'{{Short description|French naval officer, oceanographer, filmmaker and author}} {{About|the oceanographer|the Pink Panther character named Jacques Clouseau|Inspector Clouseau}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}} {{Infobox person | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=AUS|ACh|size=100%}} | image = Cousteau1972 (cropped).jpg | caption = Cousteau in 1972 | birth_name = Jacques-Yves Cousteau | birth_date = {{Birth date|1910|6|11|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Saint-André-de-Cubzac]], [[Gironde]], France | death_date = {{Death date and age|1997|6|25|1910|6|11|df=yes}} | death_place = Paris, France | occupation = [[Oceanographer]] | spouse = {{unbulleted list | {{marriage|[[Simone Melchior]]|1937|1990|end=died}} | {{marriage|[[Francine Cousteau|Francine Triplet]]<br>|1991}} }} | children = {{unbulleted list|[[Jean-Michel Cousteau|Jean-Michel]]|[[Philippe Cousteau|Philippe-Pierre]]|Diane|Pierre-Yves}} | relatives = [[Pierre-Antoine Cousteau]] (brother) | awards = {{unbulleted list | {{Lang|fr|[[Palme d'Or]]|italic=no}} at [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]] | {{ unbulleted list|[[File:Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|40px]] [[Legion of Honour]] – Commander (1972)}}}} }} '''Jacques-Yves Cousteau''', {{post-nominals|country=AUS|ACh|size=100%}} ({{IPAc-en|k|uː|ˈ|s|t|oʊ}}, <small>also</small> {{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|k|uː|s|t|oʊ}}, {{IPA-fr|ʒak iv kusto|lang}}; 11 June 1910{{spnd}}25 June 1997)<ref name="cousteau1">{{cite web |url=http://www.cousteau.org/jyc.html |title=Cousteau Society |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125071615/http://cousteau.org/jyc.html |archive-date=25 January 2009 |access-date=12 September 2013}}</ref> was a French naval officer, oceanographer, filmmaker and author. He co-invented the first successful open-circuit [[self-contained underwater breathing apparatus]] (SCUBA), called the [[Aqua-Lung]], which assisted him in producing some of the first underwater [[documentary|documentaries]]. Cousteau wrote many books describing his undersea explorations. In his first book, ''[[The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure]]'', Cousteau surmised the existence of the [[Animal echolocation|echolocation]] abilities of [[porpoises]]. The book was adapted into an underwater documentary called ''[[The Silent World]]''. Co-directed by Cousteau and [[Louis Malle]], it was one of the first films to use [[underwater photography|underwater cinematography]] to document the ocean depths [[color photography|in color]]. The film won the 1956 {{Lang|fr|[[Palme d'Or]]|italic=no}} at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] and remained the only documentary to do so until 2004 (when ''[[Fahrenheit 9/11]]'' received the award). It was also awarded the [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature|Academy Award for Best Documentary]] in 1957. From 1966 to 1976, he hosted ''[[The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau]]'', a documentary television series, presented on American commercial television stations. A second documentary series, ''The Cousteau Odyssey'', ran from 1977 to 1982 on public television stations. ==Biography== {{Quote box |quote = "The sea, the great unifier, is man's only hope. Now, as never before, the old phrase has a literal meaning: We are all in the same boat." |source = Jacques Cousteau | width = 30% | align = right }} ===Early life=== Cousteau was born on 11 June 1910, in [[Saint-André-de-Cubzac]], Gironde, France, to Daniel and Élisabeth Cousteau. He had one brother, [[Pierre-Antoine Cousteau|Pierre-Antoine]]. Cousteau completed his preparatory studies at the [[Collège Stanislas de Paris|Collège Stanislas]] in Paris. In 1930, he entered the [[École navale]] and graduated as a gunnery officer. However, an automobile accident, which broke both his arms, cut short his career in naval aviation. The accident forced Cousteau to change his plans to become a naval pilot, so he then indulged his passion for the ocean.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jacques-Cousteau|title=Jacques Cousteau {{!}} French ocean explorer and engineer|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2 March 2016}}</ref> In [[Toulon]], where he was serving on the ''[[French battleship Condorcet|Condorcet]]'', Cousteau carried out his first underwater experiments, thanks to his friend [[Philippe Tailliez]] who in 1936 lent him some [[Maurice Fernez|Fernez]] underwater [[goggle]]s, predecessors of modern [[swimming goggles]].<ref name="cousteau1"/> Cousteau also belonged to the information service of the [[French Navy]], and was sent on missions to Shanghai and Japan (1935–1938) and in the [[USSR]] (1939).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacques Cousteau {{!}} Biography , Quotes , Books , WordCloud , Life History Timeline {{!}}Minds of Science |url=https://www.mindsofscience.com/scientist?name=Jacques_Cousteau |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=www.mindsofscience.com}}</ref> On 12 July 1937, he married [[Simone Melchior]], his business partner,<ref name="Lunn2021">{{cite news |last1=Lunn |first1=Rosemary E. |title=WDHOF announces new Simone Melchior Cousteau Grant |url=https://xray-mag.com/content/wdhof-announces-new-grant |access-date=28 July 2021 |work=X-Ray International Dive Magazine |date=8 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728141611/https://xray-mag.com/content/wdhof-announces-new-grant |url-status=dead }}</ref> with whom he had two sons, [[Jean-Michel Cousteau|Jean-Michel]] (born 1938) and [[Philippe Cousteau|Philippe]] (1940–1979). His sons took part in the adventures of the ''[[RV Calypso|Calypso]]''. In 1991, six months after his wife Simone's death from cancer, he married [[Francine Cousteau|Francine Triplet]]. They already had a daughter Diane Cousteau (born 1980) and a son, Pierre-Yves Cousteau (born 1982, during Cousteau's marriage to his first wife). ===Early 1940s: innovation of modern underwater diving=== The years of [[World War II]] were decisive for the history of diving. After the [[Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)|armistice of 1940]], the family of Simone and Jacques-Yves Cousteau took refuge in [[Megève]], where he became a friend of the Ichac family who also lived there. Jacques-Yves Cousteau and [[Marcel Ichac]] shared the same desire to reveal to the general public unknown and inaccessible places&nbsp;— for Cousteau the underwater world and for Ichac the high mountains. The two neighbors took the first [[ex-aequo]] prize of the [[Congress of Documentary Film]] in 1943, for the first French underwater film: ''Par dix-huit mètres de fond'' (''18 meters deep''), made without breathing apparatus the previous year in the [[List of islands of France|Embiez]] islands in [[Var (department)|Var]], with [[Philippe Tailliez]] and [[Frédéric Dumas]], using a depth-pressure-proof camera case developed by mechanical engineer Léon Vèche, an engineer of Arts and Measures at the Naval College. In 1943, they made the film ''Épaves'' (''Shipwrecks''), in which they used two of the very first [[Aqua-Lung]] prototypes. These prototypes were made in [[Boulogne-Billancourt]] by the [[Air Liquide]] company, following instructions from Cousteau and [[Émile Gagnan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espalion-12.com/scaphandre/autonomie/scaphandre_autonome.htm |title=le Scaphandre Autonome |publisher=Espalion-12.com |access-date=10 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030022352/http://www.espalion-12.com/scaphandre/autonomie/scaphandre_autonome.htm |archive-date=30 October 2012}}</ref> When making ''Épaves'', Cousteau could not find the necessary blank reels of movie film, but had to buy hundreds of small still camera film reels the same width, intended for a make of child's camera, and [[film cement|cemented]] them together to make long reels.<ref name="ReferenceA">''[[The Silent World (book)|The Silent World]]''. J. Y. Cousteau with Frédéric Dumas. Hamish Hamilton, London. 1953</ref><ref>Capitaine de frégate PHILIPPE TAILLIEZ, ''Plongées sans câble'', Arthaud, Paris, January 1954, Dépôt légal 1er trimestre 1954 – Édition N° 605 – Impression N° 243 (in French)</ref> Having kept bonds with the English speakers (he spent part of his childhood in the United States and usually spoke English) and with French soldiers in North Africa (under Admiral [[André Lemonnier (admiral)|Lemonnier]]), Jacques-Yves Cousteau (whose villa "Baobab" at [[Sanary]] ([[Var (department)|Var]]) was opposite [[Admiral Darlan]]'s villa "Reine"), helped the French Navy to join again with the Allies; he assembled a commando operation against the Italian espionage services in France, and received several military decorations for his deeds. At that time, he kept his distance from his brother [[Pierre-Antoine Cousteau]], a "pen anti-semite" who edited the collaborationist newspaper ''[[Je suis partout]]'' (''I am everywhere'') and who received the death sentence in 1946. However, this was later commuted to a life sentence, and Pierre-Antoine was released in 1954. During the 1940s, Cousteau is credited with improving the Aqua-Lung design which gave birth to the [[open-circuit scuba]] technology used today. According to his first book, ''[[The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure]]'' (1953), Cousteau started diving with [[Maurice Fernez|Fernez]] goggles in 1936, and in 1939 used the self-contained underwater breathing apparatus invented in 1926 by [[Yves le Prieur|Commander Yves le Prieur]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Cousteau was not satisfied with the length of time he could spend underwater with the Le Prieur apparatus so he improved it to extend underwater duration by adding a [[demand regulator]], invented in 1942 by [[Émile Gagnan]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> In 1943 Cousteau tried out the first prototype [[Aqua-Lung]] which finally made extended underwater exploration possible. ===Late 1940s: GERS and ''Élie Monnier''=== In 1946, Cousteau and Tailliez showed the film ''Épaves'' ("Shipwrecks") to Admiral Lemonnier, who gave them the responsibility of setting up the GRS (''Groupement de Recherches Sous-marines'', Underwater Research Group) of the [[French Navy]] in [[Toulon]]. A little later it became the GERS (''Groupe d'Études et de Recherches Sous-Marines'', Underwater Studies and Research Group), then the COMISMER (''Commandement des Interventions Sous la Mer'', Undersea Interventions Command), and finally the CEPHISMER (''Centre Expert Plongée Humaine et Intervention Sous la Mer'', Expert Centre for Human Diving and Undersea Intervention). In 1947, [[Chief Petty Officer]] [[Maurice Fargues]] became the first diver to die using an [[Aqua-Lung]], while attempting a new depth record to 120&nbsp;m with the GERS near Toulon.<ref name="Ecott">{{cite book |first=Tim |last=Ecott |title=Neutral Buoyancy: Adventures in a Liquid World |publisher=[[Atlantic Monthly Press]] |location=New York City |year=2001 |isbn=0-87113-794-1 |lccn=2001018840 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/neutralbuoyancy00time_0 }}</ref> In 1948, between missions of mine clearance, underwater exploration and technological and physiological tests, Cousteau undertook a first campaign in the Mediterranean on board the [[sloop]] ''Élie Monnier'',<ref name="sevellec">{{cite web|author=Sevellec, E.J.|url=http://www.philippe.tailliez.net/article30.html |title=Naissance du GERS et des premiers plongeurs démineurs|date=1 December 2006|access-date=18 February 2010|language=fr|publisher=Philippe.tailliez.net}} According to Sevellec, the ''Élie Monnier'' was an old German tugboat originally called ''Albatros'' and handed over to France as a war reparation, and then re-baptised in honor of the maritime engineer Élie Monnier who had disappeared while diving at [[Mers-el-Kébir]] on the wreck of the battleship ''[[French battleship Bretagne|Bretagne]]''</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Riffaud, C.|url=http://users.skynet.be/pascalc/news/plg1940.html |title="La règne du scaphandre à casque", in ''La grande aventure des hommes sous la mer''|year=1988 |isbn=2-226-03502-8|publisher=Users.skynet.be|access-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> with Philippe Tailliez, Frédéric Dumas, Jean Alinat and the scenario writer Marcel Ichac. The small team also undertook the exploration of the Roman wreck of [[Mahdia shipwreck|Mahdia]] (Tunisia). It was the first underwater archaeology operation using autonomous diving, opening the way for scientific underwater archaeology. Cousteau and Marcel Ichac brought back from there the Carnets diving film (presented and preceded with the [[Cannes Film Festival]] 1951). Cousteau and the ''Élie Monnier'' then took part in the rescue of Professor [[Jacques Piccard]]'s [[bathyscaphe]], the [[FNRS-2]], during the 1949 expedition to Dakar. Thanks to this rescue, the French Navy was able to reuse the sphere of the bathyscaphe to construct the [[FNRS-3]]. The adventures of this period are told in the two books ''[[The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure|The Silent World]]'' (1953, by Cousteau and Dumas) and ''Plongées sans câble'' (1954, by [[Philippe Tailliez]]). ===1950–1970s=== In 1949, Cousteau left the [[French Navy]]. In 1950, he founded the French Oceanographic Campaigns (FOC), and leased a ship called ''[[RV Calypso|Calypso]]'' from [[Thomas Loel Guinness]] for a symbolic one franc a year. Cousteau refitted the ''Calypso'' as a mobile laboratory for field research and as his principal vessel for diving and filming. He also carried out underwater archaeological excavations in the Mediterranean, in particular at [[List of islands of France#Provence-Alpes-Cotes-d'Azur|Grand-Congloué]] (1952). With the publication of his first book in 1953, ''[[The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure|The Silent World]]'', Cousteau correctly predicted the existence of the [[Animal echolocation|echolocation]] abilities of [[porpoises]]. He reported that his research vessel, the ''Élie Monier'', was heading to the [[Straits of Gibraltar]] and noticed a group of porpoises following them. Cousteau changed course a few degrees off the optimal course to the center of the strait, and the porpoises followed for a few minutes, then diverged toward mid-channel again. It was evident that they knew where the optimal course lay, even if the humans did not. Cousteau concluded that the cetaceans had something like [[sonar]], which was a relatively new feature on [[submarines]]. In 1954, Cousteau conducted a survey of [[Abu Dhabi]] waters on behalf of British Petroleum. Among those accompanying him was [[Louis Malle]] who made a black-and-white film of the expedition for the company.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Morton|first1=Michael Quentin|title=Calypso in the Arabian Gulf: Jacques Cousteau's Undersea Survey of 1954|journal=Liwa |date=June 2015|volume=5|issue=9|pages=3–28|url=https://www.academia.edu/13056568|access-date=17 August 2016}}</ref> Cousteau won the {{Lang|fr|[[Palme d'Or]]|italic=no}} at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] in 1956 for ''[[The Silent World]]'' co-produced with Malle. In 1957, Cousteau took over as leader of the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco.<ref name=":0"/> Afterward, with the assistance of Jean Mollard, he made a [[SP-350 Denise|"diving saucer" SP-350]], an experimental underwater vehicle which could reach a depth of 350 meters. The successful experiment was quickly repeated in 1965 with two vehicles which reached 500 meters. In 1957, he was elected as director of the [[Oceanographic Museum|Oceanographic Museum of Monaco]].<ref name=":0"/> He directed Précontinent, about the experiments of diving in saturation (long-duration immersion, houses under the sea), and was admitted to the [[United States National Academy of Sciences]]. He was involved in the creation of [[Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques]] and served as its inaugural president from 1959 to 1973.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1959–1973)|url=http://history.cmas.org/jacques-yves-cousteau-1959-1973-130328095802|publisher=Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques|access-date=2 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603002152/http://history.cmas.org/jacques-yves-cousteau-1959-1973-130328095802|archive-date=3 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cousteau also took part in inventing the "SP-350 Denise Diving Saucer" in 1959 which was an invention best for exploring the ocean floor, as it allowed one to explore on solid ground.<ref name=":0" /> In October 1960, a large amount of [[radioactive waste]] was going to be discarded in the Mediterranean Sea by the [[Commissariat à l'énergie atomique]] (CEA). The CEA argued that the dumps were experimental in nature, and that French oceanographers such as [[Vsevelod Romanovsky]] had recommended it. Romanovsky and other French scientists, including [[Louis Fage]] and Jacques Cousteau, repudiated the claim, saying that Romanovsky had in mind a much smaller amount. The CEA claimed that there was little circulation (and hence little need for concern) at the dump site between Nice and Corsica, but French public opinion sided with the oceanographers rather than with the CEA atomic energy scientists. The CEA chief, [[Francis Perrin (physicist)|Francis Perrin]], decided to postpone the dump.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://jacobdarwinhamblin.com/books/poison-in-the-well/ | title=Poison in the Well: Radioactive Waste in the Oceans at the Dawn of the Nuclear Age | publisher=Rutgers University Press | author=Hamblin, Jacob Darwin | year=2008 | location=Piscataway, NJ | isbn=978-0813542201 |access-date=14 December 2018 }}</ref> Cousteau organized a publicity campaign which in less than two weeks gained wide popular support. The train carrying the waste was stopped by women and children sitting on the railway tracks, and it was sent back to its origin. [[File:Cousteau en Calypso.jpg|thumb|Cousteau on the ''Calypso'']] In the 1960s, Cousteau was involved with a set of three projects to build [[Underwater habitat|underwater "villages"]]; the projects were named Precontinent I, Precontinent II and Precontinent III. Each ensuing project was aimed at increasing the depth at which people continuously lived under water, and were an attempt at creating an environment in which men could live and work on the sea floor. The projects are best known as Conshelf I (1962), [[Continental Shelf Station Two|Conshelf II (1963)]], and Conshelf III (1965). The names "Precontinent", and "Continental Shelf Station" (Conshelf) were used interchangeably by Cousteau. A meeting with American television companies ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], [[Metromedia|Métromédia]], [[NBC]]) created the series ''[[The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau]]'', with the character of the commander in the red bonnet inherited from [[standard diving dress]] intended to give the films a "personalized adventure" style. This documentary television series ran for ten years from 1966 to 1976. A second documentary series, ''The Cousteau Odyssey'', ran from 1977 to 1982 on public television stations. In 1970, he wrote the book ''The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea'' with his son Philippe. In this book, Cousteau described the [[oceanic whitetip shark]] as "the most dangerous of all sharks". In December 1972, two years after the volcano's last eruption, The Cousteau Society was filming ''[[Voyage to the Edge of the World|Voyage au bout du monde]]'' on [[Deception Island]], Antarctica, when Michel Laval, ''Calypso''{{'}}s second in command, was struck and killed by a rotor of the helicopter that was ferrying between ''Calypso'' and the island.<ref>{{cite news|title=Accident kills Cousteau aide in Argentina (30 December 1972)|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1972/12/30/page/30/article/accident-kills-cousteau-aide-in-argentina|access-date=4 December 2016|agency=Chicago Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hero and Calypso at Deception Island 1972–73|url=http://www.palmerstation.com/history/6575/calypso.html|website=www.palmerstation.com|access-date=4 December 2016}}</ref> In 1973, along with his two sons and Frederick Hyman, he created the Cousteau Society for the Protection of Ocean Life, Frederick Hyman being its first President. In 1975, [[John Denver]] released the tribute song "[[Calypso (John Denver song)|Calypso]]" on his album ''[[Windsong]]'', and on the B-side of his hit song "[[I'm Sorry (John Denver song)|I'm Sorry]]". "Calypso" became a hit on its own and was later considered the new A-side, reaching No. 2 on the charts. In 1976, Cousteau located the wreck of [[HMHS Britannic|HMHS ''Britannic'']]. He also found the wreck of the French 17th-century ship-of-the-line ''[[La Therese (ship)|La Therese]]'' in coastal waters of [[Crete]]. In 1977, together with [[Peter Scott]], he received the UN International Environment prize. On 28 June 1979, while the ''Calypso'' was on an expedition to [[Portugal]], his second son Philippe, his preferred and designated successor and with whom he had co-produced all his films since 1969, died in a [[Consolidated PBY Catalina|PBY Catalina]] flying boat crash in the Tagus river near Lisbon. Cousteau was deeply affected. He called his eldest son, the architect Jean-Michel, to his side. This collaboration lasted 14 years. ===1980–1990s=== From 1980 to 1981, he was a regular on the animal reality show ''[[Those Amazing Animals]]'', along with [[Burgess Meredith]], [[Priscilla Presley]], and [[Jim Stafford]]. [[File:Flying-saucer.jpg|thumb|270px|Cousteau's [[Diving Saucer]]]] In 1980, Cousteau traveled to Canada to make two films on the [[Saint Lawrence River]] and the [[Great Lakes]], ''[[Cries from the Deep]]'' and ''St. Lawrence: Stairway to the Sea''.<ref name="Canada">{{cite web|url=http://blog.nfb.ca/2009/10/23/jacques-cousteau-in-canada/|title=When Cousteau Came to Canada|last=Ohayon|first=Albert|year=2009|work=NFB.ca|publisher=National Film Board of Canada|access-date=25 October 2009}}</ref> In 1985, he received the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] from U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]]. From 1986 to 1992, Cousteau released ''Rediscovery of the World''. On 24 November 1988, he was elected to the [[Académie française]], chair 17, succeeding [[Jean Delay]]. His official reception under the cupola took place on 22 June 1989, the response to his speech of reception being given by Bertrand Poirot-Delpech. After his death, he was replaced by [[Érik Orsenna]] on 28 May 1998. In June 1990, the composer [[Jean Michel Jarre]] paid homage to the commander by entitling his new album ''[[Waiting for Cousteau]]''. He also composed the music for Cousteau's documentary "[[Palawan]], the last refuge". On 2 December 1990, his wife, Simone Cousteau died of cancer. In June 1991, in Paris, Jacques-Yves Cousteau remarried, to Francine Triplet, with whom he had (before this marriage) two children, Diane and Pierre-Yves. Francine Cousteau currently continues her husband's work as the head of the Cousteau Foundation and Cousteau Society. From that point, the relations between Jacques-Yves and his elder son, who is 8 years older than Francine, worsened. In November 1991, Cousteau gave an interview to the ''[[UNESCO Courier]]'', in which he stated that he was in favour of [[human population control]] and population decrease. Widely quoted on the Internet are these two paragraphs from the interview: "What should we do to eliminate suffering and disease? It's a wonderful idea but perhaps not altogether a beneficial one in the long run. If we try to implement it we may jeopardize the future of our species...It's terrible to have to say this. World population must be stabilized and to do that we must eliminate 350,000 people per day. This is so horrible to contemplate that we shouldn't even say it. But the general situation in which we are involved is lamentable".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-9245762_ITM |title=Article: Jacques-Yves Cousteau. (Interview) &#124; AccessMyLibrary – Promoting library advocacy |publisher=AccessMyLibrary |date=1 November 1991 |access-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> In 1992, he was invited to [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil, for the United Nations' [[Earth Summit|International Conference on Environment and Development]], and then he became a regular consultant for the UN and the [[World Bank]]. In 1993, a brief biography, as well as an introduction by Cousteau was featured in interactive [[educational software]] program [[Undersea Adventure]], developed by former game developer [[JumpStart Games|Knowledge Adventure]]. In 1995, Cousteau became involved in a legal battle with his son [[Jean-Michel Cousteau|Jean-Michel]], who was advertising the "Cousteau Fiji Islands Resort" in the South Pacific, to prevent him from using the Cousteau name for business purposes in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/22/world/cousteau-s-son-blocked-from-using-name.html |date=22 December 1995 |title=Cousteau's Son Blocked From Using Name |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref> This resulted in Jean-Michel Cousteau being ordered by the court to not encourage confusion between his for-profit business and his father's non-profit endeavours. On 11 January 1996, ''Calypso'' was accidentally rammed and sunk in the port of Singapore by a [[barge]]. The ''Calypso'' was refloated and towed home to France.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cousteau.org/legacy/vessels/calypso/|title=Calypso}}</ref> === Religious views === Archbishop [[Jean-Marie Lustiger]] celebrated his funeral Mass at Notre-Dame in Paris. In his homily he stated, "Without betraying any confidences, Father Carré told me of his respect for Jacques-Yves Cousteau. He discovered in him a man of prayer whom he accompanied in his last months of his life, giving him, through the sacraments of the Church, the strength of his passage towards eternity."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.academie-francaise.fr/homelie-prononcee-lors-des-obseques-de-m-jacques-yves-cousteau-en-la-cathedrale-notre-dame-de-paris | title=Homélie prononcée lors des obsèques de M. Jacques-Yves Cousteau, en la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris &#124; Académie française }}</ref> Dgycvygvcvfjjfjisjhcbjvdbhvdbhdvbuvenivsombd kbdubihwdojeglmdbgucskns bugs kd Buckner wcincdu. A a csuhvrkns huge ayvbe such d kf ijsc kbdnudv and the other one is the only one that has been in the same position as the first one to be a mother of a mother and a mother mother and mother mother of the year mother of the mother of a mother and a mother mother and mother mother of the year mother of the mother of a mother mother and mother of a young man of who was the father of the mother of a mother and mother of the year mother of a mother and of mother of the four a year mother In a chapter entitled "The Holy Scriptures and the Environment" in the posthumous work ''The Human, the Orchid, and the Octopus'', he is quoted as stating that "The glory of nature provides evidence that God exists".<ref>Cousteau, Jacques; ed. by Schiefelbein, Susan. 2010. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5JAUkrhPJQIC The Human, the Orchid, and the Octopus: Exploring and Conserving Our Natural World]''. Bloomsbury Publishing. {{ISBN|9781596917552}}</ref> === Opinion on recreational fishing === Cousteau said that just because fish are cold-blooded does not mean they do not feel pain, and that recreational fishermen only say so to reassure their conscience.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cousteau |first=Jacques |date=1985 |title=The Ocean World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HKtQgAACAAJ |location=New York |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |page=383 |isbn=9780810980686 }}</ref> ==Death and legacy== Jacques-Yves Cousteau died of a heart attack on 25 June 1997 in Paris, two weeks after his 87th birthday. He was buried in the family vault at [[Saint-André-de-Cubzac]], his birthplace.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://atheisme.free.fr/Votre_espace/Temoignage_conversion_cousteau_islam.htm |title=La "conversion" du commandant Cousteau à l'Islam |publisher=Atheisme.free.fr |access-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> An homage was paid to him by the town by naming the street which runs out to the house of his birth "rue du Commandant Cousteau", where a commemorative plaque was placed. [[File:Подводная лодка Жака Ива Кусто IMG 4571.JPG|thumb|Cousteau's submarine near Oceanographic Museum in Monaco]] Cousteau's legacy includes more than 120 television documentaries, more than 50 books, and an environmental protection foundation with 300,000 members.<ref name="cousteau1"/> Cousteau liked to call himself an "oceanographic technician". He was, in reality, a sophisticated showman, teacher, and lover of nature. His work permitted many people to explore the resources of the oceans. His work also created a new kind of scientific communication, criticized at the time by some academics. The so-called "[[divulgation]]ism", a simple way of sharing scientific concepts, was soon employed in other disciplines and became one of the most important characteristics of modern television broadcasting. His [[Oceanographic Museum of Monaco|Oceanographic Museum in Monaco]], and perhaps even he himself,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Davidson |first1=Nick |title=Deep Sea Invasion |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/algae/about.html |access-date=23 February 2021 |work=PBS |publisher=Nova |date=1 April 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Meinesz |first1=Alexandre |title=Killer Algae |date=1999 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=0226519228 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/12/12/reviews/991212.12flannet.html |access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref> has been identified as introducing the "Killer Algae" ''[[Caulerpa taxifolia]]'', which is negatively affecting the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]'s [[ecosystem]]. The Cousteau Society and its French counterpart, ''l'Équipe Cousteau'', both of which Jacques-Yves Cousteau founded, are still active today. The Society is currently attempting to turn the original ''[[RV Calypso|Calypso]]'' into a museum and it is raising funds to build a successor vessel, the ''Calypso II''. In 2007, the [[International Watch Company]] introduced the IWC Aquatimer Chronograph "Cousteau Divers" Special Edition. The timepiece incorporated a sliver of wood from the interior of Cousteau's Calypso research vessel. Having developed the diver's watch, IWC offered support to The Cousteau Society. The proceeds from the timepieces' sales were partially donated to the non-profit organization involved in conservation of marine life and preservation of tropical coral reefs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://watches.infoniac.com/index.php?page=articles&catid=4&id=2 |title=Diver's Watch Bearing a Piece of Cousteau's Legendary Vessel Watches Channel |publisher=Watches.infoniac.com |date=27 July 2007 |access-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002123533/http://watches.infoniac.com/index.php?page=articles&catid=4&id=2 |archive-date=2 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fabien Cousteau]], the grandson of Jacques Cousteau, is in the process of constructing a community of ocean flooring analysis stations, called Proteus, off Curaçao at a depth of about 20 m in a marine-protected area. Aquanauts could reside and work in these underwater habitats. Front-end engineering has started in 2022 with the habitat put on the sea bottom in 2025.<ref>{{cite web | last=Palumbo | first=Jacqui | title=Fabien Cousteau and Yves Béhar unveil designs for Proteus, an underwater 'space station' and habitat – CNN Style | website=CNN | date=22 July 2020 | url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/proteus-designs-underwater-space-station-research-center-scn/index.html | access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> ==Awards and honors== [[File:JFKWHP-KN-C17578.jpg|thumb|President Kennedy awards the National Geographic Society's Gold Medal to Jacques Cousteau, 1961]] During his lifetime, Jacques-Yves Cousteau received these distinctions: * [[Croix de guerre 1939-1945 (France)|Cross of War 1939–1945]] (1945) * [[National Geographic Society]]'s Special Gold Medal in 1961<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2010/06/jacques-cousteau-would-be-hear.html |date=11 June 2010 |author=Jean-Michel Cousteau |title=Jacques Cousteau "would be heartbroken" at our seas today |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614064316/http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2010/06/jacques-cousteau-would-be-hear.html |archive-date=14 June 2010 |access-date=12 September 2013}}</ref> * Commander of the [[Légion d'Honneur|Legion of Honour]] (1972) * [[BAFTA Fellowship]] (1975) * Officer of the [[Ordre du Mérite Maritime|Order of Maritime Merit]] (1980) * Grand Cross of the [[Ordre national du Mérite|National Order of Merit]] (1985) * U.S. [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (1985) * Induction into the [[Television Hall of Fame]] (1987) * Elected to the [[Académie Française]] (1988) * Commander of the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Order of Arts and Letters]] * Honorary Companion of the [[Order of Australia]] (26 January 1990)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/878276 |title=It's an Honour – Honours – Search Australian Honours |publisher=Itsanhonour.gov.au |date=26 January 1990 |access-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> ==Filmography== {{More citations needed|section|date=July 2020|talk=Filmography sources}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col" | No {{efn-ua|actual order, it is incorrect on the official filmography}} ! scope="col" | Year (Fr/En) {{efn-ua|actual years, they are incorrect on the official filmography}} ! scope="col" | French ! scope="col" | English {{efn-ua|actual names, they are incorrect on the official filmography}} ! scope="col" | Cousteau Film |- | colspan=7 | '''1. Early Short Films''' |- | 1S || 1942 || Par dix-huit mètres de fond || || {{Yes}} |- | 2S || 1943 || Épaves || Shipwrecks || {{Yes}} |- | 3S || 1944 || Paysages du silence || Silent Lands... || {{Yes}} |- | 4S || 1948 || Phoques au Sahara || || {{N/A}} |- | 5S || 1949 || Autour d'un récif || || {{N/A}} |- | 6S || 1949 || Une plongée du Rubis || A Dive on Board the Rubis || {{Yes}} |- | 7S || 1949 || Carnet de plongée (avec Marcel Ichac) || || {{N/A}} |- | 8S || 1955 || La Fontaine de Vaucluse (avec Louis Malle) || || {{N/A}} |- | 9S || 1955 || Station 307 || || {{N/A}} |- | 10S || 1955 || Récifs de coraux || || {{N/A}} |- | 11S || 1957 || La Galère engloutie (avec Jacques Ertaud) || || {{N/A}} |- | 12S || 1959 || Histoire d'un poisson rouge || [[The Golden Fish (film)|The Golden Fish]] || {{Yes}} |- | 13S || 1960 || Vitrines sous la mer (avec Georges Alépée) || || {{N/A}} |- | 14S || 1960 || Prince Albert I || || {{N/A}} |- | colspan=7 | '''2. Movies I''' |- | 1F || 1956 || Le Monde du silence || [[The Silent World]] || {{Yes}} |- | 2F || 1964 || Le Monde sans soleil || [[World Without Sun]] || {{Yes}} |- | colspan=7 | '''3. The Odyssey of the Cousteau Team I''' (also known as "[[The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau]]") |- | 1 || 1966 || L'aventure Précontinent || Conshelf Adventure || {{Yes}} |- | 2 || 1967/1968 || Les Requins || Sharks || {{Yes}} |- | 3 || 1967/1968 || La jungle de corail || The Savage World of the Coral Jungle || {{Yes}} |- | 4 || 1967/1968 || Le Destin des tortues de mer || Search in the Deep || {{Yes}} |- | 5 || 1968 || Baleines et cachalots || Whales || {{Yes}} |- | 6 || 1968/1969 || Le voyage surprise de Pepito et Cristobal || The Unexpected Voyage of Pepito and Cristobal || {{Yes}} |- | 7 || 1968/1969 || Trésor englouti || Sunken Treasure || {{Yes}} |- | 8 || 1968/1969 || La légende du lac Titicaca || The Legend of Lake Titicaca || {{Yes}} |- | 9 || 1969 || Les baleines du désert || The Desert Whales || {{Yes}} |- | 10 || 1969/1970 || La nuit des calmars || The Night of the Squid || {{Yes}} |- | 11 || 1969/1970 || La retour des Éléphants de mer || The Return of the Sea Elephants || {{Yes}} |- | 12 || 1970 || Ces incroyables machines plongeantes || Those Incredible Diving Machines || {{Yes}} |- | 13 || 1970 || La mer vivante || The Water Planet || {{Yes}} |- | 14 || 1970 || La tragédie des Saumons rouges || The Tragedy of the Red Salmon || {{Yes}} |- | 15 || 1970/1971 || Le lagon des navires perdus || Lagoon of Lost Ships || {{Yes}} |- | 16 || 1971 || Les Dragons des Galápagos || The Dragons of the Galapagos || {{Yes}} |- | 17 || 1971 || Cavernes englouties || Secrets of the Sunken Caves || {{Yes}} |- | 18 || 1971 || Le sort des Loutres de mer || The Unsinkable Sea Otter || {{Yes}} |- | 19 || 1971/1972 || Les dernières Sirènes || The Forgotten Mermaids || {{Yes}} |- | 20 || 1972/1971 || Pieuvre, petite pieuvre || Octopus, Octopus || {{Yes}} |- | 21 || 1972 || Le chant des dauphins || A Sound of Dolphins || {{Yes}} |- | 22 || 1973 || 500&nbsp;millions d'années sous la mer || 500&nbsp;Million Years Beneath the Sea || {{Yes}} |- | 23 || 1973/1972 || Le sourire du Morse || A Smile of the Walrus || {{Yes}} |- | 24 || 1973 || Hippo, Hippo || Hippo! || {{Yes}} |- | 25 || 1973 || La baleine qui chante || The Singing Whale || {{Yes}} |- | 26 || 1974/1973 || Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie I. La glace et le feu || Cousteau in the Antarctic. Part I. South to Fire and Ice || {{Yes}} |- | 27 || 1974 || Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie II. Le vol du Pingouin || Cousteau in the Antarctic. Part II. The Flight of Penguins || {{Yes}} |- | 28 || 1974 || Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie III. La vie sous un océan de glace || Cousteau in the Antarctic. Part III. Beneath the Frozen World || {{Yes}} |- | 29 || 1974 || Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie IV. Blizzard à Esperanza || Cousteau in the Antarctic. Part IV. Blizzard at Hope Bay || {{Yes}} |- | 30 || 1975/1974 || Patagonie: La vie au bout du monde || Life at the End of the World || {{Yes}} |- | 31 || 1975 || L'hiver des Castors || Beavers of the North Country || {{Yes}} |- | 32 || 1975 || Les Fous du Corail || The Coral Divers of Corsica || {{Yes}} |- | 33 || 1975 || Les requins dormeurs du Yucatán || The Sleeping Sharks of Yucatán || {{Yes}} |- | 34 || 1976/1975 || Coup d'aile sous la mer: Isabella || The Sea Birds of Isabella || {{Yes}} |- | 35 || 1976 || Au cœur des récifs des Caraïbes || Mysteries of the Hidden Reefs || {{Yes}} |- | 36 || 1976 || Le Poisson qui a gobé Jonas / El Gran Pez que se tragó a Jonás || The Fish That Swallowed Jonah || {{Yes}} |- | 37 || 1976 || La Marche des langoustes || The Incredible March of the Spiny Lobsters || {{Yes}} |- | colspan=7 | '''4. Movies II''' |- | 3F || 1975 / 1976 || Voyage au bout du monde || [[Voyage to the Edge of the World]] || {{Yes}} |- | colspan=7 | '''5. Oasis in Space''' |- | 1S || 1977 || || What Price Progress? || {{No}} |- | 2S || 1977 || || Troubled Waters || {{No}} |- | 3S || 1977 || || Grain of Conscience || {{No}} |- | 4S || 1977 || || Population Time Bomb || {{No}} |- | 5S || 1977 || || The Power Game || {{No}} |- | 6S || 1977 || || Visions of Tomorrow || {{No}} |- | colspan=7 | '''6. The Cousteau Odyssey II''' (also known as "The Jacques Cousteau Odyssey", continue "The Odyssey of the Cousteau Team") |- | 38 || 1977 || L'énigme du Britannic || Calypso's Search for the Britannic || {{Yes}} |- | 39 || 1978 || Le butin de Pergame sauvé des eaux || Diving for Roman Plunder || {{Yes}} |- | 40 || 1978 || À la recherche de l'Atlantide. Partie I || Calypso's Search for Atlantis. Part I || {{Yes}} |- | 41 || 1978 || À la recherche de l'Atlantide. Partie II || Calypso's Search for Atlantis. Part II || {{Yes}} |- | 42 || 1978 || Le testament de l'île de Pâques || Blind Prophets of Easter Island || {{Yes}} |- | 43 || 1978 || Ultimatum sous la mer || Time Bomb at Fifty Fathoms || {{Yes}} |- | 44 || 1979 || Le sang de la mer || Mediterranean: Cradle or Coffin? || {{Yes}} |- | 45 || 1979 || Le Nil. Partie I || The Nile. Part I || {{Yes}} |- | 46 || 1979 || Le Nil. Partie II || The Nile. Part II || {{Yes}} |- | 47 || 1980 || Fortunes de mer || Lost Relics of the Sea || {{Yes}} |- | 48 || 1980/1981 || Clipperton: île de la solitude || Clipperton: The Island Time Forgot || {{Yes}} |- | 49 || 1981/1982 || Sang chaud dans la mer || Warm-Blooded Sea: Mammals of the Deep || {{Yes}} |- | colspan=7 | '''7. North American Adventures''' |- | 1F || 1981 || Les Pièges de la mer || Cries from the Deep || {{No}} |- | 2F || 1982 || Du grand large aux grands lac || Saint Lawrence: Stairway to the Sea || {{Yes}} |- | colspan=7 | '''8. Cousteau's Amazon Series''' |- | 1S || 1982 || Objectif Amazone: Branle-bas sur la Calypso || Calypso Countdown: Rigging for the Amazon || {{Yes}} |- | 2 || 1983 || Au pays des milles rivières || Journey to a Thousand Rivers || {{Yes}} |- | 3 || 1983 || La rivière enchantée || The Enchanted River || {{Yes}} |- | 4 || 1983 || Ombres fuyantes — Indiens de l'Amazonie || Shadows in the Wilderness — Indians of the Amazon || {{Yes}} |- | 5 || 1983/1984 || La rivière de l'or || River of Gold || {{Yes}} |- | 6 || 1984 || Message d'un monde perdu || Legacy of a Lost World || {{Yes}} |- | 7 || 1984 || Un avenir pour l'Amazonie || Blueprints for Amazonia || {{Yes}} |- | 8 || 1984 || Tempête de neige sur la jungle || Snowstorm in the Jungle || {{Yes}} |- | colspan=7 | '''9. Other releases I''' |- | 1 || 1985 || Le Mississippi. Partie I. Un Allié récalcitrant || Cousteau at Mississippi. The Reluctant Ally || {{Yes}} |- | 2 || 1985 || Le Mississippi. Partie II. Allié et adversaire || Cousteau at Mississippi. The Friendly Foe || {{Yes}} |- | 3 || 1985 || Jacques-Yves Cousteau: mes premier 75 ans (1) || Jacques Cousteau: The First 75 Years (1) || {{No}} |- | 4 || 1985 || Jacques-Yves Cousteau: mes premier 75 ans (2) || Jacques Cousteau: The First 75 Years (2) || {{No}} |- | 5 || 1985 || Alcyone, fille du vent || Riders of the Wind || {{Yes}} |- | 6S || 1988 || || Island of Peace || {{Yes}} |- | colspan=7 | '''10. Cousteau's Rediscovery of the World I''' (also known as "Rediscover the World") |- | 1 || 1986 || Haïti: L'eau de chagrin || Haiti: Waters of Sorrow || {{Yes}} |- | 2 || 1986 || Cuba: les eaux du destin || Cuba: Waters of Destiny || {{Yes}} |- | 3 || 1986 || Cap Horn: les eaux du vent || Cape Horn: Waters of the Wind || {{Yes}} |- | 4 || 1986 || L'héritage de Cortez || Sea of Cortez: Legacy of Cortez || {{Yes}} |- | 5 || 1987 || Les Îles Marquises: montagnes de la mer || The Marquesas Islands: Mountains from the Sea || {{Yes}} |- | 6 || 1987 || Îles du Détroit: les eaux de la discorde || Channel Islands: Waters of Contention || {{Yes}} |- | 7 || 1987 || Îles du Détroit: à l'approche d'une marée humaine || Channel Islands: Days of Future Past || {{Yes}} |- | 8 || 1988 || Nouvelle-Zélande: la Rose et le dragon || New Zealand: The Rose and the Dragon || {{Yes}} |- | 9 || 1988 || Nouvelle-Zélande: au pays du long nuage blanc || New Zealand: The Heron of the Single Flight || {{Yes}} |- | 10 || 1988 || Nouvelle-Zélande: le Péché et la Rédemption || New Zealand: The Smoldering Sea || {{Yes}} |- | 11 || 1988 || Au pays des totems vivants || Pacific Northwest: Land of the Living Totems || {{Yes}} |- | 12 || 1988 || Tahiti: l'eau de feu || Tahiti: Fire Waters || {{Yes}} |- | 13 || 1988 || Les Requins de l'île au trésor || Cocos Island: Sharks of Treasure Island || {{Yes}} |- | 14 || 1988/1989 || Mer de Béring: Le crépuscule du chasseur en Alaska || Bering Sea: Twilight of the Alaskan Hunter || {{Yes}} |- | 15 || 1988/1989 || Australie: l'ultime barrière || Australia: The Last Barrier || {{Yes}} |- | 16 || 1989 || Bornéo: Le spectre de la tortue || Borneo: The Ghost of the Sea Turtle || {{Yes}} |- | 17 || 1989 || Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée I: La machine à remonter le temps || Papua New Guinea I: Into the Time Machine || {{Yes}} |- | 18 || 1989 || Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée II: La rivière des hommes crocodiles || Papua New Guinea II: River of Crocodile Men || {{Yes}} |- | 19 || 1989 || Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée III: La coeur de feu || Papua New Guinea III: Center of Fire || {{Yes}} |- | 20 ||id=Thailande1989 | 1989 || Thaïlande: les forçats de la mer || Thailand: Convicts of the Sea || {{Yes}} |- | 21 || 1989/1990 || Bornéo: la Forêt sans terre || Borneo: Forests Without Land || {{Yes}} |- | colspan=7 | '''11. Other releases II''' |- | 7 || 1990 || Scandale à Valdez || Outrage at Valdez || {{No}} |- | 8 || 1990 || Lilliput en Antarctique || Lilliput in Antarctica || {{Yes}} |- | colspan=7 | '''12. Cousteau's Rediscovery of the World II''' (also known as "Rediscover the World") |- | 22 || 1990 || Andaman, les îles invisibles || Andaman Islands: Invisible Islands || {{Yes}} |- | 23 || 1990/1991 || Australie: à l'ouest du bout du monde || Australia: Out West, Down Under || {{Yes}} |- | 24 || 1991 || Australie: le peuple de la mer desséchée || Australia: People of the Dry Sea || {{Yes}} |- | 25 || 1991 || Australie: le peuple de l'eau et du feu || Australia: People of Fire and Water || {{Yes}} |- | 26 || 1991 || Australie: les trésors de la mer || Australia: Fortunes in the Sea || {{Yes}} |- | 27 || 1991 || Tasmanie, une île s'éveille || Tasmania: Australia's Awakening Island || {{Yes}} |- | 28 || 1991 || Indonésie: les vergers de l'enfer || Indonesia I: The Devil's Orchard || {{Yes}} |- | 29 || 1991 || Sumatra: le cœur de la mer || Indonesia II: Sumatra, the Heart of the Sea || {{Yes}} |- | 30 || 1991/1992 || Nauru, îlot ou planète || Nauru: The Island Planet || {{Yes}} |- | 31 || 1991/1992 || La grand requin blanc, seigneur solitaire des mers || The Great White Shark — Lonely Lord of the Sea || {{No}} |- | 32 || 1991 || Palawan, le dernier refuge || Palawan: The Last Refuge || {{Yes}} |- | 33 || 1992 || Danube I: le lever de rideau || Danube I: The Curtain Rises || {{Yes}} |- | 34 || 1992 || Danube II: le rêve de Charlemagne || Danube II: Charlemagne's Dream || {{Yes}} |- | 35 || 1992 || Danube III: les Cris du Fleuve || Danube III: The River Cries Out || {{Yes}} |- | 36 || 1992 || Danube IV: les Débordements du Fleuve || Danube IV: Rivalries Overflow || {{Yes}} |- | 37 || 1993 || La société secrète des Cétacés || Bahamas: The Secret Societies of Dolphins and Whales || {{No}} |- | 38 || 1993 || Mékong: le don de l'eau || Mekong: The Gift of Water || {{No}} |- | 39 || 1993 || Vietnam et Cambodge: le riz et les fusils || Vietnam and Cambodia: Children of Rice and Guns || {{No}} |- | colspan=7 | '''13. Other releases III''' |- | 9 || 1995 || La Légende de Calypso || Calypso's Legend || {{Yes}} |- | 10 || 1995 || Profond, loin, longtemps || Deeper, Farther, Longer || {{Yes}} |- | 11 || 1996 || Les promisses de la mer || The Mirage of the Sea || {{Yes}} |- | colspan=7 | '''14. Cousteau's Rediscovery of the World III''' (also known as "Rediscover the World") |- | 40 || 1995 || Madagascar I: l'île des esprits || Madagascar I: Island of Heart and Soul || {{Yes}} |- | 41 || 1995 || Madagascar II: l'île des esprits || Madagascar II: Island of Heart and Soul || {{Yes}} |- | 42 || 1996 || Afrique du Sud: les diamants du désert || South Africa: Diamonds of the Desert || {{Yes}} |- | 43 || 1996 || Afrique du Sud: sanctuaires pour la vie || South Africa: Sanctuaries for Life || {{Yes}} |- | 44 || 1996/1997 || À travers la Chine par le fleuve Jaune || China: Across China with the Yellow River || {{Yes}} |- | 45 || 1997/1999 || Le lac Baïkal || Lake Baikal: Beneath the Mirror || {{Yes}} |} ===Legend=== {{notelist-ua}} {{refbegin}} {{Plainlist |indent=1.2 | * S – short film * F – full-length film * <only number> – length of the film is about 45 minutes }} {{refend}} ==Bibliography== * ''[[The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure|The Silent World]]'' (1953, with [[Frédéric Dumas]]) * ''Captain Cousteaus Underwater Treasury'' (1959, with [[James Dugan (historian)|James Dugan]]) * ''The Living Sea'' (1963, with James Dugan) * ''World Without Sun'' (1965) * ''The Undersea Discoveries of Jacques-Yves Cousteau'' (1970–1975, 8-volumes, with [[Philippe Diolé]]) ** ''The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea'' (1970) ** ''Diving for Sunken Treasure'' (1971) ** ''Life and Death in a Coral Sea'' (1971) ** ''The Whale: Mighty Monarch of the Sea'' (1972) ** ''Octopus and Squid: The Soft Intelligence'' (1973) ** ''Three Adventures: Galápagos, Titicaca, the Blue Holes'' (1973) ** ''Diving Companions: Sea Lion, Elephant Seal, Walrus'' (1974) ** ''Dolphins'' (1975) * ''[[The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau]]'' (1973–78, 21 volumes) ** ''Oasis in Space'' (vol 1) ** ''The Act of Life'' (vol 2) ** ''Quest for Food'' (vol 3) ** ''Window in the Sea'' (vol 4) ** ''The Art of Motion'' (vol 5) ** ''Attack and Defense'' (vol 6) ** ''Invisible Messages'' (vol 7) ** ''Instinct and Intelligence'' (vol 8) ** ''Pharaohs of the Sea'' (vol 9) ** ''Mammals in the Sea'' (vol 10) ** ''Provinces of the Sea'' (vol 11) ** ''Man Re-Enters Sea'' (vol 12) ** ''A Sea of Legends'' (vol 13) ** ''Adventure of Life'' (vol 14) ** ''Outer and Inner Space'' (vol 15) ** ''The Whitecaps'' (vol 16) ** ''Riches of the Sea'' (vol 17) ** ''Challenges of the Sea'' (vol 18) ** ''The Sea in Danger'' (vol 19) ** ''Guide to the Sea and Index'' (vol 20) ** ''Calypso'' (1978, vol 21) * ''A Bill of Rights for Future Generations'' (1979) * ''Life at the Bottom of the World'' (1980) * ''The Cousteau United States Almanac of the Environment'' (1981, a.k.a. '' The Cousteau Almanac of the Environment: An Inventory of Life on a Water Planet'') * ''Jacques Cousteau's Calypso'' (1983, with Alexis Sivirine) * ''Marine Life of the Caribbean'' (1984, with James Cribb and Thomas H. Suchanek) * ''Jacques Cousteau's Amazon Journey'' (1984, with [[Mose Richards]]) * ''Jacques Cousteau: The Ocean World'' (1985) * ''The Whale'' (1987, with Philippe Diolé) * ''Jacques Cousteau: Whales'' (1988, with [[Yves Paccalet]]) * ''The Human, The Orchid and The Octopus'' (and Susan Schiefelbein, coauthor; Bloomsbury 2007) ==Media portrayals== Jacques Cousteau has been portrayed in films: * The American comedy film ''[[The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou]]'', directed by [[Wes Anderson]] and first released in December 2004, portrays Steve Zissou, a fictional oceanographer strongly inspired by Jacques Cousteau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/60795/32-facts-about-life-aquatic-steve-zissou|title=32 Facts About 'The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou'|website=Mental Floss|access-date=21 October 2016|date=24 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="playlist"/><ref name="lefigaro"/> * The French film ''[[The Odyssey (film)|The Odyssey]]'', directed by [[Jérôme Salle]] and first released in October 2016, focuses on Cousteau's life, especially regarding his relation with his first wife, [[Simone Melchior]], and his second son, [[Philippe Cousteau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/festivals/world-premiere-wild-bunch-the-odyssey-san-sebastian-1201836337/|title=World Premiere of Wild Bunch-Sold 'The Odyssey' Closes San Sebastian|website=Variety|access-date=21 October 2016|date=12 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2016/10/11/biopic-cousteau-odyssee-apprend-cote-obscur/|title=Ce que le biopic sur Cousteau, "L'Odyssée", nous apprend de son côté obscur|website=The Huffington Post (French Edition)|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017183145/http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2016/10/11/biopic-cousteau-odyssee-apprend-cote-obscur/|archive-date=17 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="playlist">{{Cite web|url=http://theplaylist.net/watch-first-international-trailer-jacques-cousteau-biopic-odyssey-starring-lambert-wilson-audrey-tautou-20160514/|title=Watch: First International Trailer For Jacques Cousteau Biopic 'The Odyssey' Starring Lambert Wilson & Audrey Tautou|website=The Playlist|access-date=21 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="lefigaro">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/cinema/2016/08/23/03002-20160823ARTFIG00224--l-odyssee-lambert-wilson-dans-la-peau-de-cousteau.php|title=''L'Odyssée'' : Lambert Wilson dans la peau de Cousteau|website=Le Figaro|access-date=21 October 2016|date=23 August 2016}}</ref> *Jacques Cousteau was featured in [[Epic Rap Battles of History|Epic Rap Battle of History's]] sixth season, and was portrayed by [[Peter Shukoff]]. He faced off against [[Steve Irwin]], portrayed by [[Lloyd Ahlquist]]. *Jacques Cousteau is depicted in the music video for the [[Plastic Bertrand]] song titled “Jacques Cousteau.” In the video Jacques Cousteau is depicted as wearing nautical attire and living in a fish bowl. ==See also== * ''[[Becoming Cousteau]]'', a 2021 full-length film biography * {{annotated link|Alcyone (1985 ship)|''Alcyone''}} * {{annotated link|William Beebe}} * {{annotated link|Albert Falco}} * {{annotated link|Scuba diving}} * [[List of Légion d'honneur recipients by name (C)|List of Legion of Honour recipients by name (C)]] ==References== {{Reflist|40em}} ==Further reading== * ''Undersea Explorer: The Story of Captain Cousteau'' (1957) by [[James Dugan (historian)|James Dugan]] * ''Jacques Cousteau and the Undersea World'' (2000) by Roger King * ''Jacques-Yves Cousteau: His Story Under the Sea'' (2002) by [[John Bankston]] * ''Jacques Cousteau: A Life Under the Sea'' (2008) by [[Kathleen Olmstead]] ==External links== {{Commons category}} {{wikiquote}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150316034936/http://www.cousteau.org/ The Cousteau Society] * {{IMDb name|184150}} * {{Find a Grave|9889}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100615233827/http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2010/06/jacquesyves-cousteau-centennia.html Jacques Cousteau centennial: 'The sea is everything'] * [http://otlibrary.com/ Ocean Treasures Memorial Library] * [http://otlibrary.com/memorial-sites/jacques-yves-cousteau-memorial/ Ocean Treasures Memorial Library/Jacques-Yves Cousteau Memorial] * [http://otlibrary.com/memorial-sites/jacques-yves-cousteau-memorial/cousteau-memorial-links-pg-1/ Ocean Treasures Memorial Library/His Legacy] * [http://otlibrary.com/memorial-sites/jacques-yves-cousteau-memorial/photos-of-the-captain-2/ Ocean Treasures Memorial Library/Photos] {{Académie française Seat 17}} {{BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award}} {{International Emmy Founders Award}} {{1987 Television Hall of Fame}} {{Underwater diving|hisdiv}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cousteau, Jacques-Yves}} [[Category:Jacques Cousteau| ]] [[Category:1910 births]] [[Category:1997 deaths]] [[Category:People from Saint-André-de-Cubzac]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Gironde]] [[Category:Cousteau family|Jacques]] [[Category:French marine biologists]] [[Category:20th-century French biologists]] [[Category:20th-century explorers]] [[Category:20th-century photographers]] [[Category:French documentary filmmakers]] [[Category:French explorers]] [[Category:20th-century French inventors]] [[Category:French oceanographers]] [[Category:French photographers]] [[Category:French underwater divers]] [[Category:History of scuba diving]] [[Category:Underwater photographers]] [[Category:20th-century French writers]] [[Category:20th-century French zoologists]] [[Category:Underwater filmmakers]] [[Category:Underwater diving engineers]] [[Category:French Navy officers]] [[Category:Collège Stanislas de Paris alumni]] [[Category:École Navale alumni]] [[Category:Members of the Académie Française]] [[Category:Member of the Academy of the Kingdom of Morocco]] [[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:French military personnel of World War II]] [[Category:Commanders of the Legion of Honour]] [[Category:Grand Cross of the Ordre national du Mérite]] [[Category:Officers of the Ordre du Mérite Maritime]] [[Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)]] [[Category:Honorary Companions of the Order of Australia]] [[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]] [[Category:BAFTA fellows]] [[Category:Directors of Best Documentary Feature Academy Award winners]] [[Category:Directors of Palme d'Or winners]] [[Category:International Emmy Founders Award winners]] [[Category:Sierra Club awardees]] [[Category:Howard N. Potts Medal recipients]]'