'{{Dashboard.wikiedu.org draft template/about this sandbox}} '''Juan Miguel de Agüero''' (d. 1610) was a 16th-century Spanish [[architect]] from [[Santander, Spain|Santander]] who participated in the design and construction of the [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral]], the [[Mérida Cathedral]], and the fortifications of [[Havana]], [[Cuba]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Proyectos |first=HI Iberia Ingeniería y |title=Historia Hispánica |url=https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/594-juan-miguel-de-aguero |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=historia-hispanica.rah.es |language=es}}</ref> == Biography == Juan Miguel de Agüero was born in Trasmiera (Cantabria), and died in Mexico City, Mexico in 1610.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Proyectos |first=HI Iberia Ingeniería y |title=Historia Hispánica |url=https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/594-juan-miguel-de-aguero |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=historia-hispanica.rah.es |language=es}}</ref> == Education == Juan Miguel de Aguero received his education in Spain and became a [[Master builder|Master Builder]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chanfón |first=Carlos |date=1972 |title=Flemish Influences in Mexican Architecture of the 16th Century |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24317028 |journal=Artes de México |issue=150 |pages=107–110 |issn=0300-4953}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shibboleth Authentication Request |url=https://login.libproxy.lib.csusb.edu/login?qurl=https://www.taylorfrancis.com%2fbooks%2fmono%2f10.1201%2f9780429326219%2fcorrection-differential-settlements-mexico-city-metropolitan-cathedral-sagrario-church-efra%25C3%25ADn-ovando-shelley-enrique-santoyo%3fcontext%3dubx%26refId%3da388afdf-8471-43ab-b336-8fbd3b2ad75e |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=login.libproxy.lib.csusb.edu |doi=10.1201/9780429326219/correction-differential-settlements-mexico-city-metropolitan-cathedral-sagrario-church-efra%C3%ADn-ovando-shelley-enrique-santoyo?context=ubx&refid=a388afdf-8471-43ab-b336-8fbd3b2ad75e}}</ref> == Artworks == === Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral === Juan Miguel de Agüero’s worked on the [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral|Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral,]] located in Mexico City, Mexico.<ref name=":0">Velasco Ballesteros, Maricarmen. "The Cathedral of Mexico City." ''Voices of Mexico: News, Commentary, Documents on Current Events in Mexico and Latin America'' (2018).</ref> [[Claudio de Arciniega|Cladio de Arciniega]] drew the plans for the Cathedral while Juan Miguel de Aguero built the model for the Cathedral.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McAndrew |first=John |date=1949 |title=Review of The Story of Architecture in Mexico. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2508306 |journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=112–115 |doi=10.2307/2508306 |issn=0018-2168}}</ref> The construction of the Cathedral started  in 1573 and finished in 1813.<ref name=":0" /> It is important to note that the [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral]] was built on top of [[Templo Mayor]], which was a temple that the [[Aztecs]] used before the colonization of [[Tenochtitlan]].<ref name=":1" /> The central dome is 65 meters high and is supported by four columns. The two towers are 60 meters in height. The church is 60.40 meters wide and is about  25 meters  high  along the central nave and 126.67 meters long.<ref>Ovando-Shelley, Efraín, Enrique Santoyo-Villa, and Julio Hernández. "Mexico City’s Metropolitan Cathedral and Sagrario Church 13 Years After Underexcavation and Soil Hardening." ''International Journal of Architectural Heritage'' 10, no. 2-3 (2016): 346-359.</ref>The building of the Cathedral took 240 years for it to be finished which puts Juan Miguel de Aguero in a long list of architects, master builders and construction teams. The Cathedral is in the style of [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] architecture, but has other styles of architecture due to the amount of time it took to build. Other types of architecture styles we find on the Cathedral are [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]], [[Churrigueresque]], [[Neoclassical architecture|Neo-classica]]<nowiki/>l and Neo-Renaissance.<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">Wedekind, Wanja, Joerg Ruedrich, and Siegfried Siegesmund. "Natural building stones of Mexico–Tenochtitlán: their use, weathering and rock properties at the Templo Mayor, Palace Heras Soto and the Metropolitan Cathedral." ''Environmental earth sciences'' 63 (2011): 1787-1798.</ref> The Cathedral is made of material surrounding the Temple Mayor such as [[tezontle]], tenayocatele, remedios, and chiluca.<ref name=":1" /> The main stones for the Cathedral consisted of tezontle, tuff stone, an andesite.<ref name=":1" /> The vision for the Cathedral was used to consolidate power in the newly founded territory the Spaniards conquered. Through the building of the Cathedral the Spaniards were able to enforce Catholicism among the Aztecs.<ref name=":0" /> === Cathedral of Merida Yucatan === Juan Miguel de Agüero was also a part of the construction of the [[Cathedral of Mérida, Yucatán|Merida Cathedra]]<nowiki/>l. The Merida Cathedral is located in Merida, Yucatan. Juan Miguel de Aguero worked the final construction of the vaults to the Merida Cathedral. The Merida Cathedral was started by Don Pedro de Aulestia during 1561 and was finished in 1585 .<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kalisch |first=Manuel Arturo Román |date=2012-07-04 |title=Los antecedentes tecnológicos hispanos en la arquitectura religiosa virreinal de yucatán |url=https://www.revistaarqurb.com.br/arqurb/article/view/338 |journal=arq.urb |language=es |issue=8 |pages=79–98 |issn=1984-5766}}</ref> This cathedral was one of the first completed cathedrals in the Americas.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Gutiérrez Ruiz |first=Nicte-Há |last2=Rivero Canto |first2=Raúl Enrique |date=2013 |title=Las manifestaciones artísticas de la Ciudad Blanca: centro histórico de Mérida, Yucatán, México |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4289453 |journal=ASRI: Arte y sociedad. Revista de investigación |issue=4 |pages=12 |issn=2174-7563}}</ref> The Cathedral stands at 142 feet tall and is made out of stone and recycled stone from Mayan ruins. Unlike the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral's different styles of architecture the Merida Cathedral is designed in a Gothic style. The intent of the Cathedral  was used to consolidate power in the newly founded territory the Spaniards conquered and to spread the Catholic religion across the Americas.<ref name=":2" /> === Fortifications of Havana Cuba === Juan Miguel de Agüero helped with the fortification in Havana, Cuba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Proyectos |first=HI Iberia Ingeniería y |title=Historia Hispánica |url=https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/594-juan-miguel-de-aguero |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=historia-hispanica.rah.es |language=es}}</ref> == Exhibitions == === Vaults of the Cathedral of Merida === Upon the death of Pedro de Aulestia, several older teachers replaced him, the last of them is Juan Miguel de Agüero, who arrived from the capital of New Spain to Yucatán around 1581.<ref>Guerrero, Sandra Cynthia Bravo. "Origen, geometría y construcción de las bóvedas por cruceros de la catedral de San Ildefonso en Mérida, Yucatán." In ''Actas del Octavo Congreso Nacional de Historia de la Construcción: Madrid, 9-12 de octubre de 2013'', pp. 113-122. Instituto Juan de Herrera, 2013.</ref> During this time construction of the Cathedral of Merida was underway and the vaults were next to be constructed, which made Aguero responsible for building the vaults.<ref>Guerrero, Sandra Cynthia Bravo. "Origen, geometría y construcción de las bóvedas por cruceros de la catedral de San Ildefonso en Mérida, Yucatán." In ''Actas del Octavo Congreso Nacional de Historia de la Construcción: Madrid, 9-12 de octubre de 2013'', pp. 113-122. Instituto Juan de Herrera, 2013.</ref> Juan Miguel de Aguero's vault is located in the side nave of the Cathedral above the south entrance.<ref>Gutiérrez, Ramón. "Transculturación, la huella de la catedral de Jaén en América." ''La Catedral de Jaén a examen I'' (2019).</ref> The set of lowered vaults encased in the Serlio style, was inspired by the guilt of the Pantheon of Rome, whose drawings [[Juan Bautista Villalpando|Villalpando]] had published in 1563 in his translation of Serlio's treatise, and the [[Herrerian style|Herrerian]] style covers.<ref>Jiménez, José Miguel Muñoz. "Cantabria y la arquitectura hispanoamericana." ''Cuadernos de Trasmiera'' 4 (1993): 27-70.</ref> By this time most of the stone pieces would have been carved they make them up. Aguero was Claudio's surveyor of Arciniega, senior master of the metropolitan cathedral, so he undoubtedly had the geometric knowledge to interpret the existing patterns of the original Aulestia design and thus carry out the implementation of the vaults of the Emeritus cathedral.<ref>Guerrero, Sandra Cynthia Bravo. "Origen, geometría y construcción de las bóvedas por cruceros de la catedral de San Ildefonso en Mérida, Yucatán." In ''Actas del Octavo Congreso Nacional de Historia de la Construcción: Madrid, 9-12 de octubre de 2013'', pp. 113-122. Instituto Juan de Herrera, 2013.</ref> === Elevations of the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral === Juan Miguel de Aguero was in charge of the elevations of the [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral]]. Juan Miguel was responsible to fulfill the traditional function of the cathedral building. Juan Miguel de Aguero was to preserve the long naves while simplifying the plan and construction elements. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Villegas |first=Daniel Cosío |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5E4nDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Historia general de México.: Versión 2000 |last2=Martínez |first2=Bernardo García |last3=Lorenzo |first3=José Luis |last4=Bernal |first4=Ignacio |last5=Carrasco |first5=Pedro |last6=Lira |first6=Andrés |last7=Florescano |first7=Enrique |last8=Manrique |first8=Jorge Alberto |last9=Villoro |first9=Luis |date=2017 |publisher=El Colegio de Mexico AC |isbn=978-607-628-180-2 |language=en}}</ref> == References == Chanfón, Carlos. “FLEMISH INFLUENCES IN MEXICAN ARCHITECTURE OF THE 16TH CENTURY.” ''Artes de México'', no. 150 (1972): 107–10. <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/24317028</nowiki>. Ovando-Shelley, Efraín, Enrique Santoyo-Villa, and Julio Hernández. "Mexico City’s Metropolitan Cathedral and Sagrario Church 13 Years After Underexcavation and Soil Hardening." ''International Journal of Architectural Heritage'' 10, no. 2-3 (2016): 346-359. Ovando-Shelley, E., & Santoyo, E. (2019). Correction of Differential Settlements in Mexico City's Metropolitan Cathedral and Sagrario Church (1st ed.). CRC Press. <nowiki>https://doi-org.libproxy.lib.csusb.edu/10.1201/9780429326219</nowiki> Gutiérrez, Ramón. "Transculturación, la huella de la catedral de Jaén en América." ''La Catedral de Jaén a examen I'' (2019). Kalisch, Manuel Arturo Román. "Los antecedentes tecnológicos hispanos en la arquitectura religiosa virreinal de yucatán." ''arq. urb'' 8 (2012): 79-98. Jiménez, José Miguel Muñoz. "Cantabria y la arquitectura hispanoamericana." ''Cuadernos de Trasmiera'' 4 (1993): 27-70. Wedekind, Wanja, Joerg Ruedrich, and Siegfried Siegesmund. "Natural building stones of Mexico–Tenochtitlán: their use, weathering and rock properties at the Templo Mayor, Palace Heras Soto and the Metropolitan Cathedral." ''Environmental earth sciences'' 63 (2011): 1787-1798. Guerrero, Sandra Cynthia Bravo. "Origen, geometría y construcción de las bóvedas por cruceros de la catedral de San Ildefonso en Mérida, Yucatán." In ''Actas del Octavo Congreso Nacional de Historia de la Construcción: Madrid, 9-12 de octubre de 2013'', pp. 113-122. Instituto Juan de Herrera, 2013. “St. IIdephonsus Cathedral Of Merida  | HistoricalMX.” n.d. HistoricalMX. <nowiki>https://historicalmx.org/items/show/96</nowiki>. Brand, Donald D. "Mexican Architecture of the Sixteenth Century. Yale Historical Publications, History of Art V, Vol. I; Vol. II." (1951): 126-137. Bross, Benjamin A. ''Mexico City’s Zócalo: A History of a Constructed Spatial Identity''. Routledge, 2021. Henríquez-Ureña, Pedro. Literary Currents in Hispanic America. Harvard University Press, 1945. “Juan Miguel De Agüero.” n.d. Real Academia De La Historia. <nowiki>https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/48866/juan-miguel-de-aguero</nowiki>. McAndrew, John. "The Story of Architecture in Mexico." (1949): 112-115. “Review: [Untitled] on JSTOR.” n.d. ''Www.Jstor.Org''. <nowiki>https://www.jstor.org/stable/2508306?seq=1</nowiki>. Robles, Eugenio Noriega. "La catedral de Mexico." ''Artes de México'' 182/183 (1975): 29-33. Toussaint, Manuel. "Mérída. A Traveler's Poínt of Víew." ''Artes de México'' 169/170 (1973): 141-144. Proyectos, Hi Iberia Ingeniería Y. n.d. “Historia Hispánica.” <nowiki>https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/594-juan-miguel-de-aguero</nowiki> Velasco Ballesteros, Maricarmen. "The Cathedral of Mexico City." ''Voices of Mexico: News, Commentary, Documents on Current Events in Mexico and Latin America'' (2018). ———. n.d. “Historia Hispánica.” <nowiki>https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/594-juan-miguel-de-aguero</nowiki>. Wikipedia contributors. 2024. “Cathedral of Mérida, Yucatán.” Wikipedia. January 15, 2024. <nowiki>/info/en/?search=Cathedral_of_M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n</nowiki>. [[Category:Wikipedia Student Program]]'