Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Filipino revolutionary and national Hero of the Philippines (1863–1897)}}
{{About|the person Andres Bonifacio|other uses|Bonifacio (disambiguation){{!}}Bonifacio}}
{{pp-move}}
{{family name hatnote|Bonifacio|de Castro|lang=Spanish}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Most Excellent]]
| name = Andrés Bonifacio
| image = Andrés Bonifacio photo (cropped).jpg
| caption = Portrait photograph, {{circa}} 1896
| office = [[List of Unofficial Presidents of the Philippines|Unofficial President]] of the [[Sovereign Tagalog Nation]]<br>[[List of unofficial presidents of the Philippines|President of the Philippines]] (unofficial)
| vicepresident =
| term_start = August 24, 1896
| term_end = March 22 or May 10, 1897
| predecessor = ''Office established''
| successor = ''Office abolished'' <br /> [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] (as President of [[Tejeros Convention|Tejeros Revolutionary Government]])
| birth_name = Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro
| birth_date = {{birth date|1863|11|30}}<ref name=birth>{{cite book|author=Keat Gin Ooi|title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-770-2|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&dq=%22andres+bonifacio%22+born&pg=PA240 240]|access-date=April 9, 2019|archive-date=May 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510224605/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Tondo, Manila]],<ref name=birth /> [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]], [[Spanish Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1897|5|10|1863|11|30}}
| death_place = [[Maragondon]], [[Cavite]], Captaincy General of the Philippines, Spanish Empire
| death_cause = Execution
| resting_place =
| nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] -->
| education = [[Autodidacticism|Self-educated]]
| party = [[La Liga Filipina]]<br />[[Katipunan]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Monica|<!-- unknown -->|<!-- c. 1890 -->|reason=her death}}
* {{marriage|[[Gregoria de Jesús]]|1893}}
}}
| children = 1
| signature = Bonifacio signature.png
| nickname = ''Maypagasa'' <br> (''The First President of the Republic of the Philippines '')
| allegiance = {{ubl|[[File:Flag of Katipunan.svg|22px]] [[Katipunan]]|[[File:Flag of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation.svg|25px]] [[Tagalog Republic]]|{{flagicon image|Personal flag of Andres Bonifacio.svg}} [[Katipunan]] ([[Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)|Magdiwang]])}}
| branch =
| serviceyears = 1896–1897
| rank =
| unit =
| commands =
| battles = [[Philippine Revolution]]
*[[Cry of Pugad Lawin]]
*[[Battle of Manila (1896)]]
*[[Battle of San Juan del Monte]]
*[[Battle of Pasong Tamo]]
*[[Battle of San Mateo and Montalban]]
*Battle of Marikina
*Battle of Balara
| office3 = Supremo of [[Katipunan]]
| term3 = November, 1895 – May 10, 1897
| predecessor3 = [[Román Basa]]
| successor3 = ''Organization defunct''
}}
'''Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro''' ({{IPA-tl|anˈdɾes (anˈdɾez-) bonɪˈfaʃo|lang}}, {{IPA-es|anˈdɾes βoniˈfaθjo|lang}};{{refn|In isolation, his given name and last name are pronounced {{IPA-es|anˈdɾes|}} and {{IPA-es|boniˈfaθjo|}} respectively. The Spanish pronunciation of ''Bonifacio'' in both [[Spanish language in the Americas|Latin America]] and the [[Spanish language in the United States|United States]] is {{IPA-es|boniˈfasjo|}}.}} November 30, 1863{{spnd}}May 10, 1897) was a [[Filipino people|Filipino]] revolutionary leader. He is often called "The Father of the [[Philippines|Philippine]] [[Philippine Revolution|Revolution]]", and considered one of the [[national heroes of the Philippines]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Filipinos honor 'Father of Philippine Revolution' |url=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1055414 |url-status=live |newspaper=Philippine News Agency |date=November 30, 2018 |access-date=December 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101051342/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1055414 |archive-date=January 1, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Who is Andres Bonifacio">{{cite journal |last=Arcilla |first=Jose S. |title=Who is Andres Bonifacio? |journal=Philippine Studies |date=1997 |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=570–577 |issn=0031-7837 |jstor=42634247}}</ref><ref name="official">{{cite web|url=http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/researches/rrb_0301_1.pdf|title=Selection and Proclamation of National Heroes and Laws Honoring Filipino Historical Figures|publisher=Reference and Research Bureau Legislative Research Service, House of Congress|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604034938/http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/researches/rrb_0301_1.pdf|archive-date=June 4, 2011|df=mdy}}.</ref>
He was one of the founders and later the ''Kataastaasang Pangulo'' (Supreme President, ''Presidente Supremo'' in Spanish, often shortened by contemporaries and historians to just ''Supremo'')<ref name="xiaochua">{{cite web |last=Chua |first=Michael Charleston B. |author-link=Xiao Chua |title=Bonifacio did not call himself Supremo |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/11/30/18/bonifacio-did-not-call-himself-supremo |publisher=[[ABS-CBN]] |date=November 30, 2018 |access-date=June 26, 2021}}</ref> of the ''[[Katipunan|Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan]]'' or more commonly known as the "[[Katipunan]]", a movement that sought the independence of the [[Philippines]] from [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonial rule]] and started the Philippine Revolution.<ref name="agoncillo1996p41">{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1996|p=41}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=146}}.</ref><ref name="official" />
With the onset of the revolution, Bonifacio reorganized the ''Katipunan'' into a revolutionary government, with himself as President (''Pangulo'') of a [[nation-state]] called "Haring Bayang Katagalugan" ("Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People" or "Sovereign Tagalog Nation"), also "Republika ng Katagaluguan" ("[[Tagalog Republic]]", ''Republica Tagala'' in Spanish), where in "Tagalog" referred to all those born in the Philippine islands and not merely the Tagalog speaking regions <ref name="guererro1">{{cite journal |last1=Guererro |first1=Milagros |last2=Encarnacion |first2=Emmanuel |last3=Villegas |first3=Ramon |title=Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution |url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1 |url-status=dead |journal=Sulyap Kultura |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=3–12 |date=1996 |publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts |access-date=December 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143743/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref><ref name="guererro2">{{cite book |last1=Guererro |first1=Milagros |last2=Schumacher |first2=John, [[Society of Jesus|SJ]] |title=Reform and Revolution |publisher=Asia Publishing Company Limited |volume=5 |series=Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People |year=1998 |isbn=962-258-228-1}}</ref> Hence, some historians have argued that he should be considered the First President of the Tagalogs instead of the Philippines; that is why he is not included in the current official line of succession.<ref name="guererro1" /><ref name="guererro2" />
Bonifacio was executed by Major [[Lázaro Macapagal]] under the order of the ''Consejo dela Guerra'' (Council of War) headed by General [[Mariano Noriel]] in 1897 on the basis of committing sedition and treason against the government.<ref name="The Revolt of the Masses">{{harvnb|Agoncillo|1996|pp=259–275}}.</ref><ref name="History of the Republic of the Philippines">{{harvnb|Zaide|1983|pp=245}}.</ref>
==Early life and education==
Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro was born on November 30, 1863, in [[Tondo, Manila|Tondo]], Manila,<ref>{{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer |title=The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History |date=2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781851099511 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&q=Andr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio+was+born+on&pg=PA65 |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121254/https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&q=Andr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio+was+born+on&pg=PA65 |url-status=live}}</ref> and was the first of six children of Catalina de Castro, a tornatras from Zambales, and Santiago Bonifacio, a native of Taguig.<ref name=":0" /> His parents named him after [[Andrew the Apostle|Saint Andrew the Apostle]], the [[patron saint]] of Manila whose [[Saint Andrew's Day|feast day]] falls on his birth date.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandculture/766227/8-things-you-might-not-know-about-andres-bonifacio/story/|title=8 things you might not know about Andres Bonifacio|date=November 30, 2020|accessdate=January 11, 2023|work=GMA News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/102653/did-you-know-131|title=Did you know|date=November 29, 2011|accessdate=April 6, 2023|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|first=Schatzi|last=Quodala}}</ref> He learned the alphabet through his aunt. He was enrolled in Guillermo Osmeña's private elementary school<ref>{{cite book |last=Nobles |first=Arsenio F. |title=Philippine Journal of Education |date=1964 |page=211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tuIqAAAAMAAJ |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121320/https://books.google.com/books?id=tuIqAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Archipelago |date=1975 |publisher=Bureau of National and Foreign Information, Department of Public Information |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5BUaNs1c0sC&q=Guillermo+Osme%C3%B1a%27s |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121324/https://books.google.com/books?id=T5BUaNs1c0sC&q=Guillermo+Osme%C3%B1a%27s |url-status=live}}</ref> and also in Escuela Municipal de Niños on Calle Ilaya in Tondo. He reached third year in a private secondary school in Manila.<ref name=":0" />
Some sources assert that he was orphaned at an early age,<ref>{{citation |last=Capili |first=Maria Angelica A. |title=Bantayog: Discovering Manila through its Monuments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7PwCwAAQBAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Foreign Service Institute |isbn=978-971-552-075-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=B7PwCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22andres+bonifacio%22+orphan&pg=PA34 34] |access-date=June 7, 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121255/https://books.google.com/books?id=B7PwCwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Turning Points I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb8a7P_2InIC|year=2007|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.|isbn=978-971-23-4538-8|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb8a7P_2InIC&dq=%22andres+bonifacio%22+orphan&pg=RA6-PA26 26]|access-date=June 7, 2019|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805224239/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb8a7P_2InIC|url-status=live}}</ref> but, considering the existence of an 1881 record that has Bonifacio's parents listed as living in Tondo, it is disputed by others.<ref name="Filipiniana">{{Harvnb|Ocampo|2016}}.</ref> To support his family financially, Bonifacio made canes and paper fans which he and his young siblings sold (after they were orphaned, according to the traditional view).<ref>{{cite news |last=Carballo |first=Bibsy M. |title=Bonifacio, Ang Unang Pangulo |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2014/12/15/1402782/bonifacio-ang-unang-pangulo |access-date=18 August 2019 |work=philstar.com |publisher=PhilStar Global |date=December 15, 2014 |archive-date=August 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818083136/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2014/12/15/1402782/bonifacio-ang-unang-pangulo |url-status=live}}</ref> He also made posters for business firms. This became their thriving family business that continued when the men of the family, namely Andres, Ciriaco, Procopio, and Troadio, were employed with private and government companies, which provided them with decent living conditions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ventura |first=Sylvia Mendez |title=Supremo: The Story of Andres Bonifacio |date=2001 |publisher=Tahanan Books for Young Readers |isbn=9789716300918 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8BxAAAAMAAJ&q=andres+bonifacio |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121310/https://books.google.com/books?id=z8BxAAAAMAAJ&q=andres+bonifacio |url-status=live}}</ref>
In his late teens, he first worked either as an agent or ''mandatario'' (messenger) for the British trading firm [[Robert Fleming & Co.|Fleming and Company]],{{sfn|Villanueva|1989|p=30}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Richardson |first=Jim |title=The Fight for Liberty: Notes on Andres Bonifacio and the Beginning of the Philippine Revolution |publisher=National Historical Commission of the Philippines |year=2023 |isbn=978-971-538-368-4 |location=Manila}}</ref> where he rose to become a ''corredor'' (broker) of tar, [[rattan]] and other goods. He later transferred to Fressell and Company, a German trading firm, where he worked as a ''bodeguero'' (storehouse keeper) responsible for warehouse inventory. He was also a [[theater actor]] and often played the role of [[Bernardo Carpio]], a fictional character in Tagalog folklore.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ventura |first1=Sylvia Mendez |title=Supremo: The Story of Andres Bonifacio |date=2001 |publisher=Tahanan Books for Young Readers |isbn=9789716300918 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8BxAAAAMAAJ&q=andres+bonifacio |access-date=October 1, 2020 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121258/https://books.google.com/books?id=z8BxAAAAMAAJ&q=andres+bonifacio |url-status=live}}</ref>
Not finishing his formal education, Bonifacio turned to self-education by reading books. He read books about the [[French Revolution]], biographies of the [[List of presidents of the United States|presidents of the United States]], books about contemporary Philippine penal and civil codes, and novels such as [[Victor Hugo]]'s ''[[Les Misérables]]'', [[Eugène Sue]]'s ''[[Le Juif errant]]'' and [[José Rizal]]'s ''[[Noli Me Tángere (novel)|Noli Me Tángere]]'' and ''[[El filibusterismo]]''. Aside from [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish]], he could at least speak some [[English language in the Philippines|English]] because of his work in a British firm.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bonoan |first=Christopher |date=2014-06-12 |title=Of books, bolo, and Bonifacio |url=https://www.rappler.com/voices/ispeak/60320-books-bolo-bonifacio/ |access-date= |website=Rappler |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=The Filipino Moving Onward 5' 2007 Ed. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C&dq=bonifacio+alphabet+english&pg=RA5-PT49 49] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C |access-date=November 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629121401/https://books.google.com/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C |archive-date=June 29, 2016 |url-status=live |publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc. |isbn=978-971-23-4154-0}}</ref>
==Marriages==
Bonifacio's first wife, Monica (surname unknown), was his neighbor in Palomar, [[Tondo, Manila|Tondo]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Szczepanski |first=Kallie |title=Biography of Andrés Bonifacio, Filipino Revolutionary Leader |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/andres-bonifacio-of-the-philippines-195651 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=August 18, 2019 |archive-date=October 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004065241/https://www.thoughtco.com/andres-bonifacio-of-the-philippines-195651 |url-status=live}}</ref> She died of [[leprosy]]<ref name=ocampo1966p8>{{cite book |last=De Ocampo |first=Esteban A. |title=The Life and Achievements of Bonifacio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXICAAAAMAAJ|year=1966|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oXICAAAAMAAJ&q=leprosy 8]}}</ref><ref name="Walking tour of Bonifacio’s Manila">{{cite news |last=Ocampo |first=Ambeth R. |title=Walking tour of Bonifacio's Manila |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/86710/walking-tour-of-bonifacios-manila |access-date=August 19, 2019 |work=opinion.inquirer.net |archive-date=August 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819063407/https://opinion.inquirer.net/86710/walking-tour-of-bonifacios-manila |url-status=live}}</ref> and they had no recorded children.
In 1892, Bonifacio, a 29-year-old widower, met the 18-year-old [[Gregoria de Jesús]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ventura |first1=Sylvia Mendez |title=Supremo: The Story of Andres Bonifacio |date=2001 |publisher=Tahanan Books for Young Readers |isbn=9789716300918 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8BxAAAAMAAJ&q=gregoria |access-date=August 19, 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121257/https://books.google.com/books?id=z8BxAAAAMAAJ&q=gregoria |url-status=live}}</ref> through his friend [[Teodoro Plata]], who was her cousin. [[Gregoria de Jesús|Gregoria]], also called Oriang, was the daughter of a prominent citizen and landowner from [[Caloocan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan – National Historical Commission of the Philippines |url=http://nhcp.gov.ph/andres-bonifacio-and-the-katipunan/ |website=National Historical Commission of the Philippines |access-date=August 18, 2019 |date=September 4, 2012 |archive-date=January 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128003829/http://nhcp.gov.ph/andres-bonifacio-and-the-katipunan/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Gregoria's parents did not agree at first to their relationship, for Andrés was a [[Freemason]], and Freemasons were at that time considered enemies of the [[Catholic Church]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Laus |first=Emiliano L. |title=Brief Biographies of the Ten Most Outstanding Filipino National Leaders |date=1951 |publisher=National Print. Company |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evE9AAAAMAAJ&q=andres+bonifacio |access-date=August 19, 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121314/https://books.google.com/books?id=evE9AAAAMAAJ&q=andres+bonifacio |url-status=live}}</ref> Her parents eventually acquiesced, and Andrés and Gregoria were married in a Catholic ceremony at [[Binondo Church]] in March 1893 or 1894. The couple were also married through Katipunan rites in a friend's house in [[Santa Cruz, Manila]] on the same day of their church wedding.<ref>{{cite book |title=Andres Bonifacio {{!}} Filipino political leader |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andres-Bonifacio |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-date=September 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921113505/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andres-Bonifacio |url-status=live}}</ref>
They had one son, born in early 1896,<ref>{{cite book |last=Abueva |first=Jose Veloso |title=Pagbubuo Ng Bansa at Republika Ng Pilipinas |date=1998 |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |isbn=9789715422154 |page=381 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q61Aza1JSUYC&q=Andres |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121326/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q61Aza1JSUYC&q=Andres |url-status=live}}</ref> who sadly died of [[smallpox]] in infancy.<ref name="Walking tour of Bonifacio’s Manila"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Lizares |first=Luci |title=Andres Bonifacio: beyond the textbooks |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/113049 |access-date=19 August 2019 |work=Sunstar |date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=August 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819063401/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/113049 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==Early political activism==
{{main|La Liga Filipina}}
In 1892, Bonifacio became one of the founding members<ref>{{cite web |title=July 3, 1892, Dr. Jose Rizal founded the La Liga Filipina |url=https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/735/today-in-philippine-history-july-3-1892-dr-jose-rizal-founded-the-la-liga-filipina |website=The Kahimyang Project |date=November 8, 2011 |access-date=August 19, 2019 |archive-date=August 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819074923/https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/735/today-in-philippine-history-july-3-1892-dr-jose-rizal-founded-the-la-liga-filipina |url-status=live}}</ref> of [[José Rizal]]'s [[La Liga Filipina]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Capino |first1=Diosdado G. |last2=Gonzalez |first2=Maria Minerva A. |last3=Pineda |first3=Filipinas E. |title=Rizal's Life, Works, and Writings: Their Impact on Our National Identity |date=1977 |publisher=Goodwill Trading Co., Inc. |isbn=9789711108908 |pages=38–39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NefNZZ9ughYC&q=la+liga+filipina&pg=PA45 |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121329/https://books.google.com/books?id=NefNZZ9ughYC&q=la+liga+filipina&pg=PA45 |url-status=live}}</ref> an organization that called for political reforms in Spain's colonial government of the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Capino |first1=Diosdado G. |last2=Gonzalez |first2=Maria Minerva A. |last3=Pineda |first3=Filipinas E. |title=Rizal's Life, Works, and Writings: Their Impact on Our National Identity |date=1977 |publisher=Goodwill Trading Co., Inc. |isbn=9789711108908 |pages=36–38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NefNZZ9ughYC&q=la+liga+filipina&pg=PA45 |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121322/https://books.google.com/books?id=NefNZZ9ughYC&q=la+liga+filipina&pg=PA45 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, La Liga disbanded<ref>{{cite book |last=Guillermo |first=Artemio R. |title=Historical Dictionary of the Philippines |date=2012 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810872462 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&q=la+liga+filipina+disbanded&pg=PA246 |access-date=October 1, 2020 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121258/https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&q=la+liga+filipina+disbanded&pg=PA246 |url-status=live}}</ref> after only one meeting, for Rizal was arrested and deported to [[Dapitan]] in the [[Western Mindanao]] region.<ref>{{cite book |author=Institut Kajian Dasar Malaysia |title=José Rizal and the Asian renaissance |date=1996 |publisher=Institut Kajian Dasar |isbn=9789838840514 |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFdwAAAAMAAJ&q=after+only+one+meeting+as+Rizal+was+arrested+and+deported+to+Dapitan+in+Mindanao |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121313/https://books.google.com/books?id=NFdwAAAAMAAJ&q=after+only+one+meeting+as+Rizal+was+arrested+and+deported+to+Dapitan+in+Mindanao |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Abrams">{{cite book |last=Francia |first=Luis H. |title=History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos |date=2013 |publisher=Abrams |isbn=9781468315455 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzuEDwAAQBAJ&q=La+liga+filipina+history&pg=PT108 |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121313/https://books.google.com/books?id=GzuEDwAAQBAJ&q=La+liga+filipina+history&pg=PT108 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bonifacio, [[Apolinario Mabini]] and others revived La Liga<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Tarver |editor1-first=H. Micheal |editor1-link=H. Micheal Tarver |editor2-last=Slape |editor2-first=Emily |title=The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781610694223 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ&q=revived+la+liga+filipina&pg=RA1-PA108 |access-date=October 1, 2020 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121309/https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ&q=revived+la+liga+filipina&pg=RA1-PA108 |url-status=live}}</ref> in Rizal's absence and Bonifacio was active at organizing local chapters in Manila. He would become the chief propagandist of the revived Liga.<ref name="Abrams"/>
La Liga Filipina contributed moral and financial support to the Propaganda Movement of Filipino [[reformist]]s in Spain.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sagmit |first1=Rosario S. |last2=Mendoza |first2=Maria Lourdes Sagmit |title=The Filipino Moving Onward 5' 2007 Ed. |publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc. |isbn=9789712341540 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C&q=la+liga+filipina+financial+support&pg=RA5-PT63 |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121315/https://books.google.com/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C&q=la+liga+filipina+financial+support&pg=RA5-PT63 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==Katipunan==
{{main|Katipunan}}
[[File:Katipunan Monument (72 Calle Azcárraga, Tondo) 01.jpg|thumb|Katipunan Monument along [[Recto Avenue]] (formerly Calle Azcarraga) in [[San Nicolas, Manila|San Nicolas]], [[Manila]], where [[Katipunan]] was founded]]
On the night of July 7, 1892, the day after Rizal's deportation was announced, Bonifacio and others officially "founded" the ''[[Katipunan]]'', or in full, ''Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan'' ("Highest and Most Respected Society of the Country's Children"; ''Bayan'' can also denote community, people, and nation).<ref name="guerrerop132">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=132}}.</ref> The [[secret society]] sought independence from Spain through [[Armed revolution|armed revolt.]]<ref name="constantinop158-159">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=158–159}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=149}}</ref> It was influenced by [[Freemasonry]] through its rituals and organization, and several members including Bonifacio were also Freemasons.<ref name="guerrerop149">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=149}}.</ref> Within the society Bonifacio used the pseudonym ''[[May Pagasa|May pag-asa]]'' ({{translation|"There is Hope"|literal=yes}}).<ref name=agoncillo1996p216>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1996|p=216}}</ref> Newly found documents though suggest that Katipunan has already been existing as early as January 1892.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kasaysayan-kkk.info/|title=Katipunan: Documents and Studies|last=Richardson|first=Jim|publisher=kasaysayan-kkk.info|access-date=May 22, 2015|archive-date=December 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221072834/http://www.kasaysayan-kkk.info/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Richardson2013">{{cite book|last=Richardson|first=Jim|title=The Light of Liberty: Documents and Studies on the Katipunan, 1892–1897|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0NKzoAEACAAJ|year=2013|publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press|isbn=978-971-550-675-5|access-date=November 28, 2015|archive-date=May 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509151946/https://books.google.com/books?id=0NKzoAEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/66619/the-most-important-book-of-our-time|last=Nery|first=John|title=The most important book of our time|date=December 2, 2013|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|access-date=May 22, 2015|archive-date=October 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011112810/http://opinion.inquirer.net/66619/the-most-important-book-of-our-time|url-status=live}}</ref>
For a time, Bonifacio worked with both the ''Katipunan'' and ''[[La Liga Filipina]]''. ''La Liga'' eventually split because some members like Bonifacio lost hope for peaceful reform and stopped their monetary aid.<ref name="guerrerop149"/> The more conservative members, mostly wealthy members, who still believed in peaceful reforms set up the ''Cuerpo de Compromisarios'', which pledged continued support to the reformists in Spain. The radicals were subsumed into the ''Katipunan''.<ref name="constantinop158-159"/> From [[Manila]], the ''Katipunan'' expanded to several provinces, including [[Batangas]], [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]], [[Cavite]], [[Bulacan]], [[Pampanga]], and [[Nueva Ecija]].<ref name="agoncillop166">{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=166}}</ref> Most of its members, called ''[[Katipuneros]]'', came from the lower and middle classes, and many of its local leaders were prominent figures in their municipalities.<ref name="guerrerop151">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=151}}.</ref> At first exclusively male, membership was later extended to females, with Bonifacio's wife [[Gregoria de Jesús]] as a leading member.<ref>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=163}}</ref>
From the beginning, Bonifacio was one of the chief ''Katipunan'' officers, although he did not become its ''Presidente Supremo'' (Supreme President)<ref name="alvarez">{{Harvnb|Álvarez|1992}}.</ref> until 1895. He was the third head of the ''Katipunan'' after [[Deodato Arellano]] and [[Román Basa]]. Prior to this, he served as the society's [[comptroller]] and then as its "fiscal" (advocate/procurator).<ref name="agoncillop152">{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=152}}</ref><ref name="guerrerop150">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=150}}.</ref> The society had its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership. For each [[Provinces of the Philippines#Former provinces|province]] involved, the ''Katipunan'' Supreme Council coordinated with provincial councils in charge of public administration and military affairs, and with local councils in charge of affairs on the district or [[barrio]] level.<ref name="guerrero1996a">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1996a|pp=3–12}}.</ref><ref name="guerreropp149-150">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|pp=149–150}}.</ref>
Within the society, Bonifacio developed a strong friendship with [[Emilio Jacinto]], who served as his adviser and confidant, as well as a member of the Supreme Council. Bonifacio adopted Jacinto's ''[[Kartilya]]'' primer as the official teachings of the society in place of his own ''[[:wikt:decalogue|Decalogue]]'', which he judged as inferior. Bonifacio, Jacinto and [[Pío Valenzuela]] collaborated on the society's organ, ''[[Katipunan|Kalayaan]]'' (Freedom), which had only one printed issue. Bonifacio wrote several pieces for the paper, including the poem ''[[Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa|Pag-ibig sa Tinubúang Lupà]]'' (approx. "Love for One's Homeland"<ref>''[http://www.philippinerevolution.net/cgi-bin/kultura/awit.pl?title=pag-ibig%20sa%20tinubuang%20lupa Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221194714/http://www.philippinerevolution.net/cgi-bin/kultura/awit.pl?title=pag-ibig%20sa%20tinubuang%20lupa |date=December 21, 2007 }}''. Philippine Revolution Web Center Site.</ref>) under the pseudonym ''Agapito Bagumbayan''. The publication of ''Kalayaan'' in March 1896 led to a great increase in the society's membership. The ''Katipunan'' movement spread throughout [[Luzon]], to [[Panay]] in the [[Visayas]] and even as far as [[Mindanao]].<ref name="constantinop175">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|p=175}}.</ref> From less than 300 members in January 1896,<ref name="agoncillop166"/> it had 30,000 to 40,000 by August 1896.<ref name="constantinop175"/>
The rapid increase in ''Katipunan'' activity drew the suspicion of the Spanish authorities. By early 1896, Spanish intelligence was aware of the existence of a seditious secret society, and suspects were kept under surveillance and arrests were made. On May 3, Bonifacio held a general assembly of ''Katipunan'' leaders in [[Pasig]], where they debated when to start the revolution. While some officers, especially Bonifacio, believed a revolution was inevitable, some members, especially [[Santiago Alvarez (general)|Santiago Alvarez]] and [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] both of [[Cavite]], expressed reservations and disagreement regarding the planned revolt due to lack of firearms. The consensus was to consult [[José Rizal]] in [[Dapitan]] before launching armed action, so Bonifacio sent Pío Valenzuela to Rizal. Rizal turned out to be against the revolution, believing it to be premature. He recommended more preparation, but suggested that, in the event the revolution did break out, they should seek the leadership of [[Antonio Luna]], who was widely regarded as a brilliant military leader.<ref name="guerreropp160-164">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|pp=160–164}}.</ref>
==Philippine Revolution==
{{main|Philippine Revolution}}
===Start of the uprising===
The Spanish authorities confirmed the existence of the ''Katipunan'' on August 19, 1896. Hundreds of Filipino suspects, both innocent and guilty, were arrested and imprisoned for treason.<ref name="constantinop176">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|p=176}}.</ref> José Rizal (José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Realonda) was then on his way to [[Cuba]] to serve as a doctor in the Spanish colonial army in exchange for his release from [[Dapitan Heritage Zone|Dapitan.]]<ref name="constantinop177">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|p=177}}</ref><ref name="guerreropp143,164">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|pp=143,164}}.</ref> When the news broke, Bonifacio first tried to convince Rizal, quarantined aboard a ship in [[Manila Bay]], to escape and join the imminent revolt. Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and {{Interlanguage link|Guillermo Masangkay|nl}} disguised themselves as sailors and went to the pier where Rizal's ship was anchored. Jacinto personally met with Rizal, who rejected their rescue offer.<ref>{{Harvnb|Borromeo-Buehler|1998|pp=29–30}}.</ref> Rizal himself was later arrested, tried and executed.<ref name="constantinop177" />
[[File:Personal flag of Andres Bonifacio.svg|thumb|Bonifacio's personal flag.]]
Eluding an intensive manhunt, Bonifacio called thousands of ''Katipunan'' members to a mass gathering in Caloocan, where they decided to start their uprising. The event, marked by the tearing of ''cedulas'' (personal identity documents) was later called the "[[Cry of Balintawak]]" or "[[Cry of Pugad Lawin]]"; the exact location and date of the Cry are disputed.<ref>{{Harvnb|Borromeo-Buehler|1998}}</ref><ref name="guerrero1996b">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1996b|pp=13–22}}</ref> The Supreme Council of the ''Katipunan'' declared a nationwide armed revolution against Spain and called for a simultaneous coordinated attack on the capital [[Manila]] on August 29. Bonifacio appointed generals to lead rebel forces to Manila. Other ''Katipunan'' councils were also informed of their plans. Before hostilities erupted, Bonifacio reorganized the ''Katipunan'' into an open ''de facto'' revolutionary government with him as Supremo of the rebel army and the Supreme Council as his cabinet.<ref name="guerrero1996a"/><ref name="guerreropp166-167">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|pp=166–167}}.</ref><ref name=agoncillo1996pp152-153>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1996|pp=152–153}}</ref> On August 28, Bonifacio issued the following general proclamation:
<blockquote>This manifesto is for all of you. It is absolutely necessary for us to stop at the earliest possible time the nameless oppositions being perpetrated on the sons of the country who are now suffering the brutal punishment and tortures in jails, and because of this please let all the brethren know that on Saturday, the 29th of the current month, the revolution shall commence according to our agreement. For this purpose, it is necessary for all towns to rise simultaneously and attack Manila at the same time. Anybody who obstructs this sacred ideal of the people will be considered a traitor and an enemy, except if he is ill; or is not physically fit, in which case he shall be tried according to the regulations we have put in force.
Mount of Liberty, 28 August 1896 – ANDRÉS BONIFACIO<ref name="agoncillo1996p41"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Salazar|1994|p=107}}.</ref></blockquote>
On August 30, 1896, Bonifacio personally led an attack on [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan del Monte]] to capture the town's powder magazine and water station (which supplied Manila). The defending Spaniards, outnumbered, fought a delaying battle until reinforcements arrived. Once reinforced, the Spaniards drove Bonifacio's forces back with heavy casualties. Bonifacio and his troops regrouped near [[Marikina|Mariquina]] (now Marikina), [[San Mateo, Rizal|San Mateo]] and [[Rodriguez, Rizal|Montalban]] (now Rodriguez).<ref name="Agoncillop173"/> Elsewhere, fighting between rebels and Spanish forces occurred in [[Mandaluyong|San Felipe Neri]] (now Mandaluyong), [[Sampaloc, Manila|Sampaloc]], [[Santa Ana, Manila|Santa Ana]], [[Pandacan]], [[Pateros]], Mariquina, [[Caloocan]],<ref name="salazar">{{Harvnb|Salazar|1994}}.</ref> [[Makati|San Pedro Macati]] (now Makati) and [[Taguig]].<ref name="Agoncillop173">{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=173}}</ref> The conventional view among Filipino historians is that the planned general ''Katipunan'' offensive on Manila was aborted in favor of Bonifacio's attack on [[San Juan del Monte, Philippines|San Juan del Monte]],<ref name="Agoncillop173"/><ref name="zaide">{{Harvnb|Zaide|1984}}.</ref> which sparked a general state of rebellion in the area.<ref>{{Harvnb|Salazar|1994|p=104}}.</ref> However, more recent studies have advanced the view that the planned offensive did push through and the rebel attacks were integrated; according to this view, Bonifacio's San Juan del Monte battle was only a part of a bigger whole – an unrecognized "Battle for Manila".<ref name="salazar"/><ref name="guerrerop173">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=173}}.</ref> Despite his reverses, Bonifacio was not completely defeated and was still considered a threat. Further, the revolt had spread to the surrounding provinces by the end of August.<ref name="salazar"/><ref name="guerrerop173"/>
===Haring Bayang Katagalugan===
Influenced by [[Freemasonry]], the ''[[Katipunan]]'' had been organized with "its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership".<ref name = "guererro1" /> For each province it involved, the Supreme Council coordinated provincial councils<!--(''Sangguniang Bayan'')--><ref name = "guererro2" /> which were in charge of "public administration and military affairs on the supra-municipal or quasi-provincial level"<ref name="guererro1" /> and local councils<!--(''Panguluhang Bayan'')-->,<ref name="guererro2" /> in charge of affairs "on the district or [[barrio]] level".<ref name="guererro1" /> In the last days of August, the ''Katipunan'' members met in Caloocan and decided to start their revolt<ref name="guererro1" /> (the event was later called the "[[Cry of Balintawak]]" or "Cry of [[Pugad Lawin]]"; the exact location and date are disputed). A day after the Cry, the Supreme Council was reorganized by Bonifacio with the following:
{|class=wikitable
|-
! Position !! Name
|-
| President ||Andrés Bonifacio
|-
| Vice President|| [[Gregoria de Jesus]]
|-
| Secretary of War ||[[Teodoro Plata]]
|-
| Secretary of State || [[Emilio Jacinto]]
|-
| Secretary of the Interior || Aguedo del Rosario
|-
| Secretary of Justice|| Briccio Pantas
|-
| Secretary of Finance|| Enrique Pacheco
|}
The above was divulged to the Spanish by the ''Katipunan'' member [[Pío Valenzuela]] while in captivity.<ref name="guererro1" /><ref name="guererro2" /> [[Teodoro Agoncillo]] thus wrote:
{{cquote|Immediately before the outbreak of the revolution, therefore, Bonifacio organized the Katipunan into a government revolving around a ‘cabinet’ composed of men of his confidence.<ref>{{harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p={{Page needed|date=September 2010}}}}</ref>}}
Milagros C. Guerrero and others have described Bonifacio as "effectively" the commander-in-chief of the revolutionaries. They assert:
{{cquote|As commander-in-chief, Bonifacio supervised the planning of military strategies and the preparation of orders, manifests and decrees, adjudicated offenses against the nation, as well as mediated in political disputes. He directed generals and positioned troops in the fronts. On the basis of command responsibility, all victories and defeats all over the archipelago during his term of office should be attributed to Bonifacio.<ref name="guererro1" />}}
One name for Bonifacio's concept of the Philippine nation-state appears in surviving ''Katipunan'' documents: ''[[Haring Bayang Katagalugan]]'' ("Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan", or "Sovereign Tagalog Nation") – sometimes shortened into ''Haring Bayan'' ("Sovereign Nation"). ''Bayan'' may be rendered as "nation" or "people". Bonifacio is named as the president of the "Tagalog Republic" in an issue of the Spanish periodical ''[[La Ilustración Española y Americana]]'' published in February 1897 (''"Andrés Bonifacio – Titulado "Presidente" de la República Tagala"''). Another name for Bonifacio's government was ''[[Tagalog Republic|Repúblika ng Katagalugan]]'' (another form of "Tagalog Republic") as evidenced by a picture of a rebel seal published in the same periodical the next month.<ref name="guererro1" /><ref name="guererro2" />
Official letters and one appointment paper of Bonifacio addressed to Emilio Jacinto reveal Bonifacio's various titles and designations, as follows:<ref name="guererro1" /><ref name="guererro2" />
*President of the Supreme Council
*Supreme President
*President of the Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan / Sovereign Tagalog Nation
*President of the Sovereign Nation, Founder of the Katipunan, Initiator of the Revolution
*Office of the Supreme President, Government of the Revolution
Later, in November 1896, while encamped at Balara, Bonifacio commissioned [[Julio Nakpil]] to compose a national anthem. Nakpil produced a hymn called ''[[Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan]]'' ("Honorable Hymn of the Tagalog Nation/People").<ref name="Nakpil">{{Harvnb|Nakpil|1964}}.</ref>
Eventually, an 1897 power struggle in [[Cavite]] led to command of the revolution shifting to [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] at the [[Tejeros Convention]], where a new government was formed. Bonifacio was executed after he refused to recognize the new government. The Aguinaldo-headed [[First Philippine Republic|Philippine Republic]] ({{lang-es|República Filipina|links=no}}), usually considered the "[[First Philippine Republic]]", was formally established in 1899, after a succession of revolutionary and dictatorial governments (e.g. the [[Tejeros Convention#Finalized government|Tejeros government]], the [[Republic of Biak-na-Bato|Biak-na-Bato Republic]]) also headed by Aguinaldo.
===Campaigns around Manila===
By December 1896, the Spanish government recognized three major centers of rebellion: [[Cavite]] (under [[Mariano Alvarez]], [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] and others), [[Bulacan]] (under [[Mariano Llanera]]) and [[Morong (district)|Morong]] (under Bonifacio). The revolt was most successful in [[Cavite]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|p=179}}</ref> which mostly fell under rebel control by September–October 1896.<ref name="guerreropp175-176">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|pp=175–176}}.</ref>
While Cavite is traditionally regarded as the "Heartland of the Philippine Revolution", Manila and its surrounding municipalities bore the brunt of the Spanish military campaign, becoming a [[no man's land]]. Rebels in the area were generally engaged in [[Hit-and-run tactics|hit-and-run]] [[guerrilla warfare]] against Spanish positions in Manila, [[Morong, Rizal|Morong]], [[Nueva Ecija]] and [[Pampanga]].<ref name="guerreropp175-176"/> From Morong, Bonifacio served as [[military tactics|tactician]] for rebel guerrillas and issued commands to areas other than his personal sector,<ref name="guerrero1996a"/> though his reputation suffered when he lost battles he personally led.<ref name="constantinop180">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|p=180}}</ref>
From September to October 1896, Bonifacio supervised the establishment of ''Katipunan'' mountain and hill bases like Balara in [[Marikina|Mariquina]], Pantayanin in [[Antipolo]], [[Ugong, Pasig|Ugong]] in [[Pasig]] and [[San Jose del Monte|Tungko]] in [[Bulacan]]. Bonifacio appointing generals for these areas, or approving selections the troops themselves made.<ref name="alvarez"/>
On November 7, 1896, Bonifacio led an assault on [[San Mateo, Rizal|San Mateo]], [[Marikina|Mariquina]] and [[Rodriguez, Rizal|Montalban]]. The Spanish were forced to retreat, leaving these areas to the rebels, except for the municipal hall of San Mateo where some Spanish troops had barricaded. While Bonifacio's troops laid siege to the hall, other ''Katipunan'' forces set up defensive lines along the nearby Langka (or [[San Mateo, Rizal|Nangka]]) river against Spanish reinforcements coming from the direction of Mariquina. After three days, Spanish counterattacks broke through the Nangka river lines. The Spanish troops thus recaptured the rebel positions and surprised Bonifacio in San Mateo, who ordered a general retreat to Balara.<ref name="alvarez"/> They were pursued, and Bonifacio was nearly killed shielding Emilio Jacinto from a Spanish bullet which grazed his collar.<ref name="Agoncillop173"/>
===Bonifacio in Cavite===
[[File:Bahay na Tinigilan ni Andres Bonifacio, General Trias, Cavite.jpg|thumb|House in present-day [[General Trias]] where Bonifacio and his brothers temporarily stayed]]
In late 1896, Bonifacio, as the recognized overall leader of the revolution, was invited to [[Cavite]] province by rebel leaders to mediate between them and unify their efforts. There were two ''[[Katipunan]]'' provincial chapters in Cavite that became rival factions: the ''[[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo]]'', headed by [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]'s cousin [[Baldomero Aguinaldo]], and the ''[[Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)|Magdiwang]]'', headed by [[Mariano Álvarez]], uncle of Bonifacio's wife. Leaders of both factions came from the upper class, in contrast to Bonifacio, who came from the lower middle class. After initial successes, Emilio Aguinaldo issued a manifesto in the name of the ''[[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo]]'' ruling council which proclaimed a provisional and revolutionary government – despite the existence of the ''Katipunan'' government. Emilio Aguinaldo in particular had won fame for victories in the province.<ref name="constantinop178-181">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=178–181}}</ref> The ''[[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo]]'' and ''[[Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)|Magdiwang]]'' clashed over authority and jurisdiction and did not help each other in battle. After multiple letters were sent to Bonifacio urging him to come, in December 1896 he traveled to Cavite accompanied by his wife, his brothers [[Procopio Bonifacio|Procopio]] and [[Ciriaco Bonifacio|Ciriaco]], and some troops, including [[Emilio Jacinto]], Bonifacio's secretary and right-hand man. Jacinto was said to be against Bonifacio's expedition to Cavite. The Bonifacio brothers stayed in [[General Trias|San Francisco de Malabon]] (present-day General Trias) during this time.
Upon his arrival at Cavite, friction grew between Bonifacio and the ''Magdalo'' leaders. [[Apolinario Mabini]], who later served as Emilio Aguinaldo's adviser, writes that at this point the ''Magdalo'' leaders "already paid little heed to his authority and orders."<ref name="mabini">{{Harvnb|Mabini|1969|Ref=MabiniGuerrero1969ch8}}.</ref> Bonifacio was partial to the ''[[Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)|Magdiwang]]'', perhaps due to his kinship ties with [[Mariano Álvarez]],<ref name="garcia-rodriguez">{{Harvnb|Garcia|Rodriguez|2001}}.</ref> or more importantly, due to their stronger recognition of his authority.<ref name="cristobal"/> When Aguinaldo and [[Edilberto Evangelista]] went to receive Bonifacio at [[Zapote]], they were irritated with what they regarded as his attitude of superiority. In his memoirs, [[Emilio Aguinaldo|Aguinaldo]] wrote that Bonifacio acted "as if he were a king".<ref name="aguinaldo"/><ref name="constantinop181-182">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=181–182}}</ref> Another time, Bonifacio ordered the arrest of one ''Katipunan'' general from [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] named Vicente Fernandez, who was accompanying the ''Magdalo'' leaders in paying their respects to Bonifacio, for failing to support his attack in Manila, but the other ''Magdalo'' leaders refused to surrender him. Townspeople in [[Noveleta]] (a ''Magdiwang'' town) acclaimed Bonifacio as the ruler of the Philippines, to the chagrin of the [[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|''Magdalo'']] leaders, (Bonifacio replied: "Long live Philippine liberty!").<ref name="constantinop181-182"/> Aguinaldo disputed with Bonifacio over strategic troop placements and blamed him for the capture of the town of [[Silang, Cavite|Silang]].<ref name="aguinaldo">{{Harvnb|Aguinaldo|1964}}.</ref> The Spanish, through [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] Superior Pio Pi, wrote to Aguinaldo about the possibility of peace negotiations.<ref name="aguinaldo"/> When Bonifacio found out, he and the ''[[Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)|Magdiwang]]'' council rejected the proposed peace talks. Bonifacio was also angered that the Spanish considered Aguinaldo the "chief of the rebellion" instead of him.<ref name="aguinaldo"/> However, Aguinaldo continued to arrange negotiations which never took place.<ref name="guerrerop190">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=190}}.</ref> Bonifacio believed Aguinaldo was willing to surrender the revolution.<ref name="guerrerop190"/>
Bonifacio was also subject to rumors that he had stolen ''Katipunan'' funds, his sister was the mistress of a [[Roman Catholic Church|priest]], and he was an ''[[agent provocateur]]'' paid by [[friars]] to foment unrest. Also circulated were anonymous letters which told the people of Cavite not to idolize Bonifacio because he was a Mason, a mere Manila employee, allegedly an atheist, and uneducated. According to these letters, Bonifacio did not deserve the title of ''Supremo'' since only God was supreme. This last allegation was made despite the fact that ''Supremo'' was meant to be used in conjunction with ''Presidente'', i.e. ''Presidente Supremo'' (Supreme President, Kataas-taasang Pangulo) to distinguish the president of the ''Katipunan'' Supreme Council from council presidents of subordinate ''Katipunan'' chapters like the ''[[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo]]'' and ''[[Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)|Magdiwang]]''; in other words, while Mariano Álvarez was the ''Magdiwang'' president, and Baldomero Aguinaldo was the ''Magdalo'' president, Bonifacio was the Supreme President.<ref name="cristobal"/> Bonifacio suspected the rumor-mongering to be the work of the ''[[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo]]'' leader [[Daniel Tirona]]. He confronted Tirona, whose airy reply provoked Bonifacio to such anger that he drew a gun and would have shot Tirona if others had not intervened.<ref name="constantinop182">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|p=182}}</ref><ref name="guerreropp187,190">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=187,190}}.</ref>
On December 31, Bonifacio and the ''[[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo]]'' and ''[[Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)|Magdiwang]]'' leaders held a meeting in [[Imus]], ostensibly to determine the leadership of Cavite in order to end the rivalry between the two factions. The issue of whether the Katipunan should be replaced by a revolutionary government was brought up by the ''Magdalo'', and this eclipsed the rivalry issue. The ''Magdalo'' argued that the ''Katipunan'', as a secret society, should have ceased to exist once the Revolution was underway. They also held that Cavite should not be divided. Bonifacio and the ''[[Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)|Magdiwang]]'' contended that the ''Katipunan'' served as their revolutionary government since it had its own constitution, laws, and provincial and municipal governments. [[Edilberto Evangelista]] presented a draft constitution for the proposed government to Bonifacio but he rejected it as it was too similar to the Spanish [[Maura Law]]. Upon the event of restructuring, Bonifacio was given ''[[Full Powers|carte blanche]]'' to appoint a committee tasked with setting up a new government; he would also be in charge of this committee. He tasked [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] to record the minutes of the meeting and requested for it to establish this authority, but these were never done and never provided.<ref name="constantinop182-184">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=182–184}}</ref><ref name="guerreropp187-191">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|pp=187–191}}.</ref>
===The Tejeros Convention===
{{main|Tejeros Convention}}
On March 22, 1897, the revolutionary leaders held an important meeting in a Friar Estate Residence at [[Tejeros Convention|Tejeros]] to resume their discussions regarding the escalating tension between the ''Magdalo'' and ''Magdiwang'' forces; And also to settle once-and-for-all the issue of governance within the [[Katipunan]] through an election.<ref name="constantinop184">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|p=184}}</ref> Amidst implications on whether the government of the "Katipunan" should be established as a monarchy or as a republic, Bonifacio maintained that it should be established as a republic. According to him, they were all in opposition to the King of Spain, and all of the government's members of any given rank should serve under the principle of [[Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité|liberty, equality, and fraternity]], upon which [[republicanism]] was founded.<ref name="alvarez" /><ref name="xiaochua" /> Despite Bonifacio's concern on the lack of officials and representatives from other provinces, he was obliged to proceed with the election.<ref name="constantinopp185-186">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=185–186}}</ref>
Before the election began, he asked that the results be respected by everyone, and all agreed. The Magdalo faction voted their own [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] [[Election in absentia|President ''in absentia'']], as he was involved in the battle of [[Perez Dasmariñas]], which was then ongoing.<ref name="constantinop184"/><ref name="guerreropp191-193">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|pp=191–193}}.</ref><ref name="linn">{{Harvnb|Linn|2000|pp=4–5}}.</ref> The resulting revolutionary government established at Tejeros, calling itself the ''Republica de Filipinas'' (Republic of the Philippines) around a month later, was later superseded by a number of reorganized revolutionary governments also headed by Aguinaldo. These included the ''Republica de Filipinas'' of November 1897, commonly known today as the "[[Republic of Biak-na-Bato]]", the [[Hong Kong Junta]] government-in-exile, the [[Dictatorial Government of the Philippines|dictatorial government]] under which [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|Philippine independence]] was proclaimed on June 12, 1898, and the revolutionary government now commonly known as the [[First Philippine Republic]] or "Malolos Republic", inaugurated on January 23, 1899<ref name="constantinop224">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|p=224}}</ref> as the ''Republica Filipina'' (Philippine Republic). The 1899 government is now officially considered to be the true "first" [[Republic of the Philippines]], with the present-day government of the Philippines thus being the "fifth" Republic.
Bonifacio received the second-highest number of votes for president. Though it was suggested that he be automatically be awarded the Vice Presidency, no one seconded the motion and the Election continued. [[Mariano Trías]] of the Magdiwang was elected vice president. Bonifacio was the last to be elected, as Director of the Interior. [[Daniel Tirona]], protested Bonifacio being appointed as Director of the Interior on the grounds that the position should not be occupied by a person without a lawyer's diploma. Tirona suggested a prominent lawyer for the position such as Jose del Rosario. Insulted and angered, Bonifacio demanded an apology, since the voters had agreed to respect the election results. Tirona ignored Bonifacio's demand for apology which drove Bonifacio to draw his gun and again he nearly shot Tirona, who hid among the people, but he was restrained by [[Artemio Ricarte]] of the [[Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)|''Magdiwang'']], who had been elected Captain-General.<ref name="Agoncillop178">{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=178}}</ref> Bonifacio declared: "In my capacity as chairman of this convention, and as ''Presidente Supremo'' of the Most Venerable Katipunan of the Sons of the People, which association is known and acknowledged by all, I hereby declare null and void all matters approved in this meeting."<ref>{{Harvnb|Álvarez|1992|p=87}}. Original Filipino text, p. 322: "Ako, sa pagka-Pangulo nitong Kapulungan, at sa pagka-''Presidente Supremo'' ng K.K.K. ng mga A.N.B, na kilala at talastas ng lahat, ipinahahayag kong lansag at walang kabuluhan ang lahat ng bagay na pinagkayarian at pinagtibay sa Pulong na ito."</ref> He then promptly left the premises.<ref name="Agoncillop178"/><ref name="constantinop185">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|p=185}}</ref>
===Repudiation of Tejeros election results===
On March 23, 1897, the day after the [[Tejeros Convention|Tejeros convention]], Aguinaldo surreptitiously took his oath of office as president in a chapel officiated by a Catholic priest Cenon Villafranca who was under the authority of the [[Pope]] in Rome.<ref name=Alvarez>Alvarez, S.V., 1992, Recalling the Revolution, Madison: Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, {{ISBN|1-881261-05-0}}</ref>{{rp|109}} According to Gen. Santiago Alvarez, guards were posted outside with strict instructions not to let in any unwanted partisan from the Magdiwang faction while the oath-taking took place.<ref>Álvarez 1992.</ref> [[Artemio Ricarte]] also took his office "with great reluctance" and made a declaration that he found the Tejeros elections "dirty or shady" and "not been in conformity with the true will of the people."<ref>Artemio Ricarte Declaration dated March 24, 1897. {{cite web |url=http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/docs.ar.240397.htm|title=Katipunan|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819073229/http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/docs.ar.240397.htm |archive-date=August 19, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
Meanwhile, Bonifacio met with his remaining supporters and drew up the [[Acta de Tejeros]], wherein they gave their reasons for not accepting the election results. Bonifacio alleged the election was fraudulent due to cheating and accused Aguinaldo of treason for his negotiations with the Spanish.<ref name="constantinop188">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=188}}</ref> In their memoirs [[Santiago Álvarez (general)|Santiago Álvarez]] (son of Mariano) and [[Gregoria de Jesús]] both alleged that many ballots were already filled out before being distributed, and Guillermo Masangkay contended there were more ballots prepared than voters present. Álvarez writes that Bonifacio had been warned by a Cavite leader Diego Mojica of the rigged ballots before the votes were canvassed, but he had done nothing.<ref name=alvarez/><ref name="guerrerop192">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=192}}.</ref> The [[Acta de Tejeros]] was signed by Bonifacio and 44 others, including [[Artemio Ricarte]], [[Mariano Alvarez]] and [[Pascual Alvarez]]. Then, in a later meeting on April 19 in Naic, another document, the [[Naic Military Agreement]], was drawn up which declared that its 41 signatories, "... having discovered the treason committed by certain officers who have been sowing discord and conniving with the Spaniards [and other offensive acts]", had "agreed to deliver the people from this grave danger" by raising an army corps "by persuasion or force" under the command of General [[Pio del Pilar]]. The document's 41 signatories included Bonifacio, Ricarte and del Pilar.<ref>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|pp=171–172}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Zaide|1999|pp=248–249}}.</ref> The meeting was interrupted by Aguinaldo and del Pilar. [[Mariano Noriel]] and others present then promptly returned to Aguinaldo's fold.<ref name="aguinaldo"/><ref>{{harvnb|Zaide|1999|p=247}}.</ref> Aguinaldo attempted to persuade Bonifacio to cooperate with his government, but Bonifacio refused and proceeded to [[Indang, Cavite]] planning to get out of [[Cavite]] and proceed back to [[Morong, Rizal|Morong]].<ref>{{citation
|title=Philippine History Module-based Learning I' 2002 Ed.
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITLRpPrrcykC
|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.
|isbn=978-971-23-3449-8
|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ITLRpPrrcykC&pg=PA138 138]}}</ref>
===Arrest, trial and execution===
[[File:Andres Bonifacio Mount Nagpatong Park.jpg|thumb|left|The Bonifacio shrine at the foot of Mount Nagpatong and Mount Buntis in Maragondon, Cavite where it is believed he was executed, on May 10, 1897.]]
In late April, [[Emilio Aguinaldo|Aguinaldo]] fully assumed the presidential office after consolidating his position among the [[Cavite]] elite – most of Bonifacio's ''Magdiwang'' supporters shifting allegiance to Aguinaldo.<ref name="guerrerop194">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=194}}.</ref> Aguinaldo's government then ordered the arrest of Bonifacio, who was then moving out of Cavite.<ref name="Agoncillop178-180">{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|pp=178–180}}</ref><ref name="guerrerop193">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=193}}.</ref>
In April 1897, [[Emilio Aguinaldo|Aguinaldo]] ordered the arrest of Bonifacio after he received a letter that Bonifacio had burned down a village and ordered the burning of the parish house and church of [[Indang, Cavite|Indang]] when the townspeople were unable to provide the required supplies and provisions. Many of the principal men of Indang, among them Severino de las Alas (a loyalist and supporter of Bonifacio), presented Emilio Aguinaldo with several complaints against Bonifacio that the Supremo's men stole [[carabao]]s and other work animals by force and butchered them for food. On April 25, a party of Aguinaldo's men led by Colonel Agapito Bonzón and Major José Ignacio "Intsik" Paua caught up with Bonifacio at his camp in barrio Limbon, Indang. The unsuspecting Bonifacio received them cordially. Early the next day, Bonzón and Paua attacked Bonifacio's camp. Bonifacio was surprised and refused to fight against "fellow [[Sovereign Tagalog Nation|Tagalogs]]", ordering his men to hold their fire, but shots were nevertheless exchanged. Bonifacio was shot in the arm by Bonzón, and Paua stabbed him in the neck but was prevented from striking further by one of Bonifacio's men, who offered to die in Bonifacio's place. Andrés's brother [[Ciriaco Bonifacio|Ciriaco]] was shot dead, while his other brother Procopio was beaten, and his wife [[Gregoria de Jesús|Gregoria]] may have been raped by Bonzón. From Indang, a half-starved and wounded Bonifacio was carried by hammock to [[Naic]], which had become President Aguinaldo's headquarters.<ref name="ocampo1999">{{Harvnb|Ocampo|1999}}.</ref>
Bonifacio's party was brought to [[Naic]] initially and then to [[Maragondon|Maragondon, Cavite]], where he and Procopio stood trial on May 5, 1897, on charges of sedition and treason against Aguinaldo's government and conspiracy to murder Aguinaldo.<ref name="guerrerop194"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=180}}</ref> The jury was composed entirely of Aguinaldo's men and even Bonifacio's defence lawyer himself declared his client's guilt. Bonifacio was barred from confronting the state witness on the charge of conspiracy to murder on the grounds that the latter had been killed in battle. However, after the trial the witness was seen alive with the prosecutors.<ref name="guerreropp194-196">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|pp=194–196}}.</ref><ref name="constantinopp189-191">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=189–191}}</ref>
The Bonifacio brothers were found guilty, despite insufficient evidence, and were recommended to be executed. Aguinaldo commuted the sentence to deportation on May 8, 1897, but [[Pío del Pilar]] and [[Mariano Noriel]] persuaded him to withdraw the order for the sake of preserving unity. In this they were seconded by Mamerto Natividád and other ''[[bona fide]]'' supporters of Aguinaldo.<ref name="agoncillopp180-181">{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|pp=180–181}}.</ref> The Bonifacio brothers were executed on May 10, 1897, in the mountains of [[Maragondon]].<ref name="agoncillopp180-181"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|p=191}}</ref> Apolinario Mabini wrote that Bonifacio's death demoralized many rebels from [[Manila]], [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] and [[Batangas]] who had come to help those in Cavite, and caused them to quit.<ref name="mabini"/> In other areas, Bonifacio's close associates like [[Emilio Jacinto]] and [[Macario Sakay]] continued the Katipunan and never recognized Aguinaldo's authority.<ref name="Nakpil"/>
==Historical controversies==
The historical assessment of Bonifacio involves several controversial points. His death is alternately viewed as a justified execution for treason, and a "legal murder" fueled by politics. Some historians consider him to be the rightful first [[President of the Philippines]] instead of Aguinaldo. Some historians have also advocated that Bonifacio share or even take the place of José Rizal as the (foremost) [[Philippine national hero]]. The purported discovery of Bonifacio's remains has also been questioned.
===Trial and sentencing===
Historians have condemned the trial of the Bonifacio brothers as unjust. The jury was entirely composed of Aguinaldo's men; Bonifacio's defense lawyer acted more like a prosecutor as he himself declared Bonifacio's guilt and instead appealed for less punishment; and Bonifacio was not allowed to confront the state witness for the charge of conspiracy on the grounds that the latter had been killed in battle, but later the witness was seen with the prosecutors.<ref name="constantinopp190-191">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=190–191}}</ref><ref name="villanuevapp60,64">{{Harvnb|Villanueva|1989|pp=60,64}}.</ref>
[[Teodoro Agoncillo]] writes that Bonifacio's declaration of authority in opposition to Aguinaldo posed a danger to the revolution, because a split in the rebel forces would result in almost certain defeat by their united and well-armed Spanish foe.<ref name="agoncillopp180-181"/> In contrast, [[Renato Constantino]] contends that Bonifacio was neither a danger to the revolution in general for he still planned to fight the Spanish, nor to the revolution in Cavite since he was leaving; but Bonifacio was definitely a threat to the Cavite leaders who wanted control of the Revolution, so he was eliminated. Constantino contrasts Bonifacio who had no record of compromise with the Spanish with the Cavite leaders who did compromise, resulting in the [[Pact of Biak-na-Bato]] whereas the revolution was officially halted and its leaders exiled, though many Filipinos continued to fight, especially ''Katipunan'' leaders who used to be close to Bonifacio. (Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with the United States, eventually did return to take charge of the revolution during the [[Spanish–American War]].)<ref name="constantinopp190-206">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=190–206}}</ref>
Historians have also discussed the motives of the Cavite government to replace Bonifacio, and whether it had the right to do so. The Magdalo provincial council which helped establish a republican government led by one of their own was only one of many such councils in the pre-existing [[Katipunan]] government.<ref name="villanuevapp62-63">{{Harvnb|Villanueva|1989|pp=62–63}}.</ref><ref name="constantinopp188,190-191">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=188,190–191}}</ref> Therefore, Constantino and Alejo Villanueva write that Aguinaldo and his faction may be considered counter-revolutionary as well – as guilty of violating Bonifacio's constituted authority just as they considered Bonifacio to violate theirs.<ref name="villanuevapp62-63"/><ref name="constantinop190">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|p=190}}</ref> Aguinaldo's own adviser and official Apolinario Mabini writes that he was "primarily answerable for insubordination against the head of the ''Katipunan'' of which he was a member".<ref name="mabini"/> Aguinaldo's authority was not immediately recognized by all rebels. If Bonifacio had escaped Cavite, he would have had the right as the ''Katipunan'' leader to prosecute Aguinaldo for treason instead of the other way around.<ref name="villanuevapp61,64">{{Harvnb|Villanueva|1989|pp=61,64}}.</ref> Constantino and Villanueva also interpret the [[Tejeros Convention]] as the culmination of a movement by members of the upper class represented by Aguinaldo to wrest power from Bonifacio who represented the middle and lower classes.<ref name="constantinop190"/><ref name="villanuevapp58-64">{{Harvnb|Villanueva|1989|pp=58–64}}.</ref> [[regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]] among the Cavite rebels, dubbed "Cavitismo" by Constantino, has also been put forward as motivation for the replacement of Bonifacio.<ref name="constantinopp183-185">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=183–185}}</ref><ref name="guerrerop189">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=189}}.</ref><ref name="villanuevapp58-59">{{Harvnb|Villanueva|1989|pp=58–59}}.</ref> Mabini considered the execution as criminal and "''assassination...the first victory of personal ambition over true patriotism.''"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mabini |first=Apolinario |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/437624 |title=The Philippine revolution |date=1969 |publisher=Republic of the Philippines, National Historical Commission |location=Manila}}</ref> He also noted that "All the electors [at the Tejeros Convention] were friends of Don [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] and Don [[Mariano Trías]], who were united, while Bonifacio, although he had established his integrity, was looked upon with distrust only because he was not a native of the province: this explains his resentment."<ref name="mabini"/>
Writing retrospectively in 1948, Aguinaldo explained that he initially commuted the sentence of death but rescinded his commutation from the pressure of the Consejo dela Guerra (Council of War) including Generals Mariano Noriel, Pio del Pilar, Severino de las Alas, all of which are supporters and loyalist of Bonifacio, among with General Mamerto Natividad, Sr. Anastacio Francisco together with the poet and historian Jose Clemente Zulueta among many others<ref>{{cite web |last=Aguinaldo |first=Emilio |title=General Emilio Aguinaldo's "Confession" |url=http://www.filipiniana.net/read_content.jsp?filename=PRR004000011 |year=1948 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527163125/http://www.filipiniana.net/read_content.jsp?filename=PRR004000011 |archive-date=May 27, 2008 |language=tl}}</ref>
<ref name="Revolt of the Masses">{{harvnb|Agoncillo|1996|pp=259,275}}.</ref>
===Execution===
There are differing accounts of Bonifacio's manner of execution. The commanding officer of the execution party, [[Lazaro Macapagal]], said in two separate accounts that the Bonifacio brothers were shot to death, which is the orthodox interpretation. Macapagal's second account has Bonifacio attempting to escape after his brother is shot, but he is also killed while running away. Macapagal writes that they buried the brothers in shallow graves dug with bayonets and marked by twigs.<ref name="ocampo2001">{{Harvnb|Ocampo|2001}}.</ref>
However, another account states that after his brother was shot, Bonifacio was stabbed and hacked to death. This was allegedly done while he lay prone in a hammock in which he was carried to the site, being too weak to walk.<ref name="cristobal">{{Harvnb|Cristobal|2005}}.</ref> This version was maintained by Guillermo Masangkay, who claimed to have gotten this information from one of Macapagal's men.<ref name="ocampo2001" /> Also, one account used to corroborate this version is of an alleged eyewitness, a farmer who claimed he saw five men hacking a man in a hammock.<ref name="cristobal" /> Historian Milagros Guerrero also says Bonifacio was bayoneted, and that the brothers were left unburied.<ref name="guerrerop196">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=196}}.</ref> After [[#Bonifacio's bones|bones said to be Bonifacio's – including a fractured skull –]] were discovered in 1918, Masangkay claimed the forensic evidence supported his version of events.<ref name="ocampo2001" /> Writer [[Adrian Cristobal]] notes that accounts of Bonifacio's captivity and trial state he was very weak due to his wounds being left untreated; he thus doubts that Bonifacio was strong enough to make a last dash for freedom as Macapagal claimed.<ref name="cristobal" /> Historian Ambeth Ocampo, who doubts the Bonifacio bones were authentic, thus also doubts the possibility of Bonifacio's death by this manner.<ref name="ocampo2001" />
===Bonifacio as first President of the Republic of the Philippines===
{{see also|List of unofficial presidents of the Philippines}}
Some historians such as Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnación, [[Ramón Villegas]] and [[Xiao Chua|Michael Charleston Chua]] have pushed for the recognition of Bonifacio as the first [[President of the Philippines]] instead of Aguinaldo, the officially recognized one. This view emphasizes that Bonifacio was not just the leader of the ''Katipunan'' as a revolutionary secret society, as traditional historiography has emphasized, but that he also established and headed a revolutionary government through the ''Katipunan'' from 1896 to 1897, before a revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo was first formed at the [[Tejeros Convention]]. Guerrero writes that Bonifacio had a concept of the Philippine nation called ''[[Haring Bayang Katagalugan]]'' ("Sovereign Tagalog Nation") which was displaced by Aguinaldo's concept of ''Filipinas''. In documents predating Tejeros and the [[First Philippine Republic]] of 1899, Bonifacio is called the president of the "Sovereign [Tagalog] Nation" and the "[[Tagalog Republic]]".<ref name="guerrero1996a"/><ref name="guerreropp166-167"/><ref name="cristobal"/><ref>[http://www.museooriental.es/ver_didactica.asp?clave=138&loc=0 "La Ilustración Española y Americana", Año 1897, Vol. I.]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Museo Oriental de Valladolid Site.</ref>
The term ''[[wikt:Tagalog|Tagalog]]'' historically refers to an [[Tagalog people|ethnic group]], [[Tagalog language|their language]], and [[Tagalog script|script]]. Historians have thus viewed Bonifacio's concept of the Philippine nation as restricted to the Tagalog-speaking regions of [[Luzon]], as compared to Aguinaldo's view of Luzon, [[Visayas]], and [[Mindanao]] (comprising the modern Philippines).{{citation needed|date=August 2023|reason=See apparent removal of supporting cites at https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&diff=prev&oldid=1056520904 -- I was not able to access those sources to reverify support; if reverified and re-cited, the cites might need pageno info}}
In their memoirs, Emilio Aguinaldo and other [[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo]] people claim Bonifacio became the head of the [[Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)|Magdiwang]], receiving the title ''Harì ng Bayan'' ("King of the Nation") with Mariano Álvarez as his second-in-command.<ref name="aguinaldo"/><ref name="ronquillo">{{Harvnb|Ronquillo|1996}}</ref><ref name = "xiaochua" /> Historians such as [[Carlos Quirino]] and Michael Charleston Chua suggest these claims stem from a misunderstanding or misrepresentation of Bonifacio's [[neologism]] ''Haring Bayan'' ("Sovereign Nation") as referring to Bonifacio himself instead of his concept of the nation, as was in truth reflected in his title ''Pangulo ng [[Tagalog Republic|Haring Bayang Katagalugan]]'' ("President of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation"), sometimes shortened to ''Pangulo ng Haring Bayan'' ("President of the Sovereign Nation").<ref name="quirino">{{Harvnb|Quirino|1969}}.</ref><ref name ="xiaochua" /> Santiago Álvarez (son of Mariano) distinguishes between the ''Magdiwang'' government and the ''Katipunan'' Supreme Council headed by Bonifacio.<ref name="alvarez"/>
According to historian Chua, the "first President" issue has been confounded by over a century of Philippine historiography most often referring to Bonifacio as "The Supremo" and taking it to mean "The Supreme Leader", thus ultimately taking him to have had dictatorial or monarchist ambitions as opposed to the later democratic and republican Philippine Presidents, when in fact "Supremo" was only a contraction of Spanish ''Presidente Supremo'' - a translation of Bonifacio's actual title as head of the Katipunan in Tagalog, ''Kataas-taasang Pangulo'' (Supreme President) - and based on surviving documents, Bonifacio generally did not call himself by the plain term "Supremo" despite other people's usage, but instead styled himself "Pangulo", i.e. President.<ref name ="xiaochua" /> Chua further writes:
<blockquote>...even inside the Katipunan, Bonifacio struggled to make people understand his concept of the Haring Bayan not as an individual or a King, but as something else... Haring Bayan really meant the King, or the power, is the people (Haring Bayan), which is basically "The Sovereign Nation"... So when he signed himself as Pangulo ng Haring Bayan past 24 August 1896, that means he intended to be president of a national revolutionary government which aimed to be a democracy.<ref name = "xiaochua" /></blockquote>
===Bonifacio as national hero===
{{See also|National hero of the Philippines}}
[[File:The Bonifacio Monument (Caloocan) 02.jpg|thumb|[[Andrés Bonifacio Monument]] in Caloocan is considered the most symbolic of all the monuments in the country, even grander than Motto Stella. It is sculpted by National Artist Guillermo Tolentino.]]
[[José Rizal]] is generally considered the foremost of the national heroes of the Philippines and often "the" national hero, albeit not in law, but Bonifacio has been suggested as a more worthy candidate on the grounds of having started the [[Philippine Revolution]].<ref name="ocampo1999"/> [[Teodoro Agoncillo]] notes that the Philippine national hero, unlike those of other countries, is not "the leader of its liberation forces".<ref name="Agoncillop160">{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=160}}</ref> [[Renato Constantino]] writes that Rizal is a "United States-sponsored hero" who was promoted as the greatest Filipino hero during the [[History of the Philippines (1898-1946)|American Occupation period of the Philippines]] – after Aguinaldo lost the [[Philippine–American War]]. The United States promoted Rizal, who was taken to represent peaceful political advocacy, instead of more radical figures whose ideas could inspire resistance against American rule.<ref name="constantino1980">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1980|pp=125–145}}.</ref> Specifically, Rizal was selected over Bonifacio who was viewed as "too radical" and [[Apolinario Mabini]] who was "unregenerate."<ref>{{Harvnb|Friend|1965|p=15}}</ref>
Historian [[Ambeth Ocampo]] gives the opinion that arguing for Bonifacio as the "better" hero on the grounds that he, not Rizal, began the Philippine Revolution, is moot since Rizal inspired Bonifacio, the Katipunan, and the Revolution. Even prior to his banishment to [[Dapitan]], Rizal was already regarded by the Filipino people as a national hero, having been elected as honorary president by the ''Katipunan''.<ref name="ocampo1999"/> Other historians also detail that Bonifacio was a follower of Rizal's [[La Liga Filipina]]. [[León María Guerrero (botanist)|León María Guerrero]] notes that while Rizal did not give his blessing to the Katipunan because he believed the time was premature, he did not condemn the aim of independence per se.<ref>[[León María Guerrero III|Leon Ma. Guerrero]], "The First Filipino", as quoted in Nick Joaquin's "Anatomy of the Anti-Hero." http://joserizal.info/Reflections/joaquin.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040828010552/http://joserizal.info/Reflections/joaquin.htm |date=August 28, 2004 }}</ref> [[Teodoro Agoncillo]] gives the opinion that Bonifacio should not replace Rizal as national hero, but they should be honored "side by side".<ref name="Agoncillop160"/>
Despite popular recognition of Rizal as "''the'' Philippine national hero", the title itself has no explicit legal definition in present Philippine law. Rizal and Bonifacio, however, are given the implied recognition of being national heroes because they are commemorated [[Public holidays in the Philippines|annually nationwide]] – ''[[Rizal Day]]'' on December 30 and ''[[Bonifacio Day]]'' on November 30.<ref name="ncca.gov.ph">{{cite web|url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/culture-profile-nationalhero.php|title=National Commission for Culture and the Arts. *Selection and Proclamation of National heroes and Law Honoring Filipino Historical Figures.|access-date=March 22, 2010|archive-date=April 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418115757/http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/culture-profile-nationalhero.php|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the website of the [[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]]: <blockquote>
Despite the lack of any official declaration explicitly proclaiming them as national heroes, [Rizal and Bonifacio] remain admired and revered for their roles in Philippine history. Heroes, according to historians, should not be legislated.
Their appreciation should be better left to academics. Acclamation for heroes, they felt, would be recognition enough.<ref name="ncca.gov.ph"/>
</blockquote>
===Bonifacio's bones===
In 1918, the American occupational government of the Philippines mounted a search for Bonifacio's remains in [[Maragondon]]. A group consisting of government officials, former rebels, and a man reputed to be Bonifacio's servant found bones which they claimed were Bonifacio's in a [[sugarcane]] field on March 17. The bones were placed in an urn and put into the care of the [[National Library of the Philippines]]. They were housed at the Library's headquarters in the [[Old Legislative Building (Manila)|Legislative Building]] in [[Ermita, Manila]], together with some of Bonifacio's papers and personal belongings. The authenticity of the bones was much disputed at the time and has been challenged as late as 2001 by [[Ambeth Ocampo]]. When Emilio Aguinaldo ran for President of the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] in 1935, his opponent [[Manuel L. Quezon]] (the eventual victor) invoked the memory of Bonifacio against him, the bones being the result of Bonifacio's execution by the judiciary branch of the revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo. During [[World War II]], the Philippines was invaded by Japan beginning on December 8, 1941. The bones were lost due to the widespread destruction and looting during the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Allied capture of Manila]] in February 1945.<ref name="ocampo2001"/><ref name="morallos">{{Harvnb|Morallos|1998}}.</ref><ref name="110mb">[http://philippine-revolution.110mb.com/bonifacio_detailed.htm "Philippine Revolution."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723230649/http://philippine-revolution.110mb.com/bonifacio_detailed.htm |date=July 23, 2009 }} Retrieved on August 1, 2009.</ref>
==Portrayal in the media==
*Portrayed by [[Eddie del Mar]] in the film Andres Bonifacio (Ang Supremo) (1964)
*Portrayed by [[Julio Diaz (actor)|Julio Diaz]] in the film ''Bayani'' (1992) and the unrelated TV series ''[[Bayani (TV series)|Bayani]]'' (1995).<ref name="GMA-Actors">{{cite news |last1=Godinez |first1=Bong |title=IN PHOTOS: Actors who portrayed Andres Bonifacio on film and TV |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/celebritylife/news/13316/in-photos-actors-who-portrayed-andres-bonifacio-on-film-and-tv/photo/194682/isko-moreno |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=GMA Entertainment |date=November 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827112302/https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/celebritylife/news/13316/in-photos-actors-who-portrayed-andres-bonifacio-on-film-and-tv/photo |archive-date=27 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
*Portrayal by Rody Vera in the musical 1896 (1995) produced by [[Philippine Educational Theater Association]].
*Portrayed by [[Gardo Versoza]] in the film ''[[José Rizal (film)|José Rizal]]'' (1998).<ref name="GMA-Actors" />
*Portrayed by [[Alfred Vargas]] in the film ''[[The Trial of Andres Bonifacio]]'' (2010) and in the film ''[[Supremo (film)|Supremo]]'' (2012).<ref name="GMA-Actors" />
*Portrayed by [[Mark Anthony Fernandez]] in [[GMA Network|GMA]] ''[[Lupang Hinirang]]'' music video in 2010<ref name="GMA-Actors" />
*Portrayed by [[Cesar Montano]] in the film ''[[El Presidente (film)|El Presidente]]'' (2012).<ref name="GMA-Actors" />
*Portrayed by [[Jolo Revilla]] in the TV series ''[[Indio (TV series)|Indio]]'' (2013).<ref name="GMA-Actors" />
*Portrayed by [[Sid Lucero]] in the TV series ''[[Katipunan (TV series)|Katipunan]]'' (2013) and ''[[Ilustrado (TV series)|Ilustrado]]'' (2014).<ref name="GMA-Actors" />
*Portrayed by [[Robin Padilla]] in the film ''[[Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo]]'' (2014).<ref name="GMA-Actors" />
*Portrayed by [[Nico Antonio]] in the film ''[[Heneral Luna]]'' (2015).<ref name="GMA-Actors" />
*Portrayed by [[Jhong Hilario]] in the film ''[[Unli Life]]'' (2018).<ref name="GMA-Actors" />
*Portrayed by Bullet Dumas in the musical ''[https://arete.ateneo.edu/2bayani 2Bayani: Isang Rock Operang Alay Kay Andres Bonifacio]'' (2021) produced by [[Tanghalang Ateneo]].
*Portrayed by Gary Guarino in the film ''[[GomBurZa (film)|GomBurZa]]'' (2023).
*Portrayed by Paw Castillio in the musical ''Pingkian: Isang Musika'' (2024) produced by [[Tanghalang Pilipino]].
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
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*{{cite news|last=Ocampo|first=Ambeth|author-link=Ambeth Ocampo|title=Rediscovering PH through Filipiniana|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/95004/rediscovering-ph-filipiniana|access-date=June 7, 2019|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer|INQUIRER.net]]|publisher=INQUIRER.net|date=June 1, 2016|quote=... [Joel S.] Regala went to the archives and found the 1881 records on Andres Bonifacio! Reproduced in the book [''In the Blood''] is the page where you find the parents of the hero: Santiago Bonifacio (aged 39) and Catalina de Castro (aged 36).... This small bit off information disproves the textbook story that Andres and his siblings were orphaned young.|archive-date=June 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607122833/https://opinion.inquirer.net/95004/rediscovering-ph-filipiniana|url-status=live}}.
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{{Refend}}
==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Andrés Bonifacio}}
{{Wikisource author}}
*{{Internet Archive author |sname=Andrés Bonifacio |sopt=t}}
*{{Librivox author |id=1665}}
*[https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/bonifacio.html Andres Bonifacio: 1863–1897]. [[United States Library of Congress]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090317220138/http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=PRR004000009 The Records of the Court Martial of Andres and Procopio Bonifacio] Full text and online collection of court documents in Spanish and old Tagalog with regards to the Andres and Procopio Bonifacio trial.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090827155421/http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=BKW000000005&page=1&epage=3 The Court-Martial of Andres Bonifacio] English translation of the historical court documents and testimonies in the trial and execution of Andres and Procopio Bonifacio processed by [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217085143/http://filipiniana.net/ Filipiniana.net]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090827183037/http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=BKW000000004&page=1&epage=1 Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog] Summary and full text of an article written by Andrés Bonifacio in the Katipunan newspaper ''Kalayaan'' posted in [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217085143/http://filipiniana.net/ Filipiniana.net]
* {{cite web|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/3330-transcript-of-the-trial-of-andres-bonifacio/|title=Transcript of the Trial of Andres Bonifacio|access-date=November 17, 2019|website=malacanang.gov.ph|archive-date=November 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116225704/http://malacanang.gov.ph/3330-transcript-of-the-trial-of-andres-bonifacio/|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/23/19/aguinaldo-confession-letters-on-bonifacio-execution-fetch-p5-million-at-auction|title=Aguinaldo 'confession' letters on Bonifacio execution fetch P5 million at auction|date=February 23, 2019|newspaper=ABS-CBN News (with image of a typewritten account amended in Emilio Aguinaldo’s handwriting)}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Unofficial Presidents of the Philippines|Unofficial President]] of the [[Sovereign Tagalog Nation]]|years=August 24, 1896 – March 10 or 22, 1897}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]|as=[[President of the Philippines]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Unofficial Philippine Presidents}}
{{Symbols of the Philippines}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bonifacio, Andres}}
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1897 deaths]]
[[Category:Executed Filipino people]]
[[Category:Filipino Freemasons]]
[[Category:Filipino nationalists]]
[[Category:Filipino Resistance activists]]
[[Category:Filipino revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Katipunan members]]
[[Category:Leaders ousted by a coup]]
[[Category:Paramilitary Filipinos]]
[[Category:People executed for treason]]
[[Category:People executed by the Philippines]]
[[Category:People who were court-martialed]]
[[Category:People from Tondo, Manila]]
[[Category:People of the Philippine Revolution]]
[[Category:Tagalog people]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Filipino revolutionary and national Hero of the Philippines (1863–1897)}}
{{About|the person Andres Bonifacio|other uses|Bonifacio (disambiguation){{!}}Bonifacio}}
{{pp-move}}
{{family name hatnote|Bonifacio|de Castro|lang=Spanish}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Most Excellent]]
| name = Andrés Bonifacio
| image = Andrés Bonifacio photo (cropped).jpg
| caption = Portrait photograph, {{circa}} 1896
| office = [[List of Unofficial Presidents of the Philippines|Unofficial President]] of the [[Sovereign Tagalog Nation]]<br>[[List of unofficial presidents of the Philippines|President of the Philippines]] (unofficial)
| vicepresident =
| term_start = August 24, 1896
| term_end = March 22 or May 10, 1897
| predecessor = ''Office established''
| successor = ''Office abolished'' <br /> [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] (as President of [[Tejeros Convention|Tejeros Revolutionary Government]])
| birth_name = Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro
| birth_date = {{birth date|1863|11|30}}<ref name=birth>{{cite book|author=Keat Gin Ooi|title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-770-2|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&dq=%22andres+bonifacio%22+born&pg=PA240 240]|access-date=April 9, 2019|archive-date=May 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510224605/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Tondo, Manila]],<ref name=birth /> [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]], [[Spanish Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1897|5|10|1863|11|30}}
| death_place = [[Maragondon]], [[Cavite]], Captaincy General of the Philippines, Spanish Empire
| death_cause = Execution
| resting_place =
| nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] -->
| education = [[Autodidacticism|Self-educated]]
| party = [[La Liga Filipina]]<br />[[Katipunan]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Monica|<!-- unknown -->|<!-- c. 1890 -->|reason=her death}}
* {{marriage|[[Gregoria de Jesús]]|1893}}
}}
| children = 1
| signature = Bonifacio signature.png
| nickname = ''Maypagasa'' <br> (''The First President of the Republic of the Philippines '')
| allegiance = {{ubl|[[File:Flag of Katipunan.svg|22px]] [[Katipunan]]|[[File:Flag of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation.svg|25px]] [[Tagalog Republic]]|{{flagicon image|Personal flag of Andres Bonifacio.svg}} [[Katipunan]] ([[Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)|Magdiwang]])}}
| branch =
| serviceyears = 1896–1897
| rank =
| unit =
| commands =
| battles = [[Philippine Revolution]]
*[[Cry of Pugad Lawin]]
*[[Battle of Manila (1896)]]
*[[Battle of San Juan del Monte]]
*[[Battle of Pasong Tamo]]
*[[Battle of San Mateo and Montalban]]
*Battle of Marikina
*Battle of Balara
| office3 = Supremo of [[Katipunan]]
| term3 = November, 1895 – May 10, 1897
| predecessor3 = [[Román Basa]]
| successor3 = ''Organization defunct''
}}
'''Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro''' ({{IPA-tl|anˈdɾes (anˈdɾez-) bonɪˈfaʃo|lang}}, {{IPA-es|anˈdɾes βoniˈfaθjo|lang}};{{refn|In isolation, his given name and last name are pronounced {{IPA-es|anˈdɾes|}} and {{IPA-es|boniˈfaθjo|}} respectively. The Spanish pronunciation of ''Bonifacio'' in both [[Spanish language in the Americas|Latin America]] and the [[Spanish language in the United States|United States]] is {{IPA-es|boniˈfasjo|}}.}} November 30, 1863{{spnd}}May 10, 1897) was a [[Filipino people|Filipino]] revolutionary leader. He is often called "The Father of the [[Philippines|Philippine]] [[Philippine Revolution|Revolution]]", and considered one of the [[national heroes of the Philippines]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Filipinos honor 'Father of Philippine Revolution' |url=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1055414 |url-status=live |newspaper=Philippine News Agency |date=November 30, 2018 |access-date=December 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101051342/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1055414 |archive-date=January 1, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Who is Andres Bonifacio">{{cite journal |last=Arcilla |first=Jose S. |title=Who is Andres Bonifacio? |journal=Philippine Studies |date=1997 |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=570–577 |issn=0031-7837 |jstor=42634247}}</ref><ref name="official">{{cite web|url=http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/researches/rrb_0301_1.pdf|title=Selection and Proclamation of National Heroes and Laws Honoring Filipino Historical Figures|publisher=Reference and Research Bureau Legislative Research Service, House of Congress|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604034938/http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/researches/rrb_0301_1.pdf|archive-date=June 4, 2011|df=mdy}}.</ref>
He was one of the founders and later the ''Kataastaasang Pangulo'' (Supreme President, ''Presidente Supremo'' in Spanish, often shortened by contemporaries and historians to just ''Supremo'')<ref name="xiaochua">{{cite web |last=Chua |first=Michael Charleston B. |author-link=Xiao Chua |title=Bonifacio did not call himself Supremo |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/11/30/18/bonifacio-did-not-call-himself-supremo |publisher=[[ABS-CBN]] |date=November 30, 2018 |access-date=June 26, 2021}}</ref> of the ''[[Katipunan|Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan]]'' or more commonly known as the "[[Katipunan]]", a movement that sought the independence of the [[Philippines]] from [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonial rule]] and started the Philippine Revolution.<ref name="agoncillo1996p41">{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1996|p=41}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=146}}.</ref><ref name="official" />
He is gay With the onset of the revolution, Bonifacio reorganized the ''Katipunan'' into a revolutionary government, with himself as President (''Pangulo'') of a [[nation-state]] called "Haring Bayang Katagalugan" ("Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People" or "Sovereign Tagalog Nation"), also "Republika ng Katagaluguan" ("[[Tagalog Republic]]", ''Republica Tagala'' in Spanish), where in "Tagalog" referred to all those born in the Philippine islands and not merely the Tagalog speaking regions <ref name="guererro1">{{cite journal |last1=Guererro |first1=Milagros |last2=Encarnacion |first2=Emmanuel |last3=Villegas |first3=Ramon |title=Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution |url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1 |url-status=dead |journal=Sulyap Kultura |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=3–12 |date=1996 |publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts |access-date=December 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143743/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref><ref name="guererro2">{{cite book |last1=Guererro |first1=Milagros |last2=Schumacher |first2=John, [[Society of Jesus|SJ]] |title=Reform and Revolution |publisher=Asia Publishing Company Limited |volume=5 |series=Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People |year=1998 |isbn=962-258-228-1}}</ref> Hence, some historians have argued that he should be considered the First President of the Tagalogs instead of the Philippines; that is why he is not included in the current official line of succession.<ref name="guererro1" /><ref name="guererro2" />
Bonifacio was executed by Major [[Lázaro Macapagal]] under the order of the ''Consejo dela Guerra'' (Council of War) headed by General [[Mariano Noriel]] in 1897 on the basis of committing sedition and treason against the government.<ref name="The Revolt of the Masses">{{harvnb|Agoncillo|1996|pp=259–275}}.</ref><ref name="History of the Republic of the Philippines">{{harvnb|Zaide|1983|pp=245}}.</ref>
==Early life and education==
Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro was born on November 30, 1863, in [[Tondo, Manila|Tondo]], Manila,<ref>{{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer |title=The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History |date=2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781851099511 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&q=Andr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio+was+born+on&pg=PA65 |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121254/https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&q=Andr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio+was+born+on&pg=PA65 |url-status=live}}</ref> and was the first of six children of Catalina de Castro, a tornatras from Zambales, and Santiago Bonifacio, a native of Taguig.<ref name=":0" /> His parents named him after [[Andrew the Apostle|Saint Andrew the Apostle]], the [[patron saint]] of Manila whose [[Saint Andrew's Day|feast day]] falls on his birth date.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandculture/766227/8-things-you-might-not-know-about-andres-bonifacio/story/|title=8 things you might not know about Andres Bonifacio|date=November 30, 2020|accessdate=January 11, 2023|work=GMA News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/102653/did-you-know-131|title=Did you know|date=November 29, 2011|accessdate=April 6, 2023|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|first=Schatzi|last=Quodala}}</ref> He learned the alphabet through his aunt. He was enrolled in Guillermo Osmeña's private elementary school<ref>{{cite book |last=Nobles |first=Arsenio F. |title=Philippine Journal of Education |date=1964 |page=211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tuIqAAAAMAAJ |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121320/https://books.google.com/books?id=tuIqAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Archipelago |date=1975 |publisher=Bureau of National and Foreign Information, Department of Public Information |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5BUaNs1c0sC&q=Guillermo+Osme%C3%B1a%27s |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121324/https://books.google.com/books?id=T5BUaNs1c0sC&q=Guillermo+Osme%C3%B1a%27s |url-status=live}}</ref> and also in Escuela Municipal de Niños on Calle Ilaya in Tondo. He reached third year in a private secondary school in Manila.<ref name=":0" />
Some sources assert that he was orphaned at an early age,<ref>{{citation |last=Capili |first=Maria Angelica A. |title=Bantayog: Discovering Manila through its Monuments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7PwCwAAQBAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Foreign Service Institute |isbn=978-971-552-075-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=B7PwCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22andres+bonifacio%22+orphan&pg=PA34 34] |access-date=June 7, 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121255/https://books.google.com/books?id=B7PwCwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Turning Points I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb8a7P_2InIC|year=2007|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.|isbn=978-971-23-4538-8|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb8a7P_2InIC&dq=%22andres+bonifacio%22+orphan&pg=RA6-PA26 26]|access-date=June 7, 2019|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805224239/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb8a7P_2InIC|url-status=live}}</ref> but, considering the existence of an 1881 record that has Bonifacio's parents listed as living in Tondo, it is disputed by others.<ref name="Filipiniana">{{Harvnb|Ocampo|2016}}.</ref> To support his family financially, Bonifacio made canes and paper fans which he and his young siblings sold (after they were orphaned, according to the traditional view).<ref>{{cite news |last=Carballo |first=Bibsy M. |title=Bonifacio, Ang Unang Pangulo |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2014/12/15/1402782/bonifacio-ang-unang-pangulo |access-date=18 August 2019 |work=philstar.com |publisher=PhilStar Global |date=December 15, 2014 |archive-date=August 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818083136/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2014/12/15/1402782/bonifacio-ang-unang-pangulo |url-status=live}}</ref> He also made posters for business firms. This became their thriving family business that continued when the men of the family, namely Andres, Ciriaco, Procopio, and Troadio, were employed with private and government companies, which provided them with decent living conditions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ventura |first=Sylvia Mendez |title=Supremo: The Story of Andres Bonifacio |date=2001 |publisher=Tahanan Books for Young Readers |isbn=9789716300918 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8BxAAAAMAAJ&q=andres+bonifacio |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121310/https://books.google.com/books?id=z8BxAAAAMAAJ&q=andres+bonifacio |url-status=live}}</ref>
In his late teens, he first worked either as an agent or ''mandatario'' (messenger) for the British trading firm [[Robert Fleming & Co.|Fleming and Company]],{{sfn|Villanueva|1989|p=30}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Richardson |first=Jim |title=The Fight for Liberty: Notes on Andres Bonifacio and the Beginning of the Philippine Revolution |publisher=National Historical Commission of the Philippines |year=2023 |isbn=978-971-538-368-4 |location=Manila}}</ref> where he rose to become a ''corredor'' (broker) of tar, [[rattan]] and other goods. He later transferred to Fressell and Company, a German trading firm, where he worked as a ''bodeguero'' (storehouse keeper) responsible for warehouse inventory. He was also a [[theater actor]] and often played the role of [[Bernardo Carpio]], a fictional character in Tagalog folklore.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ventura |first1=Sylvia Mendez |title=Supremo: The Story of Andres Bonifacio |date=2001 |publisher=Tahanan Books for Young Readers |isbn=9789716300918 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8BxAAAAMAAJ&q=andres+bonifacio |access-date=October 1, 2020 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121258/https://books.google.com/books?id=z8BxAAAAMAAJ&q=andres+bonifacio |url-status=live}}</ref>
Not finishing his formal education, Bonifacio turned to self-education by reading books. He read books about the [[French Revolution]], biographies of the [[List of presidents of the United States|presidents of the United States]], books about contemporary Philippine penal and civil codes, and novels such as [[Victor Hugo]]'s ''[[Les Misérables]]'', [[Eugène Sue]]'s ''[[Le Juif errant]]'' and [[José Rizal]]'s ''[[Noli Me Tángere (novel)|Noli Me Tángere]]'' and ''[[El filibusterismo]]''. Aside from [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish]], he could at least speak some [[English language in the Philippines|English]] because of his work in a British firm.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bonoan |first=Christopher |date=2014-06-12 |title=Of books, bolo, and Bonifacio |url=https://www.rappler.com/voices/ispeak/60320-books-bolo-bonifacio/ |access-date= |website=Rappler |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=The Filipino Moving Onward 5' 2007 Ed. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C&dq=bonifacio+alphabet+english&pg=RA5-PT49 49] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C |access-date=November 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629121401/https://books.google.com/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C |archive-date=June 29, 2016 |url-status=live |publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc. |isbn=978-971-23-4154-0}}</ref>
==Marriages==
Bonifacio's first wife, Monica (surname unknown), was his neighbor in Palomar, [[Tondo, Manila|Tondo]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Szczepanski |first=Kallie |title=Biography of Andrés Bonifacio, Filipino Revolutionary Leader |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/andres-bonifacio-of-the-philippines-195651 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=August 18, 2019 |archive-date=October 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004065241/https://www.thoughtco.com/andres-bonifacio-of-the-philippines-195651 |url-status=live}}</ref> She died of [[leprosy]]<ref name=ocampo1966p8>{{cite book |last=De Ocampo |first=Esteban A. |title=The Life and Achievements of Bonifacio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXICAAAAMAAJ|year=1966|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oXICAAAAMAAJ&q=leprosy 8]}}</ref><ref name="Walking tour of Bonifacio’s Manila">{{cite news |last=Ocampo |first=Ambeth R. |title=Walking tour of Bonifacio's Manila |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/86710/walking-tour-of-bonifacios-manila |access-date=August 19, 2019 |work=opinion.inquirer.net |archive-date=August 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819063407/https://opinion.inquirer.net/86710/walking-tour-of-bonifacios-manila |url-status=live}}</ref> and they had no recorded children.
In 1892, Bonifacio, a 29-year-old widower, met the 18-year-old [[Gregoria de Jesús]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ventura |first1=Sylvia Mendez |title=Supremo: The Story of Andres Bonifacio |date=2001 |publisher=Tahanan Books for Young Readers |isbn=9789716300918 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8BxAAAAMAAJ&q=gregoria |access-date=August 19, 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121257/https://books.google.com/books?id=z8BxAAAAMAAJ&q=gregoria |url-status=live}}</ref> through his friend [[Teodoro Plata]], who was her cousin. [[Gregoria de Jesús|Gregoria]], also called Oriang, was the daughter of a prominent citizen and landowner from [[Caloocan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan – National Historical Commission of the Philippines |url=http://nhcp.gov.ph/andres-bonifacio-and-the-katipunan/ |website=National Historical Commission of the Philippines |access-date=August 18, 2019 |date=September 4, 2012 |archive-date=January 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128003829/http://nhcp.gov.ph/andres-bonifacio-and-the-katipunan/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Gregoria's parents did not agree at first to their relationship, for Andrés was a [[Freemason]], and Freemasons were at that time considered enemies of the [[Catholic Church]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Laus |first=Emiliano L. |title=Brief Biographies of the Ten Most Outstanding Filipino National Leaders |date=1951 |publisher=National Print. Company |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evE9AAAAMAAJ&q=andres+bonifacio |access-date=August 19, 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121314/https://books.google.com/books?id=evE9AAAAMAAJ&q=andres+bonifacio |url-status=live}}</ref> Her parents eventually acquiesced, and Andrés and Gregoria were married in a Catholic ceremony at [[Binondo Church]] in March 1893 or 1894. The couple were also married through Katipunan rites in a friend's house in [[Santa Cruz, Manila]] on the same day of their church wedding.<ref>{{cite book |title=Andres Bonifacio {{!}} Filipino political leader |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andres-Bonifacio |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-date=September 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921113505/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andres-Bonifacio |url-status=live}}</ref>
They had one son, born in early 1896,<ref>{{cite book |last=Abueva |first=Jose Veloso |title=Pagbubuo Ng Bansa at Republika Ng Pilipinas |date=1998 |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |isbn=9789715422154 |page=381 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q61Aza1JSUYC&q=Andres |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121326/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q61Aza1JSUYC&q=Andres |url-status=live}}</ref> who sadly died of [[smallpox]] in infancy.<ref name="Walking tour of Bonifacio’s Manila"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Lizares |first=Luci |title=Andres Bonifacio: beyond the textbooks |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/113049 |access-date=19 August 2019 |work=Sunstar |date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=August 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819063401/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/113049 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==Early political activism==
{{main|La Liga Filipina}}
In 1892, Bonifacio became one of the founding members<ref>{{cite web |title=July 3, 1892, Dr. Jose Rizal founded the La Liga Filipina |url=https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/735/today-in-philippine-history-july-3-1892-dr-jose-rizal-founded-the-la-liga-filipina |website=The Kahimyang Project |date=November 8, 2011 |access-date=August 19, 2019 |archive-date=August 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819074923/https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/735/today-in-philippine-history-july-3-1892-dr-jose-rizal-founded-the-la-liga-filipina |url-status=live}}</ref> of [[José Rizal]]'s [[La Liga Filipina]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Capino |first1=Diosdado G. |last2=Gonzalez |first2=Maria Minerva A. |last3=Pineda |first3=Filipinas E. |title=Rizal's Life, Works, and Writings: Their Impact on Our National Identity |date=1977 |publisher=Goodwill Trading Co., Inc. |isbn=9789711108908 |pages=38–39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NefNZZ9ughYC&q=la+liga+filipina&pg=PA45 |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121329/https://books.google.com/books?id=NefNZZ9ughYC&q=la+liga+filipina&pg=PA45 |url-status=live}}</ref> an organization that called for political reforms in Spain's colonial government of the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Capino |first1=Diosdado G. |last2=Gonzalez |first2=Maria Minerva A. |last3=Pineda |first3=Filipinas E. |title=Rizal's Life, Works, and Writings: Their Impact on Our National Identity |date=1977 |publisher=Goodwill Trading Co., Inc. |isbn=9789711108908 |pages=36–38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NefNZZ9ughYC&q=la+liga+filipina&pg=PA45 |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121322/https://books.google.com/books?id=NefNZZ9ughYC&q=la+liga+filipina&pg=PA45 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, La Liga disbanded<ref>{{cite book |last=Guillermo |first=Artemio R. |title=Historical Dictionary of the Philippines |date=2012 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810872462 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&q=la+liga+filipina+disbanded&pg=PA246 |access-date=October 1, 2020 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121258/https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&q=la+liga+filipina+disbanded&pg=PA246 |url-status=live}}</ref> after only one meeting, for Rizal was arrested and deported to [[Dapitan]] in the [[Western Mindanao]] region.<ref>{{cite book |author=Institut Kajian Dasar Malaysia |title=José Rizal and the Asian renaissance |date=1996 |publisher=Institut Kajian Dasar |isbn=9789838840514 |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFdwAAAAMAAJ&q=after+only+one+meeting+as+Rizal+was+arrested+and+deported+to+Dapitan+in+Mindanao |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121313/https://books.google.com/books?id=NFdwAAAAMAAJ&q=after+only+one+meeting+as+Rizal+was+arrested+and+deported+to+Dapitan+in+Mindanao |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Abrams">{{cite book |last=Francia |first=Luis H. |title=History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos |date=2013 |publisher=Abrams |isbn=9781468315455 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzuEDwAAQBAJ&q=La+liga+filipina+history&pg=PT108 |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121313/https://books.google.com/books?id=GzuEDwAAQBAJ&q=La+liga+filipina+history&pg=PT108 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bonifacio, [[Apolinario Mabini]] and others revived La Liga<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Tarver |editor1-first=H. Micheal |editor1-link=H. Micheal Tarver |editor2-last=Slape |editor2-first=Emily |title=The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781610694223 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ&q=revived+la+liga+filipina&pg=RA1-PA108 |access-date=October 1, 2020 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121309/https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ&q=revived+la+liga+filipina&pg=RA1-PA108 |url-status=live}}</ref> in Rizal's absence and Bonifacio was active at organizing local chapters in Manila. He would become the chief propagandist of the revived Liga.<ref name="Abrams"/>
La Liga Filipina contributed moral and financial support to the Propaganda Movement of Filipino [[reformist]]s in Spain.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sagmit |first1=Rosario S. |last2=Mendoza |first2=Maria Lourdes Sagmit |title=The Filipino Moving Onward 5' 2007 Ed. |publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc. |isbn=9789712341540 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C&q=la+liga+filipina+financial+support&pg=RA5-PT63 |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121315/https://books.google.com/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C&q=la+liga+filipina+financial+support&pg=RA5-PT63 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==Katipunan==
{{main|Katipunan}}
[[File:Katipunan Monument (72 Calle Azcárraga, Tondo) 01.jpg|thumb|Katipunan Monument along [[Recto Avenue]] (formerly Calle Azcarraga) in [[San Nicolas, Manila|San Nicolas]], [[Manila]], where [[Katipunan]] was founded]]
On the night of July 7, 1892, the day after Rizal's deportation was announced, Bonifacio and others officially "founded" the ''[[Katipunan]]'', or in full, ''Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan'' ("Highest and Most Respected Society of the Country's Children"; ''Bayan'' can also denote community, people, and nation).<ref name="guerrerop132">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=132}}.</ref> The [[secret society]] sought independence from Spain through [[Armed revolution|armed revolt.]]<ref name="constantinop158-159">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=158–159}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=149}}</ref> It was influenced by [[Freemasonry]] through its rituals and organization, and several members including Bonifacio were also Freemasons.<ref name="guerrerop149">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=149}}.</ref> Within the society Bonifacio used the pseudonym ''[[May Pagasa|May pag-asa]]'' ({{translation|"There is Hope"|literal=yes}}).<ref name=agoncillo1996p216>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1996|p=216}}</ref> Newly found documents though suggest that Katipunan has already been existing as early as January 1892.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kasaysayan-kkk.info/|title=Katipunan: Documents and Studies|last=Richardson|first=Jim|publisher=kasaysayan-kkk.info|access-date=May 22, 2015|archive-date=December 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221072834/http://www.kasaysayan-kkk.info/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Richardson2013">{{cite book|last=Richardson|first=Jim|title=The Light of Liberty: Documents and Studies on the Katipunan, 1892–1897|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0NKzoAEACAAJ|year=2013|publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press|isbn=978-971-550-675-5|access-date=November 28, 2015|archive-date=May 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509151946/https://books.google.com/books?id=0NKzoAEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/66619/the-most-important-book-of-our-time|last=Nery|first=John|title=The most important book of our time|date=December 2, 2013|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|access-date=May 22, 2015|archive-date=October 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011112810/http://opinion.inquirer.net/66619/the-most-important-book-of-our-time|url-status=live}}</ref>
For a time, Bonifacio worked with both the ''Katipunan'' and ''[[La Liga Filipina]]''. ''La Liga'' eventually split because some members like Bonifacio lost hope for peaceful reform and stopped their monetary aid.<ref name="guerrerop149"/> The more conservative members, mostly wealthy members, who still believed in peaceful reforms set up the ''Cuerpo de Compromisarios'', which pledged continued support to the reformists in Spain. The radicals were subsumed into the ''Katipunan''.<ref name="constantinop158-159"/> From [[Manila]], the ''Katipunan'' expanded to several provinces, including [[Batangas]], [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]], [[Cavite]], [[Bulacan]], [[Pampanga]], and [[Nueva Ecija]].<ref name="agoncillop166">{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=166}}</ref> Most of its members, called ''[[Katipuneros]]'', came from the lower and middle classes, and many of its local leaders were prominent figures in their municipalities.<ref name="guerrerop151">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=151}}.</ref> At first exclusively male, membership was later extended to females, with Bonifacio's wife [[Gregoria de Jesús]] as a leading member.<ref>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=163}}</ref>
From the beginning, Bonifacio was one of the chief ''Katipunan'' officers, although he did not become its ''Presidente Supremo'' (Supreme President)<ref name="alvarez">{{Harvnb|Álvarez|1992}}.</ref> until 1895. He was the third head of the ''Katipunan'' after [[Deodato Arellano]] and [[Román Basa]]. Prior to this, he served as the society's [[comptroller]] and then as its "fiscal" (advocate/procurator).<ref name="agoncillop152">{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=152}}</ref><ref name="guerrerop150">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=150}}.</ref> The society had its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership. For each [[Provinces of the Philippines#Former provinces|province]] involved, the ''Katipunan'' Supreme Council coordinated with provincial councils in charge of public administration and military affairs, and with local councils in charge of affairs on the district or [[barrio]] level.<ref name="guerrero1996a">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1996a|pp=3–12}}.</ref><ref name="guerreropp149-150">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|pp=149–150}}.</ref>
Within the society, Bonifacio developed a strong friendship with [[Emilio Jacinto]], who served as his adviser and confidant, as well as a member of the Supreme Council. Bonifacio adopted Jacinto's ''[[Kartilya]]'' primer as the official teachings of the society in place of his own ''[[:wikt:decalogue|Decalogue]]'', which he judged as inferior. Bonifacio, Jacinto and [[Pío Valenzuela]] collaborated on the society's organ, ''[[Katipunan|Kalayaan]]'' (Freedom), which had only one printed issue. Bonifacio wrote several pieces for the paper, including the poem ''[[Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa|Pag-ibig sa Tinubúang Lupà]]'' (approx. "Love for One's Homeland"<ref>''[http://www.philippinerevolution.net/cgi-bin/kultura/awit.pl?title=pag-ibig%20sa%20tinubuang%20lupa Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221194714/http://www.philippinerevolution.net/cgi-bin/kultura/awit.pl?title=pag-ibig%20sa%20tinubuang%20lupa |date=December 21, 2007 }}''. Philippine Revolution Web Center Site.</ref>) under the pseudonym ''Agapito Bagumbayan''. The publication of ''Kalayaan'' in March 1896 led to a great increase in the society's membership. The ''Katipunan'' movement spread throughout [[Luzon]], to [[Panay]] in the [[Visayas]] and even as far as [[Mindanao]].<ref name="constantinop175">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|p=175}}.</ref> From less than 300 members in January 1896,<ref name="agoncillop166"/> it had 30,000 to 40,000 by August 1896.<ref name="constantinop175"/>
The rapid increase in ''Katipunan'' activity drew the suspicion of the Spanish authorities. By early 1896, Spanish intelligence was aware of the existence of a seditious secret society, and suspects were kept under surveillance and arrests were made. On May 3, Bonifacio held a general assembly of ''Katipunan'' leaders in [[Pasig]], where they debated when to start the revolution. While some officers, especially Bonifacio, believed a revolution was inevitable, some members, especially [[Santiago Alvarez (general)|Santiago Alvarez]] and [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] both of [[Cavite]], expressed reservations and disagreement regarding the planned revolt due to lack of firearms. The consensus was to consult [[José Rizal]] in [[Dapitan]] before launching armed action, so Bonifacio sent Pío Valenzuela to Rizal. Rizal turned out to be against the revolution, believing it to be premature. He recommended more preparation, but suggested that, in the event the revolution did break out, they should seek the leadership of [[Antonio Luna]], who was widely regarded as a brilliant military leader.<ref name="guerreropp160-164">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|pp=160–164}}.</ref>
==Philippine Revolution==
{{main|Philippine Revolution}}
===Start of the uprising===
The Spanish authorities confirmed the existence of the ''Katipunan'' on August 19, 1896. Hundreds of Filipino suspects, both innocent and guilty, were arrested and imprisoned for treason.<ref name="constantinop176">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|p=176}}.</ref> José Rizal (José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Realonda) was then on his way to [[Cuba]] to serve as a doctor in the Spanish colonial army in exchange for his release from [[Dapitan Heritage Zone|Dapitan.]]<ref name="constantinop177">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|p=177}}</ref><ref name="guerreropp143,164">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|pp=143,164}}.</ref> When the news broke, Bonifacio first tried to convince Rizal, quarantined aboard a ship in [[Manila Bay]], to escape and join the imminent revolt. Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and {{Interlanguage link|Guillermo Masangkay|nl}} disguised themselves as sailors and went to the pier where Rizal's ship was anchored. Jacinto personally met with Rizal, who rejected their rescue offer.<ref>{{Harvnb|Borromeo-Buehler|1998|pp=29–30}}.</ref> Rizal himself was later arrested, tried and executed.<ref name="constantinop177" />
[[File:Personal flag of Andres Bonifacio.svg|thumb|Bonifacio's personal flag.]]
Eluding an intensive manhunt, Bonifacio called thousands of ''Katipunan'' members to a mass gathering in Caloocan, where they decided to start their uprising. The event, marked by the tearing of ''cedulas'' (personal identity documents) was later called the "[[Cry of Balintawak]]" or "[[Cry of Pugad Lawin]]"; the exact location and date of the Cry are disputed.<ref>{{Harvnb|Borromeo-Buehler|1998}}</ref><ref name="guerrero1996b">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1996b|pp=13–22}}</ref> The Supreme Council of the ''Katipunan'' declared a nationwide armed revolution against Spain and called for a simultaneous coordinated attack on the capital [[Manila]] on August 29. Bonifacio appointed generals to lead rebel forces to Manila. Other ''Katipunan'' councils were also informed of their plans. Before hostilities erupted, Bonifacio reorganized the ''Katipunan'' into an open ''de facto'' revolutionary government with him as Supremo of the rebel army and the Supreme Council as his cabinet.<ref name="guerrero1996a"/><ref name="guerreropp166-167">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|pp=166–167}}.</ref><ref name=agoncillo1996pp152-153>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1996|pp=152–153}}</ref> On August 28, Bonifacio issued the following general proclamation:
<blockquote>This manifesto is for all of you. It is absolutely necessary for us to stop at the earliest possible time the nameless oppositions being perpetrated on the sons of the country who are now suffering the brutal punishment and tortures in jails, and because of this please let all the brethren know that on Saturday, the 29th of the current month, the revolution shall commence according to our agreement. For this purpose, it is necessary for all towns to rise simultaneously and attack Manila at the same time. Anybody who obstructs this sacred ideal of the people will be considered a traitor and an enemy, except if he is ill; or is not physically fit, in which case he shall be tried according to the regulations we have put in force.
Mount of Liberty, 28 August 1896 – ANDRÉS BONIFACIO<ref name="agoncillo1996p41"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Salazar|1994|p=107}}.</ref></blockquote>
On August 30, 1896, Bonifacio personally led an attack on [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan del Monte]] to capture the town's powder magazine and water station (which supplied Manila). The defending Spaniards, outnumbered, fought a delaying battle until reinforcements arrived. Once reinforced, the Spaniards drove Bonifacio's forces back with heavy casualties. Bonifacio and his troops regrouped near [[Marikina|Mariquina]] (now Marikina), [[San Mateo, Rizal|San Mateo]] and [[Rodriguez, Rizal|Montalban]] (now Rodriguez).<ref name="Agoncillop173"/> Elsewhere, fighting between rebels and Spanish forces occurred in [[Mandaluyong|San Felipe Neri]] (now Mandaluyong), [[Sampaloc, Manila|Sampaloc]], [[Santa Ana, Manila|Santa Ana]], [[Pandacan]], [[Pateros]], Mariquina, [[Caloocan]],<ref name="salazar">{{Harvnb|Salazar|1994}}.</ref> [[Makati|San Pedro Macati]] (now Makati) and [[Taguig]].<ref name="Agoncillop173">{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=173}}</ref> The conventional view among Filipino historians is that the planned general ''Katipunan'' offensive on Manila was aborted in favor of Bonifacio's attack on [[San Juan del Monte, Philippines|San Juan del Monte]],<ref name="Agoncillop173"/><ref name="zaide">{{Harvnb|Zaide|1984}}.</ref> which sparked a general state of rebellion in the area.<ref>{{Harvnb|Salazar|1994|p=104}}.</ref> However, more recent studies have advanced the view that the planned offensive did push through and the rebel attacks were integrated; according to this view, Bonifacio's San Juan del Monte battle was only a part of a bigger whole – an unrecognized "Battle for Manila".<ref name="salazar"/><ref name="guerrerop173">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=173}}.</ref> Despite his reverses, Bonifacio was not completely defeated and was still considered a threat. Further, the revolt had spread to the surrounding provinces by the end of August.<ref name="salazar"/><ref name="guerrerop173"/>
===Haring Bayang Katagalugan===
Influenced by [[Freemasonry]], the ''[[Katipunan]]'' had been organized with "its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership".<ref name = "guererro1" /> For each province it involved, the Supreme Council coordinated provincial councils<!--(''Sangguniang Bayan'')--><ref name = "guererro2" /> which were in charge of "public administration and military affairs on the supra-municipal or quasi-provincial level"<ref name="guererro1" /> and local councils<!--(''Panguluhang Bayan'')-->,<ref name="guererro2" /> in charge of affairs "on the district or [[barrio]] level".<ref name="guererro1" /> In the last days of August, the ''Katipunan'' members met in Caloocan and decided to start their revolt<ref name="guererro1" /> (the event was later called the "[[Cry of Balintawak]]" or "Cry of [[Pugad Lawin]]"; the exact location and date are disputed). A day after the Cry, the Supreme Council was reorganized by Bonifacio with the following:
{|class=wikitable
|-
! Position !! Name
|-
| President ||Andrés Bonifacio
|-
| Vice President|| [[Gregoria de Jesus]]
|-
| Secretary of War ||[[Teodoro Plata]]
|-
| Secretary of State || [[Emilio Jacinto]]
|-
| Secretary of the Interior || Aguedo del Rosario
|-
| Secretary of Justice|| Briccio Pantas
|-
| Secretary of Finance|| Enrique Pacheco
|}
The above was divulged to the Spanish by the ''Katipunan'' member [[Pío Valenzuela]] while in captivity.<ref name="guererro1" /><ref name="guererro2" /> [[Teodoro Agoncillo]] thus wrote:
{{cquote|Immediately before the outbreak of the revolution, therefore, Bonifacio organized the Katipunan into a government revolving around a ‘cabinet’ composed of men of his confidence.<ref>{{harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p={{Page needed|date=September 2010}}}}</ref>}}
Milagros C. Guerrero and others have described Bonifacio as "effectively" the commander-in-chief of the revolutionaries. They assert:
{{cquote|As commander-in-chief, Bonifacio supervised the planning of military strategies and the preparation of orders, manifests and decrees, adjudicated offenses against the nation, as well as mediated in political disputes. He directed generals and positioned troops in the fronts. On the basis of command responsibility, all victories and defeats all over the archipelago during his term of office should be attributed to Bonifacio.<ref name="guererro1" />}}
One name for Bonifacio's concept of the Philippine nation-state appears in surviving ''Katipunan'' documents: ''[[Haring Bayang Katagalugan]]'' ("Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan", or "Sovereign Tagalog Nation") – sometimes shortened into ''Haring Bayan'' ("Sovereign Nation"). ''Bayan'' may be rendered as "nation" or "people". Bonifacio is named as the president of the "Tagalog Republic" in an issue of the Spanish periodical ''[[La Ilustración Española y Americana]]'' published in February 1897 (''"Andrés Bonifacio – Titulado "Presidente" de la República Tagala"''). Another name for Bonifacio's government was ''[[Tagalog Republic|Repúblika ng Katagalugan]]'' (another form of "Tagalog Republic") as evidenced by a picture of a rebel seal published in the same periodical the next month.<ref name="guererro1" /><ref name="guererro2" />
Official letters and one appointment paper of Bonifacio addressed to Emilio Jacinto reveal Bonifacio's various titles and designations, as follows:<ref name="guererro1" /><ref name="guererro2" />
*President of the Supreme Council
*Supreme President
*President of the Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan / Sovereign Tagalog Nation
*President of the Sovereign Nation, Founder of the Katipunan, Initiator of the Revolution
*Office of the Supreme President, Government of the Revolution
Later, in November 1896, while encamped at Balara, Bonifacio commissioned [[Julio Nakpil]] to compose a national anthem. Nakpil produced a hymn called ''[[Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan]]'' ("Honorable Hymn of the Tagalog Nation/People").<ref name="Nakpil">{{Harvnb|Nakpil|1964}}.</ref>
Eventually, an 1897 power struggle in [[Cavite]] led to command of the revolution shifting to [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] at the [[Tejeros Convention]], where a new government was formed. Bonifacio was executed after he refused to recognize the new government. The Aguinaldo-headed [[First Philippine Republic|Philippine Republic]] ({{lang-es|República Filipina|links=no}}), usually considered the "[[First Philippine Republic]]", was formally established in 1899, after a succession of revolutionary and dictatorial governments (e.g. the [[Tejeros Convention#Finalized government|Tejeros government]], the [[Republic of Biak-na-Bato|Biak-na-Bato Republic]]) also headed by Aguinaldo.
===Campaigns around Manila===
By December 1896, the Spanish government recognized three major centers of rebellion: [[Cavite]] (under [[Mariano Alvarez]], [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] and others), [[Bulacan]] (under [[Mariano Llanera]]) and [[Morong (district)|Morong]] (under Bonifacio). The revolt was most successful in [[Cavite]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|p=179}}</ref> which mostly fell under rebel control by September–October 1896.<ref name="guerreropp175-176">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|pp=175–176}}.</ref>
While Cavite is traditionally regarded as the "Heartland of the Philippine Revolution", Manila and its surrounding municipalities bore the brunt of the Spanish military campaign, becoming a [[no man's land]]. Rebels in the area were generally engaged in [[Hit-and-run tactics|hit-and-run]] [[guerrilla warfare]] against Spanish positions in Manila, [[Morong, Rizal|Morong]], [[Nueva Ecija]] and [[Pampanga]].<ref name="guerreropp175-176"/> From Morong, Bonifacio served as [[military tactics|tactician]] for rebel guerrillas and issued commands to areas other than his personal sector,<ref name="guerrero1996a"/> though his reputation suffered when he lost battles he personally led.<ref name="constantinop180">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|p=180}}</ref>
From September to October 1896, Bonifacio supervised the establishment of ''Katipunan'' mountain and hill bases like Balara in [[Marikina|Mariquina]], Pantayanin in [[Antipolo]], [[Ugong, Pasig|Ugong]] in [[Pasig]] and [[San Jose del Monte|Tungko]] in [[Bulacan]]. Bonifacio appointing generals for these areas, or approving selections the troops themselves made.<ref name="alvarez"/>
On November 7, 1896, Bonifacio led an assault on [[San Mateo, Rizal|San Mateo]], [[Marikina|Mariquina]] and [[Rodriguez, Rizal|Montalban]]. The Spanish were forced to retreat, leaving these areas to the rebels, except for the municipal hall of San Mateo where some Spanish troops had barricaded. While Bonifacio's troops laid siege to the hall, other ''Katipunan'' forces set up defensive lines along the nearby Langka (or [[San Mateo, Rizal|Nangka]]) river against Spanish reinforcements coming from the direction of Mariquina. After three days, Spanish counterattacks broke through the Nangka river lines. The Spanish troops thus recaptured the rebel positions and surprised Bonifacio in San Mateo, who ordered a general retreat to Balara.<ref name="alvarez"/> They were pursued, and Bonifacio was nearly killed shielding Emilio Jacinto from a Spanish bullet which grazed his collar.<ref name="Agoncillop173"/>
===Bonifacio in Cavite===
[[File:Bahay na Tinigilan ni Andres Bonifacio, General Trias, Cavite.jpg|thumb|House in present-day [[General Trias]] where Bonifacio and his brothers temporarily stayed]]
In late 1896, Bonifacio, as the recognized overall leader of the revolution, was invited to [[Cavite]] province by rebel leaders to mediate between them and unify their efforts. There were two ''[[Katipunan]]'' provincial chapters in Cavite that became rival factions: the ''[[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo]]'', headed by [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]'s cousin [[Baldomero Aguinaldo]], and the ''[[Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)|Magdiwang]]'', headed by [[Mariano Álvarez]], uncle of Bonifacio's wife. Leaders of both factions came from the upper class, in contrast to Bonifacio, who came from the lower middle class. After initial successes, Emilio Aguinaldo issued a manifesto in the name of the ''[[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo]]'' ruling council which proclaimed a provisional and revolutionary government – despite the existence of the ''Katipunan'' government. Emilio Aguinaldo in particular had won fame for victories in the province.<ref name="constantinop178-181">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=178–181}}</ref> The ''[[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo]]'' and ''[[Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)|Magdiwang]]'' clashed over authority and jurisdiction and did not help each other in battle. After multiple letters were sent to Bonifacio urging him to come, in December 1896 he traveled to Cavite accompanied by his wife, his brothers [[Procopio Bonifacio|Procopio]] and [[Ciriaco Bonifacio|Ciriaco]], and some troops, including [[Emilio Jacinto]], Bonifacio's secretary and right-hand man. Jacinto was said to be against Bonifacio's expedition to Cavite. The Bonifacio brothers stayed in [[General Trias|San Francisco de Malabon]] (present-day General Trias) during this time.
Upon his arrival at Cavite, friction grew between Bonifacio and the ''Magdalo'' leaders. [[Apolinario Mabini]], who later served as Emilio Aguinaldo's adviser, writes that at this point the ''Magdalo'' leaders "already paid little heed to his authority and orders."<ref name="mabini">{{Harvnb|Mabini|1969|Ref=MabiniGuerrero1969ch8}}.</ref> Bonifacio was partial to the ''[[Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)|Magdiwang]]'', perhaps due to his kinship ties with [[Mariano Álvarez]],<ref name="garcia-rodriguez">{{Harvnb|Garcia|Rodriguez|2001}}.</ref> or more importantly, due to their stronger recognition of his authority.<ref name="cristobal"/> When Aguinaldo and [[Edilberto Evangelista]] went to receive Bonifacio at [[Zapote]], they were irritated with what they regarded as his attitude of superiority. In his memoirs, [[Emilio Aguinaldo|Aguinaldo]] wrote that Bonifacio acted "as if he were a king".<ref name="aguinaldo"/><ref name="constantinop181-182">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=181–182}}</ref> Another time, Bonifacio ordered the arrest of one ''Katipunan'' general from [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] named Vicente Fernandez, who was accompanying the ''Magdalo'' leaders in paying their respects to Bonifacio, for failing to support his attack in Manila, but the other ''Magdalo'' leaders refused to surrender him. Townspeople in [[Noveleta]] (a ''Magdiwang'' town) acclaimed Bonifacio as the ruler of the Philippines, to the chagrin of the [[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|''Magdalo'']] leaders, (Bonifacio replied: "Long live Philippine liberty!").<ref name="constantinop181-182"/> Aguinaldo disputed with Bonifacio over strategic troop placements and blamed him for the capture of the town of [[Silang, Cavite|Silang]].<ref name="aguinaldo">{{Harvnb|Aguinaldo|1964}}.</ref> The Spanish, through [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] Superior Pio Pi, wrote to Aguinaldo about the possibility of peace negotiations.<ref name="aguinaldo"/> When Bonifacio found out, he and the ''[[Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)|Magdiwang]]'' council rejected the proposed peace talks. Bonifacio was also angered that the Spanish considered Aguinaldo the "chief of the rebellion" instead of him.<ref name="aguinaldo"/> However, Aguinaldo continued to arrange negotiations which never took place.<ref name="guerrerop190">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=190}}.</ref> Bonifacio believed Aguinaldo was willing to surrender the revolution.<ref name="guerrerop190"/>
Bonifacio was also subject to rumors that he had stolen ''Katipunan'' funds, his sister was the mistress of a [[Roman Catholic Church|priest]], and he was an ''[[agent provocateur]]'' paid by [[friars]] to foment unrest. Also circulated were anonymous letters which told the people of Cavite not to idolize Bonifacio because he was a Mason, a mere Manila employee, allegedly an atheist, and uneducated. According to these letters, Bonifacio did not deserve the title of ''Supremo'' since only God was supreme. This last allegation was made despite the fact that ''Supremo'' was meant to be used in conjunction with ''Presidente'', i.e. ''Presidente Supremo'' (Supreme President, Kataas-taasang Pangulo) to distinguish the president of the ''Katipunan'' Supreme Council from council presidents of subordinate ''Katipunan'' chapters like the ''[[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo]]'' and ''[[Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)|Magdiwang]]''; in other words, while Mariano Álvarez was the ''Magdiwang'' president, and Baldomero Aguinaldo was the ''Magdalo'' president, Bonifacio was the Supreme President.<ref name="cristobal"/> Bonifacio suspected the rumor-mongering to be the work of the ''[[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo]]'' leader [[Daniel Tirona]]. He confronted Tirona, whose airy reply provoked Bonifacio to such anger that he drew a gun and would have shot Tirona if others had not intervened.<ref name="constantinop182">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|p=182}}</ref><ref name="guerreropp187,190">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=187,190}}.</ref>
On December 31, Bonifacio and the ''[[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo]]'' and ''[[Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)|Magdiwang]]'' leaders held a meeting in [[Imus]], ostensibly to determine the leadership of Cavite in order to end the rivalry between the two factions. The issue of whether the Katipunan should be replaced by a revolutionary government was brought up by the ''Magdalo'', and this eclipsed the rivalry issue. The ''Magdalo'' argued that the ''Katipunan'', as a secret society, should have ceased to exist once the Revolution was underway. They also held that Cavite should not be divided. Bonifacio and the ''[[Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)|Magdiwang]]'' contended that the ''Katipunan'' served as their revolutionary government since it had its own constitution, laws, and provincial and municipal governments. [[Edilberto Evangelista]] presented a draft constitution for the proposed government to Bonifacio but he rejected it as it was too similar to the Spanish [[Maura Law]]. Upon the event of restructuring, Bonifacio was given ''[[Full Powers|carte blanche]]'' to appoint a committee tasked with setting up a new government; he would also be in charge of this committee. He tasked [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] to record the minutes of the meeting and requested for it to establish this authority, but these were never done and never provided.<ref name="constantinop182-184">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=182–184}}</ref><ref name="guerreropp187-191">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|pp=187–191}}.</ref>
===The Tejeros Convention===
{{main|Tejeros Convention}}
On March 22, 1897, the revolutionary leaders held an important meeting in a Friar Estate Residence at [[Tejeros Convention|Tejeros]] to resume their discussions regarding the escalating tension between the ''Magdalo'' and ''Magdiwang'' forces; And also to settle once-and-for-all the issue of governance within the [[Katipunan]] through an election.<ref name="constantinop184">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|p=184}}</ref> Amidst implications on whether the government of the "Katipunan" should be established as a monarchy or as a republic, Bonifacio maintained that it should be established as a republic. According to him, they were all in opposition to the King of Spain, and all of the government's members of any given rank should serve under the principle of [[Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité|liberty, equality, and fraternity]], upon which [[republicanism]] was founded.<ref name="alvarez" /><ref name="xiaochua" /> Despite Bonifacio's concern on the lack of officials and representatives from other provinces, he was obliged to proceed with the election.<ref name="constantinopp185-186">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=185–186}}</ref>
Before the election began, he asked that the results be respected by everyone, and all agreed. The Magdalo faction voted their own [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] [[Election in absentia|President ''in absentia'']], as he was involved in the battle of [[Perez Dasmariñas]], which was then ongoing.<ref name="constantinop184"/><ref name="guerreropp191-193">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|pp=191–193}}.</ref><ref name="linn">{{Harvnb|Linn|2000|pp=4–5}}.</ref> The resulting revolutionary government established at Tejeros, calling itself the ''Republica de Filipinas'' (Republic of the Philippines) around a month later, was later superseded by a number of reorganized revolutionary governments also headed by Aguinaldo. These included the ''Republica de Filipinas'' of November 1897, commonly known today as the "[[Republic of Biak-na-Bato]]", the [[Hong Kong Junta]] government-in-exile, the [[Dictatorial Government of the Philippines|dictatorial government]] under which [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|Philippine independence]] was proclaimed on June 12, 1898, and the revolutionary government now commonly known as the [[First Philippine Republic]] or "Malolos Republic", inaugurated on January 23, 1899<ref name="constantinop224">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|p=224}}</ref> as the ''Republica Filipina'' (Philippine Republic). The 1899 government is now officially considered to be the true "first" [[Republic of the Philippines]], with the present-day government of the Philippines thus being the "fifth" Republic.
Bonifacio received the second-highest number of votes for president. Though it was suggested that he be automatically be awarded the Vice Presidency, no one seconded the motion and the Election continued. [[Mariano Trías]] of the Magdiwang was elected vice president. Bonifacio was the last to be elected, as Director of the Interior. [[Daniel Tirona]], protested Bonifacio being appointed as Director of the Interior on the grounds that the position should not be occupied by a person without a lawyer's diploma. Tirona suggested a prominent lawyer for the position such as Jose del Rosario. Insulted and angered, Bonifacio demanded an apology, since the voters had agreed to respect the election results. Tirona ignored Bonifacio's demand for apology which drove Bonifacio to draw his gun and again he nearly shot Tirona, who hid among the people, but he was restrained by [[Artemio Ricarte]] of the [[Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)|''Magdiwang'']], who had been elected Captain-General.<ref name="Agoncillop178">{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=178}}</ref> Bonifacio declared: "In my capacity as chairman of this convention, and as ''Presidente Supremo'' of the Most Venerable Katipunan of the Sons of the People, which association is known and acknowledged by all, I hereby declare null and void all matters approved in this meeting."<ref>{{Harvnb|Álvarez|1992|p=87}}. Original Filipino text, p. 322: "Ako, sa pagka-Pangulo nitong Kapulungan, at sa pagka-''Presidente Supremo'' ng K.K.K. ng mga A.N.B, na kilala at talastas ng lahat, ipinahahayag kong lansag at walang kabuluhan ang lahat ng bagay na pinagkayarian at pinagtibay sa Pulong na ito."</ref> He then promptly left the premises.<ref name="Agoncillop178"/><ref name="constantinop185">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|p=185}}</ref>
===Repudiation of Tejeros election results===
On March 23, 1897, the day after the [[Tejeros Convention|Tejeros convention]], Aguinaldo surreptitiously took his oath of office as president in a chapel officiated by a Catholic priest Cenon Villafranca who was under the authority of the [[Pope]] in Rome.<ref name=Alvarez>Alvarez, S.V., 1992, Recalling the Revolution, Madison: Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, {{ISBN|1-881261-05-0}}</ref>{{rp|109}} According to Gen. Santiago Alvarez, guards were posted outside with strict instructions not to let in any unwanted partisan from the Magdiwang faction while the oath-taking took place.<ref>Álvarez 1992.</ref> [[Artemio Ricarte]] also took his office "with great reluctance" and made a declaration that he found the Tejeros elections "dirty or shady" and "not been in conformity with the true will of the people."<ref>Artemio Ricarte Declaration dated March 24, 1897. {{cite web |url=http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/docs.ar.240397.htm|title=Katipunan|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819073229/http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/docs.ar.240397.htm |archive-date=August 19, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
Meanwhile, Bonifacio met with his remaining supporters and drew up the [[Acta de Tejeros]], wherein they gave their reasons for not accepting the election results. Bonifacio alleged the election was fraudulent due to cheating and accused Aguinaldo of treason for his negotiations with the Spanish.<ref name="constantinop188">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=188}}</ref> In their memoirs [[Santiago Álvarez (general)|Santiago Álvarez]] (son of Mariano) and [[Gregoria de Jesús]] both alleged that many ballots were already filled out before being distributed, and Guillermo Masangkay contended there were more ballots prepared than voters present. Álvarez writes that Bonifacio had been warned by a Cavite leader Diego Mojica of the rigged ballots before the votes were canvassed, but he had done nothing.<ref name=alvarez/><ref name="guerrerop192">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=192}}.</ref> The [[Acta de Tejeros]] was signed by Bonifacio and 44 others, including [[Artemio Ricarte]], [[Mariano Alvarez]] and [[Pascual Alvarez]]. Then, in a later meeting on April 19 in Naic, another document, the [[Naic Military Agreement]], was drawn up which declared that its 41 signatories, "... having discovered the treason committed by certain officers who have been sowing discord and conniving with the Spaniards [and other offensive acts]", had "agreed to deliver the people from this grave danger" by raising an army corps "by persuasion or force" under the command of General [[Pio del Pilar]]. The document's 41 signatories included Bonifacio, Ricarte and del Pilar.<ref>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|pp=171–172}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Zaide|1999|pp=248–249}}.</ref> The meeting was interrupted by Aguinaldo and del Pilar. [[Mariano Noriel]] and others present then promptly returned to Aguinaldo's fold.<ref name="aguinaldo"/><ref>{{harvnb|Zaide|1999|p=247}}.</ref> Aguinaldo attempted to persuade Bonifacio to cooperate with his government, but Bonifacio refused and proceeded to [[Indang, Cavite]] planning to get out of [[Cavite]] and proceed back to [[Morong, Rizal|Morong]].<ref>{{citation
|title=Philippine History Module-based Learning I' 2002 Ed.
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITLRpPrrcykC
|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.
|isbn=978-971-23-3449-8
|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ITLRpPrrcykC&pg=PA138 138]}}</ref>
===Arrest, trial and execution===
[[File:Andres Bonifacio Mount Nagpatong Park.jpg|thumb|left|The Bonifacio shrine at the foot of Mount Nagpatong and Mount Buntis in Maragondon, Cavite where it is believed he was executed, on May 10, 1897.]]
In late April, [[Emilio Aguinaldo|Aguinaldo]] fully assumed the presidential office after consolidating his position among the [[Cavite]] elite – most of Bonifacio's ''Magdiwang'' supporters shifting allegiance to Aguinaldo.<ref name="guerrerop194">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=194}}.</ref> Aguinaldo's government then ordered the arrest of Bonifacio, who was then moving out of Cavite.<ref name="Agoncillop178-180">{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|pp=178–180}}</ref><ref name="guerrerop193">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=193}}.</ref>
In April 1897, [[Emilio Aguinaldo|Aguinaldo]] ordered the arrest of Bonifacio after he received a letter that Bonifacio had burned down a village and ordered the burning of the parish house and church of [[Indang, Cavite|Indang]] when the townspeople were unable to provide the required supplies and provisions. Many of the principal men of Indang, among them Severino de las Alas (a loyalist and supporter of Bonifacio), presented Emilio Aguinaldo with several complaints against Bonifacio that the Supremo's men stole [[carabao]]s and other work animals by force and butchered them for food. On April 25, a party of Aguinaldo's men led by Colonel Agapito Bonzón and Major José Ignacio "Intsik" Paua caught up with Bonifacio at his camp in barrio Limbon, Indang. The unsuspecting Bonifacio received them cordially. Early the next day, Bonzón and Paua attacked Bonifacio's camp. Bonifacio was surprised and refused to fight against "fellow [[Sovereign Tagalog Nation|Tagalogs]]", ordering his men to hold their fire, but shots were nevertheless exchanged. Bonifacio was shot in the arm by Bonzón, and Paua stabbed him in the neck but was prevented from striking further by one of Bonifacio's men, who offered to die in Bonifacio's place. Andrés's brother [[Ciriaco Bonifacio|Ciriaco]] was shot dead, while his other brother Procopio was beaten, and his wife [[Gregoria de Jesús|Gregoria]] may have been raped by Bonzón. From Indang, a half-starved and wounded Bonifacio was carried by hammock to [[Naic]], which had become President Aguinaldo's headquarters.<ref name="ocampo1999">{{Harvnb|Ocampo|1999}}.</ref>
Bonifacio's party was brought to [[Naic]] initially and then to [[Maragondon|Maragondon, Cavite]], where he and Procopio stood trial on May 5, 1897, on charges of sedition and treason against Aguinaldo's government and conspiracy to murder Aguinaldo.<ref name="guerrerop194"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=180}}</ref> The jury was composed entirely of Aguinaldo's men and even Bonifacio's defence lawyer himself declared his client's guilt. Bonifacio was barred from confronting the state witness on the charge of conspiracy to murder on the grounds that the latter had been killed in battle. However, after the trial the witness was seen alive with the prosecutors.<ref name="guerreropp194-196">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|pp=194–196}}.</ref><ref name="constantinopp189-191">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=189–191}}</ref>
The Bonifacio brothers were found guilty, despite insufficient evidence, and were recommended to be executed. Aguinaldo commuted the sentence to deportation on May 8, 1897, but [[Pío del Pilar]] and [[Mariano Noriel]] persuaded him to withdraw the order for the sake of preserving unity. In this they were seconded by Mamerto Natividád and other ''[[bona fide]]'' supporters of Aguinaldo.<ref name="agoncillopp180-181">{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|pp=180–181}}.</ref> The Bonifacio brothers were executed on May 10, 1897, in the mountains of [[Maragondon]].<ref name="agoncillopp180-181"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|p=191}}</ref> Apolinario Mabini wrote that Bonifacio's death demoralized many rebels from [[Manila]], [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] and [[Batangas]] who had come to help those in Cavite, and caused them to quit.<ref name="mabini"/> In other areas, Bonifacio's close associates like [[Emilio Jacinto]] and [[Macario Sakay]] continued the Katipunan and never recognized Aguinaldo's authority.<ref name="Nakpil"/>
==Historical controversies==
The historical assessment of Bonifacio involves several controversial points. His death is alternately viewed as a justified execution for treason, and a "legal murder" fueled by politics. Some historians consider him to be the rightful first [[President of the Philippines]] instead of Aguinaldo. Some historians have also advocated that Bonifacio share or even take the place of José Rizal as the (foremost) [[Philippine national hero]]. The purported discovery of Bonifacio's remains has also been questioned.
===Trial and sentencing===
Historians have condemned the trial of the Bonifacio brothers as unjust. The jury was entirely composed of Aguinaldo's men; Bonifacio's defense lawyer acted more like a prosecutor as he himself declared Bonifacio's guilt and instead appealed for less punishment; and Bonifacio was not allowed to confront the state witness for the charge of conspiracy on the grounds that the latter had been killed in battle, but later the witness was seen with the prosecutors.<ref name="constantinopp190-191">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=190–191}}</ref><ref name="villanuevapp60,64">{{Harvnb|Villanueva|1989|pp=60,64}}.</ref>
[[Teodoro Agoncillo]] writes that Bonifacio's declaration of authority in opposition to Aguinaldo posed a danger to the revolution, because a split in the rebel forces would result in almost certain defeat by their united and well-armed Spanish foe.<ref name="agoncillopp180-181"/> In contrast, [[Renato Constantino]] contends that Bonifacio was neither a danger to the revolution in general for he still planned to fight the Spanish, nor to the revolution in Cavite since he was leaving; but Bonifacio was definitely a threat to the Cavite leaders who wanted control of the Revolution, so he was eliminated. Constantino contrasts Bonifacio who had no record of compromise with the Spanish with the Cavite leaders who did compromise, resulting in the [[Pact of Biak-na-Bato]] whereas the revolution was officially halted and its leaders exiled, though many Filipinos continued to fight, especially ''Katipunan'' leaders who used to be close to Bonifacio. (Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with the United States, eventually did return to take charge of the revolution during the [[Spanish–American War]].)<ref name="constantinopp190-206">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=190–206}}</ref>
Historians have also discussed the motives of the Cavite government to replace Bonifacio, and whether it had the right to do so. The Magdalo provincial council which helped establish a republican government led by one of their own was only one of many such councils in the pre-existing [[Katipunan]] government.<ref name="villanuevapp62-63">{{Harvnb|Villanueva|1989|pp=62–63}}.</ref><ref name="constantinopp188,190-191">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=188,190–191}}</ref> Therefore, Constantino and Alejo Villanueva write that Aguinaldo and his faction may be considered counter-revolutionary as well – as guilty of violating Bonifacio's constituted authority just as they considered Bonifacio to violate theirs.<ref name="villanuevapp62-63"/><ref name="constantinop190">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|p=190}}</ref> Aguinaldo's own adviser and official Apolinario Mabini writes that he was "primarily answerable for insubordination against the head of the ''Katipunan'' of which he was a member".<ref name="mabini"/> Aguinaldo's authority was not immediately recognized by all rebels. If Bonifacio had escaped Cavite, he would have had the right as the ''Katipunan'' leader to prosecute Aguinaldo for treason instead of the other way around.<ref name="villanuevapp61,64">{{Harvnb|Villanueva|1989|pp=61,64}}.</ref> Constantino and Villanueva also interpret the [[Tejeros Convention]] as the culmination of a movement by members of the upper class represented by Aguinaldo to wrest power from Bonifacio who represented the middle and lower classes.<ref name="constantinop190"/><ref name="villanuevapp58-64">{{Harvnb|Villanueva|1989|pp=58–64}}.</ref> [[regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]] among the Cavite rebels, dubbed "Cavitismo" by Constantino, has also been put forward as motivation for the replacement of Bonifacio.<ref name="constantinopp183-185">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=183–185}}</ref><ref name="guerrerop189">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=189}}.</ref><ref name="villanuevapp58-59">{{Harvnb|Villanueva|1989|pp=58–59}}.</ref> Mabini considered the execution as criminal and "''assassination...the first victory of personal ambition over true patriotism.''"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mabini |first=Apolinario |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/437624 |title=The Philippine revolution |date=1969 |publisher=Republic of the Philippines, National Historical Commission |location=Manila}}</ref> He also noted that "All the electors [at the Tejeros Convention] were friends of Don [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] and Don [[Mariano Trías]], who were united, while Bonifacio, although he had established his integrity, was looked upon with distrust only because he was not a native of the province: this explains his resentment."<ref name="mabini"/>
Writing retrospectively in 1948, Aguinaldo explained that he initially commuted the sentence of death but rescinded his commutation from the pressure of the Consejo dela Guerra (Council of War) including Generals Mariano Noriel, Pio del Pilar, Severino de las Alas, all of which are supporters and loyalist of Bonifacio, among with General Mamerto Natividad, Sr. Anastacio Francisco together with the poet and historian Jose Clemente Zulueta among many others<ref>{{cite web |last=Aguinaldo |first=Emilio |title=General Emilio Aguinaldo's "Confession" |url=http://www.filipiniana.net/read_content.jsp?filename=PRR004000011 |year=1948 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527163125/http://www.filipiniana.net/read_content.jsp?filename=PRR004000011 |archive-date=May 27, 2008 |language=tl}}</ref>
<ref name="Revolt of the Masses">{{harvnb|Agoncillo|1996|pp=259,275}}.</ref>
===Execution===
There are differing accounts of Bonifacio's manner of execution. The commanding officer of the execution party, [[Lazaro Macapagal]], said in two separate accounts that the Bonifacio brothers were shot to death, which is the orthodox interpretation. Macapagal's second account has Bonifacio attempting to escape after his brother is shot, but he is also killed while running away. Macapagal writes that they buried the brothers in shallow graves dug with bayonets and marked by twigs.<ref name="ocampo2001">{{Harvnb|Ocampo|2001}}.</ref>
However, another account states that after his brother was shot, Bonifacio was stabbed and hacked to death. This was allegedly done while he lay prone in a hammock in which he was carried to the site, being too weak to walk.<ref name="cristobal">{{Harvnb|Cristobal|2005}}.</ref> This version was maintained by Guillermo Masangkay, who claimed to have gotten this information from one of Macapagal's men.<ref name="ocampo2001" /> Also, one account used to corroborate this version is of an alleged eyewitness, a farmer who claimed he saw five men hacking a man in a hammock.<ref name="cristobal" /> Historian Milagros Guerrero also says Bonifacio was bayoneted, and that the brothers were left unburied.<ref name="guerrerop196">{{Harvnb|Guerrero|1998|p=196}}.</ref> After [[#Bonifacio's bones|bones said to be Bonifacio's – including a fractured skull –]] were discovered in 1918, Masangkay claimed the forensic evidence supported his version of events.<ref name="ocampo2001" /> Writer [[Adrian Cristobal]] notes that accounts of Bonifacio's captivity and trial state he was very weak due to his wounds being left untreated; he thus doubts that Bonifacio was strong enough to make a last dash for freedom as Macapagal claimed.<ref name="cristobal" /> Historian Ambeth Ocampo, who doubts the Bonifacio bones were authentic, thus also doubts the possibility of Bonifacio's death by this manner.<ref name="ocampo2001" />
===Bonifacio as first President of the Republic of the Philippines===
{{see also|List of unofficial presidents of the Philippines}}
Some historians such as Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnación, [[Ramón Villegas]] and [[Xiao Chua|Michael Charleston Chua]] have pushed for the recognition of Bonifacio as the first [[President of the Philippines]] instead of Aguinaldo, the officially recognized one. This view emphasizes that Bonifacio was not just the leader of the ''Katipunan'' as a revolutionary secret society, as traditional historiography has emphasized, but that he also established and headed a revolutionary government through the ''Katipunan'' from 1896 to 1897, before a revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo was first formed at the [[Tejeros Convention]]. Guerrero writes that Bonifacio had a concept of the Philippine nation called ''[[Haring Bayang Katagalugan]]'' ("Sovereign Tagalog Nation") which was displaced by Aguinaldo's concept of ''Filipinas''. In documents predating Tejeros and the [[First Philippine Republic]] of 1899, Bonifacio is called the president of the "Sovereign [Tagalog] Nation" and the "[[Tagalog Republic]]".<ref name="guerrero1996a"/><ref name="guerreropp166-167"/><ref name="cristobal"/><ref>[http://www.museooriental.es/ver_didactica.asp?clave=138&loc=0 "La Ilustración Española y Americana", Año 1897, Vol. I.]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Museo Oriental de Valladolid Site.</ref>
The term ''[[wikt:Tagalog|Tagalog]]'' historically refers to an [[Tagalog people|ethnic group]], [[Tagalog language|their language]], and [[Tagalog script|script]]. Historians have thus viewed Bonifacio's concept of the Philippine nation as restricted to the Tagalog-speaking regions of [[Luzon]], as compared to Aguinaldo's view of Luzon, [[Visayas]], and [[Mindanao]] (comprising the modern Philippines).{{citation needed|date=August 2023|reason=See apparent removal of supporting cites at https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&diff=prev&oldid=1056520904 -- I was not able to access those sources to reverify support; if reverified and re-cited, the cites might need pageno info}}
In their memoirs, Emilio Aguinaldo and other [[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo]] people claim Bonifacio became the head of the [[Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)|Magdiwang]], receiving the title ''Harì ng Bayan'' ("King of the Nation") with Mariano Álvarez as his second-in-command.<ref name="aguinaldo"/><ref name="ronquillo">{{Harvnb|Ronquillo|1996}}</ref><ref name = "xiaochua" /> Historians such as [[Carlos Quirino]] and Michael Charleston Chua suggest these claims stem from a misunderstanding or misrepresentation of Bonifacio's [[neologism]] ''Haring Bayan'' ("Sovereign Nation") as referring to Bonifacio himself instead of his concept of the nation, as was in truth reflected in his title ''Pangulo ng [[Tagalog Republic|Haring Bayang Katagalugan]]'' ("President of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation"), sometimes shortened to ''Pangulo ng Haring Bayan'' ("President of the Sovereign Nation").<ref name="quirino">{{Harvnb|Quirino|1969}}.</ref><ref name ="xiaochua" /> Santiago Álvarez (son of Mariano) distinguishes between the ''Magdiwang'' government and the ''Katipunan'' Supreme Council headed by Bonifacio.<ref name="alvarez"/>
According to historian Chua, the "first President" issue has been confounded by over a century of Philippine historiography most often referring to Bonifacio as "The Supremo" and taking it to mean "The Supreme Leader", thus ultimately taking him to have had dictatorial or monarchist ambitions as opposed to the later democratic and republican Philippine Presidents, when in fact "Supremo" was only a contraction of Spanish ''Presidente Supremo'' - a translation of Bonifacio's actual title as head of the Katipunan in Tagalog, ''Kataas-taasang Pangulo'' (Supreme President) - and based on surviving documents, Bonifacio generally did not call himself by the plain term "Supremo" despite other people's usage, but instead styled himself "Pangulo", i.e. President.<ref name ="xiaochua" /> Chua further writes:
<blockquote>...even inside the Katipunan, Bonifacio struggled to make people understand his concept of the Haring Bayan not as an individual or a King, but as something else... Haring Bayan really meant the King, or the power, is the people (Haring Bayan), which is basically "The Sovereign Nation"... So when he signed himself as Pangulo ng Haring Bayan past 24 August 1896, that means he intended to be president of a national revolutionary government which aimed to be a democracy.<ref name = "xiaochua" /></blockquote>
===Bonifacio as national hero===
{{See also|National hero of the Philippines}}
[[File:The Bonifacio Monument (Caloocan) 02.jpg|thumb|[[Andrés Bonifacio Monument]] in Caloocan is considered the most symbolic of all the monuments in the country, even grander than Motto Stella. It is sculpted by National Artist Guillermo Tolentino.]]
[[José Rizal]] is generally considered the foremost of the national heroes of the Philippines and often "the" national hero, albeit not in law, but Bonifacio has been suggested as a more worthy candidate on the grounds of having started the [[Philippine Revolution]].<ref name="ocampo1999"/> [[Teodoro Agoncillo]] notes that the Philippine national hero, unlike those of other countries, is not "the leader of its liberation forces".<ref name="Agoncillop160">{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=160}}</ref> [[Renato Constantino]] writes that Rizal is a "United States-sponsored hero" who was promoted as the greatest Filipino hero during the [[History of the Philippines (1898-1946)|American Occupation period of the Philippines]] – after Aguinaldo lost the [[Philippine–American War]]. The United States promoted Rizal, who was taken to represent peaceful political advocacy, instead of more radical figures whose ideas could inspire resistance against American rule.<ref name="constantino1980">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1980|pp=125–145}}.</ref> Specifically, Rizal was selected over Bonifacio who was viewed as "too radical" and [[Apolinario Mabini]] who was "unregenerate."<ref>{{Harvnb|Friend|1965|p=15}}</ref>
Historian [[Ambeth Ocampo]] gives the opinion that arguing for Bonifacio as the "better" hero on the grounds that he, not Rizal, began the Philippine Revolution, is moot since Rizal inspired Bonifacio, the Katipunan, and the Revolution. Even prior to his banishment to [[Dapitan]], Rizal was already regarded by the Filipino people as a national hero, having been elected as honorary president by the ''Katipunan''.<ref name="ocampo1999"/> Other historians also detail that Bonifacio was a follower of Rizal's [[La Liga Filipina]]. [[León María Guerrero (botanist)|León María Guerrero]] notes that while Rizal did not give his blessing to the Katipunan because he believed the time was premature, he did not condemn the aim of independence per se.<ref>[[León María Guerrero III|Leon Ma. Guerrero]], "The First Filipino", as quoted in Nick Joaquin's "Anatomy of the Anti-Hero." http://joserizal.info/Reflections/joaquin.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040828010552/http://joserizal.info/Reflections/joaquin.htm |date=August 28, 2004 }}</ref> [[Teodoro Agoncillo]] gives the opinion that Bonifacio should not replace Rizal as national hero, but they should be honored "side by side".<ref name="Agoncillop160"/>
Despite popular recognition of Rizal as "''the'' Philippine national hero", the title itself has no explicit legal definition in present Philippine law. Rizal and Bonifacio, however, are given the implied recognition of being national heroes because they are commemorated [[Public holidays in the Philippines|annually nationwide]] – ''[[Rizal Day]]'' on December 30 and ''[[Bonifacio Day]]'' on November 30.<ref name="ncca.gov.ph">{{cite web|url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/culture-profile-nationalhero.php|title=National Commission for Culture and the Arts. *Selection and Proclamation of National heroes and Law Honoring Filipino Historical Figures.|access-date=March 22, 2010|archive-date=April 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418115757/http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/culture-profile-nationalhero.php|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the website of the [[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]]: <blockquote>
Despite the lack of any official declaration explicitly proclaiming them as national heroes, [Rizal and Bonifacio] remain admired and revered for their roles in Philippine history. Heroes, according to historians, should not be legislated.
Their appreciation should be better left to academics. Acclamation for heroes, they felt, would be recognition enough.<ref name="ncca.gov.ph"/>
</blockquote>
===Bonifacio's bones===
In 1918, the American occupational government of the Philippines mounted a search for Bonifacio's remains in [[Maragondon]]. A group consisting of government officials, former rebels, and a man reputed to be Bonifacio's servant found bones which they claimed were Bonifacio's in a [[sugarcane]] field on March 17. The bones were placed in an urn and put into the care of the [[National Library of the Philippines]]. They were housed at the Library's headquarters in the [[Old Legislative Building (Manila)|Legislative Building]] in [[Ermita, Manila]], together with some of Bonifacio's papers and personal belongings. The authenticity of the bones was much disputed at the time and has been challenged as late as 2001 by [[Ambeth Ocampo]]. When Emilio Aguinaldo ran for President of the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] in 1935, his opponent [[Manuel L. Quezon]] (the eventual victor) invoked the memory of Bonifacio against him, the bones being the result of Bonifacio's execution by the judiciary branch of the revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo. During [[World War II]], the Philippines was invaded by Japan beginning on December 8, 1941. The bones were lost due to the widespread destruction and looting during the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Allied capture of Manila]] in February 1945.<ref name="ocampo2001"/><ref name="morallos">{{Harvnb|Morallos|1998}}.</ref><ref name="110mb">[http://philippine-revolution.110mb.com/bonifacio_detailed.htm "Philippine Revolution."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723230649/http://philippine-revolution.110mb.com/bonifacio_detailed.htm |date=July 23, 2009 }} Retrieved on August 1, 2009.</ref>
==Portrayal in the media==
*Portrayed by [[Eddie del Mar]] in the film Andres Bonifacio (Ang Supremo) (1964)
*Portrayed by [[Julio Diaz (actor)|Julio Diaz]] in the film ''Bayani'' (1992) and the unrelated TV series ''[[Bayani (TV series)|Bayani]]'' (1995).<ref name="GMA-Actors">{{cite news |last1=Godinez |first1=Bong |title=IN PHOTOS: Actors who portrayed Andres Bonifacio on film and TV |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/celebritylife/news/13316/in-photos-actors-who-portrayed-andres-bonifacio-on-film-and-tv/photo/194682/isko-moreno |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=GMA Entertainment |date=November 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827112302/https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/celebritylife/news/13316/in-photos-actors-who-portrayed-andres-bonifacio-on-film-and-tv/photo |archive-date=27 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
*Portrayal by Rody Vera in the musical 1896 (1995) produced by [[Philippine Educational Theater Association]].
*Portrayed by [[Gardo Versoza]] in the film ''[[José Rizal (film)|José Rizal]]'' (1998).<ref name="GMA-Actors" />
*Portrayed by [[Alfred Vargas]] in the film ''[[The Trial of Andres Bonifacio]]'' (2010) and in the film ''[[Supremo (film)|Supremo]]'' (2012).<ref name="GMA-Actors" />
*Portrayed by [[Mark Anthony Fernandez]] in [[GMA Network|GMA]] ''[[Lupang Hinirang]]'' music video in 2010<ref name="GMA-Actors" />
*Portrayed by [[Cesar Montano]] in the film ''[[El Presidente (film)|El Presidente]]'' (2012).<ref name="GMA-Actors" />
*Portrayed by [[Jolo Revilla]] in the TV series ''[[Indio (TV series)|Indio]]'' (2013).<ref name="GMA-Actors" />
*Portrayed by [[Sid Lucero]] in the TV series ''[[Katipunan (TV series)|Katipunan]]'' (2013) and ''[[Ilustrado (TV series)|Ilustrado]]'' (2014).<ref name="GMA-Actors" />
*Portrayed by [[Robin Padilla]] in the film ''[[Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo]]'' (2014).<ref name="GMA-Actors" />
*Portrayed by [[Nico Antonio]] in the film ''[[Heneral Luna]]'' (2015).<ref name="GMA-Actors" />
*Portrayed by [[Jhong Hilario]] in the film ''[[Unli Life]]'' (2018).<ref name="GMA-Actors" />
*Portrayed by Bullet Dumas in the musical ''[https://arete.ateneo.edu/2bayani 2Bayani: Isang Rock Operang Alay Kay Andres Bonifacio]'' (2021) produced by [[Tanghalang Ateneo]].
*Portrayed by Gary Guarino in the film ''[[GomBurZa (film)|GomBurZa]]'' (2023).
*Portrayed by Paw Castillio in the musical ''Pingkian: Isang Musika'' (2024) produced by [[Tanghalang Pilipino]].
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
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*{{cite news|last=Ocampo|first=Ambeth|author-link=Ambeth Ocampo|title=Rediscovering PH through Filipiniana|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/95004/rediscovering-ph-filipiniana|access-date=June 7, 2019|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer|INQUIRER.net]]|publisher=INQUIRER.net|date=June 1, 2016|quote=... [Joel S.] Regala went to the archives and found the 1881 records on Andres Bonifacio! Reproduced in the book [''In the Blood''] is the page where you find the parents of the hero: Santiago Bonifacio (aged 39) and Catalina de Castro (aged 36).... This small bit off information disproves the textbook story that Andres and his siblings were orphaned young.|archive-date=June 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607122833/https://opinion.inquirer.net/95004/rediscovering-ph-filipiniana|url-status=live}}.
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{{Refend}}
==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Andrés Bonifacio}}
{{Wikisource author}}
*{{Internet Archive author |sname=Andrés Bonifacio |sopt=t}}
*{{Librivox author |id=1665}}
*[https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/bonifacio.html Andres Bonifacio: 1863–1897]. [[United States Library of Congress]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090317220138/http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=PRR004000009 The Records of the Court Martial of Andres and Procopio Bonifacio] Full text and online collection of court documents in Spanish and old Tagalog with regards to the Andres and Procopio Bonifacio trial.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090827155421/http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=BKW000000005&page=1&epage=3 The Court-Martial of Andres Bonifacio] English translation of the historical court documents and testimonies in the trial and execution of Andres and Procopio Bonifacio processed by [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217085143/http://filipiniana.net/ Filipiniana.net]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090827183037/http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=BKW000000004&page=1&epage=1 Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog] Summary and full text of an article written by Andrés Bonifacio in the Katipunan newspaper ''Kalayaan'' posted in [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217085143/http://filipiniana.net/ Filipiniana.net]
* {{cite web|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/3330-transcript-of-the-trial-of-andres-bonifacio/|title=Transcript of the Trial of Andres Bonifacio|access-date=November 17, 2019|website=malacanang.gov.ph|archive-date=November 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116225704/http://malacanang.gov.ph/3330-transcript-of-the-trial-of-andres-bonifacio/|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/23/19/aguinaldo-confession-letters-on-bonifacio-execution-fetch-p5-million-at-auction|title=Aguinaldo 'confession' letters on Bonifacio execution fetch P5 million at auction|date=February 23, 2019|newspaper=ABS-CBN News (with image of a typewritten account amended in Emilio Aguinaldo’s handwriting)}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Unofficial Presidents of the Philippines|Unofficial President]] of the [[Sovereign Tagalog Nation]]|years=August 24, 1896 – March 10 or 22, 1897}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]|as=[[President of the Philippines]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Unofficial Philippine Presidents}}
{{Symbols of the Philippines}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bonifacio, Andres}}
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1897 deaths]]
[[Category:Executed Filipino people]]
[[Category:Filipino Freemasons]]
[[Category:Filipino nationalists]]
[[Category:Filipino Resistance activists]]
[[Category:Filipino revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Katipunan members]]
[[Category:Leaders ousted by a coup]]
[[Category:Paramilitary Filipinos]]
[[Category:People executed for treason]]
[[Category:People executed by the Philippines]]
[[Category:People who were court-martialed]]
[[Category:People from Tondo, Manila]]
[[Category:People of the Philippine Revolution]]
[[Category:Tagalog people]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Filipino revolutionary and national Hero of the Philippines (1863–1897)</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the person Andres Bonifacio. For other uses, see <a href="/info/en/?search=Bonifacio_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bonifacio (disambiguation)">Bonifacio</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/info/en/?search=Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/info/en/?search=Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Bonifacio</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> de Castro</i>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Most_Excellent" title="The Most Excellent">The Most Excellent</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Andrés Bonifacio</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio_photo_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="1792" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait photograph, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1896</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Unofficial_Presidents_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Unofficial Presidents of the Philippines">Unofficial President</a> of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign Tagalog Nation">Sovereign Tagalog Nation</a><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_unofficial_presidents_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unofficial presidents of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a> (unofficial)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 24, 1896 – March 22 or May 10, 1897</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office abolished</i> <br /> <a href="/info/en/?search=Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> (as President of <a href="/info/en/?search=Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Revolutionary Government</a>)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Supremo of <a href="/info/en/?search=Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November, 1895 – May 10, 1897</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Rom%C3%A1n_Basa" title="Román Basa">Román Basa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Organization defunct</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1863-11-30</span>)</span>November 30, 1863<sup id="cite_ref-birth_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-1">[1]</a></sup><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Tondo,_Manila" title="Tondo, Manila">Tondo, Manila</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-birth_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-1">[1]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 10, 1897<span style="display:none">(1897-05-10)</span> (aged 33)<br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Maragondon" title="Maragondon">Maragondon</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, Captaincy General of the Philippines, Spanish Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data">Execution</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga Filipina</a><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul>
<div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Monica</div> <div style="display:inline-block;">​</div>(died)<wbr />​</div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul>
<div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Gregoria_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Gregoria de Jesús">Gregoria de Jesús</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1893)<wbr />​</div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Autodidacticism" title="Autodidacticism">Self-educated</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Bonifacio_signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Andrés Bonifacio's signature"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bonifacio_signature.png/128px-Bonifacio_signature.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bonifacio_signature.png/192px-Bonifacio_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Bonifacio_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="88" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Maypagasa</i> <br /> (<i>The First President of the Republic of the Philippines </i>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Flag_of_Katipunan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /></a></span> <a href="/info/en/?search=Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1540" /></a></span> <a href="/info/en/?search=Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">Tagalog Republic</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Personal_flag_of_Andres_Bonifacio.svg/23px-Personal_flag_of_Andres_Bonifacio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Personal_flag_of_Andres_Bonifacio.svg/35px-Personal_flag_of_Andres_Bonifacio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Personal_flag_of_Andres_Bonifacio.svg/46px-Personal_flag_of_Andres_Bonifacio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/info/en/?search=Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Magdiwang_(Katipunan_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)">Magdiwang</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1896–1897</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Manila_(1896)" title="Battle of Manila (1896)">Battle of Manila (1896)</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_San_Juan_del_Monte" title="Battle of San Juan del Monte">Battle of San Juan del Monte</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Pasong_Tamo" title="Battle of Pasong Tamo">Battle of Pasong Tamo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_San_Mateo_and_Montalban" title="Battle of San Mateo and Montalban">Battle of San Mateo and Montalban</a></li>
<li>Battle of Marikina</li>
<li>Battle of Balara</li></ul>
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Tagalog:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:IPA/Tagalog" title="Help:IPA/Tagalog">[anˈdɾes<span class="wrap"> </span>(anˈdɾez-)<span class="wrap"> </span>bonɪˈfaʃo]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[anˈdɾes<span class="wrap"> </span>βoniˈfaθjo]</a></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> November 30, 1863 – May 10, 1897) was a <a href="/info/en/?search=Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipino</a> revolutionary leader. He is often called "The Father of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippine</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Revolution</a>", and considered one of the <a href="/info/en/?search=National_heroes_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="National heroes of the Philippines">national heroes of the Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Who_is_Andres_Bonifacio_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_is_Andres_Bonifacio-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-official_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>He was one of the founders and later the <i>Kataastaasang Pangulo</i> (Supreme President, <i>Presidente Supremo</i> in Spanish, often shortened by contemporaries and historians to just <i>Supremo</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-xiaochua_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xiaochua-6">[6]</a></sup> of the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan</a></i> or more commonly known as the "<a href="/info/en/?search=Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a>", a movement that sought the independence of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> from <a href="/info/en/?search=Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish colonial rule</a> and started the Philippine Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-agoncillo1996p41_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agoncillo1996p41-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-official_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>He is gay With the onset of the revolution, Bonifacio reorganized the <i>Katipunan</i> into a revolutionary government, with himself as President (<i>Pangulo</i>) of a <a href="/info/en/?search=Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a> called "Haring Bayang Katagalugan" ("Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People" or "Sovereign Tagalog Nation"), also "Republika ng Katagaluguan" ("<a href="/info/en/?search=Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">Tagalog Republic</a>", <i>Republica Tagala</i> in Spanish), where in "Tagalog" referred to all those born in the Philippine islands and not merely the Tagalog speaking regions <sup id="cite_ref-guererro1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guererro1-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guererro2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guererro2-10">[10]</a></sup> Hence, some historians have argued that he should be considered the First President of the Tagalogs instead of the Philippines; that is why he is not included in the current official line of succession.<sup id="cite_ref-guererro1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guererro1-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guererro2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guererro2-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>Bonifacio was executed by Major <a href="/info/en/?search=L%C3%A1zaro_Macapagal" title="Lázaro Macapagal">Lázaro Macapagal</a> under the order of the <i>Consejo dela Guerra</i> (Council of War) headed by General <a href="/info/en/?search=Mariano_Noriel" title="Mariano Noriel">Mariano Noriel</a> in 1897 on the basis of committing sedition and treason against the government.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Revolt_of_the_Masses_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Revolt_of_the_Masses-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_education"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life and education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Marriages"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Marriages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_political_activism"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Early political activism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Katipunan"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Katipunan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Philippine_Revolution"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Philippine Revolution</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Start_of_the_uprising"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Start of the uprising</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Haring_Bayang_Katagalugan"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Haring Bayang Katagalugan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Campaigns_around_Manila"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Campaigns around Manila</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Bonifacio_in_Cavite"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Bonifacio in Cavite</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#The_Tejeros_Convention"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">The Tejeros Convention</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Repudiation_of_Tejeros_election_results"><span class="tocnumber">5.6</span> <span class="toctext">Repudiation of Tejeros election results</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Arrest,_trial_and_execution"><span class="tocnumber">5.7</span> <span class="toctext">Arrest, trial and execution</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Historical_controversies"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Historical controversies</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Trial_and_sentencing"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Trial and sentencing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Execution"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Execution</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Bonifacio_as_first_President_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Bonifacio as first President of the Republic of the Philippines</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Bonifacio_as_national_hero"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Bonifacio as national hero</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Bonifacio's_bones"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Bonifacio's bones</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Portrayal_in_the_media"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Portrayal in the media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro was born on November 30, 1863, in <a href="/info/en/?search=Tondo,_Manila" title="Tondo, Manila">Tondo</a>, Manila,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> and was the first of six children of Catalina de Castro, a tornatras from Zambales, and Santiago Bonifacio, a native of Taguig.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[14]</a></sup> His parents named him after <a href="/info/en/?search=Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Saint Andrew the Apostle</a>, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of Manila whose <a href="/info/en/?search=Saint_Andrew%27s_Day" title="Saint Andrew's Day">feast day</a> falls on his birth date.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> He learned the alphabet through his aunt. He was enrolled in Guillermo Osmeña's private elementary school<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> and also in Escuela Municipal de Niños on Calle Ilaya in Tondo. He reached third year in a private secondary school in Manila.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some sources assert that he was orphaned at an early age,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> but, considering the existence of an 1881 record that has Bonifacio's parents listed as living in Tondo, it is disputed by others.<sup id="cite_ref-Filipiniana_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filipiniana-21">[21]</a></sup> To support his family financially, Bonifacio made canes and paper fans which he and his young siblings sold (after they were orphaned, according to the traditional view).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> He also made posters for business firms. This became their thriving family business that continued when the men of the family, namely Andres, Ciriaco, Procopio, and Troadio, were employed with private and government companies, which provided them with decent living conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>In his late teens, he first worked either as an agent or <i>mandatario</i> (messenger) for the British trading firm <a href="/info/en/?search=Robert_Fleming_%26_Co." title="Robert Fleming & Co.">Fleming and Company</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVillanueva198930_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillanueva198930-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[14]</a></sup> where he rose to become a <i>corredor</i> (broker) of tar, <a href="/info/en/?search=Rattan" title="Rattan">rattan</a> and other goods. He later transferred to Fressell and Company, a German trading firm, where he worked as a <i>bodeguero</i> (storehouse keeper) responsible for warehouse inventory. He was also a <a href="/info/en/?search=Theater_actor" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater actor">theater actor</a> and often played the role of <a href="/info/en/?search=Bernardo_Carpio" title="Bernardo Carpio">Bernardo Carpio</a>, a fictional character in Tagalog folklore.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>Not finishing his formal education, Bonifacio turned to self-education by reading books. He read books about the <a href="/info/en/?search=French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, biographies of the <a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">presidents of the United States</a>, books about contemporary Philippine penal and civil codes, and novels such as <a href="/info/en/?search=Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>'s <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></i>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Eugène Sue</a>'s <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Le_Juif_errant" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Juif errant">Le Juif errant</a></i> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>'s <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Noli_Me_T%C3%A1ngere_(novel)" title="Noli Me Tángere (novel)">Noli Me Tángere</a></i> and <i><a href="/info/en/?search=El_filibusterismo" title="El filibusterismo">El filibusterismo</a></i>. Aside from <a href="/info/en/?search=Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">Spanish</a>, he could at least speak some <a href="/info/en/?search=English_language_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="English language in the Philippines">English</a> because of his work in a British firm.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Marriages">Marriages</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Bonifacio's first wife, Monica (surname unknown), was his neighbor in Palomar, <a href="/info/en/?search=Tondo,_Manila" title="Tondo, Manila">Tondo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> She died of <a href="/info/en/?search=Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a><sup id="cite_ref-ocampo1966p8_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocampo1966p8-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walking_tour_of_Bonifacio’s_Manila_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walking_tour_of_Bonifacio’s_Manila-30">[30]</a></sup> and they had no recorded children.
</p><p>In 1892, Bonifacio, a 29-year-old widower, met the 18-year-old <a href="/info/en/?search=Gregoria_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Gregoria de Jesús">Gregoria de Jesús</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> through his friend <a href="/info/en/?search=Teodoro_Plata" title="Teodoro Plata">Teodoro Plata</a>, who was her cousin. <a href="/info/en/?search=Gregoria_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Gregoria de Jesús">Gregoria</a>, also called Oriang, was the daughter of a prominent citizen and landowner from <a href="/info/en/?search=Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> Gregoria's parents did not agree at first to their relationship, for Andrés was a <a href="/info/en/?search=Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemason</a>, and Freemasons were at that time considered enemies of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> Her parents eventually acquiesced, and Andrés and Gregoria were married in a Catholic ceremony at <a href="/info/en/?search=Binondo_Church" title="Binondo Church">Binondo Church</a> in March 1893 or 1894. The couple were also married through Katipunan rites in a friend's house in <a href="/info/en/?search=Santa_Cruz,_Manila" title="Santa Cruz, Manila">Santa Cruz, Manila</a> on the same day of their church wedding.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p><p>They had one son, born in early 1896,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> who sadly died of <a href="/info/en/?search=Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> in infancy.<sup id="cite_ref-Walking_tour_of_Bonifacio’s_Manila_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walking_tour_of_Bonifacio’s_Manila-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_political_activism">Early political activism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early political activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga Filipina</a></div>
<p>In 1892, Bonifacio became one of the founding members<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> of <a href="/info/en/?search=Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>'s <a href="/info/en/?search=La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga Filipina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> an organization that called for political reforms in Spain's colonial government of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> However, La Liga disbanded<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> after only one meeting, for Rizal was arrested and deported to <a href="/info/en/?search=Dapitan" title="Dapitan">Dapitan</a> in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Western_Mindanao" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Mindanao">Western Mindanao</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abrams_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams-42">[42]</a></sup> Bonifacio, <a href="/info/en/?search=Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a> and others revived La Liga<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> in Rizal's absence and Bonifacio was active at organizing local chapters in Manila. He would become the chief propagandist of the revived Liga.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams-42">[42]</a></sup>
</p><p>La Liga Filipina contributed moral and financial support to the Propaganda Movement of Filipino <a href="/info/en/?search=Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">reformists</a> in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Katipunan">Katipunan</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Katipunan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Katipunan_Monument_(72_Calle_Azc%C3%A1rraga,_Tondo)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Katipunan_Monument_%2872_Calle_Azc%C3%A1rraga%2C_Tondo%29_01.jpg/220px-Katipunan_Monument_%2872_Calle_Azc%C3%A1rraga%2C_Tondo%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Katipunan_Monument_%2872_Calle_Azc%C3%A1rraga%2C_Tondo%29_01.jpg/330px-Katipunan_Monument_%2872_Calle_Azc%C3%A1rraga%2C_Tondo%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Katipunan_Monument_%2872_Calle_Azc%C3%A1rraga%2C_Tondo%29_01.jpg/440px-Katipunan_Monument_%2872_Calle_Azc%C3%A1rraga%2C_Tondo%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3823" data-file-height="4250" /></a><figcaption>Katipunan Monument along <a href="/info/en/?search=Recto_Avenue" title="Recto Avenue">Recto Avenue</a> (formerly Calle Azcarraga) in <a href="/info/en/?search=San_Nicolas,_Manila" title="San Nicolas, Manila">San Nicolas</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, where <a href="/info/en/?search=Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> was founded</figcaption></figure>
<p>On the night of July 7, 1892, the day after Rizal's deportation was announced, Bonifacio and others officially "founded" the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></i>, or in full, <i>Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan</i> ("Highest and Most Respected Society of the Country's Children"; <i>Bayan</i> can also denote community, people, and nation).<sup id="cite_ref-guerrerop132_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerrerop132-45">[45]</a></sup> The <a href="/info/en/?search=Secret_society" title="Secret society">secret society</a> sought independence from Spain through <a href="/info/en/?search=Armed_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed revolution">armed revolt.</a><sup id="cite_ref-constantinop158-159_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinop158-159-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> It was influenced by <a href="/info/en/?search=Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> through its rituals and organization, and several members including Bonifacio were also Freemasons.<sup id="cite_ref-guerrerop149_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerrerop149-48">[48]</a></sup> Within the society Bonifacio used the pseudonym <i><a href="/info/en/?search=May_Pagasa" class="mw-redirect" title="May Pagasa">May pag-asa</a></i> (<abbr title="literal translation">lit. transl.</abbr><span> "There is Hope"</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-agoncillo1996p216_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agoncillo1996p216-49">[49]</a></sup> Newly found documents though suggest that Katipunan has already been existing as early as January 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Richardson2013_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson2013-51">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup>
</p><p>For a time, Bonifacio worked with both the <i>Katipunan</i> and <i><a href="/info/en/?search=La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga Filipina</a></i>. <i>La Liga</i> eventually split because some members like Bonifacio lost hope for peaceful reform and stopped their monetary aid.<sup id="cite_ref-guerrerop149_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerrerop149-48">[48]</a></sup> The more conservative members, mostly wealthy members, who still believed in peaceful reforms set up the <i>Cuerpo de Compromisarios</i>, which pledged continued support to the reformists in Spain. The radicals were subsumed into the <i>Katipunan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-constantinop158-159_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinop158-159-46">[46]</a></sup> From <a href="/info/en/?search=Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, the <i>Katipunan</i> expanded to several provinces, including <a href="/info/en/?search=Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-agoncillop166_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agoncillop166-53">[53]</a></sup> Most of its members, called <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Katipuneros" class="mw-redirect" title="Katipuneros">Katipuneros</a></i>, came from the lower and middle classes, and many of its local leaders were prominent figures in their municipalities.<sup id="cite_ref-guerrerop151_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerrerop151-54">[54]</a></sup> At first exclusively male, membership was later extended to females, with Bonifacio's wife <a href="/info/en/?search=Gregoria_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Gregoria de Jesús">Gregoria de Jesús</a> as a leading member.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup>
</p><p>From the beginning, Bonifacio was one of the chief <i>Katipunan</i> officers, although he did not become its <i>Presidente Supremo</i> (Supreme President)<sup id="cite_ref-alvarez_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alvarez-56">[56]</a></sup> until 1895. He was the third head of the <i>Katipunan</i> after <a href="/info/en/?search=Deodato_Arellano" title="Deodato Arellano">Deodato Arellano</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Rom%C3%A1n_Basa" title="Román Basa">Román Basa</a>. Prior to this, he served as the society's <a href="/info/en/?search=Comptroller" title="Comptroller">comptroller</a> and then as its "fiscal" (advocate/procurator).<sup id="cite_ref-agoncillop152_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agoncillop152-57">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guerrerop150_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerrerop150-58">[58]</a></sup> The society had its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership. For each <a href="/info/en/?search=Provinces_of_the_Philippines#Former_provinces" title="Provinces of the Philippines">province</a> involved, the <i>Katipunan</i> Supreme Council coordinated with provincial councils in charge of public administration and military affairs, and with local councils in charge of affairs on the district or <a href="/info/en/?search=Barrio" title="Barrio">barrio</a> level.<sup id="cite_ref-guerrero1996a_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerrero1996a-59">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guerreropp149-150_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerreropp149-150-60">[60]</a></sup>
</p><p>Within the society, Bonifacio developed a strong friendship with <a href="/info/en/?search=Emilio_Jacinto" title="Emilio Jacinto">Emilio Jacinto</a>, who served as his adviser and confidant, as well as a member of the Supreme Council. Bonifacio adopted Jacinto's <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Kartilya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartilya">Kartilya</a></i> primer as the official teachings of the society in place of his own <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/decalogue" class="extiw" title="wikt:decalogue">Decalogue</a></i>, which he judged as inferior. Bonifacio, Jacinto and <a href="/info/en/?search=P%C3%ADo_Valenzuela" title="Pío Valenzuela">Pío Valenzuela</a> collaborated on the society's organ, <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Kalayaan</a></i> (Freedom), which had only one printed issue. Bonifacio wrote several pieces for the paper, including the poem <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Pag-ibig_sa_Tinubuang_Lupa" title="Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa">Pag-ibig sa Tinubúang Lupà</a></i> (approx. "Love for One's Homeland"<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup>) under the pseudonym <i>Agapito Bagumbayan</i>. The publication of <i>Kalayaan</i> in March 1896 led to a great increase in the society's membership. The <i>Katipunan</i> movement spread throughout <a href="/info/en/?search=Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, to <a href="/info/en/?search=Panay" title="Panay">Panay</a> in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a> and even as far as <a href="/info/en/?search=Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-constantinop175_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinop175-62">[62]</a></sup> From less than 300 members in January 1896,<sup id="cite_ref-agoncillop166_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agoncillop166-53">[53]</a></sup> it had 30,000 to 40,000 by August 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-constantinop175_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinop175-62">[62]</a></sup>
</p><p>The rapid increase in <i>Katipunan</i> activity drew the suspicion of the Spanish authorities. By early 1896, Spanish intelligence was aware of the existence of a seditious secret society, and suspects were kept under surveillance and arrests were made. On May 3, Bonifacio held a general assembly of <i>Katipunan</i> leaders in <a href="/info/en/?search=Pasig" title="Pasig">Pasig</a>, where they debated when to start the revolution. While some officers, especially Bonifacio, believed a revolution was inevitable, some members, especially <a href="/info/en/?search=Santiago_Alvarez_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago Alvarez (general)">Santiago Alvarez</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> both of <a href="/info/en/?search=Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, expressed reservations and disagreement regarding the planned revolt due to lack of firearms. The consensus was to consult <a href="/info/en/?search=Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Dapitan" title="Dapitan">Dapitan</a> before launching armed action, so Bonifacio sent Pío Valenzuela to Rizal. Rizal turned out to be against the revolution, believing it to be premature. He recommended more preparation, but suggested that, in the event the revolution did break out, they should seek the leadership of <a href="/info/en/?search=Antonio_Luna" title="Antonio Luna">Antonio Luna</a>, who was widely regarded as a brilliant military leader.<sup id="cite_ref-guerreropp160-164_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerreropp160-164-63">[63]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Philippine_Revolution">Philippine Revolution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Philippine Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Start_of_the_uprising">Start of the uprising</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Start of the uprising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The Spanish authorities confirmed the existence of the <i>Katipunan</i> on August 19, 1896. Hundreds of Filipino suspects, both innocent and guilty, were arrested and imprisoned for treason.<sup id="cite_ref-constantinop176_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinop176-64">[64]</a></sup> José Rizal (José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Realonda) was then on his way to <a href="/info/en/?search=Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> to serve as a doctor in the Spanish colonial army in exchange for his release from <a href="/info/en/?search=Dapitan_Heritage_Zone" title="Dapitan Heritage Zone">Dapitan.</a><sup id="cite_ref-constantinop177_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinop177-65">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guerreropp143,164_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerreropp143,164-66">[66]</a></sup> When the news broke, Bonifacio first tried to convince Rizal, quarantined aboard a ship in <a href="/info/en/?search=Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a>, to escape and join the imminent revolt. Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Guillermo_Masangkay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guillermo Masangkay (page does not exist)">Guillermo Masangkay</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Masangkay" class="extiw" title="nl:Guillermo Masangkay">nl</a>]</span> disguised themselves as sailors and went to the pier where Rizal's ship was anchored. Jacinto personally met with Rizal, who rejected their rescue offer.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup> Rizal himself was later arrested, tried and executed.<sup id="cite_ref-constantinop177_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinop177-65">[65]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Personal_flag_of_Andres_Bonifacio.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Personal_flag_of_Andres_Bonifacio.svg/220px-Personal_flag_of_Andres_Bonifacio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Personal_flag_of_Andres_Bonifacio.svg/330px-Personal_flag_of_Andres_Bonifacio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Personal_flag_of_Andres_Bonifacio.svg/440px-Personal_flag_of_Andres_Bonifacio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Bonifacio's personal flag.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Eluding an intensive manhunt, Bonifacio called thousands of <i>Katipunan</i> members to a mass gathering in Caloocan, where they decided to start their uprising. The event, marked by the tearing of <i>cedulas</i> (personal identity documents) was later called the "<a href="/info/en/?search=Cry_of_Balintawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Cry of Balintawak">Cry of Balintawak</a>" or "<a href="/info/en/?search=Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a>"; the exact location and date of the Cry are disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guerrero1996b_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerrero1996b-69">[69]</a></sup> The Supreme Council of the <i>Katipunan</i> declared a nationwide armed revolution against Spain and called for a simultaneous coordinated attack on the capital <a href="/info/en/?search=Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> on August 29. Bonifacio appointed generals to lead rebel forces to Manila. Other <i>Katipunan</i> councils were also informed of their plans. Before hostilities erupted, Bonifacio reorganized the <i>Katipunan</i> into an open <i>de facto</i> revolutionary government with him as Supremo of the rebel army and the Supreme Council as his cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-guerrero1996a_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerrero1996a-59">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guerreropp166-167_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerreropp166-167-70">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-agoncillo1996pp152-153_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agoncillo1996pp152-153-71">[71]</a></sup> On August 28, Bonifacio issued the following general proclamation:
</p>
<blockquote><p>This manifesto is for all of you. It is absolutely necessary for us to stop at the earliest possible time the nameless oppositions being perpetrated on the sons of the country who are now suffering the brutal punishment and tortures in jails, and because of this please let all the brethren know that on Saturday, the 29th of the current month, the revolution shall commence according to our agreement. For this purpose, it is necessary for all towns to rise simultaneously and attack Manila at the same time. Anybody who obstructs this sacred ideal of the people will be considered a traitor and an enemy, except if he is ill; or is not physically fit, in which case he shall be tried according to the regulations we have put in force.
Mount of Liberty, 28 August 1896 – ANDRÉS BONIFACIO<sup id="cite_ref-agoncillo1996p41_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agoncillo1996p41-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>On August 30, 1896, Bonifacio personally led an attack on <a href="/info/en/?search=San_Juan,_Metro_Manila" title="San Juan, Metro Manila">San Juan del Monte</a> to capture the town's powder magazine and water station (which supplied Manila). The defending Spaniards, outnumbered, fought a delaying battle until reinforcements arrived. Once reinforced, the Spaniards drove Bonifacio's forces back with heavy casualties. Bonifacio and his troops regrouped near <a href="/info/en/?search=Marikina" title="Marikina">Mariquina</a> (now Marikina), <a href="/info/en/?search=San_Mateo,_Rizal" title="San Mateo, Rizal">San Mateo</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Rodriguez,_Rizal" title="Rodriguez, Rizal">Montalban</a> (now Rodriguez).<sup id="cite_ref-Agoncillop173_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agoncillop173-73">[73]</a></sup> Elsewhere, fighting between rebels and Spanish forces occurred in <a href="/info/en/?search=Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong">San Felipe Neri</a> (now Mandaluyong), <a href="/info/en/?search=Sampaloc,_Manila" title="Sampaloc, Manila">Sampaloc</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Santa_Ana,_Manila" title="Santa Ana, Manila">Santa Ana</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Pandacan" title="Pandacan">Pandacan</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Pateros" title="Pateros">Pateros</a>, Mariquina, <a href="/info/en/?search=Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-salazar_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salazar-74">[74]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Makati" title="Makati">San Pedro Macati</a> (now Makati) and <a href="/info/en/?search=Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Agoncillop173_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agoncillop173-73">[73]</a></sup> The conventional view among Filipino historians is that the planned general <i>Katipunan</i> offensive on Manila was aborted in favor of Bonifacio's attack on <a href="/info/en/?search=San_Juan_del_Monte,_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan del Monte, Philippines">San Juan del Monte</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Agoncillop173_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agoncillop173-73">[73]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zaide_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zaide-75">[75]</a></sup> which sparked a general state of rebellion in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup> However, more recent studies have advanced the view that the planned offensive did push through and the rebel attacks were integrated; according to this view, Bonifacio's San Juan del Monte battle was only a part of a bigger whole – an unrecognized "Battle for Manila".<sup id="cite_ref-salazar_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salazar-74">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guerrerop173_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerrerop173-77">[77]</a></sup> Despite his reverses, Bonifacio was not completely defeated and was still considered a threat. Further, the revolt had spread to the surrounding provinces by the end of August.<sup id="cite_ref-salazar_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salazar-74">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guerrerop173_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerrerop173-77">[77]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Haring_Bayang_Katagalugan">Haring Bayang Katagalugan</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Haring Bayang Katagalugan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Influenced by <a href="/info/en/?search=Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>, the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></i> had been organized with "its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership".<sup id="cite_ref-guererro1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guererro1-9">[9]</a></sup> For each province it involved, the Supreme Council coordinated provincial councils<sup id="cite_ref-guererro2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guererro2-10">[10]</a></sup> which were in charge of "public administration and military affairs on the supra-municipal or quasi-provincial level"<sup id="cite_ref-guererro1_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guererro1-9">[9]</a></sup> and local councils,<sup id="cite_ref-guererro2_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guererro2-10">[10]</a></sup> in charge of affairs "on the district or <a href="/info/en/?search=Barrio" title="Barrio">barrio</a> level".<sup id="cite_ref-guererro1_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guererro1-9">[9]</a></sup> In the last days of August, the <i>Katipunan</i> members met in Caloocan and decided to start their revolt<sup id="cite_ref-guererro1_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guererro1-9">[9]</a></sup> (the event was later called the "<a href="/info/en/?search=Cry_of_Balintawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Cry of Balintawak">Cry of Balintawak</a>" or "Cry of <a href="/info/en/?search=Pugad_Lawin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pugad Lawin">Pugad Lawin</a>"; the exact location and date are disputed). A day after the Cry, the Supreme Council was reorganized by Bonifacio with the following:
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Position</th>
<th>Name
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>President</td>
<td>Andrés Bonifacio
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Vice President</td>
<td><a href="/info/en/?search=Gregoria_de_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregoria de Jesus">Gregoria de Jesus</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Secretary of War</td>
<td><a href="/info/en/?search=Teodoro_Plata" title="Teodoro Plata">Teodoro Plata</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Secretary of State</td>
<td><a href="/info/en/?search=Emilio_Jacinto" title="Emilio Jacinto">Emilio Jacinto</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Secretary of the Interior</td>
<td>Aguedo del Rosario
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Secretary of Justice</td>
<td>Briccio Pantas
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Secretary of Finance</td>
<td>Enrique Pacheco
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The above was divulged to the Spanish by the <i>Katipunan</i> member <a href="/info/en/?search=P%C3%ADo_Valenzuela" title="Pío Valenzuela">Pío Valenzuela</a> while in captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-guererro1_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guererro1-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guererro2_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guererro2-10">[10]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Teodoro_Agoncillo" title="Teodoro Agoncillo">Teodoro Agoncillo</a> thus wrote:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Immediately before the outbreak of the revolution, therefore, Bonifacio organized the Katipunan into a government revolving around a ‘cabinet’ composed of men of his confidence.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>Milagros C. Guerrero and others have described Bonifacio as "effectively" the commander-in-chief of the revolutionaries. They assert:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As commander-in-chief, Bonifacio supervised the planning of military strategies and the preparation of orders, manifests and decrees, adjudicated offenses against the nation, as well as mediated in political disputes. He directed generals and positioned troops in the fronts. On the basis of command responsibility, all victories and defeats all over the archipelago during his term of office should be attributed to Bonifacio.<sup id="cite_ref-guererro1_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guererro1-9">[9]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>One name for Bonifacio's concept of the Philippine nation-state appears in surviving <i>Katipunan</i> documents: <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Haring_Bayang_Katagalugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Haring Bayang Katagalugan">Haring Bayang Katagalugan</a></i> ("Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan", or "Sovereign Tagalog Nation") – sometimes shortened into <i>Haring Bayan</i> ("Sovereign Nation"). <i>Bayan</i> may be rendered as "nation" or "people". Bonifacio is named as the president of the "Tagalog Republic" in an issue of the Spanish periodical <i><a href="/info/en/?search=La_Ilustraci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_y_Americana" title="La Ilustración Española y Americana">La Ilustración Española y Americana</a></i> published in February 1897 (<i>"Andrés Bonifacio – Titulado "Presidente" de la República Tagala"</i>). Another name for Bonifacio's government was <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">Repúblika ng Katagalugan</a></i> (another form of "Tagalog Republic") as evidenced by a picture of a rebel seal published in the same periodical the next month.<sup id="cite_ref-guererro1_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guererro1-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guererro2_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guererro2-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>Official letters and one appointment paper of Bonifacio addressed to Emilio Jacinto reveal Bonifacio's various titles and designations, as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-guererro1_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guererro1-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guererro2_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guererro2-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>President of the Supreme Council</li>
<li>Supreme President</li>
<li>President of the Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan / Sovereign Tagalog Nation</li>
<li>President of the Sovereign Nation, Founder of the Katipunan, Initiator of the Revolution</li>
<li>Office of the Supreme President, Government of the Revolution</li></ul>
<p>Later, in November 1896, while encamped at Balara, Bonifacio commissioned <a href="/info/en/?search=Julio_Nakpil" title="Julio Nakpil">Julio Nakpil</a> to compose a national anthem. Nakpil produced a hymn called <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Marangal_na_Dalit_ng_Katagalugan" title="Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan">Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan</a></i> ("Honorable Hymn of the Tagalog Nation/People").<sup id="cite_ref-Nakpil_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakpil-79">[79]</a></sup>
</p><p>Eventually, an 1897 power struggle in <a href="/info/en/?search=Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a> led to command of the revolution shifting to <a href="/info/en/?search=Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a>, where a new government was formed. Bonifacio was executed after he refused to recognize the new government. The Aguinaldo-headed <a href="/info/en/?search=First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">Philippine Republic</a> (Spanish: <i lang="es">República Filipina</i>), usually considered the "<a href="/info/en/?search=First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a>", was formally established in 1899, after a succession of revolutionary and dictatorial governments (e.g. the <a href="/info/en/?search=Tejeros_Convention#Finalized_government" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros government</a>, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Biak-na-Bato Republic</a>) also headed by Aguinaldo.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Campaigns_around_Manila">Campaigns around Manila</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Campaigns around Manila"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>By December 1896, the Spanish government recognized three major centers of rebellion: <a href="/info/en/?search=Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a> (under <a href="/info/en/?search=Mariano_Alvarez" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Alvarez">Mariano Alvarez</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> and others), <a href="/info/en/?search=Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a> (under <a href="/info/en/?search=Mariano_Llanera" title="Mariano Llanera">Mariano Llanera</a>) and <a href="/info/en/?search=Morong_(district)" title="Morong (district)">Morong</a> (under Bonifacio). The revolt was most successful in <a href="/info/en/?search=Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> which mostly fell under rebel control by September–October 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-guerreropp175-176_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerreropp175-176-81">[81]</a></sup>
</p><p>While Cavite is traditionally regarded as the "Heartland of the Philippine Revolution", Manila and its surrounding municipalities bore the brunt of the Spanish military campaign, becoming a <a href="/info/en/?search=No_man%27s_land" title="No man's land">no man's land</a>. Rebels in the area were generally engaged in <a href="/info/en/?search=Hit-and-run_tactics" title="Hit-and-run tactics">hit-and-run</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> against Spanish positions in Manila, <a href="/info/en/?search=Morong,_Rizal" title="Morong, Rizal">Morong</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guerreropp175-176_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerreropp175-176-81">[81]</a></sup> From Morong, Bonifacio served as <a href="/info/en/?search=Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactician</a> for rebel guerrillas and issued commands to areas other than his personal sector,<sup id="cite_ref-guerrero1996a_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerrero1996a-59">[59]</a></sup> though his reputation suffered when he lost battles he personally led.<sup id="cite_ref-constantinop180_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinop180-82">[82]</a></sup>
</p><p>From September to October 1896, Bonifacio supervised the establishment of <i>Katipunan</i> mountain and hill bases like Balara in <a href="/info/en/?search=Marikina" title="Marikina">Mariquina</a>, Pantayanin in <a href="/info/en/?search=Antipolo" title="Antipolo">Antipolo</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Ugong,_Pasig" title="Ugong, Pasig">Ugong</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Pasig" title="Pasig">Pasig</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=San_Jose_del_Monte" title="San Jose del Monte">Tungko</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>. Bonifacio appointing generals for these areas, or approving selections the troops themselves made.<sup id="cite_ref-alvarez_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alvarez-56">[56]</a></sup>
</p><p>On November 7, 1896, Bonifacio led an assault on <a href="/info/en/?search=San_Mateo,_Rizal" title="San Mateo, Rizal">San Mateo</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Marikina" title="Marikina">Mariquina</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Rodriguez,_Rizal" title="Rodriguez, Rizal">Montalban</a>. The Spanish were forced to retreat, leaving these areas to the rebels, except for the municipal hall of San Mateo where some Spanish troops had barricaded. While Bonifacio's troops laid siege to the hall, other <i>Katipunan</i> forces set up defensive lines along the nearby Langka (or <a href="/info/en/?search=San_Mateo,_Rizal" title="San Mateo, Rizal">Nangka</a>) river against Spanish reinforcements coming from the direction of Mariquina. After three days, Spanish counterattacks broke through the Nangka river lines. The Spanish troops thus recaptured the rebel positions and surprised Bonifacio in San Mateo, who ordered a general retreat to Balara.<sup id="cite_ref-alvarez_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alvarez-56">[56]</a></sup> They were pursued, and Bonifacio was nearly killed shielding Emilio Jacinto from a Spanish bullet which grazed his collar.<sup id="cite_ref-Agoncillop173_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agoncillop173-73">[73]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bonifacio_in_Cavite">Bonifacio in Cavite</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bonifacio in Cavite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Bahay_na_Tinigilan_ni_Andres_Bonifacio,_General_Trias,_Cavite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bahay_na_Tinigilan_ni_Andres_Bonifacio%2C_General_Trias%2C_Cavite.jpg/220px-Bahay_na_Tinigilan_ni_Andres_Bonifacio%2C_General_Trias%2C_Cavite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bahay_na_Tinigilan_ni_Andres_Bonifacio%2C_General_Trias%2C_Cavite.jpg/330px-Bahay_na_Tinigilan_ni_Andres_Bonifacio%2C_General_Trias%2C_Cavite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bahay_na_Tinigilan_ni_Andres_Bonifacio%2C_General_Trias%2C_Cavite.jpg/440px-Bahay_na_Tinigilan_ni_Andres_Bonifacio%2C_General_Trias%2C_Cavite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>House in present-day <a href="/info/en/?search=General_Trias" title="General Trias">General Trias</a> where Bonifacio and his brothers temporarily stayed</figcaption></figure>
<p>In late 1896, Bonifacio, as the recognized overall leader of the revolution, was invited to <a href="/info/en/?search=Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a> province by rebel leaders to mediate between them and unify their efforts. There were two <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></i> provincial chapters in Cavite that became rival factions: the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Magdalo_(Katipunan_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalo (Katipunan faction)">Magdalo</a></i>, headed by <a href="/info/en/?search=Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a>'s cousin <a href="/info/en/?search=Baldomero_Aguinaldo" title="Baldomero Aguinaldo">Baldomero Aguinaldo</a>, and the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Magdiwang_(Katipunan_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)">Magdiwang</a></i>, headed by <a href="/info/en/?search=Mariano_%C3%81lvarez" title="Mariano Álvarez">Mariano Álvarez</a>, uncle of Bonifacio's wife. Leaders of both factions came from the upper class, in contrast to Bonifacio, who came from the lower middle class. After initial successes, Emilio Aguinaldo issued a manifesto in the name of the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Magdalo_(Katipunan_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalo (Katipunan faction)">Magdalo</a></i> ruling council which proclaimed a provisional and revolutionary government – despite the existence of the <i>Katipunan</i> government. Emilio Aguinaldo in particular had won fame for victories in the province.<sup id="cite_ref-constantinop178-181_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinop178-181-83">[83]</a></sup> The <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Magdalo_(Katipunan_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalo (Katipunan faction)">Magdalo</a></i> and <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Magdiwang_(Katipunan_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)">Magdiwang</a></i> clashed over authority and jurisdiction and did not help each other in battle. After multiple letters were sent to Bonifacio urging him to come, in December 1896 he traveled to Cavite accompanied by his wife, his brothers <a href="/info/en/?search=Procopio_Bonifacio" title="Procopio Bonifacio">Procopio</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Ciriaco_Bonifacio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciriaco Bonifacio">Ciriaco</a>, and some troops, including <a href="/info/en/?search=Emilio_Jacinto" title="Emilio Jacinto">Emilio Jacinto</a>, Bonifacio's secretary and right-hand man. Jacinto was said to be against Bonifacio's expedition to Cavite. The Bonifacio brothers stayed in <a href="/info/en/?search=General_Trias" title="General Trias">San Francisco de Malabon</a> (present-day General Trias) during this time.
</p><p>Upon his arrival at Cavite, friction grew between Bonifacio and the <i>Magdalo</i> leaders. <a href="/info/en/?search=Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a>, who later served as Emilio Aguinaldo's adviser, writes that at this point the <i>Magdalo</i> leaders "already paid little heed to his authority and orders."<sup id="cite_ref-mabini_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mabini-84">[84]</a></sup> Bonifacio was partial to the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Magdiwang_(Katipunan_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)">Magdiwang</a></i>, perhaps due to his kinship ties with <a href="/info/en/?search=Mariano_%C3%81lvarez" title="Mariano Álvarez">Mariano Álvarez</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-garcia-rodriguez_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garcia-rodriguez-85">[85]</a></sup> or more importantly, due to their stronger recognition of his authority.<sup id="cite_ref-cristobal_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cristobal-86">[86]</a></sup> When Aguinaldo and <a href="/info/en/?search=Edilberto_Evangelista" title="Edilberto Evangelista">Edilberto Evangelista</a> went to receive Bonifacio at <a href="/info/en/?search=Zapote" title="Zapote">Zapote</a>, they were irritated with what they regarded as his attitude of superiority. In his memoirs, <a href="/info/en/?search=Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Aguinaldo</a> wrote that Bonifacio acted "as if he were a king".<sup id="cite_ref-aguinaldo_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aguinaldo-87">[87]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-constantinop181-182_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinop181-182-88">[88]</a></sup> Another time, Bonifacio ordered the arrest of one <i>Katipunan</i> general from <a href="/info/en/?search=Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a> named Vicente Fernandez, who was accompanying the <i>Magdalo</i> leaders in paying their respects to Bonifacio, for failing to support his attack in Manila, but the other <i>Magdalo</i> leaders refused to surrender him. Townspeople in <a href="/info/en/?search=Noveleta" title="Noveleta">Noveleta</a> (a <i>Magdiwang</i> town) acclaimed Bonifacio as the ruler of the Philippines, to the chagrin of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Magdalo_(Katipunan_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalo (Katipunan faction)"><i>Magdalo</i></a> leaders, (Bonifacio replied: "Long live Philippine liberty!").<sup id="cite_ref-constantinop181-182_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinop181-182-88">[88]</a></sup> Aguinaldo disputed with Bonifacio over strategic troop placements and blamed him for the capture of the town of <a href="/info/en/?search=Silang,_Cavite" title="Silang, Cavite">Silang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aguinaldo_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aguinaldo-87">[87]</a></sup> The Spanish, through <a href="/info/en/?search=Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> Superior Pio Pi, wrote to Aguinaldo about the possibility of peace negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-aguinaldo_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aguinaldo-87">[87]</a></sup> When Bonifacio found out, he and the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Magdiwang_(Katipunan_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)">Magdiwang</a></i> council rejected the proposed peace talks. Bonifacio was also angered that the Spanish considered Aguinaldo the "chief of the rebellion" instead of him.<sup id="cite_ref-aguinaldo_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aguinaldo-87">[87]</a></sup> However, Aguinaldo continued to arrange negotiations which never took place.<sup id="cite_ref-guerrerop190_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerrerop190-89">[89]</a></sup> Bonifacio believed Aguinaldo was willing to surrender the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-guerrerop190_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerrerop190-89">[89]</a></sup>
</p><p>Bonifacio was also subject to rumors that he had stolen <i>Katipunan</i> funds, his sister was the mistress of a <a href="/info/en/?search=Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">priest</a>, and he was an <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Agent_provocateur" title="Agent provocateur">agent provocateur</a></i> paid by <a href="/info/en/?search=Friars" class="mw-redirect" title="Friars">friars</a> to foment unrest. Also circulated were anonymous letters which told the people of Cavite not to idolize Bonifacio because he was a Mason, a mere Manila employee, allegedly an atheist, and uneducated. According to these letters, Bonifacio did not deserve the title of <i>Supremo</i> since only God was supreme. This last allegation was made despite the fact that <i>Supremo</i> was meant to be used in conjunction with <i>Presidente</i>, i.e. <i>Presidente Supremo</i> (Supreme President, Kataas-taasang Pangulo) to distinguish the president of the <i>Katipunan</i> Supreme Council from council presidents of subordinate <i>Katipunan</i> chapters like the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Magdalo_(Katipunan_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalo (Katipunan faction)">Magdalo</a></i> and <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Magdiwang_(Katipunan_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)">Magdiwang</a></i>; in other words, while Mariano Álvarez was the <i>Magdiwang</i> president, and Baldomero Aguinaldo was the <i>Magdalo</i> president, Bonifacio was the Supreme President.<sup id="cite_ref-cristobal_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cristobal-86">[86]</a></sup> Bonifacio suspected the rumor-mongering to be the work of the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Magdalo_(Katipunan_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalo (Katipunan faction)">Magdalo</a></i> leader <a href="/info/en/?search=Daniel_Tirona" title="Daniel Tirona">Daniel Tirona</a>. He confronted Tirona, whose airy reply provoked Bonifacio to such anger that he drew a gun and would have shot Tirona if others had not intervened.<sup id="cite_ref-constantinop182_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinop182-90">[90]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guerreropp187,190_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerreropp187,190-91">[91]</a></sup>
</p><p>On December 31, Bonifacio and the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Magdalo_(Katipunan_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalo (Katipunan faction)">Magdalo</a></i> and <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Magdiwang_(Katipunan_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)">Magdiwang</a></i> leaders held a meeting in <a href="/info/en/?search=Imus" title="Imus">Imus</a>, ostensibly to determine the leadership of Cavite in order to end the rivalry between the two factions. The issue of whether the Katipunan should be replaced by a revolutionary government was brought up by the <i>Magdalo</i>, and this eclipsed the rivalry issue. The <i>Magdalo</i> argued that the <i>Katipunan</i>, as a secret society, should have ceased to exist once the Revolution was underway. They also held that Cavite should not be divided. Bonifacio and the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Magdiwang_(Katipunan_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)">Magdiwang</a></i> contended that the <i>Katipunan</i> served as their revolutionary government since it had its own constitution, laws, and provincial and municipal governments. <a href="/info/en/?search=Edilberto_Evangelista" title="Edilberto Evangelista">Edilberto Evangelista</a> presented a draft constitution for the proposed government to Bonifacio but he rejected it as it was too similar to the Spanish <a href="/info/en/?search=Maura_Law" title="Maura Law">Maura Law</a>. Upon the event of restructuring, Bonifacio was given <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Full_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Full Powers">carte blanche</a></i> to appoint a committee tasked with setting up a new government; he would also be in charge of this committee. He tasked <a href="/info/en/?search=Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> to record the minutes of the meeting and requested for it to establish this authority, but these were never done and never provided.<sup id="cite_ref-constantinop182-184_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinop182-184-92">[92]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guerreropp187-191_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerreropp187-191-93">[93]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Tejeros_Convention">The Tejeros Convention</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Tejeros Convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a></div>
<p>On March 22, 1897, the revolutionary leaders held an important meeting in a Friar Estate Residence at <a href="/info/en/?search=Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros</a> to resume their discussions regarding the escalating tension between the <i>Magdalo</i> and <i>Magdiwang</i> forces; And also to settle once-and-for-all the issue of governance within the <a href="/info/en/?search=Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> through an election.<sup id="cite_ref-constantinop184_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinop184-94">[94]</a></sup> Amidst implications on whether the government of the "Katipunan" should be established as a monarchy or as a republic, Bonifacio maintained that it should be established as a republic. According to him, they were all in opposition to the King of Spain, and all of the government's members of any given rank should serve under the principle of <a href="/info/en/?search=Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%89galit%C3%A9,_Fraternit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité">liberty, equality, and fraternity</a>, upon which <a href="/info/en/?search=Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> was founded.<sup id="cite_ref-alvarez_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alvarez-56">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-xiaochua_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xiaochua-6">[6]</a></sup> Despite Bonifacio's concern on the lack of officials and representatives from other provinces, he was obliged to proceed with the election.<sup id="cite_ref-constantinopp185-186_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinopp185-186-95">[95]</a></sup>
</p><p>Before the election began, he asked that the results be respected by everyone, and all agreed. The Magdalo faction voted their own <a href="/info/en/?search=Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Election_in_absentia" title="Election in absentia">President <i>in absentia</i></a>, as he was involved in the battle of <a href="/info/en/?search=Perez_Dasmari%C3%B1as" class="mw-redirect" title="Perez Dasmariñas">Perez Dasmariñas</a>, which was then ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-constantinop184_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinop184-94">[94]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guerreropp191-193_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerreropp191-193-96">[96]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-linn_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linn-97">[97]</a></sup> The resulting revolutionary government established at Tejeros, calling itself the <i>Republica de Filipinas</i> (Republic of the Philippines) around a month later, was later superseded by a number of reorganized revolutionary governments also headed by Aguinaldo. These included the <i>Republica de Filipinas</i> of November 1897, commonly known today as the "<a href="/info/en/?search=Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</a>", the <a href="/info/en/?search=Hong_Kong_Junta" title="Hong Kong Junta">Hong Kong Junta</a> government-in-exile, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Dictatorial_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Dictatorial Government of the Philippines">dictatorial government</a> under which <a href="/info/en/?search=Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">Philippine independence</a> was proclaimed on June 12, 1898, and the revolutionary government now commonly known as the <a href="/info/en/?search=First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a> or "Malolos Republic", inaugurated on January 23, 1899<sup id="cite_ref-constantinop224_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinop224-98">[98]</a></sup> as the <i>Republica Filipina</i> (Philippine Republic). The 1899 government is now officially considered to be the true "first" <a href="/info/en/?search=Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Philippines">Republic of the Philippines</a>, with the present-day government of the Philippines thus being the "fifth" Republic.
</p><p>Bonifacio received the second-highest number of votes for president. Though it was suggested that he be automatically be awarded the Vice Presidency, no one seconded the motion and the Election continued. <a href="/info/en/?search=Mariano_Tr%C3%ADas" title="Mariano Trías">Mariano Trías</a> of the Magdiwang was elected vice president. Bonifacio was the last to be elected, as Director of the Interior. <a href="/info/en/?search=Daniel_Tirona" title="Daniel Tirona">Daniel Tirona</a>, protested Bonifacio being appointed as Director of the Interior on the grounds that the position should not be occupied by a person without a lawyer's diploma. Tirona suggested a prominent lawyer for the position such as Jose del Rosario. Insulted and angered, Bonifacio demanded an apology, since the voters had agreed to respect the election results. Tirona ignored Bonifacio's demand for apology which drove Bonifacio to draw his gun and again he nearly shot Tirona, who hid among the people, but he was restrained by <a href="/info/en/?search=Artemio_Ricarte" title="Artemio Ricarte">Artemio Ricarte</a> of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Magdiwang_(Katipunan_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)"><i>Magdiwang</i></a>, who had been elected Captain-General.<sup id="cite_ref-Agoncillop178_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agoncillop178-99">[99]</a></sup> Bonifacio declared: "In my capacity as chairman of this convention, and as <i>Presidente Supremo</i> of the Most Venerable Katipunan of the Sons of the People, which association is known and acknowledged by all, I hereby declare null and void all matters approved in this meeting."<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup> He then promptly left the premises.<sup id="cite_ref-Agoncillop178_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agoncillop178-99">[99]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-constantinop185_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinop185-101">[101]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Repudiation_of_Tejeros_election_results">Repudiation of Tejeros election results</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Repudiation of Tejeros election results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>On March 23, 1897, the day after the <a href="/info/en/?search=Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros convention</a>, Aguinaldo surreptitiously took his oath of office as president in a chapel officiated by a Catholic priest Cenon Villafranca who was under the authority of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Alvarez_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-102">[102]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 109">: 109 </span></sup> According to Gen. Santiago Alvarez, guards were posted outside with strict instructions not to let in any unwanted partisan from the Magdiwang faction while the oath-taking took place.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Artemio_Ricarte" title="Artemio Ricarte">Artemio Ricarte</a> also took his office "with great reluctance" and made a declaration that he found the Tejeros elections "dirty or shady" and "not been in conformity with the true will of the people."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup>
</p><p>Meanwhile, Bonifacio met with his remaining supporters and drew up the <a href="/info/en/?search=Acta_de_Tejeros" title="Acta de Tejeros">Acta de Tejeros</a>, wherein they gave their reasons for not accepting the election results. Bonifacio alleged the election was fraudulent due to cheating and accused Aguinaldo of treason for his negotiations with the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-constantinop188_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinop188-105">[105]</a></sup> In their memoirs <a href="/info/en/?search=Santiago_%C3%81lvarez_(general)" title="Santiago Álvarez (general)">Santiago Álvarez</a> (son of Mariano) and <a href="/info/en/?search=Gregoria_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Gregoria de Jesús">Gregoria de Jesús</a> both alleged that many ballots were already filled out before being distributed, and Guillermo Masangkay contended there were more ballots prepared than voters present. Álvarez writes that Bonifacio had been warned by a Cavite leader Diego Mojica of the rigged ballots before the votes were canvassed, but he had done nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-alvarez_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alvarez-56">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guerrerop192_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerrerop192-106">[106]</a></sup> The <a href="/info/en/?search=Acta_de_Tejeros" title="Acta de Tejeros">Acta de Tejeros</a> was signed by Bonifacio and 44 others, including <a href="/info/en/?search=Artemio_Ricarte" title="Artemio Ricarte">Artemio Ricarte</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Mariano_Alvarez" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Alvarez">Mariano Alvarez</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Pascual_Alvarez" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascual Alvarez">Pascual Alvarez</a>. Then, in a later meeting on April 19 in Naic, another document, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Naic_Military_Agreement" title="Naic Military Agreement">Naic Military Agreement</a>, was drawn up which declared that its 41 signatories, "... having discovered the treason committed by certain officers who have been sowing discord and conniving with the Spaniards [and other offensive acts]", had "agreed to deliver the people from this grave danger" by raising an army corps "by persuasion or force" under the command of General <a href="/info/en/?search=Pio_del_Pilar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pio del Pilar">Pio del Pilar</a>. The document's 41 signatories included Bonifacio, Ricarte and del Pilar.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup> The meeting was interrupted by Aguinaldo and del Pilar. <a href="/info/en/?search=Mariano_Noriel" title="Mariano Noriel">Mariano Noriel</a> and others present then promptly returned to Aguinaldo's fold.<sup id="cite_ref-aguinaldo_87-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aguinaldo-87">[87]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup> Aguinaldo attempted to persuade Bonifacio to cooperate with his government, but Bonifacio refused and proceeded to <a href="/info/en/?search=Indang,_Cavite" class="mw-redirect" title="Indang, Cavite">Indang, Cavite</a> planning to get out of <a href="/info/en/?search=Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a> and proceed back to <a href="/info/en/?search=Morong,_Rizal" title="Morong, Rizal">Morong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Arrest.2C_trial_and_execution"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Arrest,_trial_and_execution">Arrest, trial and execution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Arrest, trial and execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Andres_Bonifacio_Mount_Nagpatong_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Andres_Bonifacio_Mount_Nagpatong_Park.jpg/220px-Andres_Bonifacio_Mount_Nagpatong_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Andres_Bonifacio_Mount_Nagpatong_Park.jpg/330px-Andres_Bonifacio_Mount_Nagpatong_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Andres_Bonifacio_Mount_Nagpatong_Park.jpg/440px-Andres_Bonifacio_Mount_Nagpatong_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>The Bonifacio shrine at the foot of Mount Nagpatong and Mount Buntis in Maragondon, Cavite where it is believed he was executed, on May 10, 1897.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In late April, <a href="/info/en/?search=Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Aguinaldo</a> fully assumed the presidential office after consolidating his position among the <a href="/info/en/?search=Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a> elite – most of Bonifacio's <i>Magdiwang</i> supporters shifting allegiance to Aguinaldo.<sup id="cite_ref-guerrerop194_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerrerop194-111">[111]</a></sup> Aguinaldo's government then ordered the arrest of Bonifacio, who was then moving out of Cavite.<sup id="cite_ref-Agoncillop178-180_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agoncillop178-180-112">[112]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guerrerop193_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerrerop193-113">[113]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 1897, <a href="/info/en/?search=Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Aguinaldo</a> ordered the arrest of Bonifacio after he received a letter that Bonifacio had burned down a village and ordered the burning of the parish house and church of <a href="/info/en/?search=Indang,_Cavite" class="mw-redirect" title="Indang, Cavite">Indang</a> when the townspeople were unable to provide the required supplies and provisions. Many of the principal men of Indang, among them Severino de las Alas (a loyalist and supporter of Bonifacio), presented Emilio Aguinaldo with several complaints against Bonifacio that the Supremo's men stole <a href="/info/en/?search=Carabao" title="Carabao">carabaos</a> and other work animals by force and butchered them for food. On April 25, a party of Aguinaldo's men led by Colonel Agapito Bonzón and Major José Ignacio "Intsik" Paua caught up with Bonifacio at his camp in barrio Limbon, Indang. The unsuspecting Bonifacio received them cordially. Early the next day, Bonzón and Paua attacked Bonifacio's camp. Bonifacio was surprised and refused to fight against "fellow <a href="/info/en/?search=Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign Tagalog Nation">Tagalogs</a>", ordering his men to hold their fire, but shots were nevertheless exchanged. Bonifacio was shot in the arm by Bonzón, and Paua stabbed him in the neck but was prevented from striking further by one of Bonifacio's men, who offered to die in Bonifacio's place. Andrés's brother <a href="/info/en/?search=Ciriaco_Bonifacio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciriaco Bonifacio">Ciriaco</a> was shot dead, while his other brother Procopio was beaten, and his wife <a href="/info/en/?search=Gregoria_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Gregoria de Jesús">Gregoria</a> may have been raped by Bonzón. From Indang, a half-starved and wounded Bonifacio was carried by hammock to <a href="/info/en/?search=Naic" title="Naic">Naic</a>, which had become President Aguinaldo's headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-ocampo1999_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocampo1999-114">[114]</a></sup>
</p><p>Bonifacio's party was brought to <a href="/info/en/?search=Naic" title="Naic">Naic</a> initially and then to <a href="/info/en/?search=Maragondon" title="Maragondon">Maragondon, Cavite</a>, where he and Procopio stood trial on May 5, 1897, on charges of sedition and treason against Aguinaldo's government and conspiracy to murder Aguinaldo.<sup id="cite_ref-guerrerop194_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerrerop194-111">[111]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup> The jury was composed entirely of Aguinaldo's men and even Bonifacio's defence lawyer himself declared his client's guilt. Bonifacio was barred from confronting the state witness on the charge of conspiracy to murder on the grounds that the latter had been killed in battle. However, after the trial the witness was seen alive with the prosecutors.<sup id="cite_ref-guerreropp194-196_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerreropp194-196-116">[116]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-constantinopp189-191_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinopp189-191-117">[117]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Bonifacio brothers were found guilty, despite insufficient evidence, and were recommended to be executed. Aguinaldo commuted the sentence to deportation on May 8, 1897, but <a href="/info/en/?search=P%C3%ADo_del_Pilar" title="Pío del Pilar">Pío del Pilar</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Mariano_Noriel" title="Mariano Noriel">Mariano Noriel</a> persuaded him to withdraw the order for the sake of preserving unity. In this they were seconded by Mamerto Natividád and other <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Bona_fide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bona fide">bona fide</a></i> supporters of Aguinaldo.<sup id="cite_ref-agoncillopp180-181_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agoncillopp180-181-118">[118]</a></sup> The Bonifacio brothers were executed on May 10, 1897, in the mountains of <a href="/info/en/?search=Maragondon" title="Maragondon">Maragondon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-agoncillopp180-181_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agoncillopp180-181-118">[118]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup> Apolinario Mabini wrote that Bonifacio's death demoralized many rebels from <a href="/info/en/?search=Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a> who had come to help those in Cavite, and caused them to quit.<sup id="cite_ref-mabini_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mabini-84">[84]</a></sup> In other areas, Bonifacio's close associates like <a href="/info/en/?search=Emilio_Jacinto" title="Emilio Jacinto">Emilio Jacinto</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Macario_Sakay" title="Macario Sakay">Macario Sakay</a> continued the Katipunan and never recognized Aguinaldo's authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakpil_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakpil-79">[79]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_controversies">Historical controversies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Historical controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The historical assessment of Bonifacio involves several controversial points. His death is alternately viewed as a justified execution for treason, and a "legal murder" fueled by politics. Some historians consider him to be the rightful first <a href="/info/en/?search=President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a> instead of Aguinaldo. Some historians have also advocated that Bonifacio share or even take the place of José Rizal as the (foremost) <a href="/info/en/?search=Philippine_national_hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine national hero">Philippine national hero</a>. The purported discovery of Bonifacio's remains has also been questioned.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Trial_and_sentencing">Trial and sentencing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Trial and sentencing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Historians have condemned the trial of the Bonifacio brothers as unjust. The jury was entirely composed of Aguinaldo's men; Bonifacio's defense lawyer acted more like a prosecutor as he himself declared Bonifacio's guilt and instead appealed for less punishment; and Bonifacio was not allowed to confront the state witness for the charge of conspiracy on the grounds that the latter had been killed in battle, but later the witness was seen with the prosecutors.<sup id="cite_ref-constantinopp190-191_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinopp190-191-120">[120]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-villanuevapp60,64_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-villanuevapp60,64-121">[121]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/info/en/?search=Teodoro_Agoncillo" title="Teodoro Agoncillo">Teodoro Agoncillo</a> writes that Bonifacio's declaration of authority in opposition to Aguinaldo posed a danger to the revolution, because a split in the rebel forces would result in almost certain defeat by their united and well-armed Spanish foe.<sup id="cite_ref-agoncillopp180-181_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agoncillopp180-181-118">[118]</a></sup> In contrast, <a href="/info/en/?search=Renato_Constantino" title="Renato Constantino">Renato Constantino</a> contends that Bonifacio was neither a danger to the revolution in general for he still planned to fight the Spanish, nor to the revolution in Cavite since he was leaving; but Bonifacio was definitely a threat to the Cavite leaders who wanted control of the Revolution, so he was eliminated. Constantino contrasts Bonifacio who had no record of compromise with the Spanish with the Cavite leaders who did compromise, resulting in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-Bato">Pact of Biak-na-Bato</a> whereas the revolution was officially halted and its leaders exiled, though many Filipinos continued to fight, especially <i>Katipunan</i> leaders who used to be close to Bonifacio. (Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with the United States, eventually did return to take charge of the revolution during the <a href="/info/en/?search=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-constantinopp190-206_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinopp190-206-122">[122]</a></sup>
</p><p>Historians have also discussed the motives of the Cavite government to replace Bonifacio, and whether it had the right to do so. The Magdalo provincial council which helped establish a republican government led by one of their own was only one of many such councils in the pre-existing <a href="/info/en/?search=Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-villanuevapp62-63_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-villanuevapp62-63-123">[123]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-constantinopp188,190-191_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinopp188,190-191-124">[124]</a></sup> Therefore, Constantino and Alejo Villanueva write that Aguinaldo and his faction may be considered counter-revolutionary as well – as guilty of violating Bonifacio's constituted authority just as they considered Bonifacio to violate theirs.<sup id="cite_ref-villanuevapp62-63_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-villanuevapp62-63-123">[123]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-constantinop190_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinop190-125">[125]</a></sup> Aguinaldo's own adviser and official Apolinario Mabini writes that he was "primarily answerable for insubordination against the head of the <i>Katipunan</i> of which he was a member".<sup id="cite_ref-mabini_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mabini-84">[84]</a></sup> Aguinaldo's authority was not immediately recognized by all rebels. If Bonifacio had escaped Cavite, he would have had the right as the <i>Katipunan</i> leader to prosecute Aguinaldo for treason instead of the other way around.<sup id="cite_ref-villanuevapp61,64_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-villanuevapp61,64-126">[126]</a></sup> Constantino and Villanueva also interpret the <a href="/info/en/?search=Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a> as the culmination of a movement by members of the upper class represented by Aguinaldo to wrest power from Bonifacio who represented the middle and lower classes.<sup id="cite_ref-constantinop190_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinop190-125">[125]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-villanuevapp58-64_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-villanuevapp58-64-127">[127]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a> among the Cavite rebels, dubbed "Cavitismo" by Constantino, has also been put forward as motivation for the replacement of Bonifacio.<sup id="cite_ref-constantinopp183-185_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantinopp183-185-128">[128]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guerrerop189_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerrerop189-129">[129]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-villanuevapp58-59_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-villanuevapp58-59-130">[130]</a></sup> Mabini considered the execution as criminal and "<i>assassination...the first victory of personal ambition over true patriotism.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup> He also noted that "All the electors [at the Tejeros Convention] were friends of Don <a href="/info/en/?search=Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> and Don <a href="/info/en/?search=Mariano_Tr%C3%ADas" title="Mariano Trías">Mariano Trías</a>, who were united, while Bonifacio, although he had established his integrity, was looked upon with distrust only because he was not a native of the province: this explains his resentment."<sup id="cite_ref-mabini_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mabini-84">[84]</a></sup>
</p><p>Writing retrospectively in 1948, Aguinaldo explained that he initially commuted the sentence of death but rescinded his commutation from the pressure of the Consejo dela Guerra (Council of War) including Generals Mariano Noriel, Pio del Pilar, Severino de las Alas, all of which are supporters and loyalist of Bonifacio, among with General Mamerto Natividad, Sr. Anastacio Francisco together with the poet and historian Jose Clemente Zulueta among many others<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup>
<sup id="cite_ref-Revolt_of_the_Masses_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolt_of_the_Masses-133">[133]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Execution">Execution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>There are differing accounts of Bonifacio's manner of execution. The commanding officer of the execution party, <a href="/info/en/?search=Lazaro_Macapagal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lazaro Macapagal">Lazaro Macapagal</a>, said in two separate accounts that the Bonifacio brothers were shot to death, which is the orthodox interpretation. Macapagal's second account has Bonifacio attempting to escape after his brother is shot, but he is also killed while running away. Macapagal writes that they buried the brothers in shallow graves dug with bayonets and marked by twigs.<sup id="cite_ref-ocampo2001_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocampo2001-134">[134]</a></sup>
</p><p>However, another account states that after his brother was shot, Bonifacio was stabbed and hacked to death. This was allegedly done while he lay prone in a hammock in which he was carried to the site, being too weak to walk.<sup id="cite_ref-cristobal_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cristobal-86">[86]</a></sup> This version was maintained by Guillermo Masangkay, who claimed to have gotten this information from one of Macapagal's men.<sup id="cite_ref-ocampo2001_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocampo2001-134">[134]</a></sup> Also, one account used to corroborate this version is of an alleged eyewitness, a farmer who claimed he saw five men hacking a man in a hammock.<sup id="cite_ref-cristobal_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cristobal-86">[86]</a></sup> Historian Milagros Guerrero also says Bonifacio was bayoneted, and that the brothers were left unburied.<sup id="cite_ref-guerrerop196_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerrerop196-135">[135]</a></sup> After <a href="#Bonifacio's_bones">bones said to be Bonifacio's – including a fractured skull –</a> were discovered in 1918, Masangkay claimed the forensic evidence supported his version of events.<sup id="cite_ref-ocampo2001_134-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocampo2001-134">[134]</a></sup> Writer <a href="/info/en/?search=Adrian_Cristobal" title="Adrian Cristobal">Adrian Cristobal</a> notes that accounts of Bonifacio's captivity and trial state he was very weak due to his wounds being left untreated; he thus doubts that Bonifacio was strong enough to make a last dash for freedom as Macapagal claimed.<sup id="cite_ref-cristobal_86-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cristobal-86">[86]</a></sup> Historian Ambeth Ocampo, who doubts the Bonifacio bones were authentic, thus also doubts the possibility of Bonifacio's death by this manner.<sup id="cite_ref-ocampo2001_134-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocampo2001-134">[134]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bonifacio_as_first_President_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines">Bonifacio as first President of the Republic of the Philippines</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bonifacio as first President of the Republic of the Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_unofficial_presidents_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unofficial presidents of the Philippines">List of unofficial presidents of the Philippines</a></div>
<p>Some historians such as Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnación, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Ram%C3%B3n_Villegas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramón Villegas (page does not exist)">Ramón Villegas</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Xiao_Chua" title="Xiao Chua">Michael Charleston Chua</a> have pushed for the recognition of Bonifacio as the first <a href="/info/en/?search=President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a> instead of Aguinaldo, the officially recognized one. This view emphasizes that Bonifacio was not just the leader of the <i>Katipunan</i> as a revolutionary secret society, as traditional historiography has emphasized, but that he also established and headed a revolutionary government through the <i>Katipunan</i> from 1896 to 1897, before a revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo was first formed at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a>. Guerrero writes that Bonifacio had a concept of the Philippine nation called <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Haring_Bayang_Katagalugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Haring Bayang Katagalugan">Haring Bayang Katagalugan</a></i> ("Sovereign Tagalog Nation") which was displaced by Aguinaldo's concept of <i>Filipinas</i>. In documents predating Tejeros and the <a href="/info/en/?search=First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a> of 1899, Bonifacio is called the president of the "Sovereign [Tagalog] Nation" and the "<a href="/info/en/?search=Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">Tagalog Republic</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-guerrero1996a_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerrero1996a-59">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guerreropp166-167_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerreropp166-167-70">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cristobal_86-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cristobal-86">[86]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup>
</p><p>The term <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:Tagalog">Tagalog</a></i> historically refers to an <a href="/info/en/?search=Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">ethnic group</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">their language</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Tagalog_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagalog script">script</a>. Historians have thus viewed Bonifacio's concept of the Philippine nation as restricted to the Tagalog-speaking regions of <a href="/info/en/?search=Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, as compared to Aguinaldo's view of Luzon, <a href="/info/en/?search=Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> (comprising the modern Philippines).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="See apparent removal of supporting cites at https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&diff=prev&oldid=1056520904 -- I was not able to access those sources to reverify support; if reverified and re-cited, the cites might need pageno info (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
In their memoirs, Emilio Aguinaldo and other <a href="/info/en/?search=Magdalo_(Katipunan_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalo (Katipunan faction)">Magdalo</a> people claim Bonifacio became the head of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Magdiwang_(Katipunan_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)">Magdiwang</a>, receiving the title <i>Harì ng Bayan</i> ("King of the Nation") with Mariano Álvarez as his second-in-command.<sup id="cite_ref-aguinaldo_87-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aguinaldo-87">[87]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ronquillo_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ronquillo-137">[137]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-xiaochua_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xiaochua-6">[6]</a></sup> Historians such as <a href="/info/en/?search=Carlos_Quirino" title="Carlos Quirino">Carlos Quirino</a> and Michael Charleston Chua suggest these claims stem from a misunderstanding or misrepresentation of Bonifacio's <a href="/info/en/?search=Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> <i>Haring Bayan</i> ("Sovereign Nation") as referring to Bonifacio himself instead of his concept of the nation, as was in truth reflected in his title <i>Pangulo ng <a href="/info/en/?search=Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">Haring Bayang Katagalugan</a></i> ("President of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation"), sometimes shortened to <i>Pangulo ng Haring Bayan</i> ("President of the Sovereign Nation").<sup id="cite_ref-quirino_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quirino-138">[138]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-xiaochua_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xiaochua-6">[6]</a></sup> Santiago Álvarez (son of Mariano) distinguishes between the <i>Magdiwang</i> government and the <i>Katipunan</i> Supreme Council headed by Bonifacio.<sup id="cite_ref-alvarez_56-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alvarez-56">[56]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to historian Chua, the "first President" issue has been confounded by over a century of Philippine historiography most often referring to Bonifacio as "The Supremo" and taking it to mean "The Supreme Leader", thus ultimately taking him to have had dictatorial or monarchist ambitions as opposed to the later democratic and republican Philippine Presidents, when in fact "Supremo" was only a contraction of Spanish <i>Presidente Supremo</i> - a translation of Bonifacio's actual title as head of the Katipunan in Tagalog, <i>Kataas-taasang Pangulo</i> (Supreme President) - and based on surviving documents, Bonifacio generally did not call himself by the plain term "Supremo" despite other people's usage, but instead styled himself "Pangulo", i.e. President.<sup id="cite_ref-xiaochua_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xiaochua-6">[6]</a></sup> Chua further writes:
</p>
<blockquote><p>...even inside the Katipunan, Bonifacio struggled to make people understand his concept of the Haring Bayan not as an individual or a King, but as something else... Haring Bayan really meant the King, or the power, is the people (Haring Bayan), which is basically "The Sovereign Nation"... So when he signed himself as Pangulo ng Haring Bayan past 24 August 1896, that means he intended to be president of a national revolutionary government which aimed to be a democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-xiaochua_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xiaochua-6">[6]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bonifacio_as_national_hero">Bonifacio as national hero</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bonifacio as national hero"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/info/en/?search=National_hero_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="National hero of the Philippines">National hero of the Philippines</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:The_Bonifacio_Monument_(Caloocan)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_02.jpg/220px-The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_02.jpg/330px-The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_02.jpg/440px-The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/info/en/?search=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrés Bonifacio Monument">Andrés Bonifacio Monument</a> in Caloocan is considered the most symbolic of all the monuments in the country, even grander than Motto Stella. It is sculpted by National Artist Guillermo Tolentino.</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/info/en/?search=Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> is generally considered the foremost of the national heroes of the Philippines and often "the" national hero, albeit not in law, but Bonifacio has been suggested as a more worthy candidate on the grounds of having started the <a href="/info/en/?search=Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ocampo1999_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocampo1999-114">[114]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Teodoro_Agoncillo" title="Teodoro Agoncillo">Teodoro Agoncillo</a> notes that the Philippine national hero, unlike those of other countries, is not "the leader of its liberation forces".<sup id="cite_ref-Agoncillop160_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agoncillop160-139">[139]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Renato_Constantino" title="Renato Constantino">Renato Constantino</a> writes that Rizal is a "United States-sponsored hero" who was promoted as the greatest Filipino hero during the <a href="/info/en/?search=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898-1946)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1898-1946)">American Occupation period of the Philippines</a> – after Aguinaldo lost the <a href="/info/en/?search=Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>. The United States promoted Rizal, who was taken to represent peaceful political advocacy, instead of more radical figures whose ideas could inspire resistance against American rule.<sup id="cite_ref-constantino1980_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantino1980-140">[140]</a></sup> Specifically, Rizal was selected over Bonifacio who was viewed as "too radical" and <a href="/info/en/?search=Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a> who was "unregenerate."<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></sup>
</p><p>Historian <a href="/info/en/?search=Ambeth_Ocampo" title="Ambeth Ocampo">Ambeth Ocampo</a> gives the opinion that arguing for Bonifacio as the "better" hero on the grounds that he, not Rizal, began the Philippine Revolution, is moot since Rizal inspired Bonifacio, the Katipunan, and the Revolution. Even prior to his banishment to <a href="/info/en/?search=Dapitan" title="Dapitan">Dapitan</a>, Rizal was already regarded by the Filipino people as a national hero, having been elected as honorary president by the <i>Katipunan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ocampo1999_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocampo1999-114">[114]</a></sup> Other historians also detail that Bonifacio was a follower of Rizal's <a href="/info/en/?search=La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga Filipina</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Le%C3%B3n_Mar%C3%ADa_Guerrero_(botanist)" title="León María Guerrero (botanist)">León María Guerrero</a> notes that while Rizal did not give his blessing to the Katipunan because he believed the time was premature, he did not condemn the aim of independence per se.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Teodoro_Agoncillo" title="Teodoro Agoncillo">Teodoro Agoncillo</a> gives the opinion that Bonifacio should not replace Rizal as national hero, but they should be honored "side by side".<sup id="cite_ref-Agoncillop160_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agoncillop160-139">[139]</a></sup>
</p><p>
Despite popular recognition of Rizal as "<i>the</i> Philippine national hero", the title itself has no explicit legal definition in present Philippine law. Rizal and Bonifacio, however, are given the implied recognition of being national heroes because they are commemorated <a href="/info/en/?search=Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">annually nationwide</a> – <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Rizal_Day" title="Rizal Day">Rizal Day</a></i> on December 30 and <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Bonifacio_Day" title="Bonifacio Day">Bonifacio Day</a></i> on November 30.<sup id="cite_ref-ncca.gov.ph_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncca.gov.ph-143">[143]</a></sup> According to the website of the <a href="/info/en/?search=National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts" title="National Commission for Culture and the Arts">National Commission for Culture and the Arts</a>: </p><blockquote>
<p>Despite the lack of any official declaration explicitly proclaiming them as national heroes, [Rizal and Bonifacio] remain admired and revered for their roles in Philippine history. Heroes, according to historians, should not be legislated.
</p><p>Their appreciation should be better left to academics. Acclamation for heroes, they felt, would be recognition enough.<sup id="cite_ref-ncca.gov.ph_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncca.gov.ph-143">[143]</a></sup>
</p>
</blockquote>
<h3><span id="Bonifacio.27s_bones"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Bonifacio's_bones">Bonifacio's bones</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bonifacio's bones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In 1918, the American occupational government of the Philippines mounted a search for Bonifacio's remains in <a href="/info/en/?search=Maragondon" title="Maragondon">Maragondon</a>. A group consisting of government officials, former rebels, and a man reputed to be Bonifacio's servant found bones which they claimed were Bonifacio's in a <a href="/info/en/?search=Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> field on March 17. The bones were placed in an urn and put into the care of the <a href="/info/en/?search=National_Library_of_the_Philippines" title="National Library of the Philippines">National Library of the Philippines</a>. They were housed at the Library's headquarters in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Old_Legislative_Building_(Manila)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Legislative Building (Manila)">Legislative Building</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Ermita,_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermita, Manila">Ermita, Manila</a>, together with some of Bonifacio's papers and personal belongings. The authenticity of the bones was much disputed at the time and has been challenged as late as 2001 by <a href="/info/en/?search=Ambeth_Ocampo" title="Ambeth Ocampo">Ambeth Ocampo</a>. When Emilio Aguinaldo ran for President of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a> in 1935, his opponent <a href="/info/en/?search=Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> (the eventual victor) invoked the memory of Bonifacio against him, the bones being the result of Bonifacio's execution by the judiciary branch of the revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo. During <a href="/info/en/?search=World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Philippines was invaded by Japan beginning on December 8, 1941. The bones were lost due to the widespread destruction and looting during the <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Allied capture of Manila</a> in February 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-ocampo2001_134-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocampo2001-134">[134]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-morallos_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morallos-144">[144]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110mb_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110mb-145">[145]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Portrayal_in_the_media">Portrayal in the media</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Portrayal in the media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>Portrayed by <a href="/info/en/?search=Eddie_del_Mar" title="Eddie del Mar">Eddie del Mar</a> in the film Andres Bonifacio (Ang Supremo) (1964)</li>
<li>Portrayed by <a href="/info/en/?search=Julio_Diaz_(actor)" title="Julio Diaz (actor)">Julio Diaz</a> in the film <i>Bayani</i> (1992) and the unrelated TV series <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Bayani_(TV_series)" title="Bayani (TV series)">Bayani</a></i> (1995).<sup id="cite_ref-GMA-Actors_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMA-Actors-146">[146]</a></sup></li>
<li>Portrayal by Rody Vera in the musical 1896 (1995) produced by <a href="/info/en/?search=Philippine_Educational_Theater_Association" title="Philippine Educational Theater Association">Philippine Educational Theater Association</a>.</li>
<li>Portrayed by <a href="/info/en/?search=Gardo_Versoza" title="Gardo Versoza">Gardo Versoza</a> in the film <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Jos%C3%A9_Rizal_(film)" title="José Rizal (film)">José Rizal</a></i> (1998).<sup id="cite_ref-GMA-Actors_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMA-Actors-146">[146]</a></sup></li>
<li>Portrayed by <a href="/info/en/?search=Alfred_Vargas" title="Alfred Vargas">Alfred Vargas</a> in the film <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Trial_of_Andres_Bonifacio" title="The Trial of Andres Bonifacio">The Trial of Andres Bonifacio</a></i> (2010) and in the film <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Supremo_(film)" title="Supremo (film)">Supremo</a></i> (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-GMA-Actors_146-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMA-Actors-146">[146]</a></sup></li>
<li>Portrayed by <a href="/info/en/?search=Mark_Anthony_Fernandez" title="Mark Anthony Fernandez">Mark Anthony Fernandez</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=GMA_Network" title="GMA Network">GMA</a> <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Lupang Hinirang</a></i> music video in 2010<sup id="cite_ref-GMA-Actors_146-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMA-Actors-146">[146]</a></sup></li>
<li>Portrayed by <a href="/info/en/?search=Cesar_Montano" title="Cesar Montano">Cesar Montano</a> in the film <i><a href="/info/en/?search=El_Presidente_(film)" title="El Presidente (film)">El Presidente</a></i> (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-GMA-Actors_146-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMA-Actors-146">[146]</a></sup></li>
<li>Portrayed by <a href="/info/en/?search=Jolo_Revilla" title="Jolo Revilla">Jolo Revilla</a> in the TV series <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Indio_(TV_series)" title="Indio (TV series)">Indio</a></i> (2013).<sup id="cite_ref-GMA-Actors_146-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMA-Actors-146">[146]</a></sup></li>
<li>Portrayed by <a href="/info/en/?search=Sid_Lucero" title="Sid Lucero">Sid Lucero</a> in the TV series <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Katipunan_(TV_series)" title="Katipunan (TV series)">Katipunan</a></i> (2013) and <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Ilustrado_(TV_series)" title="Ilustrado (TV series)">Ilustrado</a></i> (2014).<sup id="cite_ref-GMA-Actors_146-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMA-Actors-146">[146]</a></sup></li>
<li>Portrayed by <a href="/info/en/?search=Robin_Padilla" title="Robin Padilla">Robin Padilla</a> in the film <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Bonifacio:_Ang_Unang_Pangulo" title="Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo">Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo</a></i> (2014).<sup id="cite_ref-GMA-Actors_146-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMA-Actors-146">[146]</a></sup></li>
<li>Portrayed by <a href="/info/en/?search=Nico_Antonio" title="Nico Antonio">Nico Antonio</a> in the film <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Heneral_Luna" title="Heneral Luna">Heneral Luna</a></i> (2015).<sup id="cite_ref-GMA-Actors_146-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMA-Actors-146">[146]</a></sup></li>
<li>Portrayed by <a href="/info/en/?search=Jhong_Hilario" title="Jhong Hilario">Jhong Hilario</a> in the film <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Unli_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Unli Life">Unli Life</a></i> (2018).<sup id="cite_ref-GMA-Actors_146-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMA-Actors-146">[146]</a></sup></li>
<li>Portrayed by Bullet Dumas in the musical <i><a class="external text" href="https://arete.ateneo.edu/2bayani">2Bayani: Isang Rock Operang Alay Kay Andres Bonifacio</a></i> (2021) produced by <a href="/info/en/?search=Tanghalang_Ateneo" title="Tanghalang Ateneo">Tanghalang Ateneo</a>.</li>
<li>Portrayed by Gary Guarino in the film <i><a href="/info/en/?search=GomBurZa_(film)" title="GomBurZa (film)">GomBurZa</a></i> (2023).</li>
<li>Portrayed by Paw Castillio in the musical <i>Pingkian: Isang Musika</i> (2024) produced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Tanghalang_Pilipino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanghalang Pilipino (page does not exist)">Tanghalang Pilipino</a>.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-birth-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birth_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birth_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKeat_Gin_Ooi2004" class="citation book cs1">Keat Gin Ooi (2004). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC"><i>Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&dq=%22andres+bonifacio%22+born&pg=PA240">240</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-770-2</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510224605/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-770-2&rft.au=Keat+Gin+Ooi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKgraWbb7yoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In isolation, his given name and last name are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[anˈdɾes]</a></span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[boniˈfaθjo]</a></span> respectively. The Spanish pronunciation of <i>Bonifacio</i> in both <a href="/info/en/?search=Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin America</a> and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">United States</a> is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[boniˈfasjo]</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1055414">"Filipinos honor 'Father of Philippine Revolution'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Philippine News Agency</i>. November 30, 2018. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190101051342/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1055414">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Filipinos+honor+%27Father+of+Philippine+Revolution%27&rft.date=2018-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pna.gov.ph%2Farticles%2F1055414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Who_is_Andres_Bonifacio-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Who_is_Andres_Bonifacio_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFArcilla1997" class="citation journal cs1">Arcilla, Jose S. (1997). "Who is Andres Bonifacio?". <i>Philippine Studies</i>. <b>45</b> (4): 570–577. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-7837">0031-7837</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42634247">42634247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=Who+is+Andres+Bonifacio%3F&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=570-577&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42634247%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0031-7837&rft.aulast=Arcilla&rft.aufirst=Jose+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-official-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-official_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-official_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604034938/http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/researches/rrb_0301_1.pdf">"Selection and Proclamation of National Heroes and Laws Honoring Filipino Historical Figures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Reference and Research Bureau Legislative Research Service, House of Congress. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov.ph/download/researches/rrb_0301_1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selection+and+Proclamation+of+National+Heroes+and+Laws+Honoring+Filipino+Historical+Figures&rft.pub=Reference+and+Research+Bureau+Legislative+Research+Service%2C+House+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov.ph%2Fdownload%2Fresearches%2Frrb_0301_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-xiaochua-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-xiaochua_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-xiaochua_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-xiaochua_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-xiaochua_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-xiaochua_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-xiaochua_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChua2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Xiao_Chua" title="Xiao Chua">Chua, Michael Charleston B.</a> (November 30, 2018). <a class="external text" href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/11/30/18/bonifacio-did-not-call-himself-supremo">"Bonifacio did not call himself Supremo"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ABS-CBN" title="ABS-CBN">ABS-CBN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bonifacio+did+not+call+himself+Supremo&rft.pub=ABS-CBN&rft.date=2018-11-30&rft.aulast=Chua&rft.aufirst=Michael+Charleston+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fancx%2Fculture%2Fspotlight%2F11%2F30%2F18%2Fbonifacio-did-not-call-himself-supremo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-agoncillo1996p41-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agoncillo1996p41_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-agoncillo1996p41_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1996">Agoncillo 1996</a>, p. 41</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, p. 146.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-guererro1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guererro1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro1_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro1_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro1_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro1_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro1_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro1_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro1_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGuererroEncarnacionVillegas1996" class="citation journal cs1">Guererro, Milagros; Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (1996). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143743/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1">"Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution"</a>. <i>Sulyap Kultura</i>. <b>1</b> (2). National Commission for Culture and the Arts: 3–12. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1">the original</a> on April 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sulyap+Kultura&rft.atitle=Andres+Bonifacio+and+the+1896+Revolution&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3-12&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Guererro&rft.aufirst=Milagros&rft.au=Encarnacion%2C+Emmanuel&rft.au=Villegas%2C+Ramon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-culture-and-arts%2Farticles-on-c-n-a%2Farticle.php%3Fi%3D5%26subcat%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-guererro2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guererro2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro2_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro2_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro2_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro2_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro2_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGuererroSchumacher1998" class="citation book cs1">Guererro, Milagros; Schumacher, John, <a href="/info/en/?search=Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">SJ</a> (1998). <i>Reform and Revolution</i>. Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People. Vol. 5. Asia Publishing Company Limited. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/962-258-228-1" title="Special:BookSources/962-258-228-1"><bdi>962-258-228-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reform+and+Revolution&rft.series=Kasaysayan%3A+The+History+of+the+Filipino+People&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+Company+Limited&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=962-258-228-1&rft.aulast=Guererro&rft.aufirst=Milagros&rft.au=Schumacher%2C+John%2C+SJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/info/en/?search=Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-The_Revolt_of_the_Masses-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Revolt_of_the_Masses_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1996">Agoncillo 1996</a>, pp. 259–275.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-History_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaide1983">Zaide 1983</a>, pp. 245.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2009" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer (2009). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&q=Andr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio+was+born+on&pg=PA65"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 65. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781851099511" title="Special:BookSources/9781851099511"><bdi>9781851099511</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121254/https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&q=Andr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio+was+born+on&pg=PA65">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Spanish-American+and+Philippine-American+Wars%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781851099511&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8V3vZxOmHssC%26q%3DAndr%25C3%25A9s%2BBonifacio%2Bwas%2Bborn%2Bon%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2023" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Jim (2023). <i>The Fight for Liberty: Notes on Andres Bonifacio and the Beginning of the Philippine Revolution</i>. Manila: National Historical Commission of the Philippines. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-971-538-368-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-538-368-4"><bdi>978-971-538-368-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fight+for+Liberty%3A+Notes+on+Andres+Bonifacio+and+the+Beginning+of+the+Philippine+Revolution&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=National+Historical+Commission+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-971-538-368-4&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandculture/766227/8-things-you-might-not-know-about-andres-bonifacio/story/">"8 things you might not know about Andres Bonifacio"</a>. <i>GMA News</i>. November 30, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GMA+News&rft.atitle=8+things+you+might+not+know+about+Andres+Bonifacio&rft.date=2020-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Flifestyle%2Fartandculture%2F766227%2F8-things-you-might-not-know-about-andres-bonifacio%2Fstory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFQuodala2011" class="citation news cs1">Quodala, Schatzi (November 29, 2011). <a class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/102653/did-you-know-131">"Did you know"</a>. Philippine Daily Inquirer<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Did+you+know&rft.date=2011-11-29&rft.aulast=Quodala&rft.aufirst=Schatzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F102653%2Fdid-you-know-131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNobles1964" class="citation book cs1">Nobles, Arsenio F. (1964). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tuIqAAAAMAAJ"><i>Philippine Journal of Education</i></a>. p. 211. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121320/https://books.google.com/books?id=tuIqAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Journal+of+Education&rft.pages=211&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Nobles&rft.aufirst=Arsenio+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtuIqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5BUaNs1c0sC&q=Guillermo+Osme%C3%B1a%27s"><i>Archipelago</i></a>. Bureau of National and Foreign Information, Department of Public Information. 1975. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121324/https://books.google.com/books?id=T5BUaNs1c0sC&q=Guillermo+Osme%C3%B1a%27s">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archipelago&rft.pub=Bureau+of+National+and+Foreign+Information%2C+Department+of+Public+Information&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5BUaNs1c0sC%26q%3DGuillermo%2BOsme%25C3%25B1a%2527s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCapili2008" class="citation cs2">Capili, Maria Angelica A. (2008), <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B7PwCwAAQBAJ"><i>Bantayog: Discovering Manila through its Monuments</i></a>, Foreign Service Institute, p. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B7PwCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22andres+bonifacio%22+orphan&pg=PA34">34</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-971-552-075-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-552-075-1"><bdi>978-971-552-075-1</bdi></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121255/https://books.google.com/books?id=B7PwCwAAQBAJ">archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bantayog%3A+Discovering+Manila+through+its+Monuments&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Foreign+Service+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-971-552-075-1&rft.aulast=Capili&rft.aufirst=Maria+Angelica+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB7PwCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb8a7P_2InIC"><i>Turning Points I</i></a>, Rex Bookstore, Inc., 2007, p. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb8a7P_2InIC&dq=%22andres+bonifacio%22+orphan&pg=RA6-PA26">26</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4538-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4538-8"><bdi>978-971-23-4538-8</bdi></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805224239/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb8a7P_2InIC">archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turning+Points+I&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-971-23-4538-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLb8a7P_2InIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Filipiniana-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Filipiniana_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOcampo2016">Ocampo 2016</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCarballo2014" class="citation news cs1">Carballo, Bibsy M. (December 15, 2014). <a class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2014/12/15/1402782/bonifacio-ang-unang-pangulo">"Bonifacio, Ang Unang Pangulo"</a>. <i>philstar.com</i>. PhilStar Global. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818083136/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2014/12/15/1402782/bonifacio-ang-unang-pangulo">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=philstar.com&rft.atitle=Bonifacio%2C+Ang+Unang+Pangulo&rft.date=2014-12-15&rft.aulast=Carballo&rft.aufirst=Bibsy+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fentertainment%2F2014%2F12%2F15%2F1402782%2Fbonifacio-ang-unang-pangulo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVentura2001" class="citation book cs1">Ventura, Sylvia Mendez (2001). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z8BxAAAAMAAJ&q=andres+bonifacio"><i>Supremo: The Story of Andres Bonifacio</i></a>. Tahanan Books for Young Readers. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9789716300918" title="Special:BookSources/9789716300918"><bdi>9789716300918</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121310/https://books.google.com/books?id=z8BxAAAAMAAJ&q=andres+bonifacio">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supremo%3A+The+Story+of+Andres+Bonifacio&rft.pub=Tahanan+Books+for+Young+Readers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789716300918&rft.aulast=Ventura&rft.aufirst=Sylvia+Mendez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz8BxAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dandres%2Bbonifacio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillanueva198930-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVillanueva198930_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVillanueva1989">Villanueva 1989</a>, p. 30.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVentura2001" class="citation book cs1">Ventura, Sylvia Mendez (2001). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z8BxAAAAMAAJ&q=andres+bonifacio"><i>Supremo: The Story of Andres Bonifacio</i></a>. Tahanan Books for Young Readers. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9789716300918" title="Special:BookSources/9789716300918"><bdi>9789716300918</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121258/https://books.google.com/books?id=z8BxAAAAMAAJ&q=andres+bonifacio">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supremo%3A+The+Story+of+Andres+Bonifacio&rft.pub=Tahanan+Books+for+Young+Readers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789716300918&rft.aulast=Ventura&rft.aufirst=Sylvia+Mendez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz8BxAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dandres%2Bbonifacio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBonoan2014" class="citation web cs1">Bonoan, Christopher (June 12, 2014). <a class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/voices/ispeak/60320-books-bolo-bonifacio/">"Of books, bolo, and Bonifacio"</a>. <i>Rappler</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=Of+books%2C+bolo%2C+and+Bonifacio&rft.date=2014-06-12&rft.aulast=Bonoan&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fvoices%2Fispeak%2F60320-books-bolo-bonifacio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C"><i>The Filipino Moving Onward 5' 2007 Ed.</i></a>, Rex Bookstore, Inc., p. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C&dq=bonifacio+alphabet+english&pg=RA5-PT49">49</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4154-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4154-0"><bdi>978-971-23-4154-0</bdi></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629121401/https://books.google.com/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C">archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Filipino+Moving+Onward+5%27+2007+Ed.&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.isbn=978-971-23-4154-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSIq_FvJUr40C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSzczepanski" class="citation web cs1">Szczepanski, Kallie. <a class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/andres-bonifacio-of-the-philippines-195651">"Biography of Andrés Bonifacio, Filipino Revolutionary Leader"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191004065241/https://www.thoughtco.com/andres-bonifacio-of-the-philippines-195651">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Andr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio%2C+Filipino+Revolutionary+Leader&rft.aulast=Szczepanski&rft.aufirst=Kallie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fandres-bonifacio-of-the-philippines-195651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ocampo1966p8-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ocampo1966p8_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Ocampo1966" class="citation book cs1">De Ocampo, Esteban A. (1966). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oXICAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Life and Achievements of Bonifacio</i></a>. p. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oXICAAAAMAAJ&q=leprosy">8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Achievements+of+Bonifacio&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=De+Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Esteban+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoXICAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Walking_tour_of_Bonifacio’s_Manila-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walking_tour_of_Bonifacio’s_Manila_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walking_tour_of_Bonifacio’s_Manila_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOcampo" class="citation news cs1">Ocampo, Ambeth R. <a class="external text" href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/86710/walking-tour-of-bonifacios-manila">"Walking tour of Bonifacio's Manila"</a>. <i>opinion.inquirer.net</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819063407/https://opinion.inquirer.net/86710/walking-tour-of-bonifacios-manila">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=opinion.inquirer.net&rft.atitle=Walking+tour+of+Bonifacio%27s+Manila&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Ambeth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2F86710%2Fwalking-tour-of-bonifacios-manila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVentura2001" class="citation book cs1">Ventura, Sylvia Mendez (2001). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z8BxAAAAMAAJ&q=gregoria"><i>Supremo: The Story of Andres Bonifacio</i></a>. Tahanan Books for Young Readers. p. 38. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9789716300918" title="Special:BookSources/9789716300918"><bdi>9789716300918</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121257/https://books.google.com/books?id=z8BxAAAAMAAJ&q=gregoria">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supremo%3A+The+Story+of+Andres+Bonifacio&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Tahanan+Books+for+Young+Readers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789716300918&rft.aulast=Ventura&rft.aufirst=Sylvia+Mendez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz8BxAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgregoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://nhcp.gov.ph/andres-bonifacio-and-the-katipunan/">"Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan – National Historical Commission of the Philippines"</a>. <i>National Historical Commission of the Philippines</i>. September 4, 2012. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128003829/http://nhcp.gov.ph/andres-bonifacio-and-the-katipunan/">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Historical+Commission+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=Andres+Bonifacio+and+the+Katipunan+%E2%80%93+National+Historical+Commission+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=2012-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnhcp.gov.ph%2Fandres-bonifacio-and-the-katipunan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLaus1951" class="citation book cs1">Laus, Emiliano L. (1951). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=evE9AAAAMAAJ&q=andres+bonifacio"><i>Brief Biographies of the Ten Most Outstanding Filipino National Leaders</i></a>. National Print. Company. p. 14. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121314/https://books.google.com/books?id=evE9AAAAMAAJ&q=andres+bonifacio">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brief+Biographies+of+the+Ten+Most+Outstanding+Filipino+National+Leaders&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=National+Print.+Company&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Laus&rft.aufirst=Emiliano+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DevE9AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dandres%2Bbonifacio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andres-Bonifacio"><i>Andres Bonifacio | Filipino political leader</i></a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180921113505/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andres-Bonifacio">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andres+Bonifacio+%7C+Filipino+political+leader&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAndres-Bonifacio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAbueva1998" class="citation book cs1">Abueva, Jose Veloso (1998). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q61Aza1JSUYC&q=Andres"><i>Pagbubuo Ng Bansa at Republika Ng Pilipinas</i></a>. University of the Philippines Press. p. 381. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9789715422154" title="Special:BookSources/9789715422154"><bdi>9789715422154</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121326/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q61Aza1JSUYC&q=Andres">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pagbubuo+Ng+Bansa+at+Republika+Ng+Pilipinas&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9789715422154&rft.aulast=Abueva&rft.aufirst=Jose+Veloso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ61Aza1JSUYC%26q%3DAndres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLizares2016" class="citation news cs1">Lizares, Luci (December 1, 2016). <a class="external text" href="https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/113049">"Andres Bonifacio: beyond the textbooks"</a>. <i>Sunstar</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819063401/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/113049">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunstar&rft.atitle=Andres+Bonifacio%3A+beyond+the+textbooks&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft.aulast=Lizares&rft.aufirst=Luci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunstar.com.ph%2Farticle%2F113049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/735/today-in-philippine-history-july-3-1892-dr-jose-rizal-founded-the-la-liga-filipina">"July 3, 1892, Dr. Jose Rizal founded the La Liga Filipina"</a>. <i>The Kahimyang Project</i>. November 8, 2011. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819074923/https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/735/today-in-philippine-history-july-3-1892-dr-jose-rizal-founded-the-la-liga-filipina">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Kahimyang+Project&rft.atitle=July+3%2C+1892%2C+Dr.+Jose+Rizal+founded+the+La+Liga+Filipina&rft.date=2011-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkahimyang.com%2Fkauswagan%2Farticles%2F735%2Ftoday-in-philippine-history-july-3-1892-dr-jose-rizal-founded-the-la-liga-filipina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCapinoGonzalezPineda1977" class="citation book cs1">Capino, Diosdado G.; Gonzalez, Maria Minerva A.; Pineda, Filipinas E. (1977). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NefNZZ9ughYC&q=la+liga+filipina&pg=PA45"><i>Rizal's Life, Works, and Writings: Their Impact on Our National Identity</i></a>. Goodwill Trading Co., Inc. pp. 38–39. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9789711108908" title="Special:BookSources/9789711108908"><bdi>9789711108908</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121329/https://books.google.com/books?id=NefNZZ9ughYC&q=la+liga+filipina&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rizal%27s+Life%2C+Works%2C+and+Writings%3A+Their+Impact+on+Our+National+Identity&rft.pages=38-39&rft.pub=Goodwill+Trading+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9789711108908&rft.aulast=Capino&rft.aufirst=Diosdado+G.&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+Maria+Minerva+A.&rft.au=Pineda%2C+Filipinas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNefNZZ9ughYC%26q%3Dla%2Bliga%2Bfilipina%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCapinoGonzalezPineda1977" class="citation book cs1">Capino, Diosdado G.; Gonzalez, Maria Minerva A.; Pineda, Filipinas E. (1977). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NefNZZ9ughYC&q=la+liga+filipina&pg=PA45"><i>Rizal's Life, Works, and Writings: Their Impact on Our National Identity</i></a>. Goodwill Trading Co., Inc. pp. 36–38. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9789711108908" title="Special:BookSources/9789711108908"><bdi>9789711108908</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121322/https://books.google.com/books?id=NefNZZ9ughYC&q=la+liga+filipina&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rizal%27s+Life%2C+Works%2C+and+Writings%3A+Their+Impact+on+Our+National+Identity&rft.pages=36-38&rft.pub=Goodwill+Trading+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9789711108908&rft.aulast=Capino&rft.aufirst=Diosdado+G.&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+Maria+Minerva+A.&rft.au=Pineda%2C+Filipinas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNefNZZ9ughYC%26q%3Dla%2Bliga%2Bfilipina%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGuillermo2012" class="citation book cs1">Guillermo, Artemio R. (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&q=la+liga+filipina+disbanded&pg=PA246"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Philippines</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9780810872462" title="Special:BookSources/9780810872462"><bdi>9780810872462</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121258/https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&q=la+liga+filipina+disbanded&pg=PA246">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780810872462&rft.aulast=Guillermo&rft.aufirst=Artemio+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwmgX9M_yETIC%26q%3Dla%2Bliga%2Bfilipina%2Bdisbanded%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFInstitut_Kajian_Dasar_Malaysia1996" class="citation book cs1">Institut Kajian Dasar Malaysia (1996). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NFdwAAAAMAAJ&q=after+only+one+meeting+as+Rizal+was+arrested+and+deported+to+Dapitan+in+Mindanao"><i>José Rizal and the Asian renaissance</i></a>. Institut Kajian Dasar. p. 23. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9789838840514" title="Special:BookSources/9789838840514"><bdi>9789838840514</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121313/https://books.google.com/books?id=NFdwAAAAMAAJ&q=after+only+one+meeting+as+Rizal+was+arrested+and+deported+to+Dapitan+in+Mindanao">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jos%C3%A9+Rizal+and+the+Asian+renaissance&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Institut+Kajian+Dasar&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9789838840514&rft.au=Institut+Kajian+Dasar+Malaysia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNFdwAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dafter%2Bonly%2Bone%2Bmeeting%2Bas%2BRizal%2Bwas%2Barrested%2Band%2Bdeported%2Bto%2BDapitan%2Bin%2BMindanao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Abrams-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abrams_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrams_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFrancia2013" class="citation book cs1">Francia, Luis H. (2013). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GzuEDwAAQBAJ&q=La+liga+filipina+history&pg=PT108"><i>History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos</i></a>. Abrams. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781468315455" title="Special:BookSources/9781468315455"><bdi>9781468315455</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121313/https://books.google.com/books?id=GzuEDwAAQBAJ&q=La+liga+filipina+history&pg=PT108">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Philippines%3A+From+Indios+Bravos+to+Filipinos&rft.pub=Abrams&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781468315455&rft.aulast=Francia&rft.aufirst=Luis+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGzuEDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DLa%2Bliga%2Bfilipina%2Bhistory%26pg%3DPT108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTarverSlape2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=H._Micheal_Tarver" title="H. Micheal Tarver">Tarver, H. Micheal</a>; Slape, Emily, eds. (2016). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ&q=revived+la+liga+filipina&pg=RA1-PA108"><i>The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781610694223" title="Special:BookSources/9781610694223"><bdi>9781610694223</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121309/https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ&q=revived+la+liga+filipina&pg=RA1-PA108">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Empire%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+%5B2+volumes%5D%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781610694223&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1LCJDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Drevived%2Bla%2Bliga%2Bfilipina%26pg%3DRA1-PA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSagmitMendoza" class="citation book cs1">Sagmit, Rosario S.; Mendoza, Maria Lourdes Sagmit. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C&q=la+liga+filipina+financial+support&pg=RA5-PT63"><i>The Filipino Moving Onward 5' 2007 Ed</i></a>. Rex Bookstore, Inc. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9789712341540" title="Special:BookSources/9789712341540"><bdi>9789712341540</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121315/https://books.google.com/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C&q=la+liga+filipina+financial+support&pg=RA5-PT63">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Filipino+Moving+Onward+5%27+2007+Ed.&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.isbn=9789712341540&rft.aulast=Sagmit&rft.aufirst=Rosario+S.&rft.au=Mendoza%2C+Maria+Lourdes+Sagmit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSIq_FvJUr40C%26q%3Dla%2Bliga%2Bfilipina%2Bfinancial%2Bsupport%26pg%3DRA5-PT63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-guerrerop132-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guerrerop132_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, p. 132.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-constantinop158-159-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constantinop158-159_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constantinop158-159_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, pp. 158–159</span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, p. 149</span>
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<li id="cite_note-guerrerop149-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guerrerop149_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guerrerop149_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, p. 149.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-agoncillo1996p216-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-agoncillo1996p216_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1996">Agoncillo 1996</a>, p. 216</span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson" class="citation web cs1">Richardson, Jim. <a class="external text" href="https://www.kasaysayan-kkk.info/">"Katipunan: Documents and Studies"</a>. kasaysayan-kkk.info. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141221072834/http://www.kasaysayan-kkk.info/">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Katipunan%3A+Documents+and+Studies&rft.pub=kasaysayan-kkk.info&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kasaysayan-kkk.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Richardson2013-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richardson2013_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2013" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Jim (2013). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0NKzoAEACAAJ"><i>The Light of Liberty: Documents and Studies on the Katipunan, 1892–1897</i></a>. Ateneo de Manila University Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-971-550-675-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-675-5"><bdi>978-971-550-675-5</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509151946/https://books.google.com/books?id=0NKzoAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Light+of+Liberty%3A+Documents+and+Studies+on+the+Katipunan%2C+1892%E2%80%931897&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-971-550-675-5&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0NKzoAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNery2013" class="citation news cs1">Nery, John (December 2, 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/66619/the-most-important-book-of-our-time">"The most important book of our time"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a></i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151011112810/http://opinion.inquirer.net/66619/the-most-important-book-of-our-time">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=The+most+important+book+of+our+time&rft.date=2013-12-02&rft.aulast=Nery&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2F66619%2Fthe-most-important-book-of-our-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-agoncillop166-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agoncillop166_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-agoncillop166_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, p. 166</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerrerop151-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guerrerop151_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, p. 151.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, p. 163</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-alvarez-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_56-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_56-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁlvarez1992">Álvarez 1992</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-agoncillop152-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-agoncillop152_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, p. 152</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerrerop150-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guerrerop150_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, p. 150.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerrero1996a-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guerrero1996a_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guerrero1996a_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guerrero1996a_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guerrero1996a_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1996a">Guerrero 1996a</a>, pp. 3–12.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerreropp149-150-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guerreropp149-150_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, pp. 149–150.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a class="external text" href="https://www.philippinerevolution.net/cgi-bin/kultura/awit.pl?title=pag-ibig%20sa%20tinubuang%20lupa">Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071221194714/http://www.philippinerevolution.net/cgi-bin/kultura/awit.pl?title=pag-ibig%20sa%20tinubuang%20lupa">Archived</a> December 21, 2007, at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Philippine Revolution Web Center Site.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-constantinop175-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constantinop175_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constantinop175_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, p. 175.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerreropp160-164-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guerreropp160-164_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, pp. 160–164.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinop176-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constantinop176_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, p. 176.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinop177-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constantinop177_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constantinop177_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, p. 177</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerreropp143,164-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guerreropp143,164_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, pp. 143, 164.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorromeo-Buehler1998">Borromeo-Buehler 1998</a>, pp. 29–30.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorromeo-Buehler1998">Borromeo-Buehler 1998</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerrero1996b-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guerrero1996b_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1996b">Guerrero 1996b</a>, pp. 13–22</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerreropp166-167-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guerreropp166-167_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guerreropp166-167_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, pp. 166–167.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-agoncillo1996pp152-153-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-agoncillo1996pp152-153_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1996">Agoncillo 1996</a>, pp. 152–153</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalazar1994">Salazar 1994</a>, p. 107.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Agoncillop173-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillop173_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillop173_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillop173_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillop173_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, p. 173</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-salazar-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-salazar_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salazar_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salazar_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalazar1994">Salazar 1994</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-zaide-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zaide_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaide1984">Zaide 1984</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalazar1994">Salazar 1994</a>, p. 104.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerrerop173-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guerrerop173_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guerrerop173_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, p. 173.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Nakpil-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nakpil_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakpil_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNakpil1964">Nakpil 1964</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, p. 179</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerreropp175-176-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guerreropp175-176_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guerreropp175-176_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, pp. 175–176.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinop180-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constantinop180_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, p. 180</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinop178-181-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constantinop178-181_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, pp. 178–181</span>
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<li id="cite_note-mabini-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mabini_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mabini_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mabini_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mabini_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#MabiniGuerrero1969ch8">Mabini 1969</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-garcia-rodriguez-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-garcia-rodriguez_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarciaRodriguez2001">Garcia & Rodriguez 2001</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-cristobal-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cristobal_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cristobal_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cristobal_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cristobal_86-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cristobal_86-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cristobal_86-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCristobal2005">Cristobal 2005</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-aguinaldo-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aguinaldo_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aguinaldo_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aguinaldo_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aguinaldo_87-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aguinaldo_87-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aguinaldo_87-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAguinaldo1964">Aguinaldo 1964</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinop181-182-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constantinop181-182_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constantinop181-182_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, pp. 181–182</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerrerop190-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guerrerop190_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guerrerop190_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, p. 190.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinop182-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constantinop182_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, p. 182</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerreropp187,190-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guerreropp187,190_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, p. 187,190.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinop182-184-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constantinop182-184_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, pp. 182–184</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerreropp187-191-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guerreropp187-191_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, pp. 187–191.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinop184-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constantinop184_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constantinop184_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, p. 184</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinopp185-186-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constantinopp185-186_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, pp. 185–186</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerreropp191-193-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guerreropp191-193_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, pp. 191–193.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-linn-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-linn_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinn2000">Linn 2000</a>, pp. 4–5.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinop224-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constantinop224_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, p. 224</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Agoncillop178-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillop178_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillop178_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, p. 178</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁlvarez1992">Álvarez 1992</a>, p. 87. Original Filipino text, p. 322: "Ako, sa pagka-Pangulo nitong Kapulungan, at sa pagka-<i>Presidente Supremo</i> ng K.K.K. ng mga A.N.B, na kilala at talastas ng lahat, ipinahahayag kong lansag at walang kabuluhan ang lahat ng bagay na pinagkayarian at pinagtibay sa Pulong na ito."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinop185-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constantinop185_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, p. 185</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Alvarez-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alvarez, S.V., 1992, Recalling the Revolution, Madison: Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/1-881261-05-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-881261-05-0">1-881261-05-0</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Álvarez 1992.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Artemio Ricarte Declaration dated March 24, 1897. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819073229/http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/docs.ar.240397.htm">"Katipunan"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://kasaysayan-kkk.info/docs.ar.240397.htm">the original</a> on August 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Katipunan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkasaysayan-kkk.info%2Fdocs.ar.240397.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinop188-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constantinop188_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, pp. 188</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerrerop192-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guerrerop192_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, p. 192.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, pp. 171–172.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaide1999">Zaide 1999</a>, pp. 248–249.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaide1999">Zaide 1999</a>, p. 247.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ITLRpPrrcykC"><i>Philippine History Module-based Learning I' 2002 Ed.</i></a>, Rex Bookstore, Inc., p. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ITLRpPrrcykC&pg=PA138">138</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-971-23-3449-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-3449-8"><bdi>978-971-23-3449-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+History+Module-based+Learning+I%27+2002+Ed.&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.isbn=978-971-23-3449-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DITLRpPrrcykC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerrerop194-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guerrerop194_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guerrerop194_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, p. 194.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Agoncillop178-180-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillop178-180_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, pp. 178–180</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerrerop193-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guerrerop193_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, p. 193.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ocampo1999-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ocampo1999_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ocampo1999_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ocampo1999_114-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOcampo1999">Ocampo 1999</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, p. 180</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerreropp194-196-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guerreropp194-196_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, pp. 194–196.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinopp189-191-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constantinopp189-191_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, pp. 189–191</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-agoncillopp180-181-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agoncillopp180-181_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-agoncillopp180-181_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-agoncillopp180-181_118-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, pp. 180–181.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, p. 191</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinopp190-191-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constantinopp190-191_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, pp. 190–191</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-villanuevapp60,64-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-villanuevapp60,64_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVillanueva1989">Villanueva 1989</a>, pp. 60, 64.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinopp190-206-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constantinopp190-206_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, pp. 190–206</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-villanuevapp62-63-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-villanuevapp62-63_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-villanuevapp62-63_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVillanueva1989">Villanueva 1989</a>, pp. 62–63.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinopp188,190-191-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constantinopp188,190-191_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, pp. 188, 190–191</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinop190-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constantinop190_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constantinop190_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, p. 190</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-villanuevapp61,64-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-villanuevapp61,64_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVillanueva1989">Villanueva 1989</a>, pp. 61, 64.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-villanuevapp58-64-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-villanuevapp58-64_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVillanueva1989">Villanueva 1989</a>, pp. 58–64.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinopp183-185-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constantinopp183-185_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, pp. 183–185</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerrerop189-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guerrerop189_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, p. 189.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-villanuevapp58-59-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-villanuevapp58-59_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVillanueva1989">Villanueva 1989</a>, pp. 58–59.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMabini1969" class="citation book cs1">Mabini, Apolinario (1969). <a class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/437624"><i>The Philippine revolution</i></a>. Manila: Republic of the Philippines, National Historical Commission.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+revolution&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Republic+of+the+Philippines%2C+National+Historical+Commission&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Mabini&rft.aufirst=Apolinario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.nla.gov.au%2FRecord%2F437624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAguinaldo1948" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aguinaldo, Emilio (1948). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527163125/http://www.filipiniana.net/read_content.jsp?filename=PRR004000011">"General Emilio Aguinaldo's "Confession"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in Tagalog). Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.filipiniana.net/read_content.jsp?filename=PRR004000011">the original</a> on May 27, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Emilio+Aguinaldo%27s+%22Confession%22&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Aguinaldo&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filipiniana.net%2Fread_content.jsp%3Ffilename%3DPRR004000011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Revolt_of_the_Masses-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Revolt_of_the_Masses_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1996">Agoncillo 1996</a>, pp. 259, 275.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ocampo2001-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ocampo2001_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ocampo2001_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ocampo2001_134-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ocampo2001_134-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ocampo2001_134-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOcampo2001">Ocampo 2001</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerrerop196-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guerrerop196_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, p. 196.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.museooriental.es/ver_didactica.asp?clave=138&loc=0">"La Ilustración Española y Americana", Año 1897, Vol. I.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup> Museo Oriental de Valladolid Site.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ronquillo-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ronquillo_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRonquillo1996">Ronquillo 1996</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-quirino-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-quirino_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuirino1969">Quirino 1969</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Agoncillop160-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillop160_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillop160_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, p. 160</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantino1980-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constantino1980_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1980">Constantino 1980</a>, pp. 125–145.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriend1965">Friend 1965</a>, p. 15</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/info/en/?search=Le%C3%B3n_Mar%C3%ADa_Guerrero_III" class="mw-redirect" title="León María Guerrero III">Leon Ma. Guerrero</a>, "The First Filipino", as quoted in Nick Joaquin's "Anatomy of the Anti-Hero." <a class="external free" href="http://joserizal.info/Reflections/joaquin.htm">http://joserizal.info/Reflections/joaquin.htm</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040828010552/http://joserizal.info/Reflections/joaquin.htm">Archived</a> August 28, 2004, at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ncca.gov.ph-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ncca.gov.ph_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncca.gov.ph_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/culture-profile-nationalhero.php">"National Commission for Culture and the Arts. *Selection and Proclamation of National heroes and Law Honoring Filipino Historical Figures"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418115757/http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/culture-profile-nationalhero.php">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Commission+for+Culture+and+the+Arts.+%2ASelection+and+Proclamation+of+National+heroes+and+Law+Honoring+Filipino+Historical+Figures.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-culture-and-arts%2Fculture-profile%2Fculture-profile-nationalhero.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-morallos-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morallos_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorallos1998">Morallos 1998</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-110mb-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110mb_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://philippine-revolution.110mb.com/bonifacio_detailed.htm">"Philippine Revolution."</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090723230649/http://philippine-revolution.110mb.com/bonifacio_detailed.htm">Archived</a> July 23, 2009, at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on August 1, 2009.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GMA-Actors-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GMA-Actors_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMA-Actors_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMA-Actors_146-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMA-Actors_146-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMA-Actors_146-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMA-Actors_146-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMA-Actors_146-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMA-Actors_146-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMA-Actors_146-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMA-Actors_146-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGodinez2020" class="citation news cs1">Godinez, Bong (November 30, 2020). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220827112302/https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/celebritylife/news/13316/in-photos-actors-who-portrayed-andres-bonifacio-on-film-and-tv/photo">"IN PHOTOS: Actors who portrayed Andres Bonifacio on film and TV"</a>. <i>GMA Entertainment</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/celebritylife/news/13316/in-photos-actors-who-portrayed-andres-bonifacio-on-film-and-tv/photo/194682/isko-moreno">the original</a> on August 27, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GMA+Entertainment&rft.atitle=IN+PHOTOS%3A+Actors+who+portrayed+Andres+Bonifacio+on+film+and+TV&rft.date=2020-11-30&rft.aulast=Godinez&rft.aufirst=Bong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fentertainment%2Fcelebritylife%2Fnews%2F13316%2Fin-photos-actors-who-portrayed-andres-bonifacio-on-film-and-tv%2Fphoto%2F194682%2Fisko-moreno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAgoncillo1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/info/en/?search=Teodoro_Agoncillo" title="Teodoro Agoncillo">Agoncillo, Teodoro</a> (1990) [1960], <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KjxFOQAACAAJ"><i>History of the Filipino People</i></a> (8th ed.), Quezon City: Garotech Publishing Inc., <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/971-10-2415-2" title="Special:BookSources/971-10-2415-2"><bdi>971-10-2415-2</bdi></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024154400/https://books.google.com/books?id=KjxFOQAACAAJ">archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Filipino+People&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Garotech+Publishing+Inc.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=971-10-2415-2&rft.aulast=Agoncillo&rft.aufirst=Teodoro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKjxFOQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAgoncillo1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/info/en/?search=Teodoro_Agoncillo" title="Teodoro Agoncillo">Agoncillo, Teodoro</a> (1996) [1956], <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SV_BAQAACAAJ"><i>The Revolt of the Masses: The story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan (The First President of The Republic of the Philippines)</i></a>, Quezon City: <a href="/info/en/?search=University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a> Press, <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/971-8711-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/971-8711-06-6"><bdi>971-8711-06-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolt+of+the+Masses%3A+The+story+of+Bonifacio+and+the+Katipunan+%28The+First+President+of+The+Republic+of+the+Philippines%29&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=971-8711-06-6&rft.aulast=Agoncillo&rft.aufirst=Teodoro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSV_BAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAguinaldo1964" class="citation cs2"><a href="/info/en/?search=Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Aguinaldo, Emilio</a> (1964), <i>Mga gunita ng himagsikan</i>, Manila</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mga+gunita+ng+himagsikan&rft.place=Manila&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Aguinaldo&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/info/en/?search=Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSagmit2007" class="citation cs2">Sagmit; et al. (2007), <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C"><i>The Filipino Moving Onward 5' 2007 Ed.</i></a>, Rex Bookstore, Inc., <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4154-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4154-0"><bdi>978-971-23-4154-0</bdi></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629121401/https://books.google.com/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C">archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Filipino+Moving+Onward+5%27+2007+Ed.&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-971-23-4154-0&rft.au=Sagmit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSIq_FvJUr40C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/info/en/?search=Santiago_Alvarez_(Filipino_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago Alvarez (Filipino General)">Álvarez, Santiago</a> (1992), Malay, Paula Carolina S. (ed.), <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F3q-krDckHwC"><i>The Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a General</i></a>, Ateneo de Manila University Press, <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/971-550-077-3" title="Special:BookSources/971-550-077-3"><bdi>971-550-077-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Katipunan+and+the+Revolution%3A+Memoirs+of+a+General&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=971-550-077-3&rft.aulast=%C3%81lvarez&rft.aufirst=Santiago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF3q-krDckHwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCristobal2005" class="citation cs2">Cristobal, Adrian (2005) [1997], <i>The Tragedy of the Revolution</i>, University of the Philippines Press, <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/971-542-471-6" title="Special:BookSources/971-542-471-6"><bdi>971-542-471-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+the+Revolution&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=971-542-471-6&rft.aulast=Cristobal&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBorromeo-Buehler1998" class="citation cs2">Borromeo-Buehler, Soledad Masangkay (1998), <i>The Cry of Balintawak: a contrived controversy</i>, Ateneo de Manila University Press, <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-971-550-278-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-278-8"><bdi>978-971-550-278-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cry+of+Balintawak%3A+a+contrived+controversy&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-971-550-278-8&rft.aulast=Borromeo-Buehler&rft.aufirst=Soledad+Masangkay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFConstantino1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/info/en/?search=Renato_Constantino" title="Renato Constantino">Constantino, Renato</a> (1980) [1970], "Veneration without Understanding", <i>Dissent and Counter-consciousness</i>, Quezon City: Malaya Books, pp. 125–145</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Veneration+without+Understanding&rft.btitle=Dissent+and+Counter-consciousness&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pages=125-145&rft.pub=Malaya+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Constantino&rft.aufirst=Renato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFConstantino1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/info/en/?search=Renato_Constantino" title="Renato Constantino">Constantino, Renato</a> (1975), <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Philippines: A Past Revisited</i></a>, Quezon City: Tala Publishing Services, <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/971-8958-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/971-8958-00-2"><bdi>971-8958-00-2</bdi></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113001504/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Past+Revisited&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Tala+Publishing+Services&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=971-8958-00-2&rft.aulast=Constantino&rft.aufirst=Renato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ1ZxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDelmendo2000" class="citation cs2">Delmendo, Sharon (2000), <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eO0VVq9lY7EC&q=pax+americana&pg=PA162">"Pax Americana and the Pacific Theater"</a>, in Tolentino, Roland (ed.), <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eO0VVq9lY7EC"><i>Geopolitics of the visible: essays on Philippine film cultures</i></a>, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/971-550-358-6" title="Special:BookSources/971-550-358-6"><bdi>971-550-358-6</bdi></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128121320/https://books.google.com/books?id=eO0VVq9lY7EC">archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pax+Americana+and+the+Pacific+Theater&rft.btitle=Geopolitics+of+the+visible%3A+essays+on+Philippine+film+cultures&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=971-550-358-6&rft.aulast=Delmendo&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeO0VVq9lY7EC%26q%3Dpax%2Bamericana%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFriend1965" class="citation cs2">Friend, Theodore (1965) [1928], <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?ei=WSZcSayxAZiMkATX9sT4DQ"><i>Between Two Empires: The Ordeal of the Philippines, 1929–1946</i></a>, Yale University Press, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605063258/http://books.google.com/books?ei=WSZcSayxAZiMkATX9sT4DQ">archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Two+Empires%3A+The+Ordeal+of+the+Philippines%2C+1929%E2%80%931946&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Friend&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fei%3DWSZcSayxAZiMkATX9sT4DQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGarciaRodriguez2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/info/en/?search=Florentino_Rodao" title="Florentino Rodao">Rodao García, Florentino</a>; Rodriguez, Felice Noelle; Conference, Asociación Española de Estudios del PacíFico (2001), <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l533SkJ2VCkC"><i>The Philippine Revolution of 1896:Ordinary Lives in Extraordinary Times</i></a>, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/971-550-386-1" title="Special:BookSources/971-550-386-1"><bdi>971-550-386-1</bdi></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181020055022/https://books.google.com/books?id=l533SkJ2VCkC">archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Revolution+of+1896%3AOrdinary+Lives+in+Extraordinary+Times&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=971-550-386-1&rft.aulast=Rodao+Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Florentino&rft.au=Rodriguez%2C+Felice+Noelle&rft.au=Conference%2C+Asociaci%C3%B3n+Espa%C3%B1ola+de+Estudios+del+Pac%C3%ADFico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl533SkJ2VCkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGuerrero1996a" class="citation cs2">Guerrero, Milagros; Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (1996), <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143743/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1">"Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution"</a>, <i>Sulyap Kultura</i>, <b>1</b> (2), National Commission for Culture and the Arts: 3–12, archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1">the original</a> on April 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sulyap+Kultura&rft.atitle=Andres+Bonifacio+and+the+1896+Revolution&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3-12&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Guerrero&rft.aufirst=Milagros&rft.au=Encarnacion%2C+Emmanuel&rft.au=Villegas%2C+Ramon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-culture-and-arts%2Farticles-on-c-n-a%2Farticle.php%3Fi%3D5%26subcat%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGuerrero1996b" class="citation cs2">Guerrero, Milagros; Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (1997), "Balintawak: the Cry for a Nationwide Revolution", <i>Sulyap Kultura</i>, <b>1</b> (2), National Commission for Culture and the Arts: 13–22</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sulyap+Kultura&rft.atitle=Balintawak%3A+the+Cry+for+a+Nationwide+Revolution&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=13-22&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Guerrero&rft.aufirst=Milagros&rft.au=Encarnacion%2C+Emmanuel&rft.au=Villegas%2C+Ramon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGuerrero1998" class="citation cs2">Guerrero, Milagros; Schumacher, S.J., John (1998), <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXjvQwAACAAJ"><i>Reform and Revolution</i></a>, Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People, vol. 5, Asia Publishing Company Limited, <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/962-258-228-1" title="Special:BookSources/962-258-228-1"><bdi>962-258-228-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reform+and+Revolution&rft.series=Kasaysayan%3A+The+History+of+the+Filipino+People&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+Company+Limited&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=962-258-228-1&rft.aulast=Guerrero&rft.aufirst=Milagros&rft.au=Schumacher%2C+S.J.%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpXjvQwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLinn2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/info/en/?search=Brian_McAllister_Linn" title="Brian McAllister Linn">Linn, Brian McAllister</a> (2000), <i>The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 1899–1902</i>, University of North Carolina Press, <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-8078-4948-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-4948-0"><bdi>0-8078-4948-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Army+and+Counterinsurgency+in+the+Philippine+War%2C+1899%E2%80%931902&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8078-4948-0&rft.aulast=Linn&rft.aufirst=Brian+McAllister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="MabiniGuerrero1969ch8" class="citation cs2"><a href="/info/en/?search=Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Mabini, Apolinario</a> (1969), <a class="external text" href="https://www.univie.ac.at/Voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/history/mabini08.htm">"CHAPTER VIII: First Stage of the Revolution"</a>, in Guerrero, Leon Ma. (ed.), <a class="external text" href="https://www.univie.ac.at/Voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/history/mabini2.htm"><i>The Philippine Revolution</i></a>, National Historical Commission, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161216085431/http://www.univie.ac.at/Voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/history/mabini2.htm">archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+VIII%3A+First+Stage+of+the+Revolution&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Revolution&rft.pub=National+Historical+Commission&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Mabini&rft.aufirst=Apolinario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.univie.ac.at%2FVoelkerkunde%2Fapsis%2Faufi%2Fhistory%2Fmabini08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMorallos1998" class="citation cs2">Morallos, Chando P. (1998), <i>Treasures of the National Library</i>, Manila: Quiapo Printing, <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/971-556-018-0" title="Special:BookSources/971-556-018-0"><bdi>971-556-018-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasures+of+the+National+Library&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Quiapo+Printing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=971-556-018-0&rft.aulast=Morallos&rft.aufirst=Chando+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNakpil1964" class="citation cs2"><a href="/info/en/?search=Julio_Nakpil" title="Julio Nakpil">Nakpil, Julio</a> (1997) [1964], Alzona, Encarnacion (ed.), <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TXn3AQAACAAJ"><i>Julio Nakpil and the Philippine Revolution: With the Autobiography of Gregoria de Jesus</i></a>, Quezon City: Academic Publishing Corporation, <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/971-707-048-2" title="Special:BookSources/971-707-048-2"><bdi>971-707-048-2</bdi></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617053307/https://books.google.com/books?id=TXn3AQAACAAJ">archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julio+Nakpil+and+the+Philippine+Revolution%3A+With+the+Autobiography+of+Gregoria+de+Jesus&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Academic+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=971-707-048-2&rft.aulast=Nakpil&rft.aufirst=Julio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTXn3AQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOcampo2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ambeth_Ocampo" title="Ambeth Ocampo">Ocampo, Ambeth</a> (2001), <i>Bones of Contention: The Bonifacio Lectures</i>, Anvil Publishing, Inc., <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/971-27-1151-X" title="Special:BookSources/971-27-1151-X"><bdi>971-27-1151-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bones+of+Contention%3A+The+Bonifacio+Lectures&rft.pub=Anvil+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=971-27-1151-X&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Ambeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOcampo2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ambeth_Ocampo" title="Ambeth Ocampo">Ocampo, Ambeth</a> (June 1, 2016). <a class="external text" href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/95004/rediscovering-ph-filipiniana">"Rediscovering PH through Filipiniana"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">INQUIRER.net</a></i>. INQUIRER.net. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607122833/https://opinion.inquirer.net/95004/rediscovering-ph-filipiniana">Archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2019</span>. <q>... [Joel S.] Regala went to the archives and found the 1881 records on Andres Bonifacio! Reproduced in the book [<i>In the Blood</i>] is the page where you find the parents of the hero: Santiago Bonifacio (aged 39) and Catalina de Castro (aged 36).... This small bit off information disproves the textbook story that Andres and his siblings were orphaned young.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=INQUIRER.net&rft.atitle=Rediscovering+PH+through+Filipiniana&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Ambeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2F95004%2Frediscovering-ph-filipiniana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOcampo1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ambeth_Ocampo" title="Ambeth Ocampo">Ocampo, Ambeth</a> (1999), <i>Rizal Without the Overcoat</i> (Expanded ed.), Anvil Publishing, Inc., <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/971-27-0920-5" title="Special:BookSources/971-27-0920-5"><bdi>971-27-0920-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rizal+Without+the+Overcoat&rft.edition=Expanded&rft.pub=Anvil+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=971-27-0920-5&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Ambeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFQuirino1969" class="citation cs2">Quirino, Carlos (1969), <i>The Young Aguinaldo: From Kawit to Biyak-na-Bato</i>, Manila</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Young+Aguinaldo%3A+From+Kawit+to+Biyak-na-Bato&rft.place=Manila&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Quirino&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/info/en/?search=Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRonquillo1996" class="citation cs2">Ronquillo, Carlos (1996), Isagani Medina (ed.), <i>Ilang talata tungkol sa paghihimagsik nang 1896–1897</i>, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ilang+talata+tungkol+sa+paghihimagsik+nang+1896%E2%80%931897&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Ronquillo&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSalazar1994" class="citation cs2">Salazar, Zeus (1994), <i>Agosto 29–30, 1896: Ang pagsalakay ni Bonifacio sa Maynila</i>, Quezon City: Miranda Bookstore</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agosto+29%E2%80%9330%2C+1896%3A+Ang+pagsalakay+ni+Bonifacio+sa+Maynila&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Miranda+Bookstore&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Salazar&rft.aufirst=Zeus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVillanueva1989" class="citation cs2">Villanueva, Alejo (1989), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bonifaciosunfini00vill"><i>Bonifacio's Unfinished Revolution</i></a></span>, Quezon City: New Day Publishers, <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9789711004040" title="Special:BookSources/9789711004040"><bdi>9789711004040</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonifacio%27s+Unfinished+Revolution&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=New+Day+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9789711004040&rft.aulast=Villanueva&rft.aufirst=Alejo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbonifaciosunfini00vill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFZaide1983" class="citation book cs1">Zaide, Gregorio F. (1983). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=asnwzwEACAAJ"><i>History of the Republic of the Philippines</i></a>. National Book Store. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-971-08-3995-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-08-3995-7"><bdi>978-971-08-3995-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=National+Book+Store&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-971-08-3995-7&rft.aulast=Zaide&rft.aufirst=Gregorio+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DasnwzwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFZaide1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/info/en/?search=Gregorio_Zaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorio Zaide">Zaide, Gregorio</a> (1984), <i>Philippine History and Government</i>, National Bookstore Printing Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+History+and+Government&rft.pub=National+Bookstore+Printing+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Zaide&rft.aufirst=Gregorio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFZaide1999" class="citation cs2">Zaide, Sonia M. (1999), <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YMsNgAACAAJ"><i>The Philippines: A Unique Nation</i></a>, All-Nations Publishing, <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-971-642-071-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-642-071-5"><bdi>978-971-642-071-5</bdi></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119151718/https://books.google.com/books?id=6YMsNgAACAAJ">archived</a> from the original on November 19, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Unique+Nation&rft.pub=All-Nations+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-971-642-071-5&rft.aulast=Zaide&rft.aufirst=Sonia+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YMsNgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="s:">Andres Bonifacio</a></i></b></div></div>
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<ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Bonifacio%2C%20Andrés%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Andrés%20Bonifacio%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bonifacio%2C%20Andrés%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Andrés%20Bonifacio%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Andrés%20Bonifacio%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bonifacio%2C%20Andrés%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Andrés%20Bonifacio%22%20OR%20%22Bonifacio%2C%20Andres%22%20OR%20%22Andres%20Bonifacio%22%29%20OR%20%28%221863-1897%22%20AND%20Bonifacio%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Andrés Bonifacio</a> at <a href="/info/en/?search=Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1665">Works by Andrés Bonifacio</a> at <a href="/info/en/?search=LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/bonifacio.html">Andres Bonifacio: 1863–1897</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Library of Congress">United States Library of Congress</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090317220138/http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=PRR004000009">The Records of the Court Martial of Andres and Procopio Bonifacio</a> Full text and online collection of court documents in Spanish and old Tagalog with regards to the Andres and Procopio Bonifacio trial.</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090827155421/http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=BKW000000005&page=1&epage=3">The Court-Martial of Andres Bonifacio</a> English translation of the historical court documents and testimonies in the trial and execution of Andres and Procopio Bonifacio processed by <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217085143/http://filipiniana.net/">Filipiniana.net</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090827183037/http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=BKW000000004&page=1&epage=1">Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog</a> Summary and full text of an article written by Andrés Bonifacio in the Katipunan newspaper <i>Kalayaan</i> posted in <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217085143/http://filipiniana.net/">Filipiniana.net</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191116225704/http://malacanang.gov.ph/3330-transcript-of-the-trial-of-andres-bonifacio/">"Transcript of the Trial of Andres Bonifacio"</a>. <i>malacanang.gov.ph</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://malacanang.gov.ph/3330-transcript-of-the-trial-of-andres-bonifacio/">the original</a> on November 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=malacanang.gov.ph&rft.atitle=Transcript+of+the+Trial+of+Andres+Bonifacio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmalacanang.gov.ph%2F3330-transcript-of-the-trial-of-andres-bonifacio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/23/19/aguinaldo-confession-letters-on-bonifacio-execution-fetch-p5-million-at-auction">"Aguinaldo 'confession' letters on Bonifacio execution fetch P5 million at auction"</a>. <i>ABS-CBN News (with image of a typewritten account amended in Emilio Aguinaldo’s handwriting)</i>. February 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News+%28with+image+of+a+typewritten+account+amended+in+Emilio+Aguinaldo%E2%80%99s+handwriting%29&rft.atitle=Aguinaldo+%27confession%27+letters+on+Bonifacio+execution+fetch+P5+million+at+auction&rft.date=2019-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fnews%2F02%2F23%2F19%2Faguinaldo-confession-letters-on-bonifacio-execution-fetch-p5-million-at-auction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Unofficial_Presidents_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Unofficial Presidents of the Philippines">Unofficial President</a> of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign Tagalog Nation">Sovereign Tagalog Nation</a> </b><br />August 24, 1896 – March 10 or 22, 1897
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/info/en/?search=Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a></div><small><i><b>as <a href="/info/en/?search=President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a></b></i></small>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:Unofficial_Philippine_Presidents" title="Template talk:Unofficial Philippine Presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:Unofficial_Philippine_Presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unofficial Philippine Presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unofficial_presidents_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_unofficial_presidents_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unofficial presidents of the Philippines">Unofficial presidents of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list 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<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrés Bonifacio</a><small> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">Tagalog Republic</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a><small> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Biak-na-Bato</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Dictatorial_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Dictatorial Government of the Philippines">Dictatorial Republic</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931899)" title="Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899)">Revolutionary Government</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Francisco_Macabulos" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Macabulos">Francisco Macabulos</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Central_Executive_Committee_(Philippines)" title="Central Executive Committee (Philippines)">Central Executive Committee</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miguel_Malvar" title="Miguel Malvar">Miguel Malvar</a><small> (<a href="/info/en/?search=First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Macario_Sakay" title="Macario Sakay">Macario Sakay</a><small> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">Tagalog Republic</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jos%C3%A9_Abad_Santos" title="José Abad Santos">José Abad Santos</a> <small>(<a href="/info/en/?search=Philippine_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Commonwealth">Philippine Commonwealth</a>)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x22px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Symbols of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:Symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Symbols of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:Symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Symbols of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x22px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568" /></span></span> <a href="/info/en/?search=National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines">National symbols of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino language</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino Sign Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/info/en/?search=Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Lupang Hinirang</a>"</li>
<li>"<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa</a></i>"</li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Narra</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Philippine eagle</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Philippine pearl</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Sampaguita</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unofficial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Philippine_adobo" title="Philippine adobo">Adobo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Saribus_rotundifolius" title="Saribus rotundifolius">Anahaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bahay_kubo" title="Bahay kubo">Bahay kubo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bakya" title="Bakya">Bakya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Barong_tagalog" title="Barong tagalog">Barong</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Baro%27t_saya" title="Baro't saya">Baro't saya</a></li>
<li>"<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Bayan_Ko" title="Bayan Ko">Bayan Ko</a></i>"</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Carabao" title="Carabao">Carabao</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cari%C3%B1osa" title="Cariñosa">Cariñosa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jeepney" title="Jeepney">Jeepney</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Juan_dela_Cruz" title="Juan dela Cruz">Juan dela Cruz</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lechon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lechon">Lechon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mango" title="Mango">Mango</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">National Seal</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sinigang" title="Sinigang">Sinigang</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sipa" title="Sipa">Sipa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tinikling" title="Tinikling">Tinikling</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Waling-waling" title="Waling-waling">Waling-waling</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=National_hero_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="National hero of the Philippines">National heroes</a> <br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrés Bonifacio</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declared from national legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Benigno_Aquino_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Benigno Aquino Jr.">Benigno Aquino Jr.</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">Martyrs and heroes during the martial law period</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=National_Heroes_Day_(Philippines)" title="National Heroes Day (Philippines)">National Heroes Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Day_of_Valor" title="Day of Valor">Veterans of the Second World War</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From proposed laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Gabriela_Silang" title="Gabriela Silang">Gabriela Silang</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Juan_Luna" title="Juan Luna">Juan Luna</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar">Marcelo H. del Pilar</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Melchora_Aquino" title="Melchora Aquino">Melchora Aquino</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_Kudarat" title="Muhammad Kudarat">Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313604#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313604#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313604#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/185936/">FAST</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080806362">ISNI</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/811657">VIAF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1457837">Spain</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118961411">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007278176405171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85372025">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070333645">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/224195743">IdRef</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |