="/info/en/?search=John_Hardin" title="John Hardin">John Hardin</a> led a mounted <a href="/info/en/?search=Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> militia across the <a href="/info/en/?search=Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> and destroyed a friendly Piankeshaw town near Vincennes. This led to a series of <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_the_Embarras_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Embarras River">attacks</a> and counter-attacks between Wabash Indians and American settlers. Finally, on 15 July 1786, the Wabash landed in forty-seven war canoes at Vincennes to drive the Americans back to Kentucky.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> The Indians warned the Canadians in advance of their attack and assured them that they would not be harmed, but the Canadians warned the Americans. They quickly supplied Fort Patrick Henry and waited out the <a href="/info/en/?search=Siege" title="Siege">siege</a>. One American was killed and four wounded, and the war party left after destroying the Americans' farms.
</p><p>In response, Virginia Governor Patrick Henry authorized George Rogers Clark to raise the Kentucky militia and mount an expedition against the warring tribes. General Clark gathered a force of 1,000 militia and departed <a href="/info/en/?search=Clarksville,_Indiana" title="Clarksville, Indiana">Clarksville</a> 9 September 1786, along the <a href="/info/en/?search=Buffalo_Trace_(road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Trace (road)">Buffalo Trace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> The militia spent ten days in Vincennes before marching north along the Wabash, but men deserted by the hundreds. Clark was soon forced to return to Vincennes without any action taken. Clark left 150 men to help defend Vincennes, but this force soon turned into a lawless mob, and the citizens of Vincennes petitioned Congress for help.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Secretary of War <a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> sent Colonel <a href="/info/en/?search=Josiah_Harmar" title="Josiah Harmar">Josiah Harmar</a> and the <a href="/info/en/?search=First_American_Regiment" title="First American Regiment">First American Regiment</a> to restore order. The Kentucky militia fled Vincennes at the approach of <a href="/info/en/?search=Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">U.S. Regulars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>Colonel Harmar left 100 regulars under Major <a href="/info/en/?search=Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Hamtramck" title="Jean François Hamtramck">Jean François Hamtramck</a> and directed them to build a fort, <a href="/info/en/?search=Forts_of_Vincennes,_Indiana#Fort_Knox_abandoned" title="Forts of Vincennes, Indiana">Fort Knox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> Vincennes remained an isolated town, difficult to supply due to its position deep within Indian territory. Secure transport to and from Vincennes meant travelling with a large, armed party, whether over land or via the Wabash River. On 30 September 1790, Major Hamtramck led 350 men from Vincennes as far north as the <a href="/info/en/?search=Vermilion_River_(Wabash_River_tributary)" title="Vermilion River (Wabash River tributary)">Vermillion River</a>, to engage some of the Indian villages which had been at war with Vincennes. The <a href="/info/en/?search=Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a> tracked the party, however, and evacuated every village along the way before the Americans arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> Hamtramck destroyed some abandoned villages, but he did not engage any war parties. Faced with desertions from Kentucky militia, Hamtramck returned to Vincennes. The expedition had done no serious harm to the enemies of Vincennes, but it distracted some of the Wabash villages while Josiah Harmar, now a General, led a much larger <a href="/info/en/?search=Harmar%27s_Defeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmar's Defeat">expedition</a> up through Ohio country towards <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Kekionga" title="Kekionga">Kekionga</a></i>.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Vincennes_Tract">The Vincennes Tract</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Vincennes Tract"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The earliest land claims by inhabitants of Vincennes were based on a sale by the Indians to the French in 1742 of a tract of land containing 1.6 million acres, known as the Vincennes Tract. It was a rectangular block lying at right angles to the course of the Wabash River at Vincennes. The tract was ceded by France to Britain by treaty in 1763 after the French and Indian War. On October 18, 1775, an agent for the Wabash Company purchased two tracts of land along the Wabash River from the Piankeshaw tribe called the 'Plankashaw Deed'. In these deeds, the Vincennes Tract was excepted, and it was the first recognition of the tract in period documents. Eventually, the United States Supreme Court invalidated the deeds.
</p><p>The claims based on French sovereignty or individual deeds issued under it were eventually rejected by congress, because if there were such grants, they passed to the United States by the Treaty of Paris 1783.
</p><p>By right of conquest, George Rogers Clark secured this land for the United States in 1779 and the Land Act of 1796 honored its boundaries.
</p><p>The Vincennes Donation Lands were embodied in <i>An Act for granting lands to the Inhabitants and settlers at Vincennes and the Illinois country, in the territory northwest of the Ohio, and for confirming them in their possessions (1791)</i>.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Growth_of_the_town">Growth of the town</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Growth of the town"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>By 1798, the population had reached 2,500. Vincennes was no longer considered a trading outpost, but a thriving city.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>Elihu Stout published the first newspaper in the Indiana Territory in 1804 at Vincennes. The <i>Indiana Gazette</i> debuted on July 31, 1804. Fire destroyed the printing presses in 1806, but Stout revived the newspaper as the <i>Western Sun</i> in 1807.<sup id="cite_ref-blog.newspapers.library.in.gov_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blog.newspapers.library.in.gov-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>Vincennes served as the first capital of <a href="/info/en/?search=Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a> until it was moved to <a href="/info/en/?search=Corydon,_Indiana" title="Corydon, Indiana">Corydon</a> on May 1, 1813.
</p><p>In 1826, "A party of <a href="/info/en/?search=Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee Indians</a> ... in men, women, and children, to 500, passed through this place [Vincennes] ... from their reservation at <a href="/info/en/?search=Wapakoneta,_Ohio" title="Wapakoneta, Ohio">Wapaghkonetta</a>, moving to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a>. The celebrated <a href="/info/en/?search=Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa">Indian prophet</a>, and a son of the great <a href="/info/en/?search=Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a>, were in the company."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Slavery">Slavery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1210818076">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:250px; ;">
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<p>Those who were pro-slavery tried to perform an end run around the Indiana constitution by putting in place indentured servitude under which slaves, in theory, appeared to be able earn their freedom. However, the terms often placed on indentured servants were so excessive, many never actually never were able to achieve freedom.
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<p style="padding-bottom: 0em;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Rebecca R. Bibbs, <i>It took two Supreme Court cases to end slavery in Indiana</i><sup id="cite_ref-Bibbs_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bibbs-25">[25]</a></sup></cite></p>
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<p>Slavery was practiced in the 16th century, when the present-day state of Indiana was part of <a href="/info/en/?search=New_France" title="New France">New France</a> (1534–1763), by the French and Native Americans. When the area became part of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a>, slavery was banned by the <a href="/info/en/?search=Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> of 1787, but slavery and <a href="/info/en/?search=Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servitude</a> continued.
<sup id="cite_ref-Keierleber_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keierleber-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IR_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IR-27">[27]</a></sup> Slaveholders created a "loophole", that the provision did not apply to African Americans who were already enslaved in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-28">[28]</a></sup> In 1816, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Constitution_of_Indiana" title="Constitution of Indiana">Constitution of Indiana</a> made forced labor illegal, stating that "there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in this state."<sup id="cite_ref-Keierleber_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keierleber-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/info/en/?search=Polly_Strong" title="Polly Strong">Polly Strong</a>, an enslaved woman of Vincennes, was the plaintiff in a case that argued that she should be free. After losing in the Harrison County Circuit Court, she won the case at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Indiana_Supreme_Court" title="Indiana Supreme Court">Indiana Supreme Court</a> on July 22, 1820, and she was freed.<sup id="cite_ref-IR_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IR-27">[27]</a></sup> In the case of
Clark's attorney appealed the decision with the Indiana Supreme Court in the case of <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Mary_Bateman_Clark#Court_cases" title="Mary Bateman Clark">Mary Clark v. G.W. Johnston</a></i> was a former slave who was made an <a href="/info/en/?search=Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servant</a> and lived in Vincennes. She won her freedom on November 6, 1821, when the Indiana Supreme Court ruled that servitude violated the state's 1816 Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_SB_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_SB-29">[29]</a></sup> This was a landmark contract law case for indentured servants and foretold the end of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bondservant" class="extiw" title="wikt:bondservant">forced labor</a> in Indiana.<sup id="cite_ref-IBC_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBC-30">[30]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Time_zone_controversy">Time zone controversy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Time zone controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>On November 4, 2007, Knox County joined <a href="/info/en/?search=Daviess_County,_Indiana" title="Daviess County, Indiana">Daviess</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Martin_County,_Indiana" title="Martin County, Indiana">Martin</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Pike_County,_Indiana" title="Pike County, Indiana">Pike</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Dubois_County,_Indiana" title="Dubois County, Indiana">Dubois</a> counties in returning to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Eastern_Time_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Time zone">Eastern Time zone</a>. Controversy concerning <a href="/info/en/?search=Time_in_Indiana" title="Time in Indiana">time in Indiana</a> has caused a change in the time zone of Vincennes on three different occasions since the <a href="/info/en/?search=Standard_Time_Act_of_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Time Act of 1918">Standard Time Act of 1918</a>.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Unofficial_city_flag">Unofficial city flag</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Unofficial city flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Flag_of_Vincennes,_Indiana.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Vincennes%2C_Indiana.png/220px-Flag_of_Vincennes%2C_Indiana.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Vincennes%2C_Indiana.png/330px-Flag_of_Vincennes%2C_Indiana.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Vincennes%2C_Indiana.png/440px-Flag_of_Vincennes%2C_Indiana.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p>This flag for the city of Vincennes, Indiana, albeit unofficial, is used around the city. It features the signature V, four <a href="/info/en/?search=Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">fleurs-de-lis</a>, symbolizing the city's French heritage, its existence in four centuries: 18th, 19th, 20th, and 21st, since the city's establishment in 1732. Similar in appearance to the flag of <a href="/info/en/?search=Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, Vincennes' flag is more squared in appearance and has a diamond center rather than a circle. It represents the layout of Vincennes. White stripes radiating from the diamond represent Vincennes' part in the settlement of the frontier, as it was at the crossroads of several great pioneer trails.
</p><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Vincennes is located on the banks of the Wabash River at the western edge of Knox County; this is also the western edge of the state of Indiana, and Illinois is across the river to the west. The city lies about 100 miles (160 km) southwest of <a href="/info/en/?search=Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=U.S._Route_41_in_Indiana" title="U.S. Route 41 in Indiana">U.S. Route 41</a> passes through the city from north to south, and <a href="/info/en/?search=U.S._Route_50_in_Indiana" title="U.S. Route 50 in Indiana">U.S. Route 50</a> passes just to the north of the city from east to west.
</p><p>According to the 2010 census, Vincennes has a total area of 7.478 square miles (19.37 km<sup>2</sup>), of which 7.41 square miles (19.19 km<sup>2</sup>) (or 99.09%) is land and 0.068 square miles (0.18 km<sup>2</sup>) (or 0.91%) is water.<sup id="cite_ref-census-g001_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-g001-31">[31]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Vincennes has a humid subtropical climate with hot summers and cool winters with heavy rainfall at times throughout much of the year. There are an average of 53.1 days with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 101.5 days with lows of 32 °F (0 °C) or lower.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> Average January temperatures are a high of 36.3 °F (2.4 °C) and a low of 18.3 °F (−7.6 °C). Average July temperatures are a high of 87.7 °F (30.9 °C) and a low of 64.8 °F (18.2 °C). The record high temperature was 104 °F (40 °C) on June 26, 1988. The record low temperature was −26 °F (−32 °C) on January 19, 1994.
</p><p>Average annual precipitation is 44.43 inches (112.9 cm). Measurable precipitation occurs on an average of 105.6 days each year. The wettest year was 1990 with 60.08 inches (152.6 cm) and the dryest year was 1988 with 36.02 inches (91.5 cm). The most precipitation in one month was 11.18 inches (28.4 cm) in November 1985. The most precipitation in 24 hours was 5.07 inches (12.9 cm).
</p><p>Average annual snowfall is 5.8 inches (15 cm). Measurable snowfall occurs on only 2.6 days. The snowiest season was 1989–90 when 16.4 inches (42 cm) fell. The most snow in one month was 8.5 inches (22 cm) in December 1990. The most snow in 24 hours was 8.0 inches (20 cm) on March 24, 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1139752202">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style>
<table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right">
<caption>Historical population</caption>
<tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Note</span></th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row"><a href="/info/en/?search=1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>2,070</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/info/en/?search=1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>3,960</td><td></td><td>91.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/info/en/?search=1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>5,440</td><td></td><td>37.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/info/en/?search=1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>7,680</td><td></td><td>41.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/info/en/?search=1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>8,853</td><td></td><td>15.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/info/en/?search=1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>10,249</td><td></td><td>15.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/info/en/?search=1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>14,895</td><td></td><td>45.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/info/en/?search=1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>17,160</td><td></td><td>15.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/info/en/?search=1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>17,564</td><td></td><td>2.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/info/en/?search=1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>18,228</td><td></td><td>3.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/info/en/?search=1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>18,831</td><td></td><td>3.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/info/en/?search=1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>18,046</td><td></td><td>−4.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/info/en/?search=1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>19,867</td><td></td><td>10.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/info/en/?search=1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>20,857</td><td></td><td>5.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/info/en/?search=1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>19,859</td><td></td><td>−4.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/info/en/?search=2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>18,701</td><td></td><td>−5.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/info/en/?search=2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>18,423</td><td></td><td>−1.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/info/en/?search=2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>16,759</td><td></td><td>−9.0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote">U.S. Decennial Census<sup id="cite_ref-DecennialCensus_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DecennialCensus-34">[34]</a></sup></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2010_census">2010 census</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2010 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>As of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Census" title="Census">census</a><sup id="cite_ref-wwwcensusgov_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-35">[35]</a></sup> of 2010, there were 18,423 people, 7,407 households, and 4,108 families residing in the city. The <a href="/info/en/?search=Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> was 2,486.2 inhabitants per square mile (959.9/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 8,259 housing units at an average density of 1,114.6 per square mile (430.3/km<sup>2</sup>). The racial makeup of the city was 91.9% <a href="/info/en/?search=White_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (U.S. Census)">White</a>, 4.7% <a href="/info/en/?search=African_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="African American (U.S. Census)">African American</a>, 0.3% <a href="/info/en/?search=Native_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American (U.S. Census)">Native American</a>, 0.7% <a href="/info/en/?search=Asian_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian (U.S. Census)">Asian</a>, 0.7% from <a href="/info/en/?search=Race_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (U.S. Census)">other races</a>, and 1.7% from two or more races. <a href="/info/en/?search=Hispanic_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic (U.S. Census)">Hispanic</a> or <a href="/info/en/?search=Latino_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latino (U.S. Census)">Latino</a> of any race were 1.9% of the population.
</p><p>There were 7,407 households, of which 26.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.8% were <a href="/info/en/?search=Marriage" title="Marriage">married couples</a> living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.5% were non-families. 36.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.83.
</p><p>The median age in the city was 33 years. 19.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 20.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.4% were from 25 to 44; 23.6% were from 45 to 64; and 15% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.3% male and 49.7% female.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2000_census">2000 census</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2000 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>As of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Census" title="Census">census</a><sup id="cite_ref-GR2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR2-2">[2]</a></sup> of 2000, there were 18,701 people, 7,614 households, and 4,332 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,620.3 inhabitants per square mile (1,011.7/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 8,574 housing units at an average density of 1,201.4 per square mile (463.9/km<sup>2</sup>). The racial makeup of the city was 94.34% <a href="/info/en/?search=White_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (U.S. Census)">White</a>, 3.28% <a href="/info/en/?search=African_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="African American (U.S. Census)">African American</a>, 0.25% <a href="/info/en/?search=Native_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American (U.S. Census)">Native American</a>, 0.72% <a href="/info/en/?search=Asian_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian (U.S. Census)">Asian</a>, 0.06% <a href="/info/en/?search=Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)">Pacific Islander</a>, 0.48% from <a href="/info/en/?search=Race_(United_States_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States Census)">other races</a>, and 0.88% from two or more races. <a href="/info/en/?search=Hispanic_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic (U.S. Census)">Hispanic</a> or <a href="/info/en/?search=Latino_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latino (U.S. Census)">Latino</a> of any race were 1.02% of the population.
</p><p>There were 7,614 households, out of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.8% were <a href="/info/en/?search=Marriage" title="Marriage">married couples</a> living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.1% were non-families. 35.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.85.
</p><p>In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.0% under the age of 18, 20.5% from 18 to 24, 24.0% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.3 males.
</p><p>The median income for a household in the city was $26,289, and the median income for a family was $35,424. Males had a median income of $27,029 versus $20,254 for females. The <a href="/info/en/?search=Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a> for the city was $14,993. About 15.0% of families and 20.7% of the population were below the <a href="/info/en/?search=Poverty_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a>, including 25.9% of those under age 18 and 12.7% of those age 65 or over.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Knox_County_Courthhouse,_Vincennes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Knox_County_Courthhouse%2C_Vincennes.JPG/220px-Knox_County_Courthhouse%2C_Vincennes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Knox_County_Courthhouse%2C_Vincennes.JPG/330px-Knox_County_Courthhouse%2C_Vincennes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Knox_County_Courthhouse%2C_Vincennes.JPG/440px-Knox_County_Courthhouse%2C_Vincennes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Knox County Courthouse</figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Public_schools">Public schools</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Public schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><b>Elementary Schools</b>
</p>
<ul><li>South Knox Elementary School</li>
<li>Tecumseh – Harrison Elementary</li>
<li>Franklin Elementary</li>
<li>Vigo Elementary</li>
<li>Riley Elementary</li>
<li>Washington Elementary (Decommissioned in May 2010)</li></ul>
<p><b>Middle School</b>
</p>
<ul><li>South Knox Middle-Highschool</li>
<li>Clark Middle School</li></ul>
<p><b>High School</b>
</p>
<ul><li>South Knox Middle-Highschool</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lincoln_High_School_(Vincennes)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln High School (Vincennes)">Lincoln High School</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Parochial_schools">Parochial schools</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Parochial schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><b>Elementary school</b>
</p>
<ul><li>Flaget Elementary (K–5)</li></ul>
<p><b>High school</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vincennes_Rivet_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincennes Rivet High School">Vincennes Rivet High School</a> (6–12)</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_private_schools">Other private schools</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other private schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>Southwestern Indiana Youth Village (4–12)pp butt</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Higher_education">Higher education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vincennes_University" title="Vincennes University">Vincennes University</a> was established in 1801 as <b>Jefferson Academy</b>. It is the oldest college of higher learning in Indiana.</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Purdue_Polytechnic_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Purdue Polytechnic Institute">Purdue Polytechnic Institute</a> maintains a satellite campus in Vincennes in a partnership with Vincennes University.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Government">Government</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The city government consists of a seven-member city council. Five of whom are elected from districts the other two are elected at large. The mayor is elected in a citywide vote.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Television">Television</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=WVUT" title="WVUT">WVUT</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a> (22) – 22.1 / 22.2 / 22.3 – <a href="/info/en/?search=Vincennes_University" title="Vincennes University">Vincennes University</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Radio">Radio</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>91.1 <a href="/info/en/?search=FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=WVUB" title="WVUB">WVUB</a> "Blazer 91-1" – <a href="/info/en/?search=Vincennes_University" title="Vincennes University">Vincennes University</a></li>
<li>92.1 <a href="/info/en/?search=FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=WZDM" title="WZDM">WZDM</a> "Wisdom 92-1" – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=The_Original_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Original Company (page does not exist)">The Original Company</a></li>
<li>96.7 <a href="/info/en/?search=FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=WFML" title="WFML">WFML</a> –</li>
<li>1450 <a href="/info/en/?search=AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=WAOV" title="WAOV">WAOV</a> – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=The_Original_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Original Company (page does not exist)">The Original Company</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Newspaper">Newspaper</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Newspaper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Vincennes_Sun-Commercial" title="Vincennes Sun-Commercial">Vincennes Sun-Commercial</a></i></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The Revolutionary War battle at Vincennes was featured in the 1901 novel <i>Alice of Old Vincennes</i> by <a href="/info/en/?search=Maurice_Thompson" title="Maurice Thompson">Maurice Thompson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> Four ships have also been named <a href="/info/en/?search=USS_Vincennes" title="USS Vincennes">USS <i>Vincennes</i></a> in honor of this battle; as well as for the city. The first <a href="/info/en/?search=USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)"><i>Vincennes</i></a> was an 18-gun sloop-of-war commissioned in 1826 and sold in 1867. The second <a href="/info/en/?search=USS_Vincennes_(CA-44)" title="USS Vincennes (CA-44)"><i>Vincennes</i></a> was a <a href="/info/en/?search=New_Orleans-class_cruiser" title="New Orleans-class cruiser"><i>New Orleans</i> class</a> heavy cruiser commissioned in 1937 and lost in the Battle of Savo Island in 1942. The third <a href="/info/en/?search=USS_Vincennes_(CL-64)" title="USS Vincennes (CL-64)"><i>Vincennes</i></a> was a <a href="/info/en/?search=Cleveland-class_cruiser" title="Cleveland-class cruiser"><i>Cleveland</i> class</a> light cruiser commissioned in 1944 and decommissioned in 1946. The fourth and most recent <a href="/info/en/?search=USS_Vincennes_(CG-49)" title="USS Vincennes (CG-49)"><i>Vincennes</i></a> was a <a href="/info/en/?search=Ticonderoga-class_cruiser" title="Ticonderoga-class cruiser"><i>Ticonderoga</i> class</a> guided missile cruiser commissioned in 1985 which was decommissioned and scrapped in 2005.
</p>
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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/USS_Vincennes_%28CA-44%29_in_Panama_Canal_1938.jpg/428px-USS_Vincennes_%28CA-44%29_in_Panama_Canal_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:USS_Vincennes_(CL-64)_underway_in_San_Francisco_Bay_on_29_August_1945_(NH_98189).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/USS_Vincennes_%28CL-64%29_underway_in_San_Francisco_Bay_on_29_August_1945_%28NH_98189%29.jpg/197px-USS_Vincennes_%28CL-64%29_underway_in_San_Francisco_Bay_on_29_August_1945_%28NH_98189%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/USS_Vincennes_%28CL-64%29_underway_in_San_Francisco_Bay_on_29_August_1945_%28NH_98189%29.jpg/296px-USS_Vincennes_%28CL-64%29_underway_in_San_Francisco_Bay_on_29_August_1945_%28NH_98189%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/USS_Vincennes_%28CL-64%29_underway_in_San_Francisco_Bay_on_29_August_1945_%28NH_98189%29.jpg/394px-USS_Vincennes_%28CL-64%29_underway_in_San_Francisco_Bay_on_29_August_1945_%28NH_98189%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="596" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:246px;max-width:246px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:USS_Vincennes_returns_to_San_Diego_Oct_1988.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/USS_Vincennes_returns_to_San_Diego_Oct_1988.jpg/244px-USS_Vincennes_returns_to_San_Diego_Oct_1988.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/USS_Vincennes_returns_to_San_Diego_Oct_1988.jpg/366px-USS_Vincennes_returns_to_San_Diego_Oct_1988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/USS_Vincennes_returns_to_San_Diego_Oct_1988.jpg/488px-USS_Vincennes_returns_to_San_Diego_Oct_1988.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="1860" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">The four US Navy ships named <i>Vincennes</i></div></div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_people">Notable people</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bruce_Barmes" title="Bruce Barmes">Bruce Barmes</a> (1929-2014), <a href="/info/en/?search=Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> player, <a href="/info/en/?search=History_of_the_Washington_Senators_(1901%E2%80%931960)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Washington Senators (1901–1960)">Washington Senators</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Clint_Barmes" title="Clint Barmes">Clint Barmes</a> (b. 1979), <a href="/info/en/?search=Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> player, <a href="/info/en/?search=San_Diego_Padres" title="San Diego Padres">San Diego Padres</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=David_Carter_(offensive_lineman)" title="David Carter (offensive lineman)">David Carter</a>, retired <a href="/info/en/?search=American_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="American Football">football</a> player, center and guard <a href="/info/en/?search=Houston_Oilers" title="Houston Oilers">Houston Oilers</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=E._Wallace_Chadwick" title="E. Wallace Chadwick">E. Wallace Chadwick</a> (1884-1969), <a href="/info/en/?search=U.S._Congressman" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congressman">U.S. Congressman</a> for <a href="/info/en/?search=Pennsylvania%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district">Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district</a> from 1947 to 1949</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Albert_K._Dawson" title="Albert K. Dawson">Albert K. Dawson</a> (1885–1967), photographer, film correspondent in World War I</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=James_C._Denny" title="James C. Denny">James C. Denny</a> (1829-1887), <a href="/info/en/?search=Indiana_Attorney_General" title="Indiana Attorney General">Indiana Attorney General</a> (1872-1874)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_Dodge" title="Henry Dodge">Henry Dodge</a> (1782–1867), U.S. Senator from <a href="/info/en/?search=Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mike_Eskew" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Eskew">Mike Eskew</a>, former <a href="/info/en/?search=Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a> of <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Parcel_Service" title="United Parcel Service">UPS</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=James_Freeman_Gilbert" title="James Freeman Gilbert">James Freeman Gilbert</a>, geophysicist</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bruce_Bouillet" title="Bruce Bouillet">Bruce Bouillet</a>, guitarist for <a href="/info/en/?search=Racer_X_(band)" title="Racer X (band)">Racer X</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=David_Goodnow" title="David Goodnow">David Goodnow</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Television" title="Television">television</a> news broadcaster</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (1773–1841), Indiana Territorial Governor and <a href="/info/en/?search=9th_President_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="9th President of the United States">9th President of the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mitch_Henderson" title="Mitch Henderson">Mitch Henderson</a>, basketball head coach, <a href="/info/en/?search=Princeton_Tigers_men%27s_basketball" title="Princeton Tigers men's basketball">Princeton</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Charles_T._Hinde" title="Charles T. Hinde">Charles T. Hinde</a>, businessman and riverboat captain; briefly lived in Vincennes</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jane_Jarvis" title="Jane Jarvis">Jane Jarvis</a>, (1915-2010), organist for the <a href="/info/en/?search=New_York_Mets" title="New York Mets">New York Mets</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> musician</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Buck_Jones" title="Buck Jones">Buck Jones</a> (1891–1942), actor, silent and 1930s film star</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=John_Rice_Jones" title="John Rice Jones">John Rice Jones</a>, politician and jurist</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Stanislaus_P._La_Lumiere" title="Stanislaus P. La Lumiere">Stanislaus P. La Lumiere</a>, president of <a href="/info/en/?search=Marquette_University" title="Marquette University">Marquette University</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Julian_Morgenstern" title="Julian Morgenstern">Julian Morgenstern</a> (1881–1976), rabbi, professor, and president of <a href="/info/en/?search=Hebrew_Union_College_%E2%80%93_Jewish_Institute_of_Religion" title="Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion">Hebrew Union College</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alvy_Moore" title="Alvy Moore">Alvy Moore</a> (1921–1997), actor</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Curtis_Painter" title="Curtis Painter">Curtis Painter</a> (b. 1985) <a href="/info/en/?search=American_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="American Football">football</a> player, quarterback <a href="/info/en/?search=Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Indianapolis_Colts" title="Indianapolis Colts">Indianapolis Colts</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Baltimore_Ravens" title="Baltimore Ravens">Baltimore Ravens</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=New_York_Giants" title="New York Giants">New York Giants</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=William_Edward_Phipps" title="William Edward Phipps">William Edward Phipps</a>, film and television actor, born in Vincennes</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ollie_Pickering" title="Ollie Pickering">Ollie Pickering</a> (1870–1952), first batter in MLB <a href="/info/en/?search=American_League" title="American League">American League</a> history; lived and died in Vincennes</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Red_Skelton" title="Red Skelton">Red Skelton</a> (1913–1997), comedian and film actor, star of <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Red_Skelton_Show" title="The Red Skelton Show">The Red Skelton Show</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Richard_L._Stevens" title="Richard L. Stevens">Richard L. Stevens</a>, brigadier general, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dan_Stryzinski" title="Dan Stryzinski">Dan Stryzinski</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=American_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="American Football">football</a> player, punter for <a href="/info/en/?search=Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> and eight NFL teams</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sarah_Knox_Taylor" title="Sarah Knox Taylor">Sarah Knox Taylor</a> (1814–1835), daughter of <a href="/info/en/?search=Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> and first wife of <a href="/info/en/?search=Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Waller_Taylor" title="Waller Taylor">Waller Taylor</a>, lawyer, <a href="/info/en/?search=Adjutant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjutant General">Adjutant General</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">United States Senator</a> from Indiana</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alice_Terry" title="Alice Terry">Alice Terry</a> (1899–1987), actress and director, silent films; wife of director <a href="/info/en/?search=Rex_Ingram_(director)" title="Rex Ingram (director)">Rex Ingram</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Samuel_Williams_(American_politician)" title="Samuel Williams (American politician)">Samuel Williams</a> (1851–1913), judge and politician</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Benjamin_Willoughby" title="Benjamin Willoughby">Benjamin Willoughby</a> (1855-1940), Justice of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Indiana_Supreme_Court" title="Indiana Supreme Court">Indiana Supreme Court</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Local_attractions">Local attractions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Local attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=George_Rogers_Clark_National_Historical_Park" title="George Rogers Clark National Historical Park">George Rogers Clark National Historical Park</a>, the memorial and park built for the war hero George Rogers Clark.</li></ul>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Vincennes_Indiana_Cathedral.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vincennes_Indiana_Cathedral.JPG/220px-Vincennes_Indiana_Cathedral.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vincennes_Indiana_Cathedral.JPG/330px-Vincennes_Indiana_Cathedral.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vincennes_Indiana_Cathedral.JPG/440px-Vincennes_Indiana_Cathedral.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Xavier Cathedral</figcaption></figure>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=St._Francis_Xavier_Cathedral_and_Library" title="St. Francis Xavier Cathedral and Library">St. Francis Xavier Cathedral and Library</a>, the oldest Catholic church in the state of Indiana and Indiana's oldest library.</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Grand_Rapids_Dam" title="Grand Rapids Dam">Grand Rapids Dam</a> was once a dam on the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wabash_River" title="Wabash River">Wabash River</a> near present-day Vincennes; its remains are still visible.</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Grouseland" title="Grouseland">Grouseland</a>, the mansion home of <a href="/info/en/?search=William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>, 9th United States President.</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Forts_of_Vincennes,_Indiana#Fort_Knox_II" title="Forts of Vincennes, Indiana">Fort Knox II</a>: Operated by the Indiana State Museum and Historic Sites Corp, Fort Knox was the jumping off point for the Tippecanoe Campaign in 1811. Outline of the fort is marked for self-guided tours.</li>
<li>Fort Sackville, one of the forts of Vincennes.</li>
<li>The <a href="/info/en/?search=U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> has named four <a href="/info/en/?search=USS_Vincennes" title="USS Vincennes">ships</a> in honor of Vincennes.</li>
<li>The Servant of God, Bishop <a href="/info/en/?search=Simon_Brut%C3%A9" title="Simon Bruté">Simon Bruté</a> de Remur, first Catholic Bishop of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Diocese_of_Vincennes" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Vincennes">Diocese of Vincennes</a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Indiana_Territorial_Capitol" title="Indiana Territorial Capitol">Indiana Territorial Capitol</a>. Is the primary site owned by the Indiana State Museum and Historic Sites Corp in Vincennes. The building was once the center of government for the Indiana Territory from 1800 to 1813.</li>
<li>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Indiana_Military_Museum" title="Indiana Military Museum">Indiana Military Museum</a> (indianamilitarymuseum.org)</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pantheon_Theatre" title="Pantheon Theatre">Pantheon Theatre</a></li>
<li>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Red_Skelton" title="Red Skelton">Red Skelton</a> Museum of American Comedy on the campus of Vincennes University contains memorabilia of radio, TV, and movie star Red Skelton, who was born in Vincennes. As of 2017, his birth home still exists, but is in private hands.</li>
<li>In addition to the George Rogers Clark National Historical Park, St. Francis Xavier Cathedral and Library, Grouseland, Fort Knox II, and Indiana Territorial Capitol, <a href="/info/en/?search=Gregg_Park" title="Gregg Park">Gregg Park</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Hack_and_Simon_Office_Building" title="Hack and Simon Office Building">Hack and Simon Office Building</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Kimmell_Park" title="Kimmell Park">Kimmell Park</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Old_State_Bank_(Vincennes,_Indiana)" title="Old State Bank (Vincennes, Indiana)">Old State Bank</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Pyramid_Mound" title="Pyramid Mound">Pyramid Mound</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Vincennes_Fortnightly_Club" title="Vincennes Fortnightly Club">Vincennes Fortnightly Club</a>, and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Vincennes_Historic_District" title="Vincennes Historic District">Vincennes Historic District</a> are listed on the <a href="/info/en/?search=National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nris_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-37">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nps_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps-38">[38]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
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<li id="cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2020_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_18.txt">"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files"</a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+U.S.+Gazetteer+Files&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fdocs%2Fmaps-data%2Fdata%2Fgazetteer%2F2020_Gazetteer%2F2020_gaz_place_18.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-GR2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GR2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GR2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov">"U.S. Census website"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Census+website&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GR3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GR3_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov">"US Board on Geographic Names"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. 2007-10-25. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212191832/http://geonames.usgs.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Board+on+Geographic+Names&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GR6-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GR6_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx">"Find a County"</a>. National Association of Counties. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Find+a+County&rft.pub=National+Association+of+Counties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naco.org%2FCounties%2FPages%2FFindACounty.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2020_census-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020_census_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/profile/Vincennes_city,_Indiana?g=160XX00US1879208">"Vincennes city, Indiana - Census Bureau Profile"</a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vincennes+city%2C+Indiana+-+Census+Bureau+Profile&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fprofile%2FVincennes_city%2C_Indiana%3Fg%3D160XX00US1879208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJonesAmy_L._Johnson2012" class="citation web cs1">Jones, James R. III; Amy L. Johnson (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.in.gov/dnr/historic/files/HP_earlypeoples.pdf">"Early Peoples of Indiana"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IN.gov</i>. Indianapolis: Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626133033/http://www.in.gov/dnr/historic/files/HP_earlypeoples.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IN.gov&rft.atitle=Early+Peoples+of+Indiana&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=James+R.+III&rft.au=Amy+L.+Johnson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.in.gov%2Fdnr%2Fhistoric%2Ffiles%2FHP_earlypeoples.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stafford, C. Russell. "The Geomorphology of Sugar Loaf Mound: Prehistoric Cemeteries and the Formation of Loess Cones in the Lower Wabash Valley," <i>Geoarchaeology: An International Journal</i> 13.7 (1998): 649–672.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLasselle1906" class="citation journal cs1">Lasselle, Charles B (March 1906). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zpwKAAAAIAAJ">"The Old Indian Traders of Indiana"</a>. <i>The Indiana Magazine of History</i>. <b>II</b> (1). Indianapolis: George S. Cottman: 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indiana+Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=The+Old+Indian+Traders+of+Indiana&rft.volume=II&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1906-03&rft.aulast=Lasselle&rft.aufirst=Charles+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzpwKAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derleth, p. 4.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derleth, p. 8.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derleth, p. 9.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ekberg-French_Roots-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ekberg-French_Roots_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEkberg2000" class="citation book cs1">Ekberg, Carl (2000). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NOdf3FRXms0C&pg=PA32"><i>French Roots in the Illinois Country: The Mississippi Frontier in Colonial Times</i></a>. Urbana and Chicago, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. p. 32. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06924-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06924-6"><bdi>978-0-252-06924-6</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219152958/https://books.google.com/books?id=NOdf3FRXms0C&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Roots+in+the+Illinois+Country%3A+The+Mississippi+Frontier+in+Colonial+Times&rft.place=Urbana+and+Chicago%2C+Ill.&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06924-6&rft.aulast=Ekberg&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNOdf3FRXms0C%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRoy1923" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Pierre-Georges (1923). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/sieurdevincennes71royp#page/16/mode/2up/search/burned">"Sieur de Vincennes Identified"</a>. <i>Indiana Historical Society Publications</i>. Vol. VII. Indianapolis: C. E. Pauley and Company. pp. 17–18. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160403030924/https://archive.org/stream/sieurdevincennes71royp#page/16/mode/2up/search/burned">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sieur+de+Vincennes+Identified&rft.btitle=Indiana+Historical+Society+Publications&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=C.+E.+Pauley+and+Company&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsieurdevincennes71royp%23page%2F16%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fburned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnhart, p. 172–173.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allison, p. 57.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allison, p. 58.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allison, p. 58: One resident of Vincennes was heard to pray "Lord, please send the Kentuckians home and bring back the Indians."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allison, p. 61.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allison, p. 62.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allison, p. 68.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allison, p. 87.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-blog.newspapers.library.in.gov-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blog.newspapers.library.in.gov_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://blog.newspapers.library.in.gov/vincennes-gazette/">"Indiana Historic Newspaper Digitization Project Blog"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808045445/http://blog.newspapers.library.in.gov/vincennes-gazette/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indiana+Historic+Newspaper+Digitization+Project+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.newspapers.library.in.gov%2Fvincennes-gazette%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John W. Miller, <i>Indiana Newspaper Bibliography</i> (Indiana Historical Society, 1982), 210–13.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/shawnee-indians-wapakoneta-oh-1826-newspaper">"Shawnee Indians – Wapakoneta Ohio – Vincennes Indiana"</a>. <i>Boston Reporter and Telegraph</i>. 1826-12-15. p. 3. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605161415/http://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/shawnee-indians-wapakoneta-oh-1826-newspaper">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Reporter+and+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Shawnee+Indians+%E2%80%93+Wapakoneta+Ohio+%E2%80%93+Vincennes+Indiana&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1826-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worthpoint.com%2Fworthopedia%2Fshawnee-indians-wapakoneta-oh-1826-newspaper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bibbs-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bibbs_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBibbs2020" class="citation news cs1">Bibbs, Rebecca R. (February 2, 2020). <a class="external text" href="https://www.heraldbulletin.com/news/local_news/it-took-two-supreme-court-cases-to-end-slavery-in-indiana/article_3ed8c74a-44ba-11ea-9414-c71f02845816.html">"Hidden History: It took two Supreme Court cases to end slavery in Indiana"</a>. <i>The Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald&rft.atitle=Hidden+History%3A+It+took+two+Supreme+Court+cases+to+end+slavery+in+Indiana&rft.date=2020-02-02&rft.aulast=Bibbs&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldbulletin.com%2Fnews%2Flocal_news%2Fit-took-two-supreme-court-cases-to-end-slavery-in-indiana%2Farticle_3ed8c74a-44ba-11ea-9414-c71f02845816.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Keierleber-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keierleber_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keierleber_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKeierleber2013" class="citation news cs1">Keierleber, Mark (February 16, 2013). "Woman's battle helped end slavery in Indiana". <i>The Herald-Tribune</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald-Tribune&rft.atitle=Woman%27s+battle+helped+end+slavery+in+Indiana&rft.date=2013-02-16&rft.aulast=Keierleber&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-IR-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IR_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IR_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://indianapolisrecorder.com/mary-bateman-clark-helped-end-slavery-indentured-servitude-in-indiana/">"Mary Bateman Clark helped end slavery, indentured servitude in Indiana"</a>. <i>Indianapolis Recorder</i>. August 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indianapolis+Recorder&rft.atitle=Mary+Bateman+Clark+helped+end+slavery%2C+indentured+servitude+in+Indiana&rft.date=2021-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianapolisrecorder.com%2Fmary-bateman-clark-helped-end-slavery-indentured-servitude-in-indiana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Johnson-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2021" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Taylor (2021-02-09). <a class="external text" href="https://www.mywabashvalley.com/hidden-history/black-history-month/polly-strong-mary-clark-remembered-as-pioneers-in-this-ongoing-struggle-for-freedom/">"Polly Strong & Mary Clark remembered as 'pioneers in this ongoing struggle for freedom'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>My Wabash Valley, WTWO-TV, Nexstar Media</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=My+Wabash+Valley%2C+WTWO-TV%2C+Nexstar+Media&rft.atitle=Polly+Strong+%26+Mary+Clark+remembered+as+%27pioneers+in+this+ongoing+struggle+for+freedom%27&rft.date=2021-02-09&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mywabashvalley.com%2Fhidden-history%2Fblack-history-month%2Fpolly-strong-mary-clark-remembered-as-pioneers-in-this-ongoing-struggle-for-freedom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Williams_SB-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_SB_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1997" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Sandra Boyd (1997). "The Indiana Supreme Court and the Struggle Against Slavery". <i>Indiana Law Review</i>. Symposium: The History of Indiana Courts: People, Legacy and Defining Moments. <b>30</b> (1): 307–310.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Indiana+Supreme+Court+and+the+Struggle+Against+Slavery&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=307-310&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Sandra+Boyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-IBC-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBC_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.in.gov/ibc/legacyprojects/2770.htm">"Mary Bateman Clark Project"</a>. <i>Indiana Bicentennial Commission, Indiana state government</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Bicentennial+Commission%2C+Indiana+state+government&rft.atitle=Mary+Bateman+Clark+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.in.gov%2Fibc%2Flegacyprojects%2F2770.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-census-g001-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census-g001_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200213082731/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1879208">"G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1879208">the original</a> on 2020-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G001+-+Geographic+Identifiers+-+2010+Census+Summary+File+1&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fbkmk%2Ftable%2F1.0%2Fen%2FDEC%2F10_SF1%2FG001%2F1600000US1879208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130719120205/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=15357&refer=">"VINCENNES, INDIANA Travel Weather"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://qwikcast.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=15357&refer=">the original</a> on 2013-07-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VINCENNES%2C+INDIANA+Travel+Weather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqwikcast.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweatherall.php3%3Fs%3D15357%26refer%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719211745/http://mrcc.isws.illinois.edu/climate_midwest/historical/temp/in/129113_tsum.html">"Temperature Summary - 129113 VINCENNES 5 NE, IN"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://mrcc.isws.illinois.edu/climate_midwest/historical/temp/in/129113_tsum.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Temperature+Summary+-+129113+VINCENNES+5+NE%2C+IN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmrcc.isws.illinois.edu%2Fclimate_midwest%2Fhistorical%2Ftemp%2Fin%2F129113_tsum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DecennialCensus-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DecennialCensus_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html">"Census of Population and Housing"</a>. Census.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.pub=Census.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdecennial-census.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wwwcensusgov-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wwwcensusgov_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov">"U.S. Census website"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Census+website&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/0/9/4097/4097.txt">Alice of Old Vincennes</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nris-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nris_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. July 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span> </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nps-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nps_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/nr/listings/20131018.htm">"National Register of Historic Places Listings"</a>. <i>Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 9/16/13 through 9/30/13</i>. National Park Service. 2013-10-18. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312121947/http://www.nps.gov/nr/listings/20131018.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weekly+List+of+Actions+Taken+on+Properties%3A+9%2F16%2F13+through+9%2F30%2F13&rft.atitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Listings&rft.date=2013-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnr%2Flistings%2F20131018.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214689105">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .portalbox{background:transparent}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .pane{background:transparent}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright">
<li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/info/en/?search=Portal:Indiana" title="Portal:Indiana">Indiana portal</a></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Forts_of_Vincennes,_Indiana" title="Forts of Vincennes, Indiana">Forts of Vincennes, Indiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Grand_Rapids_Dam" title="Grand Rapids Dam">Grand Rapids Dam</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Grand_Rapids_Hotel" title="Grand Rapids Hotel">Grand Rapids Hotel</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Piankashaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Piankashaw">Piankashaw</a> Indians</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=USS_Vincennes" title="USS Vincennes">USS <i>Vincennes</i></a>, 4 ships</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAllison,_Harold1986" class="citation book cs1">Allison, Harold (1986). <i>The Tragic Saga of the Indiana Indians</i>. Turner Publishing Company, Paducah. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-938021-07-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-938021-07-9"><bdi>0-938021-07-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragic+Saga+of+the+Indiana+Indians&rft.pub=Turner+Publishing+Company%2C+Paducah&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-938021-07-9&rft.au=Allison%2C+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBarnhart,_John_D.Riker,_Dorothy_L.1971" class="citation book cs1">Barnhart, John D.; Riker, Dorothy L. (1971). <i>Indiana to 1816. The Colonial Period</i>. Indiana Historical Society. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-87195-109-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87195-109-6"><bdi>0-87195-109-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indiana+to+1816.+The+Colonial+Period&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-87195-109-6&rft.au=Barnhart%2C+John+D.&rft.au=Riker%2C+Dorothy+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDerleth,_August1968" class="citation book cs1">Derleth, August (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vincennesportalt00derl"><i>Vincennes: Portal to the West</i></a></span>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: <a href="/info/en/?search=Prentice-Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Prentice-Hall">Prentice-Hall</a>, Inc. <a href="/info/en/?search=LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68020537">68020537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vincennes%3A+Portal+to+the+West&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall%2C+Inc&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68020537&rft.au=Derleth%2C+August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvincennesportalt00derl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/629338/Vincennes">Vincennes</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2011.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNolan,_John_Matthew2011" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, John Matthew (2011). <i>2,543 Days: A History of the Hotel at Grand Rapids Dam on the Wabash River</i>. J.M. Nolan. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-257-04152-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-257-04152-7"><bdi>978-1-257-04152-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2%2C543+Days%3A+A+History+of+the+Hotel+at+Grand+Rapids+Dam+on+the+Wabash+River&rft.pub=J.M.+Nolan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-257-04152-7&rft.au=Nolan%2C+John+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincennes%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Vincennes,_Indiana&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Vincennes#Q585857" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Vincennes">Vincennes</a></b></i>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://www.vincennescvb.org">Vincennes, Knox County Convention and Visitors Bureau, Indiana</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.vincennes.org">City of Vincennes, Indiana</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.vinu.edu/">Vincennes University</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061430/http://rking.vinu.edu/vinbrief.htm">Vincennes brief history (Vincennes University)</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.vcsc.k12.in.us">Vincennes School Corporation</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/gero/">George Rogers Clark National Park</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.in.gov/ism/StateHistoricSites/VincennesSites/vin_itc.aspx">Indiana Territorial Capitol</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.revolutionarywararchives.org/vincennes.html">Revolutionary War Archives – Battle of Vincennes</a></li></ul>
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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Knox_County,_Indiana,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Knox_County,_Indiana" title="Template:Knox County, Indiana"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:Knox_County,_Indiana" title="Template talk:Knox County, Indiana"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:Knox_County,_Indiana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Knox County, Indiana"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Knox_County,_Indiana,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/info/en/?search=Knox_County,_Indiana" title="Knox County, Indiana"><span class="region">Knox County, Indiana</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/info/en/?search=County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span>Vincennes</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=City" title="City">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bicknell,_Indiana" title="Bicknell, Indiana">Bicknell</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vincennes</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Map of Indiana highlighting Knox County"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Knox_County.svg/49px-Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Knox_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Knox_County.svg/74px-Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Knox_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Knox_County.svg/98px-Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Knox_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2887" data-file-height="4423" /></span><figcaption>Map of Indiana highlighting Knox County</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Incorporated_town" title="Incorporated town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bruceville,_Indiana" title="Bruceville, Indiana">Bruceville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Decker,_Indiana" title="Decker, Indiana">Decker</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edwardsport,_Indiana" title="Edwardsport, Indiana">Edwardsport</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Monroe_City,_Indiana" title="Monroe City, Indiana">Monroe City</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Oaktown,_Indiana" title="Oaktown, Indiana">Oaktown</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sandborn,_Indiana" title="Sandborn, Indiana">Sandborn</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wheatland,_Indiana" title="Wheatland, Indiana">Wheatland</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Civil_township" title="Civil township">Townships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Busseron_Township,_Knox_County,_Indiana" title="Busseron Township, Knox County, Indiana">Busseron</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Decker_Township,_Knox_County,_Indiana" title="Decker Township, Knox County, Indiana">Decker</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Harrison_Township,_Knox_County,_Indiana" title="Harrison Township, Knox County, Indiana">Harrison</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Johnson_Township,_Knox_County,_Indiana" title="Johnson Township, Knox County, Indiana">Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Palmyra_Township,_Knox_County,_Indiana" title="Palmyra Township, Knox County, Indiana">Palmyra</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Steen_Township,_Knox_County,_Indiana" title="Steen Township, Knox County, Indiana">Steen</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vigo_Township,_Knox_County,_Indiana" title="Vigo Township, Knox County, Indiana">Vigo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vincennes_Township,_Knox_County,_Indiana" title="Vincennes Township, Knox County, Indiana">Vincennes</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Washington_Township,_Knox_County,_Indiana" title="Washington Township, Knox County, Indiana">Washington</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Widner_Township,_Knox_County,_Indiana" title="Widner Township, Knox County, Indiana">Widner</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Emison,_Indiana" title="Emison, Indiana">Emison</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Freelandville,_Indiana" title="Freelandville, Indiana">Freelandville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ragsdale,_Indiana" title="Ragsdale, Indiana">Ragsdale</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Westphalia,_Indiana" title="Westphalia, Indiana">Westphalia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Other<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Beal,_Indiana" title="Beal, Indiana">Beal</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Busseron,_Indiana" title="Busseron, Indiana">Busseron</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fritchton,_Indiana" title="Fritchton, Indiana">Fritchton</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Indian_Creek_Settlement,_Indiana" title="Indian Creek Settlement, Indiana">Indian Creek Settlement</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Iona,_Indiana" title="Iona, Indiana">Iona</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Little_Rock,_Indiana" title="Little Rock, Indiana">Little Rock</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Orrville,_Indiana" title="Orrville, Indiana">Orrville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pond_Creek_Mills,_Indiana" title="Pond Creek Mills, Indiana">Pond Creek Mills</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Purcell,_Indiana" title="Purcell, Indiana">Purcell</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Saint_Thomas,_Indiana" title="Saint Thomas, Indiana">Saint Thomas</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Verne,_Indiana" title="Verne, Indiana">Verne</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wagner_Station,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner Station, Indiana">Wagner Station</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Willis,_Indiana" title="Willis, Indiana">Willis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Portal:Indiana_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Indiana (state)"><span>Indiana portal</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County_seats_of_Indiana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Indiana_county_seats" title="Template:Indiana county seats"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:Indiana_county_seats" title="Template talk:Indiana county seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:Indiana_county_seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indiana county seats"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County_seats_of_Indiana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=County_seat" title="County seat">County seats</a> of <a href="/info/en/?search=Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Albion,_Indiana" title="Albion, Indiana">Albion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Anderson,_Indiana" title="Anderson, Indiana">Anderson</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Angola,_Indiana" title="Angola, Indiana">Angola</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Auburn,_Indiana" title="Auburn, Indiana">Auburn</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bedford,_Indiana" title="Bedford, Indiana">Bedford</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bloomfield,_Indiana" title="Bloomfield, Indiana">Bloomfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bluffton,_Indiana" title="Bluffton, Indiana">Bluffton</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Boonville,_Indiana" title="Boonville, Indiana">Boonville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Brazil,_Indiana" title="Brazil, Indiana">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Brookville,_Indiana" title="Brookville, Indiana">Brookville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Brownstown,_Indiana" title="Brownstown, Indiana">Brownstown</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Columbia_City,_Indiana" title="Columbia City, Indiana">Columbia City</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Columbus,_Indiana" title="Columbus, Indiana">Columbus</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Connersville,_Indiana" title="Connersville, Indiana">Connersville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Corydon,_Indiana" title="Corydon, Indiana">Corydon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Covington,_Indiana" title="Covington, Indiana">Covington</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Crawfordsville,_Indiana" title="Crawfordsville, Indiana">Crawfordsville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Crown_Point,_Indiana" title="Crown Point, Indiana">Crown Point</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Danville,_Indiana" title="Danville, Indiana">Danville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Decatur,_Indiana" title="Decatur, Indiana">Decatur</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Delphi,_Indiana" title="Delphi, Indiana">Delphi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=English,_Indiana" title="English, Indiana">English</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Evansville,_Indiana" title="Evansville, Indiana">Evansville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fowler,_Indiana" title="Fowler, Indiana">Fowler</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Frankfort,_Indiana" title="Frankfort, Indiana">Frankfort</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Franklin,_Indiana" title="Franklin, Indiana">Franklin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Goshen,_Indiana" title="Goshen, Indiana">Goshen</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Greencastle,_Indiana" title="Greencastle, Indiana">Greencastle</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Greenfield,_Indiana" title="Greenfield, Indiana">Greenfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Greensburg,_Indiana" title="Greensburg, Indiana">Greensburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hartford_City,_Indiana" title="Hartford City, Indiana">Hartford City</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Huntington,_Indiana" title="Huntington, Indiana">Huntington</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jasper,_Indiana" title="Jasper, Indiana">Jasper</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jeffersonville,_Indiana" title="Jeffersonville, Indiana">Jeffersonville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kentland,_Indiana" title="Kentland, Indiana">Kentland</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Knox,_Indiana" title="Knox, Indiana">Knox</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kokomo,_Indiana" title="Kokomo, Indiana">Kokomo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=La_Porte,_Indiana" title="La Porte, Indiana">La Porte</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lafayette,_Indiana" title="Lafayette, Indiana">Lafayette</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=LaGrange,_Indiana" title="LaGrange, Indiana">LaGrange</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lawrenceburg,_Indiana" title="Lawrenceburg, Indiana">Lawrenceburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lebanon,_Indiana" title="Lebanon, Indiana">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Liberty,_Indiana" title="Liberty, Indiana">Liberty</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Logansport,_Indiana" title="Logansport, Indiana">Logansport</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Madison,_Indiana" title="Madison, Indiana">Madison</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Marion,_Indiana" title="Marion, Indiana">Marion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Martinsville,_Indiana" title="Martinsville, Indiana">Martinsville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Monticello,_Indiana" title="Monticello, Indiana">Monticello</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mount_Vernon,_Indiana" title="Mount Vernon, Indiana">Mount Vernon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muncie,_Indiana" title="Muncie, Indiana">Muncie</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nashville,_Indiana" title="Nashville, Indiana">Nashville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=New_Albany,_Indiana" title="New Albany, Indiana">New Albany</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=New_Castle,_Indiana" title="New Castle, Indiana">New Castle</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Newport,_Indiana" title="Newport, Indiana">Newport</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Noblesville,_Indiana" title="Noblesville, Indiana">Noblesville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Paoli,_Indiana" title="Paoli, Indiana">Paoli</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Peru,_Indiana" title="Peru, Indiana">Peru</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Petersburg,_Indiana" title="Petersburg, Indiana">Petersburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Plymouth,_Indiana" title="Plymouth, Indiana">Plymouth</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Portland,_Indiana" title="Portland, Indiana">Portland</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Princeton,_Indiana" title="Princeton, Indiana">Princeton</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rensselaer,_Indiana" title="Rensselaer, Indiana">Rensselaer</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Richmond,_Indiana" title="Richmond, Indiana">Richmond</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rising_Sun,_Indiana" title="Rising Sun, Indiana">Rising Sun</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rochester,_Indiana" title="Rochester, Indiana">Rochester</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rockport,_Indiana" title="Rockport, Indiana">Rockport</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rockville,_Indiana" title="Rockville, Indiana">Rockville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rushville,_Indiana" title="Rushville, Indiana">Rushville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Salem,_Indiana" title="Salem, Indiana">Salem</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Scottsburg,_Indiana" title="Scottsburg, Indiana">Scottsburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shelbyville,_Indiana" title="Shelbyville, Indiana">Shelbyville</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shoals,_Indiana" title="Shoals, Indiana">Shoals</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana">South Bend</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Spencer,_Indiana" title="Spencer, Indiana">Spencer</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sullivan,_Indiana" title="Sullivan, Indiana">Sullivan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tell_City,_Indiana" title="Tell City, Indiana">Tell City</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Terre_Haute,_Indiana" title="Terre Haute, Indiana">Terre Haute</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tipton,_Indiana" title="Tipton, Indiana">Tipton</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Valparaiso,_Indiana" title="Valparaiso, Indiana">Valparaiso</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vernon,_Indiana" title="Vernon, Indiana">Vernon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Versailles,_Indiana" title="Versailles, Indiana">Versailles</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vevay,_Indiana" title="Vevay, Indiana">Vevay</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vincennes</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wabash,_Indiana" title="Wabash, Indiana">Wabash</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Warsaw,_Indiana" title="Warsaw, Indiana">Warsaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Washington,_Indiana" title="Washington, Indiana">Washington</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Williamsport,_Indiana" title="Williamsport, Indiana">Williamsport</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Winamac,_Indiana" title="Winamac, Indiana">Winamac</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Winchester,_Indiana" title="Winchester, Indiana">Winchester</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585857#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585857#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585857#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/236585112">VIAF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4810981-2">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550290805171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81018597">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vincennes (Indiana)"><a class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge679391&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/f134a96b-bd26-4d55-bab2-cf940ff726a6">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046747">NARA</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |