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Old page wikitext, before the edit (`old_wikitext`)	'{{Short description\|Genus of venomous fishes}} {{For\|the tropical fish\|Ocosia spinosa}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2015}} {{Automatic taxobox \| image = Ichthyologie; ou, Histoire naturelle des poissons (Plate 183) (6918426608).jpg \| image_caption = Type specie ''[[Synanceia horrida]]'', 1796 illustration \| display_parents = 3 \| taxon = Synanceia \| authority = [[Marcus Elieser Bloch\|Bloch]] and [[Johann Gottlob Schneider\|J. G. Schneider]], 1801 \| type_species = ''Scorpaena horrida'' \| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus\|Linnaeus]], 1766<ref name = CofF>{{Cof family \| family = Synanceiinae \| access-date = 11 April 2022}}</ref> }} how quickly can you remove this '''''Synanceia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[ray-finned fish]] belonging to the [[subfamily]] [[Synanceiinae]], the stonefish, which is [[Taxonomy (biology)\|classified]] within the [[Family (biology)\|family]] [[Scorpaenidae]], the scorpionfish and relatives. Stonefish are the most [[venomous fish]] known; stings can be fatal to humans.<ref>{{cite book\|editor1=Smith, M.M.\|editor2=Heemstra, P.C.\|year=2003\|title=Smiths' Sea Fishes\|isbn=1-86872-890-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Puffer Fish\|url=https://a-z-animals.com/animals/puffer-fish/\|access-date=26 January 2017\|language=en}}</ref> They are found in the coastal regions of the [[Indo-Pacific]] and Caribbean. == Taxonomy == ''Synanceia'' was first described as a genus in 1801 by the German [[naturalists]] [[Marcus Elieser Bloch]] and [[Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider]] with ''Scorpaena horrida'', which had been [[Species description\|described]] by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1766 from [[Ambon Island]] ([[Indonesia]]), as its [[type species]].<ref name = CofF/><ref name = CofF2>{{Cof genus \| genus = Synanceia \| access-date = 14 April 2022}}</ref> The genus ''Synanceia'' is classified within the [[Tribe (biology)\|tribe]] [[Synanceiini]] which is one of three tribes in the subfamily Synanceeinae within the family Scorpaenidae.<ref name=Nelson5>{{cite book \|title=Fishes of the World \|edition=5th \|author1=J. S. Nelson \|author2=T. C. Grande \|author3=M. V. H. Wilson \|year=2016 \|pages= 468–475 \|publisher=Wiley \|isbn= 978-1-118-34233-6 \|url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/}}</ref> Despite this, other authorities regard Synanceiidae as a valid family and the Synanceiini as the subfamily Synanceiinae.<ref name = CofF/> The genus name ''Synanceia'' is made up of ''syn'', meaning "with", and ''angeíon'', which means "cavity", an allusion to the large, cavernous heads of the species considered to be in the genus.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web \| url = https://etyfish.org/perciformes10/ \| title = Order Perciformes (Part 10): Suborder Scorpaenoidei: Families Apistidae, Tetrarogidae, Synanceiidae, Aploacrinidae, Perryenidae, Eschmeyeridae, Pataceidae, Gnathanacanthidae, Congiopodidae and Zanclorhynchidae \| work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database \| editor1= Christopher Scharpf \| editor2 = Kenneth J. Lazara \| name-list-style = amp \|date = 10 March 2022 \| access-date = 8 April 2022 \| publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> === Species === [[File:Stone Fish at AQWA SMC2006.jpg\|thumb\|''[[Synanceia verrucosa]]'' in a public aquarium]] ''Synanceia'' contains the following species:<ref>{{ITIS \|id=167077 \|taxon=''Synanceia'' \|access-date=28 December 2008}}</ref><ref name = CofF2/> {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Image !! Scientific Name !! Common Name !! Distribution \|- \| \|\| ''[[Synanceia alula]]'' <small>([[William N. Eschmeyer\|Eschmeyer]] & [[Kaza V. Rama Rao\|Rama Rao]], 1973)</small> \|\|Midget stonefish \|\| northern Indian Ocean to the Solomon Islands \|- \| [[File:Synanceia horrida Lembeh2.jpg\|120px]]\|\| ''[[Synanceia horrida]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1766)</small>\|\|Estuarine stonefish \|\| India to China, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Australia, and is also recorded in Vanuatu \|- \|[[File:Synanceia nana.JPG\|120px]] \|\| ''[[Synanceia nana]]'' <small>(Eschmeyer & Rama Rao, 1973)</small> \|\|Red Sea stonefish \|\|Red Sea and Persian Gulf \|- \| \|\| ''[[Synanceia platyrhyncha]]'' <small>([[Pieter Bleeker\|Bleeker]], 1874)</small> \|\| \|\| Indonesia \|- \|[[File:Stone Fish at AQWA SMC2006.jpg\|120px]] \|\| ''[[Synanceia verrucosa]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch\|Bloch]] and [[Johann Gottlob Schneider\|J. G. Schneider]], 1801)</small>\|\|Reef stonefish \|\| Red Sea and Indo-Pacific \|- \| \|\| ''[[Synanceia quinque]]'' <small>[[Mizuki Matsunuma\|Matsunuma]], [[B. Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto\|Manjaji‑Matsumoto]] & [[Hiroyuki Motomura\|Motomura]], 2021</small> \|\| \|\| Indonesia \|- \|} == Habitat and characteristics == ''Synanceia'' are primarily [[marine (ocean)\|marine]], and although some species are known to live in rivers, most live in coral reefs near the tropical Pacific and Indian oceans. The species has potent [[neurotoxin]]s secreted from glands at the base of their needle-like [[dorsal fin]] spines which stick up when disturbed or threatened.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/ncm/staff_htm_files/bullrout.htm\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040823095203/http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/ncm/staff_htm_files/bullrout.htm\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=23 August 2004\|title=Notesthe robusta - Family Scorpaenidae\|publisher=O'Connor，J. Southern Cross University\|access-date=2009-06-14\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[vernacular]] name of the species, the stonefish, derives from its grey and mottled camouflage similar to the color of a stone.<ref>Pocock, C.A. "[http://eprints.utas.edu.au/629/4/Pocock_CH-2.pdf Romancing the Reef: history, heritage and the hyper-real]." ''James Cook University Ph.D. Thesis.'' 2003. Accessed 2009-06-14.</ref> Swimmers may not notice them and inadvertently step on them, triggering a [[Fish sting\|sting]]. When the stonefish is disturbed, it may inject an amount of venom proportional to the amount of pressure applied to it. {{Citation needed\|date=January 2012}} Stonefish have the ability to extend sharp, specialized spines (lachrymal saber) as an additional defense mechanism.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=Smith, W. Leo \| author2=Smith, Elizabeth \| author3=Richardson, Clara \| title=Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Flatheads, Scorpionfishes, Sea Robins, and Stonefishes (Percomorpha: Scorpaeniformes) and the Evolution of the Lachrymal Saber \| date=February 2018 \| journal=Copeia \| volume=106 \| number=1 \| pages=94–119 \| url=https://www.copeiajournal.org/copeia-bjah/ofcg-17-669yt497804km \| doi=10.1643/CG-17-669\| s2cid=91157582 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \| title=Stonefish are already scary, and now scientists have found they have switchblades in their heads \| author=Willingham, AJ \| date=April 13, 2018 \| newspaper=CNN \| url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/12/health/stonefish-switchblade-lachrymal-saber-trnd/index.html}}</ref> === Venom === The venom of ''Synanceia'' consists of a proteinaceous toxin called [[verrucotoxin]] (VTX), which modulates Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel activity through the β-adrenoceptor-cAMP-PKA pathway. In humans, stings can cause intense pain, respiratory weakness, damage to the cardiovascular system, convulsions and paralysis; sometimes they can lead to death. The exact mechanism is not yet fully understood.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=Yazawa, K\| author2=Wang, JW \| author3=Hao, LY \|author4=Onoue, Y \| author5=Kameyama, M. \| title=Verrucotoxin, a stonefish venom, modulates calcium channel activity in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. \| date=August 2007 \| journal=Br J Pharmacol \| volume=151 \| issue=8 \| pages=1198–1203 \| doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0707340\| pmid=17572694 \| pmc=2189832 \| doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Treatment of envenomation== Stonefish stings are extremely painful and potentially lethal.<ref>Rebecca, Sarah. "The Most Excruciating Pain Known To Man." Scienceray. (29 Dec 2010): 1. Print. {{cite web \|url=http://scienceray.com/biology/zoology/the-most-excruciating-pain-known-to-man \|title=The Most Excruciating Pain Known to Man \| Scienceray \|access-date=2012-11-01 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523091230/http://scienceray.com/biology/zoology/the-most-excruciating-pain-known-to-man/ \|archive-date=23 May 2013 \|df=dmy-all }}.</ref> The two most recommended treatments are the application of heat to the affected area and antivenom. Hot water (at a temperature of at least {{convert\|45\|°C\|°F\|0\|lk=on}})<ref>{{cite book \| last = White \| first = Julian \| title = A Clinician's Guide to Australian Venomous Bites and Stings: Incorporating the Updated Antivenom Handbook \| publisher = CSL Ltd.\| location = Melbourne, Victoria \| year = 2013 \| isbn = 978-0-646-57998-6}}</ref> applied to the injured area has been found to denature stonefish venom, and causes minimal discomfort to the victim. Antivenom is used in more extreme cases. Vinegar is found on some Australian beaches as it is said to lessen the pain.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Taylor \|first=G. \|title=Toxic fish spine injury: Lessons from 11 years experience \|journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal \|volume=30 \|issue=1 \|year=2000 \|issn=0813-1988 \|oclc=16986801 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5828 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629013653/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5828 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=29 June 2008 \|access-date=2009-06-18 }}</ref> ===Stonefish stings in Australia=== The stonefish is the most venomous known fish in the world<ref>[http://www.adventuremedicine.net/envenom/marine/94-stonefish Stonefish Envenomation], adventure medicine {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228222240/http://www.adventuremedicine.net/envenom/marine/94-stonefish \|date=28 February 2012 }}</ref> and stings can cause death if not treated.<ref>[https://www.emed.theclinics.com/article/S0733-8627(16)30118-3/abstract Marine Envenomation], Hornbeak, Kirsten B., and Paul S. Auerbach. Emergency Medicine Clinics 35.2 (2017): 321-337.</ref> Most stonefish stings occur as a result of stepping on the creature which forces venom into the foot, while it is less common for the fish to sting when it is picked up.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.toxinology.com/generic_static_files/cslavh_antivenom_stonefish.html\|title=CSL Antivenom Handbook - Stonefish Antivenom\|website=www.toxinology.com\|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> Stonefish stings can occur on the beach, not just in the water, since stonefish can survive out of the water for up to 24 hours. They are not easily seen as they look similar to rocks or coral. Stonefish antivenom is the second-most administered in Australia.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAR5FyZGZb4&feature=player_embedded Stone Fish] slk320 {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406073737/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAR5FyZGZb4&feature=player_embedded \|date=6 April 2017 }}</ref>{{Verify source\|date=September 2018}} Some [[Indigenous Australians]] have [[corroboree]]s which involve re-enacting the death of someone who trod on the fish. The Aboriginal people of Northern Australia and the [[Great Barrier Reef]] have ways of preparing the fish for eating to avoid poisoning.<ref name="auto">[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11021024 The Poisonous Stone Fish Dreaded Denizen of the North] The Argus 14 March 1936</ref> After stonefish envenomation, the amount of anti-venom given depends on the number of puncture wounds from the stonefish spines.<ref>[http://www.csl.com.au/docs/236/440/Stone%20Fish%20PI-%20approved%20April%202011.pdf Stonefish antivenom] product information {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329003955/http://www.csl.com.au/docs/236/440/Stone%20Fish%20PI-%20approved%20April%202011.pdf \|date=29 March 2012 }}</ref> ===Number of incidents=== [[File:Poisonous Stone Fish article 1936.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|1936 article from Melbourne newspaper ''[[The Argus (Australia)\|The Argus]]'' about venomous stonefish.]] There were 25 cases of the use of antivenom for stonefish reported to [[Commonwealth Serum Laboratories]] for a one-year period between July 1989 and June 1990, with most from [[Queensland]] and four from the [[Northern Territory]].<ref>[http://www.carpa.org.au/Ref%20Manual%204th%20Ed/Emergency%20&%20assessment/Marine_stings_bites.pdf Marine Bites and Stings] Dr Mark Little {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321003850/http://www.carpa.org.au/Ref%20Manual%204th%20Ed/Emergency%20%26%20assessment/Marine_stings_bites.pdf \|date=21 March 2014 }}</ref> There were 14 calls to the Queensland Poisons Information System in 2008 regarding stonefish poison.<ref>[http://www.health.qld.gov.au/poisonsinformationcentre/docs/qpic_ann_report_2008.pdf annual report 2008], Queensland Poisons Information Centre</ref> === Fatal incidents === {\| class="wikitable" \|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" ! width="200" \|Name !Age!! width="100" \|Date!! width="550" \|Location \|- \|Joseph Leathom Wassell \|53 \|7 April 1915 \|[[Thursday Island]], Australia<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/people/medicine/display/92658-dr-joseph-wassell-(grave)\|title=Dr Joseph Leathem Wassell - Monument Australia\|first=UBC Web\|last=Design\|website=monumentaustralia.org.au\|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>[http://www.carpa.org.au/Ref%20Manual%204th%20Ed/Emergency%20&%20assessment/Marine_stings_bites.pdf Marine Bites and Stings] Dr Mark Little {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321003850/http://www.carpa.org.au/Ref%20Manual%204th%20Ed/Emergency%20%26%20assessment/Marine_stings_bites.pdf \|date=21 March 2014 }}</ref> \|- \|- \|name not given \|58 \|6 August 2010 \|[[Nago]], [[Okinawa]], Japan<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.stripes.com/news/okinawan-diver-dies-from-stonefish-sting-1.migrated \| title=Okinawan diver dies from stonefish sting }}</ref> \|- \|} == As food == ''Synanceia'' is edible to humans if properly prepared. The protein-based venom [[Denaturation (biochemistry)\|breaks down]] quickly when heated, and raw stonefish served as part of [[sashimi]] is rendered harmless simply by removing the dorsal fins which are the main source of venom. The fish are considered a delicacy in many parts of [[Asia]], including south [[Japan]], south [[Fujian]], [[Guangdong]] in [[China]], [[Hong Kong]], and some parts of [[Vietnam]]. In the [[Hokkien]]-speaking area, they are considered delicacies and good for health. The meat of ''Synanceia'' is white, dense and sweet, and the skin is also edible. They are usually cooked with [[ginger]] into a [[clear soup]], and sometimes served raw as sashimi. == Pop culture == In "[[The Blue Lagoon (1980 film)\|Blue Lagoon]] (1980)," Emmeline Lestrange (played by [[Brooke Shields]]) unknowingly steps on a stonefish and is almost fatally poisoned.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Where was The Blue Lagoon filmed? \|url=https://giggster.com/guide/movie-location/where-was-the-blue-lagoon-filmed \|access-date=2023-07-04 \|website=giggster.com \|language=en}}</ref> The movie was filmed on [[Espiritu Santo]] island in [[Vanuatu]], which is known for having stonefish which can grow up to 40 centimeters long.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Aurimas \|date=2022-11-10 \|title=Dangerous Animals In Vanuatu \|url=https://golookexplore.com/dangerous-animals-in-vanuatu/ \|access-date=2023-07-04 \|website=Go Look Explore \|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?id=578 FishBase entry] * {{cite web\|url=http://research.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?genid=427\|title=Synanceia Bloch & Schneider 1801:194 (xxxvii, 573)\|date=19 September 2008\|work=Catalog of Fishes \|publisher=California Academy of Sciences \|access-date=2008-12-29}} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aLt5gxwTx8 National Geographic video, Deadly Stone Fish] * [http://australianmuseum.net.au/Reef-Stonefish-Synanceia-verrucosa-Bloch-Schneider-1801 Reef Stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa] Australian museum {{Animal bites and stings}} {{Taxonbar\|from=Q13396094}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Animal attacks in Australia]] [[Category:Fish attacks]] [[Category:Synanceiini]] [[Category:Synanceia\| ]] [[Category:Fish of the Pacific Ocean]] [[Category:Fish of the Indian Ocean]] [[Category:Marine fish genera]] [[Category:Taxa named by Marcus Elieser Bloch]] [[Category:Taxa named by Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider]] [[ja:オニオコゼ科]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (`new_wikitext`)	'bob the buider how quickly can you remove this '''''Synanceia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[ray-finned fish]] belonging to the [[subfamily]] [[Synanceiinae]], the stonefish, which is [[Taxonomy (biology)\|classified]] within the [[Family (biology)\|family]] [[Scorpaenidae]], the scorpionfish and relatives. Stonefish are the most [[venomous fish]] known; stings can be fatal to humans.<ref>{{cite book\|editor1=Smith, M.M.\|editor2=Heemstra, P.C.\|year=2003\|title=Smiths' Sea Fishes\|isbn=1-86872-890-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Puffer Fish\|url=https://a-z-animals.com/animals/puffer-fish/\|access-date=26 January 2017\|language=en}}</ref> They are found in the coastal regions of the [[Indo-Pacific]] and Caribbean. == Taxonomy == ''Synanceia'' was first described as a genus in 1801 by the German [[naturalists]] [[Marcus Elieser Bloch]] and [[Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider]] with ''Scorpaena horrida'', which had been [[Species description\|described]] by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1766 from [[Ambon Island]] ([[Indonesia]]), as its [[type species]].<ref name = CofF/><ref name = CofF2>{{Cof genus \| genus = Synanceia \| access-date = 14 April 2022}}</ref> The genus ''Synanceia'' is classified within the [[Tribe (biology)\|tribe]] [[Synanceiini]] which is one of three tribes in the subfamily Synanceeinae within the family Scorpaenidae.<ref name=Nelson5>{{cite book \|title=Fishes of the World \|edition=5th \|author1=J. S. Nelson \|author2=T. C. Grande \|author3=M. V. H. Wilson \|year=2016 \|pages= 468–475 \|publisher=Wiley \|isbn= 978-1-118-34233-6 \|url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/}}</ref> Despite this, other authorities regard Synanceiidae as a valid family and the Synanceiini as the subfamily Synanceiinae.<ref name = CofF/> The genus name ''Synanceia'' is made up of ''syn'', meaning "with", and ''angeíon'', which means "cavity", an allusion to the large, cavernous heads of the species considered to be in the genus.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web \| url = https://etyfish.org/perciformes10/ \| title = Order Perciformes (Part 10): Suborder Scorpaenoidei: Families Apistidae, Tetrarogidae, Synanceiidae, Aploacrinidae, Perryenidae, Eschmeyeridae, Pataceidae, Gnathanacanthidae, Congiopodidae and Zanclorhynchidae \| work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database \| editor1= Christopher Scharpf \| editor2 = Kenneth J. Lazara \| name-list-style = amp \|date = 10 March 2022 \| access-date = 8 April 2022 \| publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> === Species === [[File:Stone Fish at AQWA SMC2006.jpg\|thumb\|''[[Synanceia verrucosa]]'' in a public aquarium]] ''Synanceia'' contains the following species:<ref>{{ITIS \|id=167077 \|taxon=''Synanceia'' \|access-date=28 December 2008}}</ref><ref name = CofF2/> {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Image !! Scientific Name !! Common Name !! Distribution \|- \| \|\| ''[[Synanceia alula]]'' <small>([[William N. Eschmeyer\|Eschmeyer]] & [[Kaza V. Rama Rao\|Rama Rao]], 1973)</small> \|\|Midget stonefish \|\| northern Indian Ocean to the Solomon Islands \|- \| [[File:Synanceia horrida Lembeh2.jpg\|120px]]\|\| ''[[Synanceia horrida]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1766)</small>\|\|Estuarine stonefish \|\| India to China, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Australia, and is also recorded in Vanuatu \|- \|[[File:Synanceia nana.JPG\|120px]] \|\| ''[[Synanceia nana]]'' <small>(Eschmeyer & Rama Rao, 1973)</small> \|\|Red Sea stonefish \|\|Red Sea and Persian Gulf \|- \| \|\| ''[[Synanceia platyrhyncha]]'' <small>([[Pieter Bleeker\|Bleeker]], 1874)</small> \|\| \|\| Indonesia \|- \|[[File:Stone Fish at AQWA SMC2006.jpg\|120px]] \|\| ''[[Synanceia verrucosa]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch\|Bloch]] and [[Johann Gottlob Schneider\|J. G. Schneider]], 1801)</small>\|\|Reef stonefish \|\| Red Sea and Indo-Pacific \|- \| \|\| ''[[Synanceia quinque]]'' <small>[[Mizuki Matsunuma\|Matsunuma]], [[B. Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto\|Manjaji‑Matsumoto]] & [[Hiroyuki Motomura\|Motomura]], 2021</small> \|\| \|\| Indonesia \|- \|} == Habitat and characteristics == ''Synanceia'' are primarily [[marine (ocean)\|marine]], and although some species are known to live in rivers, most live in coral reefs near the tropical Pacific and Indian oceans. The species has potent [[neurotoxin]]s secreted from glands at the base of their needle-like [[dorsal fin]] spines which stick up when disturbed or threatened.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/ncm/staff_htm_files/bullrout.htm\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040823095203/http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/ncm/staff_htm_files/bullrout.htm\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=23 August 2004\|title=Notesthe robusta - Family Scorpaenidae\|publisher=O'Connor，J. Southern Cross University\|access-date=2009-06-14\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[vernacular]] name of the species, the stonefish, derives from its grey and mottled camouflage similar to the color of a stone.<ref>Pocock, C.A. "[http://eprints.utas.edu.au/629/4/Pocock_CH-2.pdf Romancing the Reef: history, heritage and the hyper-real]." ''James Cook University Ph.D. Thesis.'' 2003. Accessed 2009-06-14.</ref> Swimmers may not notice them and inadvertently step on them, triggering a [[Fish sting\|sting]]. When the stonefish is disturbed, it may inject an amount of venom proportional to the amount of pressure applied to it. {{Citation needed\|date=January 2012}} Stonefish have the ability to extend sharp, specialized spines (lachrymal saber) as an additional defense mechanism.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=Smith, W. Leo \| author2=Smith, Elizabeth \| author3=Richardson, Clara \| title=Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Flatheads, Scorpionfishes, Sea Robins, and Stonefishes (Percomorpha: Scorpaeniformes) and the Evolution of the Lachrymal Saber \| date=February 2018 \| journal=Copeia \| volume=106 \| number=1 \| pages=94–119 \| url=https://www.copeiajournal.org/copeia-bjah/ofcg-17-669yt497804km \| doi=10.1643/CG-17-669\| s2cid=91157582 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \| title=Stonefish are already scary, and now scientists have found they have switchblades in their heads \| author=Willingham, AJ \| date=April 13, 2018 \| newspaper=CNN \| url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/12/health/stonefish-switchblade-lachrymal-saber-trnd/index.html}}</ref> === Venom === The venom of ''Synanceia'' consists of a proteinaceous toxin called [[verrucotoxin]] (VTX), which modulates Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel activity through the β-adrenoceptor-cAMP-PKA pathway. In humans, stings can cause intense pain, respiratory weakness, damage to the cardiovascular system, convulsions and paralysis; sometimes they can lead to death. The exact mechanism is not yet fully understood.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=Yazawa, K\| author2=Wang, JW \| author3=Hao, LY \|author4=Onoue, Y \| author5=Kameyama, M. \| title=Verrucotoxin, a stonefish venom, modulates calcium channel activity in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. \| date=August 2007 \| journal=Br J Pharmacol \| volume=151 \| issue=8 \| pages=1198–1203 \| doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0707340\| pmid=17572694 \| pmc=2189832 \| doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Treatment of envenomation== Stonefish stings are extremely painful and potentially lethal.<ref>Rebecca, Sarah. "The Most Excruciating Pain Known To Man." Scienceray. (29 Dec 2010): 1. Print. {{cite web \|url=http://scienceray.com/biology/zoology/the-most-excruciating-pain-known-to-man \|title=The Most Excruciating Pain Known to Man \| Scienceray \|access-date=2012-11-01 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523091230/http://scienceray.com/biology/zoology/the-most-excruciating-pain-known-to-man/ \|archive-date=23 May 2013 \|df=dmy-all }}.</ref> The two most recommended treatments are the application of heat to the affected area and antivenom. Hot water (at a temperature of at least {{convert\|45\|°C\|°F\|0\|lk=on}})<ref>{{cite book \| last = White \| first = Julian \| title = A Clinician's Guide to Australian Venomous Bites and Stings: Incorporating the Updated Antivenom Handbook \| publisher = CSL Ltd.\| location = Melbourne, Victoria \| year = 2013 \| isbn = 978-0-646-57998-6}}</ref> applied to the injured area has been found to denature stonefish venom, and causes minimal discomfort to the victim. Antivenom is used in more extreme cases. Vinegar is found on some Australian beaches as it is said to lessen the pain.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Taylor \|first=G. \|title=Toxic fish spine injury: Lessons from 11 years experience \|journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal \|volume=30 \|issue=1 \|year=2000 \|issn=0813-1988 \|oclc=16986801 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5828 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629013653/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5828 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=29 June 2008 \|access-date=2009-06-18 }}</ref> ===Stonefish stings in Australia=== The stonefish is the most venomous known fish in the world<ref>[http://www.adventuremedicine.net/envenom/marine/94-stonefish Stonefish Envenomation], adventure medicine {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228222240/http://www.adventuremedicine.net/envenom/marine/94-stonefish \|date=28 February 2012 }}</ref> and stings can cause death if not treated.<ref>[https://www.emed.theclinics.com/article/S0733-8627(16)30118-3/abstract Marine Envenomation], Hornbeak, Kirsten B., and Paul S. Auerbach. Emergency Medicine Clinics 35.2 (2017): 321-337.</ref> Most stonefish stings occur as a result of stepping on the creature which forces venom into the foot, while it is less common for the fish to sting when it is picked up.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.toxinology.com/generic_static_files/cslavh_antivenom_stonefish.html\|title=CSL Antivenom Handbook - Stonefish Antivenom\|website=www.toxinology.com\|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> Stonefish stings can occur on the beach, not just in the water, since stonefish can survive out of the water for up to 24 hours. They are not easily seen as they look similar to rocks or coral. Stonefish antivenom is the second-most administered in Australia.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAR5FyZGZb4&feature=player_embedded Stone Fish] slk320 {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406073737/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAR5FyZGZb4&feature=player_embedded \|date=6 April 2017 }}</ref>{{Verify source\|date=September 2018}} Some [[Indigenous Australians]] have [[corroboree]]s which involve re-enacting the death of someone who trod on the fish. The Aboriginal people of Northern Australia and the [[Great Barrier Reef]] have ways of preparing the fish for eating to avoid poisoning.<ref name="auto">[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11021024 The Poisonous Stone Fish Dreaded Denizen of the North] The Argus 14 March 1936</ref> After stonefish envenomation, the amount of anti-venom given depends on the number of puncture wounds from the stonefish spines.<ref>[http://www.csl.com.au/docs/236/440/Stone%20Fish%20PI-%20approved%20April%202011.pdf Stonefish antivenom] product information {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329003955/http://www.csl.com.au/docs/236/440/Stone%20Fish%20PI-%20approved%20April%202011.pdf \|date=29 March 2012 }}</ref> ===Number of incidents=== [[File:Poisonous Stone Fish article 1936.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|1936 article from Melbourne newspaper ''[[The Argus (Australia)\|The Argus]]'' about venomous stonefish.]] There were 25 cases of the use of antivenom for stonefish reported to [[Commonwealth Serum Laboratories]] for a one-year period between July 1989 and June 1990, with most from [[Queensland]] and four from the [[Northern Territory]].<ref>[http://www.carpa.org.au/Ref%20Manual%204th%20Ed/Emergency%20&%20assessment/Marine_stings_bites.pdf Marine Bites and Stings] Dr Mark Little {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321003850/http://www.carpa.org.au/Ref%20Manual%204th%20Ed/Emergency%20%26%20assessment/Marine_stings_bites.pdf \|date=21 March 2014 }}</ref> There were 14 calls to the Queensland Poisons Information System in 2008 regarding stonefish poison.<ref>[http://www.health.qld.gov.au/poisonsinformationcentre/docs/qpic_ann_report_2008.pdf annual report 2008], Queensland Poisons Information Centre</ref> === Fatal incidents === {\| class="wikitable" \|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" ! width="200" \|Name !Age!! width="100" \|Date!! width="550" \|Location \|- \|Joseph Leathom Wassell \|53 \|7 April 1915 \|[[Thursday Island]], Australia<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/people/medicine/display/92658-dr-joseph-wassell-(grave)\|title=Dr Joseph Leathem Wassell - Monument Australia\|first=UBC Web\|last=Design\|website=monumentaustralia.org.au\|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>[http://www.carpa.org.au/Ref%20Manual%204th%20Ed/Emergency%20&%20assessment/Marine_stings_bites.pdf Marine Bites and Stings] Dr Mark Little {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321003850/http://www.carpa.org.au/Ref%20Manual%204th%20Ed/Emergency%20%26%20assessment/Marine_stings_bites.pdf \|date=21 March 2014 }}</ref> \|- \|- \|name not given \|58 \|6 August 2010 \|[[Nago]], [[Okinawa]], Japan<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.stripes.com/news/okinawan-diver-dies-from-stonefish-sting-1.migrated \| title=Okinawan diver dies from stonefish sting }}</ref> \|- \|} == As food == ''Synanceia'' is edible to humans if properly prepared. The protein-based venom [[Denaturation (biochemistry)\|breaks down]] quickly when heated, and raw stonefish served as part of [[sashimi]] is rendered harmless simply by removing the dorsal fins which are the main source of venom. The fish are considered a delicacy in many parts of [[Asia]], including south [[Japan]], south [[Fujian]], [[Guangdong]] in [[China]], [[Hong Kong]], and some parts of [[Vietnam]]. In the [[Hokkien]]-speaking area, they are considered delicacies and good for health. The meat of ''Synanceia'' is white, dense and sweet, and the skin is also edible. They are usually cooked with [[ginger]] into a [[clear soup]], and sometimes served raw as sashimi. == Pop culture == In "[[The Blue Lagoon (1980 film)\|Blue Lagoon]] (1980)," Emmeline Lestrange (played by [[Brooke Shields]]) unknowingly steps on a stonefish and is almost fatally poisoned.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Where was The Blue Lagoon filmed? \|url=https://giggster.com/guide/movie-location/where-was-the-blue-lagoon-filmed \|access-date=2023-07-04 \|website=giggster.com \|language=en}}</ref> The movie was filmed on [[Espiritu Santo]] island in [[Vanuatu]], which is known for having stonefish which can grow up to 40 centimeters long.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Aurimas \|date=2022-11-10 \|title=Dangerous Animals In Vanuatu \|url=https://golookexplore.com/dangerous-animals-in-vanuatu/ \|access-date=2023-07-04 \|website=Go Look Explore \|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?id=578 FishBase entry] * {{cite web\|url=http://research.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?genid=427\|title=Synanceia Bloch & Schneider 1801:194 (xxxvii, 573)\|date=19 September 2008\|work=Catalog of Fishes \|publisher=California Academy of Sciences \|access-date=2008-12-29}} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aLt5gxwTx8 National Geographic video, Deadly Stone Fish] * [http://australianmuseum.net.au/Reef-Stonefish-Synanceia-verrucosa-Bloch-Schneider-1801 Reef Stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa] Australian museum {{Animal bites and stings}} {{Taxonbar\|from=Q13396094}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Animal attacks in Australia]] [[Category:Fish attacks]] [[Category:Synanceiini]] [[Category:Synanceia\| ]] [[Category:Fish of the Pacific Ocean]] [[Category:Fish of the Indian Ocean]] [[Category:Marine fish genera]] [[Category:Taxa named by Marcus Elieser Bloch]] [[Category:Taxa named by Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider]] [[ja:オニオコゼ科]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (`edit_diff`)	'@@ -1,14 +1,3 @@ -{{Short description\|Genus of venomous fishes}} -{{For\|the tropical fish\|Ocosia spinosa}} -{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2015}} -{{Automatic taxobox -\| image = Ichthyologie; ou, Histoire naturelle des poissons (Plate 183) (6918426608).jpg -\| image_caption = Type specie ''[[Synanceia horrida]]'', 1796 illustration -\| display_parents = 3 -\| taxon = Synanceia -\| authority = [[Marcus Elieser Bloch\|Bloch]] and [[Johann Gottlob Schneider\|J. G. Schneider]], 1801 -\| type_species = ''Scorpaena horrida'' -\| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus\|Linnaeus]], 1766<ref name = CofF>{{Cof family \| family = Synanceiinae \| access-date = 11 April 2022}}</ref> -}} +bob the buider how quickly can you remove this '
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (`new_html`)	'<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>bob the buider </p><p>how quickly can you remove this <i><b>Synanceia</b></i> is a <a href="/info/en/?search=Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/info/en/?search=Ray-finned_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray-finned fish">ray-finned fish</a> belonging to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamily</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Synanceiinae" title="Synanceiinae">Synanceiinae</a>, the stonefish, which is <a href="/info/en/?search=Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">classified</a> within the <a href="/info/en/?search=Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Scorpaenidae" title="Scorpaenidae">Scorpaenidae</a>, the scorpionfish and relatives. Stonefish are the most <a href="/info/en/?search=Venomous_fish" title="Venomous fish">venomous fish</a> known; stings can be fatal to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> They are found in the coastal regions of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a> and Caribbean. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Taxonomy"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Taxonomy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Species"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Species</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Habitat_and_characteristics"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Habitat and characteristics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Venom"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Venom</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Treatment_of_envenomation"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Treatment of envenomation</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Stonefish_stings_in_Australia"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Stonefish stings in Australia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Number_of_incidents"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Number of incidents</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Fatal_incidents"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Fatal incidents</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#As_food"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">As food</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Pop_culture"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Pop culture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p><i>Synanceia</i> was first described as a genus in 1801 by the German <a href="/info/en/?search=Naturalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalists">naturalists</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Marcus_Elieser_Bloch" title="Marcus Elieser Bloch">Marcus Elieser Bloch</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Johann_Gottlob_Theaenus_Schneider" title="Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider">Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider</a> with <i>Scorpaena horrida</i>, which had been <a href="/info/en/?search=Species_description" title="Species description">described</a> by <a href="/info/en/?search=Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in 1766 from <a href="/info/en/?search=Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon Island</a> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>), as its <a href="/info/en/?search=Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CofF_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CofF-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CofF2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CofF2-4">[4]</a></sup> The genus <i>Synanceia</i> is classified within the <a href="/info/en/?search=Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">tribe</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Synanceiini" title="Synanceiini">Synanceiini</a> which is one of three tribes in the subfamily Synanceeinae within the family Scorpaenidae.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson5-5">[5]</a></sup> Despite this, other authorities regard Synanceiidae as a valid family and the Synanceiini as the subfamily Synanceiinae.<sup id="cite_ref-CofF_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CofF-3">[3]</a></sup> The genus name <i>Synanceia</i> is made up of <i>syn</i>, meaning "with", and <i>angeíon</i>, which means "cavity", an allusion to the large, cavernous heads of the species considered to be in the genus.<sup id="cite_ref-ETYFish_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETYFish-6">[6]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Species">Species</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg/220px-Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg/330px-Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg/440px-Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1081" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Synanceia_verrucosa" title="Synanceia verrucosa">Synanceia verrucosa</a></i> in a public aquarium</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Synanceia</i> contains the following species:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CofF2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CofF2-4">[4]</a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Image</th> <th>Scientific Name</th> <th>Common Name</th> <th>Distribution </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia_alula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synanceia alula (page does not exist)">Synanceia alula</a></i> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=William_N._Eschmeyer" title="William N. Eschmeyer">Eschmeyer</a> & <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Kaza_V._Rama_Rao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaza V. Rama Rao (page does not exist)">Rama Rao</a>, 1973)</small></td> <td>Midget stonefish</td> <td>northern Indian Ocean to the Solomon Islands </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Synanceia_horrida_Lembeh2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Synanceia_horrida_Lembeh2.jpg/120px-Synanceia_horrida_Lembeh2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Synanceia_horrida_Lembeh2.jpg/180px-Synanceia_horrida_Lembeh2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Synanceia_horrida_Lembeh2.jpg/240px-Synanceia_horrida_Lembeh2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="708" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Synanceia_horrida" title="Synanceia horrida">Synanceia horrida</a></i> <small>(Linnaeus, 1766)</small></td> <td>Estuarine stonefish</td> <td>India to China, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Australia, and is also recorded in Vanuatu </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Synanceia_nana.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Synanceia_nana.JPG/120px-Synanceia_nana.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Synanceia_nana.JPG/180px-Synanceia_nana.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Synanceia_nana.JPG/240px-Synanceia_nana.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Synanceia_nana" title="Synanceia nana">Synanceia nana</a></i> <small>(Eschmeyer & Rama Rao, 1973)</small></td> <td>Red Sea stonefish</td> <td>Red Sea and Persian Gulf </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia_platyrhyncha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synanceia platyrhyncha (page does not exist)">Synanceia platyrhyncha</a></i> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Pieter_Bleeker" title="Pieter Bleeker">Bleeker</a>, 1874)</small></td> <td></td> <td>Indonesia </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg/120px-Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg/180px-Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg/240px-Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1081" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Synanceia_verrucosa" title="Synanceia verrucosa">Synanceia verrucosa</a></i> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Marcus_Elieser_Bloch" title="Marcus Elieser Bloch">Bloch</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Johann_Gottlob_Schneider" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Gottlob Schneider">J. G. Schneider</a>, 1801)</small></td> <td>Reef stonefish</td> <td>Red Sea and Indo-Pacific </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia_quinque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synanceia quinque (page does not exist)">Synanceia quinque</a></i> <small><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Mizuki_Matsunuma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mizuki Matsunuma (page does not exist)">Matsunuma</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=B._Mabel_Manjaji-Matsumoto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B. Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto (page does not exist)">Manjaji‑Matsumoto</a> & <a href="/info/en/?search=Hiroyuki_Motomura" title="Hiroyuki Motomura">Motomura</a>, 2021</small></td> <td></td> <td>Indonesia </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Habitat_and_characteristics">Habitat and characteristics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Habitat and characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p><i>Synanceia</i> are primarily <a href="/info/en/?search=Marine_(ocean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (ocean)">marine</a>, and although some species are known to live in rivers, most live in coral reefs near the tropical Pacific and Indian oceans. The species has potent <a href="/info/en/?search=Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">neurotoxins</a> secreted from glands at the base of their needle-like <a href="/info/en/?search=Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal fin</a> spines which stick up when disturbed or threatened.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> The <a href="/info/en/?search=Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> name of the species, the stonefish, derives from its grey and mottled camouflage similar to the color of a stone.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> Swimmers may not notice them and inadvertently step on them, triggering a <a href="/info/en/?search=Fish_sting" title="Fish sting">sting</a>. When the stonefish is disturbed, it may inject an amount of venom proportional to the amount of pressure applied to it. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Stonefish have the ability to extend sharp, specialized spines (lachrymal saber) as an additional defense mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Venom">Venom</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Venom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The venom of <i>Synanceia</i> consists of a proteinaceous toxin called <a href="/info/en/?search=Verrucotoxin" title="Verrucotoxin">verrucotoxin</a> (VTX), which modulates Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel activity through the β-adrenoceptor-cAMP-PKA pathway. In humans, stings can cause intense pain, respiratory weakness, damage to the cardiovascular system, convulsions and paralysis; sometimes they can lead to death. The exact mechanism is not yet fully understood.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Treatment_of_envenomation">Treatment of envenomation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Treatment of envenomation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Stonefish stings are extremely painful and potentially lethal.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> The two most recommended treatments are the application of heat to the affected area and antivenom. Hot water (at a temperature of at least 45 <a href="/info/en/?search=Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (113 <a href="/info/en/?search=Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>))<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> applied to the injured area has been found to denature stonefish venom, and causes minimal discomfort to the victim. Antivenom is used in more extreme cases. Vinegar is found on some Australian beaches as it is said to lessen the pain.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Stonefish_stings_in_Australia">Stonefish stings in Australia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stonefish stings in Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The stonefish is the most venomous known fish in the world<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> and stings can cause death if not treated.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Most stonefish stings occur as a result of stepping on the creature which forces venom into the foot, while it is less common for the fish to sting when it is picked up.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Stonefish stings can occur on the beach, not just in the water, since stonefish can survive out of the water for up to 24 hours. They are not easily seen as they look similar to rocks or coral. Stonefish antivenom is the second-most administered in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (September 2018)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/info/en/?search=Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> have <a href="/info/en/?search=Corroboree" title="Corroboree">corroborees</a> which involve re-enacting the death of someone who trod on the fish. The Aboriginal people of Northern Australia and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a> have ways of preparing the fish for eating to avoid poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20">[20]</a></sup> </p><p>After stonefish envenomation, the amount of anti-venom given depends on the number of puncture wounds from the stonefish spines.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Number_of_incidents">Number of incidents</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Number of incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Poisonous_Stone_Fish_article_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Poisonous_Stone_Fish_article_1936.jpg/170px-Poisonous_Stone_Fish_article_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Poisonous_Stone_Fish_article_1936.jpg/255px-Poisonous_Stone_Fish_article_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Poisonous_Stone_Fish_article_1936.jpg/340px-Poisonous_Stone_Fish_article_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="1042" /></a><figcaption>1936 article from Melbourne newspaper <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Argus_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Argus (Australia)">The Argus</a></i> about venomous stonefish.</figcaption></figure> <p>There were 25 cases of the use of antivenom for stonefish reported to <a href="/info/en/?search=Commonwealth_Serum_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Serum Laboratories">Commonwealth Serum Laboratories</a> for a one-year period between July 1989 and June 1990, with most from <a href="/info/en/?search=Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> and four from the <a href="/info/en/?search=Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> There were 14 calls to the Queensland Poisons Information System in 2008 regarding stonefish poison.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Fatal_incidents">Fatal incidents</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fatal incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <th width="200">Name </th> <th>Age</th> <th width="100">Date</th> <th width="550">Location </th></tr> <tr> <td>Joseph Leathom Wassell </td> <td>53 </td> <td>7 April 1915 </td> <td><a href="/info/en/?search=Thursday_Island" title="Thursday Island">Thursday Island</a>, Australia<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>name not given </td> <td>58 </td> <td>6 August 2010 </td> <td><a href="/info/en/?search=Nago" title="Nago">Nago</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Okinawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawa">Okinawa</a>, Japan<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="As_food">As food</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: As food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p><i>Synanceia</i> is edible to humans if properly prepared. The protein-based venom <a href="/info/en/?search=Denaturation_(biochemistry)" title="Denaturation (biochemistry)">breaks down</a> quickly when heated, and raw stonefish served as part of <a href="/info/en/?search=Sashimi" title="Sashimi">sashimi</a> is rendered harmless simply by removing the dorsal fins which are the main source of venom. The fish are considered a delicacy in many parts of <a href="/info/en/?search=Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, including south <a href="/info/en/?search=Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, south <a href="/info/en/?search=Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, and some parts of <a href="/info/en/?search=Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. In the <a href="/info/en/?search=Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>-speaking area, they are considered delicacies and good for health. The meat of <i>Synanceia</i> is white, dense and sweet, and the skin is also edible. They are usually cooked with <a href="/info/en/?search=Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a> into a <a href="/info/en/?search=Clear_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear soup">clear soup</a>, and sometimes served raw as sashimi. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Pop_culture">Pop culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pop culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>In "<a href="/info/en/?search=The_Blue_Lagoon_(1980_film)" title="The Blue Lagoon (1980 film)">Blue Lagoon</a> (1980)," Emmeline Lestrange (played by <a href="/info/en/?search=Brooke_Shields" title="Brooke Shields">Brooke Shields</a>) unknowingly steps on a stonefish and is almost fatally poisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> The movie was filmed on <a href="/info/en/?search=Espiritu_Santo" title="Espiritu Santo">Espiritu Santo</a> island in <a href="/info/en/?search=Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>, which is known for having stonefish which can grow up to 40 centimeters long.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_M.M.Heemstra,_P.C.2003" class="citation book cs1">Smith, M.M.; Heemstra, P.C., eds. (2003). <i>Smiths' Sea Fishes</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/1-86872-890-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86872-890-0"><bdi>1-86872-890-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smiths%27+Sea+Fishes&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86872-890-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynanceia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://a-z-animals.com/animals/puffer-fish/">"Puffer Fish"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catalog+of+Fishes&rft.atitle=Species+in+the+genus+Synanceia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearcharchive.calacademy.org%2Fresearch%2Fichthyology%2Fcatalog%2Ffishcatget.asp%3Ftbl%3Dspecies%26genus%3DSynanceia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynanceia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson5_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJ._S._NelsonT._C._GrandeM._V._H._Wilson2016" class="citation book cs1">J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). <a class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/"><i>Fishes of the World</i></a> (5th ed.). 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Lazara, eds. (10 March 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://etyfish.org/perciformes10/">"Order Perciformes (Part 10): Suborder Scorpaenoidei: Families Apistidae, Tetrarogidae, Synanceiidae, Aploacrinidae, Perryenidae, Eschmeyeridae, Pataceidae, Gnathanacanthidae, Congiopodidae and Zanclorhynchidae"</a>. <i>The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database</i>. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=giggster.com&rft.atitle=Where+was+The+Blue+Lagoon+filmed%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgiggster.com%2Fguide%2Fmovie-location%2Fwhere-was-the-blue-lagoon-filmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynanceia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAurimas2022" class="citation web cs1">Aurimas (2022-11-10). <a class="external text" href="https://golookexplore.com/dangerous-animals-in-vanuatu/">"Dangerous Animals In Vanuatu"</a>. <i>Go Look Explore</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Go+Look+Explore&rft.atitle=Dangerous+Animals+In+Vanuatu&rft.date=2022-11-10&rft.au=Aurimas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgolookexplore.com%2Fdangerous-animals-in-vanuatu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynanceia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?id=578">FishBase entry</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://research.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?genid=427">"Synanceia Bloch & Schneider 1801:194 (xxxvii, 573)"</a>. <i>Catalog of Fishes</i>. California Academy of Sciences. 19 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catalog+of+Fishes&rft.atitle=Synanceia+Bloch+%26+Schneider+1801%3A194+%28xxxvii%2C+573%29&rft.date=2008-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.calacademy.org%2Fresearch%2Fichthyology%2Fcatalog%2Ffishcatget.asp%3Fgenid%3D427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynanceia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aLt5gxwTx8">National Geographic video, Deadly Stone Fish</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://australianmuseum.net.au/Reef-Stonefish-Synanceia-verrucosa-Bloch-Schneider-1801">Reef Stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa</a> Australian museum</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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attacks on humans">Wolf</a> <ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dingo_attack" title="Dingo attack">Dingo</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dog_bite" title="Dog bite">Dog</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Animal_attack" title="Animal attack">Animal attack</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cnidocyte" title="Cnidocyte">Cnidocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Man-eater" title="Man-eater">Man-eater</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Stinging_plant" title="Stinging plant">Stinging plant</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Seabather%27s_eruption" title="Seabather's eruption">Seabather's eruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Synanceia</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13396094" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q13396094">Q13396094</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Synanceia" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Synanceia">Synanceia</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Synanceia/">Synanceia</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Synanceia">Synanceia</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=78464">78464</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5201173">5201173</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/64495">64495</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=167077">167077</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=13278">13278</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=432735">432735</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=203950">203950</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13396094#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555942605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>'
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (`tor_exit_node`)	false
Unix timestamp of change (`timestamp`)	'1713974495'

Retrieved from " /info/en/?search=Special:AbuseLog/37556568"

Details for log entry 37,556,568

16:01, 24 April 2024: 209.92.208.89 ( talk) triggered filter 636, performing the action "edit" on Synanceia. Actions taken: Warn; Filter description: Unexplained removal of sourced content ( examine)

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Old page wikitext, before the edit (`old_wikitext`)	'{{Short description\|Genus of venomous fishes}} {{For\|the tropical fish\|Ocosia spinosa}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2015}} {{Automatic taxobox \| image = Ichthyologie; ou, Histoire naturelle des poissons (Plate 183) (6918426608).jpg \| image_caption = Type specie ''[[Synanceia horrida]]'', 1796 illustration \| display_parents = 3 \| taxon = Synanceia \| authority = [[Marcus Elieser Bloch\|Bloch]] and [[Johann Gottlob Schneider\|J. G. Schneider]], 1801 \| type_species = ''Scorpaena horrida'' \| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus\|Linnaeus]], 1766<ref name = CofF>{{Cof family \| family = Synanceiinae \| access-date = 11 April 2022}}</ref> }} how quickly can you remove this '''''Synanceia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[ray-finned fish]] belonging to the [[subfamily]] [[Synanceiinae]], the stonefish, which is [[Taxonomy (biology)\|classified]] within the [[Family (biology)\|family]] [[Scorpaenidae]], the scorpionfish and relatives. Stonefish are the most [[venomous fish]] known; stings can be fatal to humans.<ref>{{cite book\|editor1=Smith, M.M.\|editor2=Heemstra, P.C.\|year=2003\|title=Smiths' Sea Fishes\|isbn=1-86872-890-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Puffer Fish\|url=https://a-z-animals.com/animals/puffer-fish/\|access-date=26 January 2017\|language=en}}</ref> They are found in the coastal regions of the [[Indo-Pacific]] and Caribbean. == Taxonomy == ''Synanceia'' was first described as a genus in 1801 by the German [[naturalists]] [[Marcus Elieser Bloch]] and [[Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider]] with ''Scorpaena horrida'', which had been [[Species description\|described]] by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1766 from [[Ambon Island]] ([[Indonesia]]), as its [[type species]].<ref name = CofF/><ref name = CofF2>{{Cof genus \| genus = Synanceia \| access-date = 14 April 2022}}</ref> The genus ''Synanceia'' is classified within the [[Tribe (biology)\|tribe]] [[Synanceiini]] which is one of three tribes in the subfamily Synanceeinae within the family Scorpaenidae.<ref name=Nelson5>{{cite book \|title=Fishes of the World \|edition=5th \|author1=J. S. Nelson \|author2=T. C. Grande \|author3=M. V. H. Wilson \|year=2016 \|pages= 468–475 \|publisher=Wiley \|isbn= 978-1-118-34233-6 \|url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/}}</ref> Despite this, other authorities regard Synanceiidae as a valid family and the Synanceiini as the subfamily Synanceiinae.<ref name = CofF/> The genus name ''Synanceia'' is made up of ''syn'', meaning "with", and ''angeíon'', which means "cavity", an allusion to the large, cavernous heads of the species considered to be in the genus.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web \| url = https://etyfish.org/perciformes10/ \| title = Order Perciformes (Part 10): Suborder Scorpaenoidei: Families Apistidae, Tetrarogidae, Synanceiidae, Aploacrinidae, Perryenidae, Eschmeyeridae, Pataceidae, Gnathanacanthidae, Congiopodidae and Zanclorhynchidae \| work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database \| editor1= Christopher Scharpf \| editor2 = Kenneth J. Lazara \| name-list-style = amp \|date = 10 March 2022 \| access-date = 8 April 2022 \| publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> === Species === [[File:Stone Fish at AQWA SMC2006.jpg\|thumb\|''[[Synanceia verrucosa]]'' in a public aquarium]] ''Synanceia'' contains the following species:<ref>{{ITIS \|id=167077 \|taxon=''Synanceia'' \|access-date=28 December 2008}}</ref><ref name = CofF2/> {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Image !! Scientific Name !! Common Name !! Distribution \|- \| \|\| ''[[Synanceia alula]]'' <small>([[William N. Eschmeyer\|Eschmeyer]] & [[Kaza V. Rama Rao\|Rama Rao]], 1973)</small> \|\|Midget stonefish \|\| northern Indian Ocean to the Solomon Islands \|- \| [[File:Synanceia horrida Lembeh2.jpg\|120px]]\|\| ''[[Synanceia horrida]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1766)</small>\|\|Estuarine stonefish \|\| India to China, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Australia, and is also recorded in Vanuatu \|- \|[[File:Synanceia nana.JPG\|120px]] \|\| ''[[Synanceia nana]]'' <small>(Eschmeyer & Rama Rao, 1973)</small> \|\|Red Sea stonefish \|\|Red Sea and Persian Gulf \|- \| \|\| ''[[Synanceia platyrhyncha]]'' <small>([[Pieter Bleeker\|Bleeker]], 1874)</small> \|\| \|\| Indonesia \|- \|[[File:Stone Fish at AQWA SMC2006.jpg\|120px]] \|\| ''[[Synanceia verrucosa]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch\|Bloch]] and [[Johann Gottlob Schneider\|J. G. Schneider]], 1801)</small>\|\|Reef stonefish \|\| Red Sea and Indo-Pacific \|- \| \|\| ''[[Synanceia quinque]]'' <small>[[Mizuki Matsunuma\|Matsunuma]], [[B. Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto\|Manjaji‑Matsumoto]] & [[Hiroyuki Motomura\|Motomura]], 2021</small> \|\| \|\| Indonesia \|- \|} == Habitat and characteristics == ''Synanceia'' are primarily [[marine (ocean)\|marine]], and although some species are known to live in rivers, most live in coral reefs near the tropical Pacific and Indian oceans. The species has potent [[neurotoxin]]s secreted from glands at the base of their needle-like [[dorsal fin]] spines which stick up when disturbed or threatened.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/ncm/staff_htm_files/bullrout.htm\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040823095203/http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/ncm/staff_htm_files/bullrout.htm\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=23 August 2004\|title=Notesthe robusta - Family Scorpaenidae\|publisher=O'Connor，J. Southern Cross University\|access-date=2009-06-14\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[vernacular]] name of the species, the stonefish, derives from its grey and mottled camouflage similar to the color of a stone.<ref>Pocock, C.A. "[http://eprints.utas.edu.au/629/4/Pocock_CH-2.pdf Romancing the Reef: history, heritage and the hyper-real]." ''James Cook University Ph.D. Thesis.'' 2003. Accessed 2009-06-14.</ref> Swimmers may not notice them and inadvertently step on them, triggering a [[Fish sting\|sting]]. When the stonefish is disturbed, it may inject an amount of venom proportional to the amount of pressure applied to it. {{Citation needed\|date=January 2012}} Stonefish have the ability to extend sharp, specialized spines (lachrymal saber) as an additional defense mechanism.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=Smith, W. Leo \| author2=Smith, Elizabeth \| author3=Richardson, Clara \| title=Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Flatheads, Scorpionfishes, Sea Robins, and Stonefishes (Percomorpha: Scorpaeniformes) and the Evolution of the Lachrymal Saber \| date=February 2018 \| journal=Copeia \| volume=106 \| number=1 \| pages=94–119 \| url=https://www.copeiajournal.org/copeia-bjah/ofcg-17-669yt497804km \| doi=10.1643/CG-17-669\| s2cid=91157582 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \| title=Stonefish are already scary, and now scientists have found they have switchblades in their heads \| author=Willingham, AJ \| date=April 13, 2018 \| newspaper=CNN \| url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/12/health/stonefish-switchblade-lachrymal-saber-trnd/index.html}}</ref> === Venom === The venom of ''Synanceia'' consists of a proteinaceous toxin called [[verrucotoxin]] (VTX), which modulates Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel activity through the β-adrenoceptor-cAMP-PKA pathway. In humans, stings can cause intense pain, respiratory weakness, damage to the cardiovascular system, convulsions and paralysis; sometimes they can lead to death. The exact mechanism is not yet fully understood.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=Yazawa, K\| author2=Wang, JW \| author3=Hao, LY \|author4=Onoue, Y \| author5=Kameyama, M. \| title=Verrucotoxin, a stonefish venom, modulates calcium channel activity in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. \| date=August 2007 \| journal=Br J Pharmacol \| volume=151 \| issue=8 \| pages=1198–1203 \| doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0707340\| pmid=17572694 \| pmc=2189832 \| doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Treatment of envenomation== Stonefish stings are extremely painful and potentially lethal.<ref>Rebecca, Sarah. "The Most Excruciating Pain Known To Man." Scienceray. (29 Dec 2010): 1. Print. {{cite web \|url=http://scienceray.com/biology/zoology/the-most-excruciating-pain-known-to-man \|title=The Most Excruciating Pain Known to Man \| Scienceray \|access-date=2012-11-01 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523091230/http://scienceray.com/biology/zoology/the-most-excruciating-pain-known-to-man/ \|archive-date=23 May 2013 \|df=dmy-all }}.</ref> The two most recommended treatments are the application of heat to the affected area and antivenom. Hot water (at a temperature of at least {{convert\|45\|°C\|°F\|0\|lk=on}})<ref>{{cite book \| last = White \| first = Julian \| title = A Clinician's Guide to Australian Venomous Bites and Stings: Incorporating the Updated Antivenom Handbook \| publisher = CSL Ltd.\| location = Melbourne, Victoria \| year = 2013 \| isbn = 978-0-646-57998-6}}</ref> applied to the injured area has been found to denature stonefish venom, and causes minimal discomfort to the victim. Antivenom is used in more extreme cases. Vinegar is found on some Australian beaches as it is said to lessen the pain.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Taylor \|first=G. \|title=Toxic fish spine injury: Lessons from 11 years experience \|journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal \|volume=30 \|issue=1 \|year=2000 \|issn=0813-1988 \|oclc=16986801 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5828 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629013653/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5828 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=29 June 2008 \|access-date=2009-06-18 }}</ref> ===Stonefish stings in Australia=== The stonefish is the most venomous known fish in the world<ref>[http://www.adventuremedicine.net/envenom/marine/94-stonefish Stonefish Envenomation], adventure medicine {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228222240/http://www.adventuremedicine.net/envenom/marine/94-stonefish \|date=28 February 2012 }}</ref> and stings can cause death if not treated.<ref>[https://www.emed.theclinics.com/article/S0733-8627(16)30118-3/abstract Marine Envenomation], Hornbeak, Kirsten B., and Paul S. Auerbach. Emergency Medicine Clinics 35.2 (2017): 321-337.</ref> Most stonefish stings occur as a result of stepping on the creature which forces venom into the foot, while it is less common for the fish to sting when it is picked up.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.toxinology.com/generic_static_files/cslavh_antivenom_stonefish.html\|title=CSL Antivenom Handbook - Stonefish Antivenom\|website=www.toxinology.com\|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> Stonefish stings can occur on the beach, not just in the water, since stonefish can survive out of the water for up to 24 hours. They are not easily seen as they look similar to rocks or coral. Stonefish antivenom is the second-most administered in Australia.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAR5FyZGZb4&feature=player_embedded Stone Fish] slk320 {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406073737/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAR5FyZGZb4&feature=player_embedded \|date=6 April 2017 }}</ref>{{Verify source\|date=September 2018}} Some [[Indigenous Australians]] have [[corroboree]]s which involve re-enacting the death of someone who trod on the fish. The Aboriginal people of Northern Australia and the [[Great Barrier Reef]] have ways of preparing the fish for eating to avoid poisoning.<ref name="auto">[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11021024 The Poisonous Stone Fish Dreaded Denizen of the North] The Argus 14 March 1936</ref> After stonefish envenomation, the amount of anti-venom given depends on the number of puncture wounds from the stonefish spines.<ref>[http://www.csl.com.au/docs/236/440/Stone%20Fish%20PI-%20approved%20April%202011.pdf Stonefish antivenom] product information {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329003955/http://www.csl.com.au/docs/236/440/Stone%20Fish%20PI-%20approved%20April%202011.pdf \|date=29 March 2012 }}</ref> ===Number of incidents=== [[File:Poisonous Stone Fish article 1936.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|1936 article from Melbourne newspaper ''[[The Argus (Australia)\|The Argus]]'' about venomous stonefish.]] There were 25 cases of the use of antivenom for stonefish reported to [[Commonwealth Serum Laboratories]] for a one-year period between July 1989 and June 1990, with most from [[Queensland]] and four from the [[Northern Territory]].<ref>[http://www.carpa.org.au/Ref%20Manual%204th%20Ed/Emergency%20&%20assessment/Marine_stings_bites.pdf Marine Bites and Stings] Dr Mark Little {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321003850/http://www.carpa.org.au/Ref%20Manual%204th%20Ed/Emergency%20%26%20assessment/Marine_stings_bites.pdf \|date=21 March 2014 }}</ref> There were 14 calls to the Queensland Poisons Information System in 2008 regarding stonefish poison.<ref>[http://www.health.qld.gov.au/poisonsinformationcentre/docs/qpic_ann_report_2008.pdf annual report 2008], Queensland Poisons Information Centre</ref> === Fatal incidents === {\| class="wikitable" \|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" ! width="200" \|Name !Age!! width="100" \|Date!! width="550" \|Location \|- \|Joseph Leathom Wassell \|53 \|7 April 1915 \|[[Thursday Island]], Australia<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/people/medicine/display/92658-dr-joseph-wassell-(grave)\|title=Dr Joseph Leathem Wassell - Monument Australia\|first=UBC Web\|last=Design\|website=monumentaustralia.org.au\|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>[http://www.carpa.org.au/Ref%20Manual%204th%20Ed/Emergency%20&%20assessment/Marine_stings_bites.pdf Marine Bites and Stings] Dr Mark Little {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321003850/http://www.carpa.org.au/Ref%20Manual%204th%20Ed/Emergency%20%26%20assessment/Marine_stings_bites.pdf \|date=21 March 2014 }}</ref> \|- \|- \|name not given \|58 \|6 August 2010 \|[[Nago]], [[Okinawa]], Japan<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.stripes.com/news/okinawan-diver-dies-from-stonefish-sting-1.migrated \| title=Okinawan diver dies from stonefish sting }}</ref> \|- \|} == As food == ''Synanceia'' is edible to humans if properly prepared. The protein-based venom [[Denaturation (biochemistry)\|breaks down]] quickly when heated, and raw stonefish served as part of [[sashimi]] is rendered harmless simply by removing the dorsal fins which are the main source of venom. The fish are considered a delicacy in many parts of [[Asia]], including south [[Japan]], south [[Fujian]], [[Guangdong]] in [[China]], [[Hong Kong]], and some parts of [[Vietnam]]. In the [[Hokkien]]-speaking area, they are considered delicacies and good for health. The meat of ''Synanceia'' is white, dense and sweet, and the skin is also edible. They are usually cooked with [[ginger]] into a [[clear soup]], and sometimes served raw as sashimi. == Pop culture == In "[[The Blue Lagoon (1980 film)\|Blue Lagoon]] (1980)," Emmeline Lestrange (played by [[Brooke Shields]]) unknowingly steps on a stonefish and is almost fatally poisoned.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Where was The Blue Lagoon filmed? \|url=https://giggster.com/guide/movie-location/where-was-the-blue-lagoon-filmed \|access-date=2023-07-04 \|website=giggster.com \|language=en}}</ref> The movie was filmed on [[Espiritu Santo]] island in [[Vanuatu]], which is known for having stonefish which can grow up to 40 centimeters long.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Aurimas \|date=2022-11-10 \|title=Dangerous Animals In Vanuatu \|url=https://golookexplore.com/dangerous-animals-in-vanuatu/ \|access-date=2023-07-04 \|website=Go Look Explore \|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?id=578 FishBase entry] * {{cite web\|url=http://research.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?genid=427\|title=Synanceia Bloch & Schneider 1801:194 (xxxvii, 573)\|date=19 September 2008\|work=Catalog of Fishes \|publisher=California Academy of Sciences \|access-date=2008-12-29}} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aLt5gxwTx8 National Geographic video, Deadly Stone Fish] * [http://australianmuseum.net.au/Reef-Stonefish-Synanceia-verrucosa-Bloch-Schneider-1801 Reef Stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa] Australian museum {{Animal bites and stings}} {{Taxonbar\|from=Q13396094}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Animal attacks in Australia]] [[Category:Fish attacks]] [[Category:Synanceiini]] [[Category:Synanceia\| ]] [[Category:Fish of the Pacific Ocean]] [[Category:Fish of the Indian Ocean]] [[Category:Marine fish genera]] [[Category:Taxa named by Marcus Elieser Bloch]] [[Category:Taxa named by Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider]] [[ja:オニオコゼ科]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (`new_wikitext`)	'bob the buider how quickly can you remove this '''''Synanceia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[ray-finned fish]] belonging to the [[subfamily]] [[Synanceiinae]], the stonefish, which is [[Taxonomy (biology)\|classified]] within the [[Family (biology)\|family]] [[Scorpaenidae]], the scorpionfish and relatives. Stonefish are the most [[venomous fish]] known; stings can be fatal to humans.<ref>{{cite book\|editor1=Smith, M.M.\|editor2=Heemstra, P.C.\|year=2003\|title=Smiths' Sea Fishes\|isbn=1-86872-890-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Puffer Fish\|url=https://a-z-animals.com/animals/puffer-fish/\|access-date=26 January 2017\|language=en}}</ref> They are found in the coastal regions of the [[Indo-Pacific]] and Caribbean. == Taxonomy == ''Synanceia'' was first described as a genus in 1801 by the German [[naturalists]] [[Marcus Elieser Bloch]] and [[Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider]] with ''Scorpaena horrida'', which had been [[Species description\|described]] by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1766 from [[Ambon Island]] ([[Indonesia]]), as its [[type species]].<ref name = CofF/><ref name = CofF2>{{Cof genus \| genus = Synanceia \| access-date = 14 April 2022}}</ref> The genus ''Synanceia'' is classified within the [[Tribe (biology)\|tribe]] [[Synanceiini]] which is one of three tribes in the subfamily Synanceeinae within the family Scorpaenidae.<ref name=Nelson5>{{cite book \|title=Fishes of the World \|edition=5th \|author1=J. S. Nelson \|author2=T. C. Grande \|author3=M. V. H. Wilson \|year=2016 \|pages= 468–475 \|publisher=Wiley \|isbn= 978-1-118-34233-6 \|url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/}}</ref> Despite this, other authorities regard Synanceiidae as a valid family and the Synanceiini as the subfamily Synanceiinae.<ref name = CofF/> The genus name ''Synanceia'' is made up of ''syn'', meaning "with", and ''angeíon'', which means "cavity", an allusion to the large, cavernous heads of the species considered to be in the genus.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web \| url = https://etyfish.org/perciformes10/ \| title = Order Perciformes (Part 10): Suborder Scorpaenoidei: Families Apistidae, Tetrarogidae, Synanceiidae, Aploacrinidae, Perryenidae, Eschmeyeridae, Pataceidae, Gnathanacanthidae, Congiopodidae and Zanclorhynchidae \| work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database \| editor1= Christopher Scharpf \| editor2 = Kenneth J. Lazara \| name-list-style = amp \|date = 10 March 2022 \| access-date = 8 April 2022 \| publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> === Species === [[File:Stone Fish at AQWA SMC2006.jpg\|thumb\|''[[Synanceia verrucosa]]'' in a public aquarium]] ''Synanceia'' contains the following species:<ref>{{ITIS \|id=167077 \|taxon=''Synanceia'' \|access-date=28 December 2008}}</ref><ref name = CofF2/> {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Image !! Scientific Name !! Common Name !! Distribution \|- \| \|\| ''[[Synanceia alula]]'' <small>([[William N. Eschmeyer\|Eschmeyer]] & [[Kaza V. Rama Rao\|Rama Rao]], 1973)</small> \|\|Midget stonefish \|\| northern Indian Ocean to the Solomon Islands \|- \| [[File:Synanceia horrida Lembeh2.jpg\|120px]]\|\| ''[[Synanceia horrida]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1766)</small>\|\|Estuarine stonefish \|\| India to China, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Australia, and is also recorded in Vanuatu \|- \|[[File:Synanceia nana.JPG\|120px]] \|\| ''[[Synanceia nana]]'' <small>(Eschmeyer & Rama Rao, 1973)</small> \|\|Red Sea stonefish \|\|Red Sea and Persian Gulf \|- \| \|\| ''[[Synanceia platyrhyncha]]'' <small>([[Pieter Bleeker\|Bleeker]], 1874)</small> \|\| \|\| Indonesia \|- \|[[File:Stone Fish at AQWA SMC2006.jpg\|120px]] \|\| ''[[Synanceia verrucosa]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch\|Bloch]] and [[Johann Gottlob Schneider\|J. G. Schneider]], 1801)</small>\|\|Reef stonefish \|\| Red Sea and Indo-Pacific \|- \| \|\| ''[[Synanceia quinque]]'' <small>[[Mizuki Matsunuma\|Matsunuma]], [[B. Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto\|Manjaji‑Matsumoto]] & [[Hiroyuki Motomura\|Motomura]], 2021</small> \|\| \|\| Indonesia \|- \|} == Habitat and characteristics == ''Synanceia'' are primarily [[marine (ocean)\|marine]], and although some species are known to live in rivers, most live in coral reefs near the tropical Pacific and Indian oceans. The species has potent [[neurotoxin]]s secreted from glands at the base of their needle-like [[dorsal fin]] spines which stick up when disturbed or threatened.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/ncm/staff_htm_files/bullrout.htm\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040823095203/http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/ncm/staff_htm_files/bullrout.htm\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=23 August 2004\|title=Notesthe robusta - Family Scorpaenidae\|publisher=O'Connor，J. Southern Cross University\|access-date=2009-06-14\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[vernacular]] name of the species, the stonefish, derives from its grey and mottled camouflage similar to the color of a stone.<ref>Pocock, C.A. "[http://eprints.utas.edu.au/629/4/Pocock_CH-2.pdf Romancing the Reef: history, heritage and the hyper-real]." ''James Cook University Ph.D. Thesis.'' 2003. Accessed 2009-06-14.</ref> Swimmers may not notice them and inadvertently step on them, triggering a [[Fish sting\|sting]]. When the stonefish is disturbed, it may inject an amount of venom proportional to the amount of pressure applied to it. {{Citation needed\|date=January 2012}} Stonefish have the ability to extend sharp, specialized spines (lachrymal saber) as an additional defense mechanism.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=Smith, W. Leo \| author2=Smith, Elizabeth \| author3=Richardson, Clara \| title=Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Flatheads, Scorpionfishes, Sea Robins, and Stonefishes (Percomorpha: Scorpaeniformes) and the Evolution of the Lachrymal Saber \| date=February 2018 \| journal=Copeia \| volume=106 \| number=1 \| pages=94–119 \| url=https://www.copeiajournal.org/copeia-bjah/ofcg-17-669yt497804km \| doi=10.1643/CG-17-669\| s2cid=91157582 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \| title=Stonefish are already scary, and now scientists have found they have switchblades in their heads \| author=Willingham, AJ \| date=April 13, 2018 \| newspaper=CNN \| url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/12/health/stonefish-switchblade-lachrymal-saber-trnd/index.html}}</ref> === Venom === The venom of ''Synanceia'' consists of a proteinaceous toxin called [[verrucotoxin]] (VTX), which modulates Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel activity through the β-adrenoceptor-cAMP-PKA pathway. In humans, stings can cause intense pain, respiratory weakness, damage to the cardiovascular system, convulsions and paralysis; sometimes they can lead to death. The exact mechanism is not yet fully understood.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=Yazawa, K\| author2=Wang, JW \| author3=Hao, LY \|author4=Onoue, Y \| author5=Kameyama, M. \| title=Verrucotoxin, a stonefish venom, modulates calcium channel activity in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. \| date=August 2007 \| journal=Br J Pharmacol \| volume=151 \| issue=8 \| pages=1198–1203 \| doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0707340\| pmid=17572694 \| pmc=2189832 \| doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Treatment of envenomation== Stonefish stings are extremely painful and potentially lethal.<ref>Rebecca, Sarah. "The Most Excruciating Pain Known To Man." Scienceray. (29 Dec 2010): 1. Print. {{cite web \|url=http://scienceray.com/biology/zoology/the-most-excruciating-pain-known-to-man \|title=The Most Excruciating Pain Known to Man \| Scienceray \|access-date=2012-11-01 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523091230/http://scienceray.com/biology/zoology/the-most-excruciating-pain-known-to-man/ \|archive-date=23 May 2013 \|df=dmy-all }}.</ref> The two most recommended treatments are the application of heat to the affected area and antivenom. Hot water (at a temperature of at least {{convert\|45\|°C\|°F\|0\|lk=on}})<ref>{{cite book \| last = White \| first = Julian \| title = A Clinician's Guide to Australian Venomous Bites and Stings: Incorporating the Updated Antivenom Handbook \| publisher = CSL Ltd.\| location = Melbourne, Victoria \| year = 2013 \| isbn = 978-0-646-57998-6}}</ref> applied to the injured area has been found to denature stonefish venom, and causes minimal discomfort to the victim. Antivenom is used in more extreme cases. Vinegar is found on some Australian beaches as it is said to lessen the pain.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Taylor \|first=G. \|title=Toxic fish spine injury: Lessons from 11 years experience \|journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal \|volume=30 \|issue=1 \|year=2000 \|issn=0813-1988 \|oclc=16986801 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5828 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629013653/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5828 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=29 June 2008 \|access-date=2009-06-18 }}</ref> ===Stonefish stings in Australia=== The stonefish is the most venomous known fish in the world<ref>[http://www.adventuremedicine.net/envenom/marine/94-stonefish Stonefish Envenomation], adventure medicine {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228222240/http://www.adventuremedicine.net/envenom/marine/94-stonefish \|date=28 February 2012 }}</ref> and stings can cause death if not treated.<ref>[https://www.emed.theclinics.com/article/S0733-8627(16)30118-3/abstract Marine Envenomation], Hornbeak, Kirsten B., and Paul S. Auerbach. Emergency Medicine Clinics 35.2 (2017): 321-337.</ref> Most stonefish stings occur as a result of stepping on the creature which forces venom into the foot, while it is less common for the fish to sting when it is picked up.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.toxinology.com/generic_static_files/cslavh_antivenom_stonefish.html\|title=CSL Antivenom Handbook - Stonefish Antivenom\|website=www.toxinology.com\|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> Stonefish stings can occur on the beach, not just in the water, since stonefish can survive out of the water for up to 24 hours. They are not easily seen as they look similar to rocks or coral. Stonefish antivenom is the second-most administered in Australia.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAR5FyZGZb4&feature=player_embedded Stone Fish] slk320 {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406073737/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAR5FyZGZb4&feature=player_embedded \|date=6 April 2017 }}</ref>{{Verify source\|date=September 2018}} Some [[Indigenous Australians]] have [[corroboree]]s which involve re-enacting the death of someone who trod on the fish. The Aboriginal people of Northern Australia and the [[Great Barrier Reef]] have ways of preparing the fish for eating to avoid poisoning.<ref name="auto">[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11021024 The Poisonous Stone Fish Dreaded Denizen of the North] The Argus 14 March 1936</ref> After stonefish envenomation, the amount of anti-venom given depends on the number of puncture wounds from the stonefish spines.<ref>[http://www.csl.com.au/docs/236/440/Stone%20Fish%20PI-%20approved%20April%202011.pdf Stonefish antivenom] product information {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329003955/http://www.csl.com.au/docs/236/440/Stone%20Fish%20PI-%20approved%20April%202011.pdf \|date=29 March 2012 }}</ref> ===Number of incidents=== [[File:Poisonous Stone Fish article 1936.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|1936 article from Melbourne newspaper ''[[The Argus (Australia)\|The Argus]]'' about venomous stonefish.]] There were 25 cases of the use of antivenom for stonefish reported to [[Commonwealth Serum Laboratories]] for a one-year period between July 1989 and June 1990, with most from [[Queensland]] and four from the [[Northern Territory]].<ref>[http://www.carpa.org.au/Ref%20Manual%204th%20Ed/Emergency%20&%20assessment/Marine_stings_bites.pdf Marine Bites and Stings] Dr Mark Little {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321003850/http://www.carpa.org.au/Ref%20Manual%204th%20Ed/Emergency%20%26%20assessment/Marine_stings_bites.pdf \|date=21 March 2014 }}</ref> There were 14 calls to the Queensland Poisons Information System in 2008 regarding stonefish poison.<ref>[http://www.health.qld.gov.au/poisonsinformationcentre/docs/qpic_ann_report_2008.pdf annual report 2008], Queensland Poisons Information Centre</ref> === Fatal incidents === {\| class="wikitable" \|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" ! width="200" \|Name !Age!! width="100" \|Date!! width="550" \|Location \|- \|Joseph Leathom Wassell \|53 \|7 April 1915 \|[[Thursday Island]], Australia<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/people/medicine/display/92658-dr-joseph-wassell-(grave)\|title=Dr Joseph Leathem Wassell - Monument Australia\|first=UBC Web\|last=Design\|website=monumentaustralia.org.au\|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>[http://www.carpa.org.au/Ref%20Manual%204th%20Ed/Emergency%20&%20assessment/Marine_stings_bites.pdf Marine Bites and Stings] Dr Mark Little {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321003850/http://www.carpa.org.au/Ref%20Manual%204th%20Ed/Emergency%20%26%20assessment/Marine_stings_bites.pdf \|date=21 March 2014 }}</ref> \|- \|- \|name not given \|58 \|6 August 2010 \|[[Nago]], [[Okinawa]], Japan<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.stripes.com/news/okinawan-diver-dies-from-stonefish-sting-1.migrated \| title=Okinawan diver dies from stonefish sting }}</ref> \|- \|} == As food == ''Synanceia'' is edible to humans if properly prepared. The protein-based venom [[Denaturation (biochemistry)\|breaks down]] quickly when heated, and raw stonefish served as part of [[sashimi]] is rendered harmless simply by removing the dorsal fins which are the main source of venom. The fish are considered a delicacy in many parts of [[Asia]], including south [[Japan]], south [[Fujian]], [[Guangdong]] in [[China]], [[Hong Kong]], and some parts of [[Vietnam]]. In the [[Hokkien]]-speaking area, they are considered delicacies and good for health. The meat of ''Synanceia'' is white, dense and sweet, and the skin is also edible. They are usually cooked with [[ginger]] into a [[clear soup]], and sometimes served raw as sashimi. == Pop culture == In "[[The Blue Lagoon (1980 film)\|Blue Lagoon]] (1980)," Emmeline Lestrange (played by [[Brooke Shields]]) unknowingly steps on a stonefish and is almost fatally poisoned.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Where was The Blue Lagoon filmed? \|url=https://giggster.com/guide/movie-location/where-was-the-blue-lagoon-filmed \|access-date=2023-07-04 \|website=giggster.com \|language=en}}</ref> The movie was filmed on [[Espiritu Santo]] island in [[Vanuatu]], which is known for having stonefish which can grow up to 40 centimeters long.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Aurimas \|date=2022-11-10 \|title=Dangerous Animals In Vanuatu \|url=https://golookexplore.com/dangerous-animals-in-vanuatu/ \|access-date=2023-07-04 \|website=Go Look Explore \|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?id=578 FishBase entry] * {{cite web\|url=http://research.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?genid=427\|title=Synanceia Bloch & Schneider 1801:194 (xxxvii, 573)\|date=19 September 2008\|work=Catalog of Fishes \|publisher=California Academy of Sciences \|access-date=2008-12-29}} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aLt5gxwTx8 National Geographic video, Deadly Stone Fish] * [http://australianmuseum.net.au/Reef-Stonefish-Synanceia-verrucosa-Bloch-Schneider-1801 Reef Stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa] Australian museum {{Animal bites and stings}} {{Taxonbar\|from=Q13396094}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Animal attacks in Australia]] [[Category:Fish attacks]] [[Category:Synanceiini]] [[Category:Synanceia\| ]] [[Category:Fish of the Pacific Ocean]] [[Category:Fish of the Indian Ocean]] [[Category:Marine fish genera]] [[Category:Taxa named by Marcus Elieser Bloch]] [[Category:Taxa named by Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider]] [[ja:オニオコゼ科]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (`edit_diff`)	'@@ -1,14 +1,3 @@ -{{Short description\|Genus of venomous fishes}} -{{For\|the tropical fish\|Ocosia spinosa}} -{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2015}} -{{Automatic taxobox -\| image = Ichthyologie; ou, Histoire naturelle des poissons (Plate 183) (6918426608).jpg -\| image_caption = Type specie ''[[Synanceia horrida]]'', 1796 illustration -\| display_parents = 3 -\| taxon = Synanceia -\| authority = [[Marcus Elieser Bloch\|Bloch]] and [[Johann Gottlob Schneider\|J. G. Schneider]], 1801 -\| type_species = ''Scorpaena horrida'' -\| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus\|Linnaeus]], 1766<ref name = CofF>{{Cof family \| family = Synanceiinae \| access-date = 11 April 2022}}</ref> -}} +bob the buider how quickly can you remove this '
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (`new_html`)	'<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>bob the buider </p><p>how quickly can you remove this <i><b>Synanceia</b></i> is a <a href="/info/en/?search=Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/info/en/?search=Ray-finned_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray-finned fish">ray-finned fish</a> belonging to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamily</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Synanceiinae" title="Synanceiinae">Synanceiinae</a>, the stonefish, which is <a href="/info/en/?search=Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">classified</a> within the <a href="/info/en/?search=Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Scorpaenidae" title="Scorpaenidae">Scorpaenidae</a>, the scorpionfish and relatives. Stonefish are the most <a href="/info/en/?search=Venomous_fish" title="Venomous fish">venomous fish</a> known; stings can be fatal to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> They are found in the coastal regions of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a> and Caribbean. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Taxonomy"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Taxonomy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Species"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Species</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Habitat_and_characteristics"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Habitat and characteristics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Venom"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Venom</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Treatment_of_envenomation"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Treatment of envenomation</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Stonefish_stings_in_Australia"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Stonefish stings in Australia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Number_of_incidents"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Number of incidents</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Fatal_incidents"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Fatal incidents</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#As_food"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">As food</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Pop_culture"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Pop culture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p><i>Synanceia</i> was first described as a genus in 1801 by the German <a href="/info/en/?search=Naturalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalists">naturalists</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Marcus_Elieser_Bloch" title="Marcus Elieser Bloch">Marcus Elieser Bloch</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Johann_Gottlob_Theaenus_Schneider" title="Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider">Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider</a> with <i>Scorpaena horrida</i>, which had been <a href="/info/en/?search=Species_description" title="Species description">described</a> by <a href="/info/en/?search=Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in 1766 from <a href="/info/en/?search=Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon Island</a> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>), as its <a href="/info/en/?search=Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CofF_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CofF-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CofF2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CofF2-4">[4]</a></sup> The genus <i>Synanceia</i> is classified within the <a href="/info/en/?search=Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">tribe</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Synanceiini" title="Synanceiini">Synanceiini</a> which is one of three tribes in the subfamily Synanceeinae within the family Scorpaenidae.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson5-5">[5]</a></sup> Despite this, other authorities regard Synanceiidae as a valid family and the Synanceiini as the subfamily Synanceiinae.<sup id="cite_ref-CofF_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CofF-3">[3]</a></sup> The genus name <i>Synanceia</i> is made up of <i>syn</i>, meaning "with", and <i>angeíon</i>, which means "cavity", an allusion to the large, cavernous heads of the species considered to be in the genus.<sup id="cite_ref-ETYFish_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETYFish-6">[6]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Species">Species</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg/220px-Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg/330px-Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg/440px-Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1081" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Synanceia_verrucosa" title="Synanceia verrucosa">Synanceia verrucosa</a></i> in a public aquarium</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Synanceia</i> contains the following species:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CofF2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CofF2-4">[4]</a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Image</th> <th>Scientific Name</th> <th>Common Name</th> <th>Distribution </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia_alula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synanceia alula (page does not exist)">Synanceia alula</a></i> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=William_N._Eschmeyer" title="William N. Eschmeyer">Eschmeyer</a> & <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Kaza_V._Rama_Rao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaza V. Rama Rao (page does not exist)">Rama Rao</a>, 1973)</small></td> <td>Midget stonefish</td> <td>northern Indian Ocean to the Solomon Islands </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Synanceia_horrida_Lembeh2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Synanceia_horrida_Lembeh2.jpg/120px-Synanceia_horrida_Lembeh2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Synanceia_horrida_Lembeh2.jpg/180px-Synanceia_horrida_Lembeh2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Synanceia_horrida_Lembeh2.jpg/240px-Synanceia_horrida_Lembeh2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="708" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Synanceia_horrida" title="Synanceia horrida">Synanceia horrida</a></i> <small>(Linnaeus, 1766)</small></td> <td>Estuarine stonefish</td> <td>India to China, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Australia, and is also recorded in Vanuatu </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Synanceia_nana.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Synanceia_nana.JPG/120px-Synanceia_nana.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Synanceia_nana.JPG/180px-Synanceia_nana.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Synanceia_nana.JPG/240px-Synanceia_nana.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Synanceia_nana" title="Synanceia nana">Synanceia nana</a></i> <small>(Eschmeyer & Rama Rao, 1973)</small></td> <td>Red Sea stonefish</td> <td>Red Sea and Persian Gulf </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia_platyrhyncha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synanceia platyrhyncha (page does not exist)">Synanceia platyrhyncha</a></i> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Pieter_Bleeker" title="Pieter Bleeker">Bleeker</a>, 1874)</small></td> <td></td> <td>Indonesia </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg/120px-Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg/180px-Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg/240px-Stone_Fish_at_AQWA_SMC2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1081" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Synanceia_verrucosa" title="Synanceia verrucosa">Synanceia verrucosa</a></i> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Marcus_Elieser_Bloch" title="Marcus Elieser Bloch">Bloch</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Johann_Gottlob_Schneider" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Gottlob Schneider">J. G. Schneider</a>, 1801)</small></td> <td>Reef stonefish</td> <td>Red Sea and Indo-Pacific </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia_quinque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synanceia quinque (page does not exist)">Synanceia quinque</a></i> <small><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Mizuki_Matsunuma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mizuki Matsunuma (page does not exist)">Matsunuma</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=B._Mabel_Manjaji-Matsumoto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B. Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto (page does not exist)">Manjaji‑Matsumoto</a> & <a href="/info/en/?search=Hiroyuki_Motomura" title="Hiroyuki Motomura">Motomura</a>, 2021</small></td> <td></td> <td>Indonesia </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Habitat_and_characteristics">Habitat and characteristics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Habitat and characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p><i>Synanceia</i> are primarily <a href="/info/en/?search=Marine_(ocean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (ocean)">marine</a>, and although some species are known to live in rivers, most live in coral reefs near the tropical Pacific and Indian oceans. The species has potent <a href="/info/en/?search=Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">neurotoxins</a> secreted from glands at the base of their needle-like <a href="/info/en/?search=Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal fin</a> spines which stick up when disturbed or threatened.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> The <a href="/info/en/?search=Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> name of the species, the stonefish, derives from its grey and mottled camouflage similar to the color of a stone.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> Swimmers may not notice them and inadvertently step on them, triggering a <a href="/info/en/?search=Fish_sting" title="Fish sting">sting</a>. When the stonefish is disturbed, it may inject an amount of venom proportional to the amount of pressure applied to it. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Stonefish have the ability to extend sharp, specialized spines (lachrymal saber) as an additional defense mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Venom">Venom</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Venom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The venom of <i>Synanceia</i> consists of a proteinaceous toxin called <a href="/info/en/?search=Verrucotoxin" title="Verrucotoxin">verrucotoxin</a> (VTX), which modulates Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel activity through the β-adrenoceptor-cAMP-PKA pathway. In humans, stings can cause intense pain, respiratory weakness, damage to the cardiovascular system, convulsions and paralysis; sometimes they can lead to death. The exact mechanism is not yet fully understood.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Treatment_of_envenomation">Treatment of envenomation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Treatment of envenomation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Stonefish stings are extremely painful and potentially lethal.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> The two most recommended treatments are the application of heat to the affected area and antivenom. Hot water (at a temperature of at least 45 <a href="/info/en/?search=Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (113 <a href="/info/en/?search=Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>))<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> applied to the injured area has been found to denature stonefish venom, and causes minimal discomfort to the victim. Antivenom is used in more extreme cases. Vinegar is found on some Australian beaches as it is said to lessen the pain.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Stonefish_stings_in_Australia">Stonefish stings in Australia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stonefish stings in Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The stonefish is the most venomous known fish in the world<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> and stings can cause death if not treated.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Most stonefish stings occur as a result of stepping on the creature which forces venom into the foot, while it is less common for the fish to sting when it is picked up.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Stonefish stings can occur on the beach, not just in the water, since stonefish can survive out of the water for up to 24 hours. They are not easily seen as they look similar to rocks or coral. Stonefish antivenom is the second-most administered in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (September 2018)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/info/en/?search=Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> have <a href="/info/en/?search=Corroboree" title="Corroboree">corroborees</a> which involve re-enacting the death of someone who trod on the fish. The Aboriginal people of Northern Australia and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a> have ways of preparing the fish for eating to avoid poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20">[20]</a></sup> </p><p>After stonefish envenomation, the amount of anti-venom given depends on the number of puncture wounds from the stonefish spines.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Number_of_incidents">Number of incidents</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Number of incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Poisonous_Stone_Fish_article_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Poisonous_Stone_Fish_article_1936.jpg/170px-Poisonous_Stone_Fish_article_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Poisonous_Stone_Fish_article_1936.jpg/255px-Poisonous_Stone_Fish_article_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Poisonous_Stone_Fish_article_1936.jpg/340px-Poisonous_Stone_Fish_article_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="1042" /></a><figcaption>1936 article from Melbourne newspaper <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Argus_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Argus (Australia)">The Argus</a></i> about venomous stonefish.</figcaption></figure> <p>There were 25 cases of the use of antivenom for stonefish reported to <a href="/info/en/?search=Commonwealth_Serum_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Serum Laboratories">Commonwealth Serum Laboratories</a> for a one-year period between July 1989 and June 1990, with most from <a href="/info/en/?search=Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> and four from the <a href="/info/en/?search=Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> There were 14 calls to the Queensland Poisons Information System in 2008 regarding stonefish poison.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Fatal_incidents">Fatal incidents</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fatal incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <th width="200">Name </th> <th>Age</th> <th width="100">Date</th> <th width="550">Location </th></tr> <tr> <td>Joseph Leathom Wassell </td> <td>53 </td> <td>7 April 1915 </td> <td><a href="/info/en/?search=Thursday_Island" title="Thursday Island">Thursday Island</a>, Australia<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>name not given </td> <td>58 </td> <td>6 August 2010 </td> <td><a href="/info/en/?search=Nago" title="Nago">Nago</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Okinawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawa">Okinawa</a>, Japan<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="As_food">As food</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: As food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p><i>Synanceia</i> is edible to humans if properly prepared. The protein-based venom <a href="/info/en/?search=Denaturation_(biochemistry)" title="Denaturation (biochemistry)">breaks down</a> quickly when heated, and raw stonefish served as part of <a href="/info/en/?search=Sashimi" title="Sashimi">sashimi</a> is rendered harmless simply by removing the dorsal fins which are the main source of venom. The fish are considered a delicacy in many parts of <a href="/info/en/?search=Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, including south <a href="/info/en/?search=Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, south <a href="/info/en/?search=Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, and some parts of <a href="/info/en/?search=Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. In the <a href="/info/en/?search=Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>-speaking area, they are considered delicacies and good for health. The meat of <i>Synanceia</i> is white, dense and sweet, and the skin is also edible. They are usually cooked with <a href="/info/en/?search=Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a> into a <a href="/info/en/?search=Clear_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear soup">clear soup</a>, and sometimes served raw as sashimi. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Pop_culture">Pop culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pop culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>In "<a href="/info/en/?search=The_Blue_Lagoon_(1980_film)" title="The Blue Lagoon (1980 film)">Blue Lagoon</a> (1980)," Emmeline Lestrange (played by <a href="/info/en/?search=Brooke_Shields" title="Brooke Shields">Brooke Shields</a>) unknowingly steps on a stonefish and is almost fatally poisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> The movie was filmed on <a href="/info/en/?search=Espiritu_Santo" title="Espiritu Santo">Espiritu Santo</a> island in <a href="/info/en/?search=Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>, which is known for having stonefish which can grow up to 40 centimeters long.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_M.M.Heemstra,_P.C.2003" class="citation book cs1">Smith, M.M.; Heemstra, P.C., eds. (2003). <i>Smiths' Sea Fishes</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/1-86872-890-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86872-890-0"><bdi>1-86872-890-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smiths%27+Sea+Fishes&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86872-890-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynanceia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://a-z-animals.com/animals/puffer-fish/">"Puffer Fish"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.toxinology.com&rft.atitle=CSL+Antivenom+Handbook+-+Stonefish+Antivenom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toxinology.com%2Fgeneric_static_files%2Fcslavh_antivenom_stonefish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynanceia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAR5FyZGZb4&feature=player_embedded">Stone Fish</a> slk320 <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170406073737/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAR5FyZGZb4&feature=player_embedded">Archived</a> 6 April 2017 at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11021024">The Poisonous Stone Fish Dreaded Denizen of the North</a> The Argus 14 March 1936</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.csl.com.au/docs/236/440/Stone%20Fish%20PI-%20approved%20April%202011.pdf">Stonefish antivenom</a> product information <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120329003955/http://www.csl.com.au/docs/236/440/Stone%20Fish%20PI-%20approved%20April%202011.pdf">Archived</a> 29 March 2012 at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.carpa.org.au/Ref%20Manual%204th%20Ed/Emergency%20&%20assessment/Marine_stings_bites.pdf">Marine Bites and Stings</a> Dr Mark Little <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321003850/http://www.carpa.org.au/Ref%20Manual%204th%20Ed/Emergency%20%26%20assessment/Marine_stings_bites.pdf">Archived</a> 21 March 2014 at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.health.qld.gov.au/poisonsinformationcentre/docs/qpic_ann_report_2008.pdf">annual report 2008</a>, Queensland Poisons Information Centre</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDesign" class="citation web cs1">Design, UBC Web. <a class="external text" href="https://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/people/medicine/display/92658-dr-joseph-wassell-(grave)">"Dr Joseph Leathem Wassell - Monument Australia"</a>. <i>monumentaustralia.org.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=monumentaustralia.org.au&rft.atitle=Dr+Joseph+Leathem+Wassell+-+Monument+Australia&rft.aulast=Design&rft.aufirst=UBC+Web&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonumentaustralia.org.au%2Fthemes%2Fpeople%2Fmedicine%2Fdisplay%2F92658-dr-joseph-wassell-%28grave%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynanceia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.carpa.org.au/Ref%20Manual%204th%20Ed/Emergency%20&%20assessment/Marine_stings_bites.pdf">Marine Bites and Stings</a> Dr Mark Little <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321003850/http://www.carpa.org.au/Ref%20Manual%204th%20Ed/Emergency%20%26%20assessment/Marine_stings_bites.pdf">Archived</a> 21 March 2014 at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.stripes.com/news/okinawan-diver-dies-from-stonefish-sting-1.migrated">"Okinawan diver dies from stonefish sting"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Okinawan+diver+dies+from+stonefish+sting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stripes.com%2Fnews%2Fokinawan-diver-dies-from-stonefish-sting-1.migrated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynanceia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://giggster.com/guide/movie-location/where-was-the-blue-lagoon-filmed">"Where was The Blue Lagoon filmed?"</a>. <i>giggster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=giggster.com&rft.atitle=Where+was+The+Blue+Lagoon+filmed%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgiggster.com%2Fguide%2Fmovie-location%2Fwhere-was-the-blue-lagoon-filmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynanceia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAurimas2022" class="citation web cs1">Aurimas (2022-11-10). <a class="external text" href="https://golookexplore.com/dangerous-animals-in-vanuatu/">"Dangerous Animals In Vanuatu"</a>. <i>Go Look Explore</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Go+Look+Explore&rft.atitle=Dangerous+Animals+In+Vanuatu&rft.date=2022-11-10&rft.au=Aurimas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgolookexplore.com%2Fdangerous-animals-in-vanuatu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynanceia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?id=578">FishBase entry</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://research.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?genid=427">"Synanceia Bloch & Schneider 1801:194 (xxxvii, 573)"</a>. <i>Catalog of Fishes</i>. California Academy of Sciences. 19 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catalog+of+Fishes&rft.atitle=Synanceia+Bloch+%26+Schneider+1801%3A194+%28xxxvii%2C+573%29&rft.date=2008-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.calacademy.org%2Fresearch%2Fichthyology%2Fcatalog%2Ffishcatget.asp%3Fgenid%3D427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynanceia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Synanceia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aLt5gxwTx8">National Geographic video, Deadly Stone Fish</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://australianmuseum.net.au/Reef-Stonefish-Synanceia-verrucosa-Bloch-Schneider-1801">Reef Stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa</a> Australian museum</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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title="Cephalopod attack">Cephalopod</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cone_snail#Harpoon_and_venoms" title="Cone snail">Cone snail</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Coral_dermatitis" title="Coral dermatitis">Coral</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hydroid_dermatitis" title="Hydroid dermatitis">Hydroid</a> <ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Portuguese_man_o%27_war#Venom" title="Portuguese man o' war">Portuguese man-of-war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jellyfish_dermatitis" title="Jellyfish dermatitis">Jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Leech" title="Leech">Leech</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sea_anemone_dermatitis" title="Sea anemone dermatitis">Sea anemone</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sea_urchin_injury" title="Sea urchin injury">Sea urchin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vertebrate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_fatal_alligator_attacks_in_the_United_States" title="List of fatal alligator attacks in the United States">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bear_attack" title="Bear attack">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Beaver_attack" title="Beaver attack">Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wild_boar#Attacks_on_humans" title="Wild boar">Wild boar</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_fatal_cougar_attacks_in_North_America" title="List of fatal cougar attacks in North America">Cougar</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Coyote_attack" title="Coyote attack">Coyote</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Crocodile_attack" title="Crocodile attack">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cat_bite" title="Cat bite">Domestic cat</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Orca_attacks" title="Orca attacks">Orca</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Leopard_attack" title="Leopard attack">Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lion#Man-eating" title="Lion">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Monkey_bite" title="Monkey bite">Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Piranha#Attacks" title="Piranha">Piranha</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shark_attack" title="Shark attack">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Snakebite" title="Snakebite">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Stingray_injury" title="Stingray injury">Stingray</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tiger_attack" title="Tiger attack">Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Venomous_fish" title="Venomous fish">Venomous fish</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Stonefish_stings_in_Australia">Stonefish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Walrus_attack" title="Walrus attack">Walrus</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wolf_attacks_on_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf attacks on humans">Wolf</a> <ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dingo_attack" title="Dingo attack">Dingo</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dog_bite" title="Dog bite">Dog</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Animal_attack" title="Animal attack">Animal attack</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cnidocyte" title="Cnidocyte">Cnidocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Man-eater" title="Man-eater">Man-eater</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Stinging_plant" title="Stinging plant">Stinging plant</a></li> <li><a href="/info/en/?search=Seabather%27s_eruption" title="Seabather's eruption">Seabather's eruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Synanceia</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13396094" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q13396094">Q13396094</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Synanceia" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Synanceia">Synanceia</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Synanceia/">Synanceia</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Synanceia">Synanceia</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=78464">78464</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5201173">5201173</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/64495">64495</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=167077">167077</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=13278">13278</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=432735">432735</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/info/en/?search=World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=203950">203950</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13396094#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555942605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>'
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (`tor_exit_node`)	false
Unix timestamp of change (`timestamp`)	'1713974495'

Retrieved from " /info/en/?search=Special:AbuseLog/37556568"

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+bob the buider
-{{Short description|Genus of venomous fishes}}
-{{For|the tropical fish|Ocosia spinosa}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
-{{Automatic taxobox
-| image = Ichthyologie; ou, Histoire naturelle des poissons (Plate 183) (6918426608).jpg
-| image_caption = Type specie ''[[Synanceia horrida]]'', 1796 illustration
-| display_parents = 3
-| taxon = Synanceia
-| authority = [[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]] and [[Johann Gottlob Schneider|J. G. Schneider]], 1801
-| type_species = ''Scorpaena horrida''
-| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766<ref name = CofF>{{Cof family | family = Synanceiinae | access-date = 11 April 2022}}</ref>
-}}
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