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{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aboud
| translit_lang1 = Arabic
| translit_lang1_type = [[Arabic script|Arabic]]
| translit_lang1_info = عابود
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Latin script|Latin]]
| translit_lang1_info1 = 'Abud (official)<br />Abboud (unofficial)
| type = [[Village council (Palestinian Authority)|Municipality type D (Village council)]]
| image_skyline = File:Abud8815.JPG
| image_caption = Aboud from the south
| pushpin_map = Palestine
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Aboud within [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|32|00|54|N|35|04|05|E|region:PS|display=inline,title}}
| grid_name = [[Palestine grid|Palestine grid]]
| grid_position = 156/158
| subdivision_type = State
| subdivision_name = [[State of Palestine]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Governorates of the Palestinian National Authority|Governorate]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate|Ramallah and al-Bireh]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date =
| government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| government_type = [[Village council (Palestinian Authority)|Village council]]
| leader_title = Head of Municipality
| leader_name = Elias Azar
| unit_pref = dunam
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 15.0
| area_total_dunam = 15000
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_max_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="PrelimCensus2017">{{cite report |date=February 2018 |title=Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 |url=https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2364-1.pdf |department=[[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS) |publisher=[[State of Palestine]] |pages=64–82 |access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref>
| population_total = 2,153
| population_as_of = 2017
| population_note =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| blank_name_sec1 = Name meaning
| blank_info_sec1 = Abud, personal name, from "to worship"<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/221/mode/1up 221]</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Aboud''' ({{lang-ar|عابود}}, ''ʿĀbūd'') is a [[Palestinian territories|Palestinian]] village in the [[Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate]] of the [[State of Palestine]], in the central [[West Bank]], northwest of [[Ramallah]] and 30 kilometers north of [[Jerusalem]]. Nearby towns include [[Al-Lubban al-Gharbi|al-Lubban]] to the northeast and [[Bani Zeid]] to the northwest.
According to the 2017 census conducted by the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]], the village had a population of 2,153.<ref name="PrelimCensus2017" /> Its citizens are majority [[Palestinian Christians|Christian]]s, mostly Eastern Orthodox. Near the village are numerous natural springs, which are [[Source (river or stream)|sources]] for the [[Yarkon River]].
==Location==
Abud is located 17.7 km northwest of [[Ramallah]]. It is bordered by [[Deir Nidham]] to the east, [[Bani Zeid]] to the north, [[Rantis]] and [[al Lubban el Gharbi]] to the west, and [[Deir Abu Mash'al]] to the south.<ref>[http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/vprofile/Abud_Vp_En.pdf ‘Abud Village Profile], ARIJ, p. 5</ref>
==History==
[[File:חזית הכנסיה היוונית בעבוד אייר תרצב מאי 1932 - iחיים ברגרi btm11344.jpeg|left|thumb|300px|Church of St Mary (Sitti Miriam) in 1932]]
[[Sherd]]s from the [[Ancient Near East#Iron Age|Iron Age II]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]], [[Crusader states|Crusader]]/[[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] and [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] eras have been found here.<ref name=Finkelstein202>Finkelstein et al, 1997, pp. 202–203</ref> There is archeological evidence that the village was inhabited during the Roman, Byzantine, Crusader, Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman eras.<ref name="Taha" />
Based on the findings in the nearby 'Abud Cave and in the adjacent necropolis of Mokata 'Abud, archaeologists believe 'Aboud was the site of a [[Jews|Jewish]] settlement during the late [[Second Temple period]] and up until the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]]. Although construction from later periods has covered the ancient settlement's remains, the magnificence of the ancient burial caves indicates the splendor of the ancient settlement.<ref name=":ZissuEtAl2020" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=זיסו |first1=בועז |title=במעבה ההר |last2=לנגפורד |first2=בועז |last3=פורת |first3=רועי |last4=רביב |first4=דביר |last5=פרומקין |first5=עמוס |publisher=אוניברסיטת אריאל ומדרשת הרי גופנא |year=2017 |isbn=978-965-91808-0-6 |editor-last=טבגר |editor-first=אהרון |volume=7 |pages=172–173 |language=Hebrew |trans-title=In the Highland's Depth |chapter=מערת עבוד בימי מרידות היהודים ברומאים - תובנות חדשות לאור ממצאים חדשים וניתוח הממצא הקרמי |editor-last2=עמר |editor-first2=זהר}}</ref>
The earliest architectural parts of the St. Mary Church in Aboud indicate a fifth- to sixth-century construction date.<ref name=Pringle18/>
=== Early Muslim period ===
Although it appears that the community in 'Abud underwent a process of [[Arabization]] during the [[Jund Filastin|early Muslim period]], they were still able to preserve the [[Christian Palestinian Aramaic]] language and tradition long into this period and beyond it. However, they no longer used it as a [[spoken language]]; instead, they used this dialect for ceremonial events and [[Sacred language|liturgical uses]].<ref name="Rubin98">{{Cite book |last=Rubin |first=Milka |title=Sharing the Sacred: Religious Contacts and Conflicts in the Holy Land: First-Fifteenth Centuries CE |publisher=Yad Izhak Ben Zvi |year=1998 |editor-last=Kofsky |editor-first=Arieh |location=Jerusalem |pages=158 |chapter=Arabization versus Islamization |editor-last2=G. Stroumsa |editor-first2=Guy}}</ref> A Palestinian Syriac inscription in the St. Mary Church indicate that it was active 1058, during [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] rule.<ref name="Ellenblum130-131" />
===Crusader/Mamluk era===
In 1099, Aboud and much of [[Syria (region)|Syria]] was conquered by European [[Crusaders]]. During the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Crusader]] period, Aboud was known by them as the Latin ''Casale Santa Maria.'' At the time, it was an unfortified agricultural village inhabited mostly by local Orthodox Christians. A minority of the population consisted of Crusader settlers.<ref name="Ellenblum130-131">Ellenblum, 2003, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C&pg=PA130 130]– [https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C&pg=PA131 131]</ref> The Crusaders made improvements and additions to the church, such as the [[nave (architecture)|nave]] and the north aisle.<ref>Ellenblum, 2003, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C&pg=PA133 133]</ref>
In 1104, Mufarij ibn Abu al-Hayr al-Abudi, a monk from Aboud, copied Syriac manuscripts in the [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]] in [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]].<ref name="Ellenblum131-132"/> In 1167, Casale Santa Maria was sold by King [[Baldwin IV]] to the [[Knights Hospitallers]]. Starting in 1176, they used revenues from the village to supply white bread to the sick in the hospital of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>Röhricht, 1893, RHH, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n145/mode/1up 145], no 547; cited in Pringle, 1993, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18 18]</ref><ref name="Taha"/>
In 1225, [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] noted Aboud was a "small town in [[Jund Filastin|Filastin Province]], near Jerusalem. The name is [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], and [has] become [[Arabicized]]."<ref>[[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] quoted in le Strange, 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/382/mode/1up 382].</ref> At another point in the 13th century, an Aboud monk, Sarur ibn Abd al-Masih al-Abudi, was recorded as copying Syriac manuscripts in [[Cairo]].<ref name="Ellenblum131-132"/> The southern part of Aboud was founded in the 13th or 14th century, during [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] rule. Two ornate mausoleums in this part of Aboud were built during the Mamluk period.<ref name="Ellenblum132">Ellenblum, 2003, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C&pg=PA132 132]</ref> [[Arab]] historian [[al-Maqrizi]] mentioned these in the 14th century.<ref name="Taha"/>
===Ottoman era===
Aboud as part of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] was incorporated into the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In the 1553–57 [[Defter|tax records]], Aboud had a population of 35 families; 19 of whom were Christian and 16 Muslim.<ref name="Ellenblum132"/> In the 1596 Ottoman tax records, it was classified as part of the ''[[nahiya]]'' ("sub-district") of [[Ramla]], part of the [[Sanjak of Gaza]]. Its population remained the same, with 19 Christian households and 16 Muslim households,<ref>Petersen, 2005, p. [https://archive.org/stream/TheTownsOfPalestineUnderUnderMuslimRule/AndrewPetersenTheTownsOfPalestineUnderMuslimRule-600-1600#page/n139/mode/1up 131]</ref> and the inhabitants paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on wheat, barley, and other produce; a total of 21,000 [[akçe]]. All of the revenue went to a [[waqf]].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 156</ref> It was later designated as a part of the [[Bani Zeid]] administrative region, still under the Ottomans.<ref name="Taha">{{cite journal | author = H. Taha | title = A salvage excavation at the 'Abudiyah Church in Abud – Samaria | journal = Liber Annuus | volume = 47 | year = 1997 | pages = 359–374 and [http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/sbf/Books/LA47/47655tav.pdf plates 17–20] | url = http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/sbf/Books/LA47/47359HT.pdf | access-date = 17 January 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140304034019/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/sbf/Books/LA47/47359HT.pdf | archive-date = 4 March 2014 | url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name=Robinson124>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/124/mode/1up 124]</ref>
In 1870 the French explorer [[Victor Guérin]] found that Aboud contained 800 inhabitants, half [[Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem|Greek Orthodox]] and half Muslims,<ref>Guérin, 1875, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n114/mode/1up 87]–90</ref>
while an Ottoman village list of about the same year showed that Aboud had 225 Muslims with 69 houses, and 170 Greek Orthodox with 66 houses, though the population count included men only.<ref>Socin, 1879, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/142/mode/1up 142] Noted to be in the ''Beni Zeid'' district</ref><ref>Hartmann, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n914/mode/1up 106], found 110 houses</ref>
In 1882, the [[Palestine Exploration Fund|PEF]]'s ''[[PEF Survey of Palestine|Survey of Western Palestine]]'' described the village as "a large and flourishing Christian village, of stone, the houses nearly all marked with the Cross in red paint," with a population of 400 Orthodox Christians and 100 Muslims.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/289/mode/1up 289]</ref>
In 1896 the population of Abud was estimated to be about 303 Muslims and 366 Christians.<ref>Schick, 1896, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde19deut#page/n229/mode/1up 122]</ref>
[[File:Abud 1944.jpg|thumb|Aboud ('Abud) 1944 1:20,000]]
===British Mandate era===
[[File:Deir Abu Mash'al 1945.jpg|thumb|Aboud ('Abud) 1945 1:250,000]]
In the [[1922 census of Palestine]] conducted by the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate authorities]], Aboud had a population of 754; 352 Muslim and 402 Christians.<ref name=Census1922a>Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Ramallah, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n18/mode/1up 16]</ref> The latter included 335 Orthodox, 41 [[Roman Catholics]], and 26 who belonged to the [[Church of England]].<ref name=Census1922b>Barron, 1923, Table XIV, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n47/mode/1up 45]</ref> At the time of the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]], the population had increased to 910; 470 Christians and 440 Muslims, in 215 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 47]</ref> The Christians largely inhabited the older, northern part of Aboud, while the Muslims inhabited the relatively newer, southern part.<ref name="Ellenblum132"/>
In the [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]], the population was 1,080; 550 Muslims and 530 Christians.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p26.jpg 26]</ref> The total land area was 15,007 [[dunam]]s, according to an official land and population survey.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Ramallah/Page-064.jpg 64]</ref> Of this, 4,843 dunams were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, and 1,905 for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Ramallah/Page-111.jpg 111]</ref> while 55 dunams were classified as built-up (urban) areas.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Ramallah/Page-161.jpg 161]</ref>
===Jordanian era===
In the wake of the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], and after the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]], Aboud came under [[Jordan]]ian rule. It was [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|annexed by Jordan]] in 1950.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 1,521 inhabitants,<ref>Government of Jordan, 1964, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p24.pdf 24]</ref> of whom 716 were Christians.<ref>Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, pp. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-pp115-116.pdf 115–116]</ref>
===1967–present===
Since the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967, Aboud has been under [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|Israeli occupation]]. After [[Oslo II Accord|Oslo II]] in 1995, 16.8% of village land was classified as [[Palestinian enclaves|Area B]], and the remaining 83.2% as [[Area C (West Bank)|Area C]]. Israel has confiscated land from Aboud in order to construct the [[Israeli settlement]]s of [[Beit Aryeh-Ofarim]].<ref>
[http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/vprofile/Abud_Vp_En.pdf ‘Abud Village Profile], ARIJ, pp. 16–17</ref> In late July 2018, Israeli authorities informed village elders that they intended seizing a further 324 dunums (80 acres) of land shared by both Aboud and [[Al-Lubban al-Gharbi]] on grounds that the land was needed in order to construct an Israeli-only road between the settlements of Beit Arye and Ofarim.<ref>Yumna Patel, [https://mondoweiss.net/2018/08/settlements-christian-palestine/ 'Drowning among Israeli settlements, an ancient Christian village in Palestine struggles to survive],' [[Mondoweiss]] 17 August 2018</ref>
==Church of St Mary (Sitti Miriam)==
[[File:Abud-152510.jpg|thumb|300px|Interior of Church of St Mary, in 2017]]
Al-Abudiyah Church, also known as Saint Mary's Church, is situated in the center of Aboud. The earliest remains, including two [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]] and the semi-circular [[arches]] they support, suggests a fifth- to sixth-century construction date.<ref name=Pringle18>Pringle, 1993, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18 18]</ref>
It was long believed to have been founded during the [[Crusades|Crusader]] period in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], when it was known as ''Casale Santa Maria.'' But, an [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] inscription on a vault in the church, found during late 20th century restoration work, indicates that it was founded before the arrival of Crusaders, but fell into disrepair. According to the inscription, the church was rebuilt in 1058 CE during the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] era. In the 18th century an additional wall, as well as several windows and doors were constructed.<ref name="Taha" /><ref>Pringle, 1993, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18 18] – [https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA20 20]</ref>
Restorations and conservation were conducted in 1997. This uncovered remains of a Byzantine church with [[mosaic]] floors.<ref>Pringle, 2009, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tKwienZI03MC&pg=PA249 249]</ref> The cement plaster in the vaulting of the church was replaced with traditional mortar, stones inside the church were cleaned, the [[Atrium (architecture)|atrium]] was repaved, and a reinforcing northern wall was constructed.<ref name="Taha" />
In 2013 Christians from the United Kingdom worked on a project with the church choir of St. Mary's Church to record "The Mary Prayers"<ref>[https://open.spotify.com/album/5qwaEkkoJ0lerX5HWG5A0N The Mary Prayers]</ref> as a fundraising initiative. Proceeds from the sales of the CD or downloads are directed to humanitarian projects for the Muslims and Christians in Aboud.
==Demographics==
According to the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]], the village had a population of approximately 2,084 inhabitants in 2007.<ref name="2007 PCBS Census">[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book1487.pdf 2007 PCBS Census]. [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]]. p. 112.</ref> It has a mixed population of [[Muslim]]s and [[Palestinian Christians|Christian]]s, mostly Eastern Orthodox. It has ancient churches built during the [[History of Palestine#Late Roman Empire period|Byzantine period]] of the 6th to 8th centuries.
==Economy==
Historically, Aboud's economy was centered on agriculture, specifically olives. Their cultivation in the 21st century takes up 43% of village lands. In total, 57% of Aboud's lands are cultivable; other crops are figs, apples, grapes, and almonds. Its primary agricultural products are [[olive oil]], [[Nabulsi soap|olive-based soap]], dried figs, and almonds. In 2005 agriculture employed 19% of the village's labor force. The remaining 81% work in the governmental and private sectors, construction, and animal husbandry.
Following the [[Second Intifada]], which began in 2000, the residents who worked in Israel (10% of Aboud's labor force) lost their jobs there.<ref name="ARIJ">[http://poica.org/2005/06/aboud-the-city-of-flowers-threatened-by-the-israeli-segregation-wall/ 'Aboud, the city of flowers, threatened by the Israeli Segregation Wall] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804140554/http://poica.org/2005/06/aboud-the-city-of-flowers-threatened-by-the-israeli-segregation-wall/|date=4 August 2020}} Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem. 9 June 2005.</ref>
== Archaeology ==
=== 'Abud Cave ===
[[File:Abud-Cave-51.jpg|thumb|'Abud Cave]]
The 'Abud cave, a large [[Solutional cave|karst cave]] in the vicinity of the village, is also a significant archeological site. Artifacts from the Chalcolithic, Middle Bronze, and Iron Ages, as well as the Roman, Byzantine, and early Arab periods, have been discovered in it. During the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]], it served as a hideout cave for [[Jews|Jewish]] refugees who left there numerous objects, including oil lamps, glass and metal artifacts, and [[Bar Kokhba Revolt coinage|coins]] typical of the period.<ref name=":ZissuEtAl2020" /><ref name=":0" />
Based on the findings from the cave along with the nearby Mokata 'Abud tombs, archaeologists believe that 'Aboud was a Jewish village during the early Roman period.<ref name=":ZissuEtAl2020" /><ref name=":0" /> The settlement may have suffered damage during the [[Jewish–Roman wars]], forcing the locals to flee for their lives and abandon their homes. The evidence from the cave suggests that during the Bar Kokhba revolt, tens, possibly even hundreds, of the villagers temporarily took refuge inside. The absence of human remains may suggest that those who sought refuge there managed to escape unhurt, but it could also be a hint of antiquities' robbery, later activity in the cave (such as the return of Jews to bury their brethren), or the archeological's survey's limitations.<ref name=":0" />
=== Mokata 'Abud===
[[File:Abud-130134.jpg|thumb|Mokata 'Abud, a necropolis of the early Roman period]]
Mokata 'Abud,<ref>meaning: "The quarries of Abud", according to Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft/page/239/mode/1up 239]</ref> an [[Archaeological site|archeological site]] located on the northwestern outskirts of the village, contains a necropolis believed to date back to the first century CE. The necropolis features a two-chamber tomb with loculi along with an elaborate portico adorned with wreaths, [[Rosette (design)|rosettes]], and grapes, similar to those found in Jerusalem and in other locations in West Samaria.<ref name=":Conder1873">Conder, 1873, p. [https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme05pale/page/n166/mode/1up 143]</ref><ref name=":Hachlili147">{{Cite book |last=Rachel |first=Hachlili |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/56566954 |title=Jewish funerary customs, practices and rites in the Second Temple period |date=2005 |publisher=Brill |isbn=90-04-12373-3 |pages=147 |oclc=56566954}}</ref><ref name=":ZissuEtAl2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Jackson-Tal |first1=Ruth E. |last2=Raviv |first2=Dvir |last3=Langford |first3=Boaz |last4=Davidovich |first4=Uri |last5=Frumkin |first5=A.|author-link5= Amos Frumkin|last6=Porat |first6=Roi |last7=Zissu |first7=Boaz |date=2020 |title=Glass Use as a Reflection of Abandonment Processes: The 'Abud Refuge Cave, Roman Judea (133/134 C.E.) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26951073 |journal=Journal of Glass Studies |volume=62 |pages=69–82 |jstor=26951073 |issn=0075-4250}}</ref> Peleg-Barkat conclude that Mokata 'Abud and other similar tombs in Samaria were built by local Jewish elites inspired by the elaborate tombs of the Jewish elite of Jerusalem. While Magen has linked them to the exodus of Jewish craftsmen from Jerusalem to Samaria before the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|siege of Jerusalem]] in 70 CE.<ref name=":17">Peleg-Barkat, O., 2015. “Decorated Tomb Façades in Early Roman Jerusalem and their Influence on the Decoration of Tombs in Judaea and Samaria,” in: Ben-Arieh, Y. et. al (eds.), Study of Jerusalem through the Ages, Jerusalem: Yad Yitzhak Ben Zvi, pp. 73−121. (Hebrew)</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Y. |title=Judea and Samaria Researches and Discoveries |year=2008 |volume=6 |location=Jerusalem |pages=163 |chapter=Tombs Ornamented in Jerusalem Style in Samaria and the Hebron Hills}}</ref><ref name="Raviv2013">Raviv D., 2013, "Magnificent Tombs from the Second Temple Period in Western Samaria - New Insights", ''In the Highland's Depth - Ephraim Range and Binyamin Research Studies'', Vol. 3, Ariel-Talmon ,pp. 109-142. (Hebrew)</ref>
[[PEF Survey of Palestine|SWP]] visited in 1866, and made extensive notes about 9 tombs here.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, pp.[https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft/page/361/mode/1up 361]-364</ref>
=== Byzantine and Crusader Churches ===
====Barbara====
[[File:Abud-132011.jpg|thumb|Near the ruined St Barbara church, 2017]]
Adjacent to Aboud is an ancient monastery named after [[Saint Barbara]].<ref>Palmer, 1881, p.[https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft/page/226/mode/1up 226]</ref> Located on a hill due west of the village, the Church of Saint Barbara was erected in the [[History of Palestine#Late Roman Empire period|Byzantine period]].<ref name="Taha" /> Archaeologists trace its history to the 6th century CE.<ref name="ARIJ" /> Ancient [[catacombs]] have been uncovered by the church; their [[absolute dating|dating]] is uncertain. One of the burial caves is especially grandiose, with a door post decorated with carvings of wreaths, grape vines and grape clusters standing at its entrance.
On 5 June 1873, [[PEF Survey of Palestine|SWP]] visited and made a description: "A small ruined chapel ; still a place of pilgrimage for Christians. It is of good masonry, the foundations only remaining, measuring about 10 feet across inside, and 22 feet in length east and west. Between the chapel and the village of 'Abud is a fine pool lined with masonry, which was full when visited."<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, p. [https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft/page/305/mode/1up 305]</ref>
Locals consider Saint Barbara to have been the oldest and most sacred of Aboud's churches. [[Palestinian Christian]]s visited the church annually on 17 December to celebrate the St. Barbara's Day festival. On 31 May 2002, the [[Israel Defense Forces|Israeli army]] blew up and destroyed the church. The Israeli military claimed that they were unaware of the church's significance and demolished it by mistake.<ref name="ARIJ" />
====Monastery of St Elias (Mar Elia)====
Under [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid rule]], in 1030, a Christian monk named Elias from Aboud copied Syriac manuscripts in [[Antioch]]. He later returned to Aboud and founded the Deir al-Kaukab monastery, also called Monastery of St Elias (Mar Elia), near the village.<ref name="Ellenblum131-132">Ellenblum, 2003, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C&pg=PA131 131]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C&pg=PA132 132]</ref> The site of Mar Elia has been identified 1.5 km south-east of the village, and it is assumed that monastery excised into the twelfth century.<ref>Pringle, 1993, pp.[https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA196 196]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA197 197]</ref><ref>Guérin, 1875, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n113/mode/1up 86]</ref>
====Others====
Additional local churches include one dedicated to [[Theodore the Studite|St. Theodore]] (located in the center of the village) and to St. Anastasia (to the south of the village). Both are from the 7th–8th centuries.<ref name="Dauphin">Dauphin, 1998, p. 825</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist|25em}}
== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J.B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}}
*{{cite book|last=Clermont-Ganneau|first=C.S.|authorlink=Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau|title=Recueil d'archéologie orientale|url=https://archive.org/details/RecueilDarcheologieOrientaletome2|volume=2|year=1898|location=Paris|language=French}} (p. [https://archive.org/stream/RecueilDarcheologieOrientaletome2/Recueil_d_archologie_orientale-7#page/n179/mode/1up 166] ff)
*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|authorlink1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|authorlink2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1882|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=2}} (pp. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/302/mode/1up 302]–03, [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/305/mode/1up 305], [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/347/mode/1up 347])
*{{cite journal | author = Conder, C.R.| authorlink=Claude Reignier Conder| title = Lieut. Claude R. Conder's report| journal = Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund | volume = 5 | pages = |url = https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme05pale| year = 1873}}
*{{cite book |last= Dauphin |first = C.|author-link= Claudine Dauphin | title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ |volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford|language =French|isbn= 0-860549-05-4}}
*{{cite book |first=R.|last=Ellenblum| author-link =Ronnie Ellenblum|title=Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C | publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn= 9780521521871}}
*{{cite book|editor1=Finkelstein, I. | editor1-link= Israel Finkelstein|editor2=Lederman, Zvi|year=1997|title=Highlands of many cultures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hA59tgAACAAJ |location=[[Tel Aviv]]|publisher= Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University Publications Section| isbn = 965-440-007-3}}
*{{cite book | title = First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population | author = Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics | year = 1964|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensus1961bits.pdf}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics|year=1945}}
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|authorlink=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr04gugoog|volume=2: Samarie, pt. 2|year=1875|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=French}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|authorlink=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre|access-date=4 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208215837/http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|archive-date=8 December 2018|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite journal | last = Hartmann | first =M.| authorlink = Martin Hartmann | title = Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871) | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 6 | pages = 102–149 | url =https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ | year = 1883}}
*{{cite book | last1= Hütteroth |first1=Wolf-Dieter |first2=Kamal | last2=Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|isbn= 3-920405-41-2}}
*{{cite book|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500|url=https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft |first=G.|last=Le Strange|authorlink=Guy Le Strange|year=1890|location=London|publisher=Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
*{{cite book|editor = Mills, E.|title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|authorlink=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
* {{cite book|title=The Towns of Palestine Under Muslim Rule|last1=Petersen|first1=Andrew|publisher=British Archaeological Reports|year=2005|isbn=1841718211|url=https://archive.org/details/TheTownsOfPalestineUnderUnderMuslimRule}}
*{{cite book|title= The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A-K (excluding Acre and Jerusalem)|volume= 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ|first=D.|last=Pringle| author-link =Denys Pringle|year=1993|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn= 9780521390361}} (pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17 17] – [https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA23 23]
*{{cite book|title= The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: The cities of Acre and Tyre with Addenda and Corrigenda to Volumes I-III | volume =IV |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKwienZI03MC |first=D.|last=Pringle| author-link =Denys Pringle|year=2009|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-85148-0}}
*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|authorlink1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|authorlink2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838| location=Boston|publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]]|volume=3}}
*{{cite book|last=Röhricht|first=R. |authorlink=Reinhold Röhricht|title= (RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI)|url=https://archive.org/details/regestaregnihie00rhgoog|year=1893|publisher=Libraria Academica Wageriana|location=Berlin|language=Latin}} (RRH, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n119/mode/1up 113], No. 433), (RRH, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n143/mode/1up 137]–138, No. 518), (RRH, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n151/mode/1up 145], No. 547), ( RRH, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n264/mode/1up 258]–260, No. 983)
*{{cite book|last=Röhricht|first=R.|authorlink=Reinhold Röhricht|title= (RRH Ad) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani Additamentum|url=https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n530/mode/2up|year=1904|publisher=Libraria Academica Wageriana|location=Berlin|language=Latin}} (RRH Ad, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n560/mode/1up 28], No. 458a)
*{{cite journal | last = Schick | first =C.| author-link = Conrad Schick | title = Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 19 | pages = 120–127 | url =https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde19deut | year = 1896}}
*{{cite journal | author = Socin, A.| authorlink = Albert Socin | title = Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 2 | pages = 135–163 | url = https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde01deut | year = 1879}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
*[http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/_Abud_543/index.html Welcome To 'Abud]
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 14: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8376 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.14.jpg Wikimedia commons]
*[http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/factsheet/Abud_vp_en.pdf 'Abud Village (Fact Sheet)], [[Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem]] (ARIJ)
*[http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/vprofile/Abud_Vp_En.pdf ‘Abud Village Profile], (ARIJ)
*[http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/images/english/'Abud_ap_en.jpg ‘Abud aerial photo], (ARIJ)
*[http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/needsfordevelopment/Abud_vp_en.pdf Locality Development Priorities and Needs in Abud Village], (ARIJ)
{{Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abud, '}}
[[Category:Palestinian Christian communities]]
[[Category:Villages in the West Bank]]
[[Category:Municipalities of the State of Palestine]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'a village in the of the , in the central northwest of and 30 kilometers north of . Nearby towns include to the northeast to the northwest.
According to the 2017 census conducted by the , the village had a population of 2,153.Its citizens are majority , mostly Eastern Orthodox. Near the village are numerous natural springs, which are for the .
==Location==
Abud is located 17.7 km northwest of [[Ramallah]]. It is bordered by [[Deir Nidham]] to the east, [[Bani Zeid]] to the north, [[Rantis]] and [[al Lubban el Gharbi]] to the west, and [[Deir Abu Mash'al]] to the south.<ref>[http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/vprofile/Abud_Vp_En.pdf ‘Abud Village Profile], ARIJ, p. 5</ref>
==History==
[[File:חזית הכנסיה היוונית בעבוד אייר תרצב מאי 1932 - iחיים ברגרi btm11344.jpeg|left|thumb|300px|Church of St Mary (Sitti Miriam) in 1932]]
[[Sherd]]s from the [[Ancient Near East#Iron Age|Iron Age II]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]], [[Crusader states|Crusader]]/[[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] and [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] eras have been found here.<ref name=Finkelstein202>Finkelstein et al, 1997, pp. 202–203</ref> There is archeological evidence that the village was inhabited during the Roman, Byzantine, Crusader, Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman eras.<ref name="Taha" />
Based on the findings in the nearby 'Abud Cave and in the adjacent necropolis of Mokata 'Abud, archaeologists believe 'Aboud was the site of a [[Jews|Jewish]] settlement during the late [[Second Temple period]] and up until the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]]. Although construction from later periods has covered the ancient settlement's remains, the magnificence of the ancient burial caves indicates the splendor of the ancient settlement.<ref name=":ZissuEtAl2020" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=זיסו |first1=בועז |title=במעבה ההר |last2=לנגפורד |first2=בועז |last3=פורת |first3=רועי |last4=רביב |first4=דביר |last5=פרומקין |first5=עמוס |publisher=אוניברסיטת אריאל ומדרשת הרי גופנא |year=2017 |isbn=978-965-91808-0-6 |editor-last=טבגר |editor-first=אהרון |volume=7 |pages=172–173 |language=Hebrew |trans-title=In the Highland's Depth |chapter=מערת עבוד בימי מרידות היהודים ברומאים - תובנות חדשות לאור ממצאים חדשים וניתוח הממצא הקרמי |editor-last2=עמר |editor-first2=זהר}}</ref>
The earliest architectural parts of the St. Mary Church in Aboud indicate a fifth- to sixth-century construction date.<ref name=Pringle18/>
=== Early Muslim period ===
Although it appears that the community in 'Abud underwent a process of [[Arabization]] during the [[Jund Filastin|early Muslim period]], they were still able to preserve the [[Christian Palestinian Aramaic]] language and tradition long into this period and beyond it. However, they no longer used it as a [[spoken language]]; instead, they used this dialect for ceremonial events and [[Sacred language|liturgical uses]].<ref name="Rubin98">{{Cite book |last=Rubin |first=Milka |title=Sharing the Sacred: Religious Contacts and Conflicts in the Holy Land: First-Fifteenth Centuries CE |publisher=Yad Izhak Ben Zvi |year=1998 |editor-last=Kofsky |editor-first=Arieh |location=Jerusalem |pages=158 |chapter=Arabization versus Islamization |editor-last2=G. Stroumsa |editor-first2=Guy}}</ref> A Palestinian Syriac inscription in the St. Mary Church indicate that it was active 1058, during [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] rule.<ref name="Ellenblum130-131" />
===Crusader/Mamluk era===
In 1099, Aboud and much of [[Syria (region)|Syria]] was conquered by European [[Crusaders]]. During the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Crusader]] period, Aboud was known by them as the Latin ''Casale Santa Maria.'' At the time, it was an unfortified agricultural village inhabited mostly by local Orthodox Christians. A minority of the population consisted of Crusader settlers.<ref name="Ellenblum130-131">Ellenblum, 2003, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C&pg=PA130 130]– [https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C&pg=PA131 131]</ref> The Crusaders made improvements and additions to the church, such as the [[nave (architecture)|nave]] and the north aisle.<ref>Ellenblum, 2003, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C&pg=PA133 133]</ref>
In 1104, Mufarij ibn Abu al-Hayr al-Abudi, a monk from Aboud, copied Syriac manuscripts in the [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]] in [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]].<ref name="Ellenblum131-132"/> In 1167, Casale Santa Maria was sold by King [[Baldwin IV]] to the [[Knights Hospitallers]]. Starting in 1176, they used revenues from the village to supply white bread to the sick in the hospital of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>Röhricht, 1893, RHH, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n145/mode/1up 145], no 547; cited in Pringle, 1993, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18 18]</ref><ref name="Taha"/>
In 1225, [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] noted Aboud was a "small town in [[Jund Filastin|Filastin Province]], near Jerusalem. The name is [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], and [has] become [[Arabicized]]."<ref>[[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] quoted in le Strange, 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/382/mode/1up 382].</ref> At another point in the 13th century, an Aboud monk, Sarur ibn Abd al-Masih al-Abudi, was recorded as copying Syriac manuscripts in [[Cairo]].<ref name="Ellenblum131-132"/> The southern part of Aboud was founded in the 13th or 14th century, during [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] rule. Two ornate mausoleums in this part of Aboud were built during the Mamluk period.<ref name="Ellenblum132">Ellenblum, 2003, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C&pg=PA132 132]</ref> [[Arab]] historian [[al-Maqrizi]] mentioned these in the 14th century.<ref name="Taha"/>
===Ottoman era===
Aboud as part of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] was incorporated into the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In the 1553–57 [[Defter|tax records]], Aboud had a population of 35 families; 19 of whom were Christian and 16 Muslim.<ref name="Ellenblum132"/> In the 1596 Ottoman tax records, it was classified as part of the ''[[nahiya]]'' ("sub-district") of [[Ramla]], part of the [[Sanjak of Gaza]]. Its population remained the same, with 19 Christian households and 16 Muslim households,<ref>Petersen, 2005, p. [https://archive.org/stream/TheTownsOfPalestineUnderUnderMuslimRule/AndrewPetersenTheTownsOfPalestineUnderMuslimRule-600-1600#page/n139/mode/1up 131]</ref> and the inhabitants paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on wheat, barley, and other produce; a total of 21,000 [[akçe]]. All of the revenue went to a [[waqf]].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 156</ref> It was later designated as a part of the [[Bani Zeid]] administrative region, still under the Ottomans.<ref name="Taha">{{cite journal | author = H. Taha | title = A salvage excavation at the 'Abudiyah Church in Abud – Samaria | journal = Liber Annuus | volume = 47 | year = 1997 | pages = 359–374 and [http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/sbf/Books/LA47/47655tav.pdf plates 17–20] | url = http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/sbf/Books/LA47/47359HT.pdf | access-date = 17 January 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140304034019/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/sbf/Books/LA47/47359HT.pdf | archive-date = 4 March 2014 | url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name=Robinson124>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/124/mode/1up 124]</ref>
In 1870 the French explorer [[Victor Guérin]] found that Aboud contained 800 inhabitants, half [[Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem|Greek Orthodox]] and half Muslims,<ref>Guérin, 1875, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n114/mode/1up 87]–90</ref>
while an Ottoman village list of about the same year showed that Aboud had 225 Muslims with 69 houses, and 170 Greek Orthodox with 66 houses, though the population count included men only.<ref>Socin, 1879, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/142/mode/1up 142] Noted to be in the ''Beni Zeid'' district</ref><ref>Hartmann, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n914/mode/1up 106], found 110 houses</ref>
In 1882, the [[Palestine Exploration Fund|PEF]]'s ''[[PEF Survey of Palestine|Survey of Western Palestine]]'' described the village as "a large and flourishing Christian village, of stone, the houses nearly all marked with the Cross in red paint," with a population of 400 Orthodox Christians and 100 Muslims.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/289/mode/1up 289]</ref>
In 1896 the population of Abud was estimated to be about 303 Muslims and 366 Christians.<ref>Schick, 1896, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde19deut#page/n229/mode/1up 122]</ref>
[[File:Abud 1944.jpg|thumb|Aboud ('Abud) 1944 1:20,000]]
===British Mandate era===
[[File:Deir Abu Mash'al 1945.jpg|thumb|Aboud ('Abud) 1945 1:250,000]]
In the [[1922 census of Palestine]] conducted by the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate authorities]], Aboud had a population of 754; 352 Muslim and 402 Christians.<ref name=Census1922a>Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Ramallah, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n18/mode/1up 16]</ref> The latter included 335 Orthodox, 41 [[Roman Catholics]], and 26 who belonged to the [[Church of England]].<ref name=Census1922b>Barron, 1923, Table XIV, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n47/mode/1up 45]</ref> At the time of the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]], the population had increased to 910; 470 Christians and 440 Muslims, in 215 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 47]</ref> The Christians largely inhabited the older, northern part of Aboud, while the Muslims inhabited the relatively newer, southern part.<ref name="Ellenblum132"/>
In the [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]], the population was 1,080; 550 Muslims and 530 Christians.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p26.jpg 26]</ref> The total land area was 15,007 [[dunam]]s, according to an official land and population survey.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Ramallah/Page-064.jpg 64]</ref> Of this, 4,843 dunams were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, and 1,905 for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Ramallah/Page-111.jpg 111]</ref> while 55 dunams were classified as built-up (urban) areas.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Ramallah/Page-161.jpg 161]</ref>
===Jordanian era===
In the wake of the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], and after the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]], Aboud came under [[Jordan]]ian rule. It was [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|annexed by Jordan]] in 1950.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 1,521 inhabitants,<ref>Government of Jordan, 1964, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p24.pdf 24]</ref> of whom 716 were Christians.<ref>Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, pp. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-pp115-116.pdf 115–116]</ref>
===1967–present===
Since the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967, Aboud has been under [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|Israeli occupation]]. After [[Oslo II Accord|Oslo II]] in 1995, 16.8% of village land was classified as [[Palestinian enclaves|Area B]], and the remaining 83.2% as [[Area C (West Bank)|Area C]]. Israel has confiscated land from Aboud in order to construct the [[Israeli settlement]]s of [[Beit Aryeh-Ofarim]].<ref>
[http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/vprofile/Abud_Vp_En.pdf ‘Abud Village Profile], ARIJ, pp. 16–17</ref> In late July 2018, Israeli authorities informed village elders that they intended seizing a further 324 dunums (80 acres) of land shared by both Aboud and [[Al-Lubban al-Gharbi]] on grounds that the land was needed in order to construct an Israeli-only road between the settlements of Beit Arye and Ofarim.<ref>Yumna Patel, [https://mondoweiss.net/2018/08/settlements-christian-palestine/ 'Drowning among Israeli settlements, an ancient Christian village in Palestine struggles to survive],' [[Mondoweiss]] 17 August 2018</ref>
==Church of St Mary (Sitti Miriam)==
[[File:Abud-152510.jpg|thumb|300px|Interior of Church of St Mary, in 2017]]
Al-Abudiyah Church, also known as Saint Mary's Church, is situated in the center of Aboud. The earliest remains, including two [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]] and the semi-circular [[arches]] they support, suggests a fifth- to sixth-century construction date.<ref name=Pringle18>Pringle, 1993, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18 18]</ref>
It was long believed to have been founded during the [[Crusades|Crusader]] period in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], when it was known as ''Casale Santa Maria.'' But, an [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] inscription on a vault in the church, found during late 20th century restoration work, indicates that it was founded before the arrival of Crusaders, but fell into disrepair. According to the inscription, the church was rebuilt in 1058 CE during the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] era. In the 18th century an additional wall, as well as several windows and doors were constructed.<ref name="Taha" /><ref>Pringle, 1993, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18 18] – [https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA20 20]</ref>
Restorations and conservation were conducted in 1997. This uncovered remains of a Byzantine church with [[mosaic]] floors.<ref>Pringle, 2009, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tKwienZI03MC&pg=PA249 249]</ref> The cement plaster in the vaulting of the church was replaced with traditional mortar, stones inside the church were cleaned, the [[Atrium (architecture)|atrium]] was repaved, and a reinforcing northern wall was constructed.<ref name="Taha" />
In 2013 Christians from the United Kingdom worked on a project with the church choir of St. Mary's Church to record "The Mary Prayers"<ref>[https://open.spotify.com/album/5qwaEkkoJ0lerX5HWG5A0N The Mary Prayers]</ref> as a fundraising initiative. Proceeds from the sales of the CD or downloads are directed to humanitarian projects for the Muslims and Christians in Aboud.
==Demographics==
According to the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]], the village had a population of approximately 2,084 inhabitants in 2007.<ref name="2007 PCBS Census">[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book1487.pdf 2007 PCBS Census]. [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]]. p. 112.</ref> It has a mixed population of [[Muslim]]s and [[Palestinian Christians|Christian]]s, mostly Eastern Orthodox. It has ancient churches built during the [[History of Palestine#Late Roman Empire period|Byzantine period]] of the 6th to 8th centuries.
==Economy==
Historically, Aboud's economy was centered on agriculture, specifically olives. Their cultivation in the 21st century takes up 43% of village lands. In total, 57% of Aboud's lands are cultivable; other crops are figs, apples, grapes, and almonds. Its primary agricultural products are [[olive oil]], [[Nabulsi soap|olive-based soap]], dried figs, and almonds. In 2005 agriculture employed 19% of the village's labor force. The remaining 81% work in the governmental and private sectors, construction, and animal husbandry.
Following the [[Second Intifada]], which began in 2000, the residents who worked in Israel (10% of Aboud's labor force) lost their jobs there.<ref name="ARIJ">[http://poica.org/2005/06/aboud-the-city-of-flowers-threatened-by-the-israeli-segregation-wall/ 'Aboud, the city of flowers, threatened by the Israeli Segregation Wall] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804140554/http://poica.org/2005/06/aboud-the-city-of-flowers-threatened-by-the-israeli-segregation-wall/|date=4 August 2020}} Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem. 9 June 2005.</ref>
== Archaeology ==
=== 'Abud Cave ===
[[File:Abud-Cave-51.jpg|thumb|'Abud Cave]]
The 'Abud cave, a large [[Solutional cave|karst cave]] in the vicinity of the village, is also a significant archeological site. Artifacts from the Chalcolithic, Middle Bronze, and Iron Ages, as well as the Roman, Byzantine, and early Arab periods, have been discovered in it. During the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]], it served as a hideout cave for [[Jews|Jewish]] refugees who left there numerous objects, including oil lamps, glass and metal artifacts, and [[Bar Kokhba Revolt coinage|coins]] typical of the period.<ref name=":ZissuEtAl2020" /><ref name=":0" />
Based on the findings from the cave along with the nearby Mokata 'Abud tombs, archaeologists believe that 'Aboud was a Jewish village during the early Roman period.<ref name=":ZissuEtAl2020" /><ref name=":0" /> The settlement may have suffered damage during the [[Jewish–Roman wars]], forcing the locals to flee for their lives and abandon their homes. The evidence from the cave suggests that during the Bar Kokhba revolt, tens, possibly even hundreds, of the villagers temporarily took refuge inside. The absence of human remains may suggest that those who sought refuge there managed to escape unhurt, but it could also be a hint of antiquities' robbery, later activity in the cave (such as the return of Jews to bury their brethren), or the archeological's survey's limitations.<ref name=":0" />
=== Mokata 'Abud===
[[File:Abud-130134.jpg|thumb|Mokata 'Abud, a necropolis of the early Roman period]]
Mokata 'Abud,<ref>meaning: "The quarries of Abud", according to Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft/page/239/mode/1up 239]</ref> an [[Archaeological site|archeological site]] located on the northwestern outskirts of the village, contains a necropolis believed to date back to the first century CE. The necropolis features a two-chamber tomb with loculi along with an elaborate portico adorned with wreaths, [[Rosette (design)|rosettes]], and grapes, similar to those found in Jerusalem and in other locations in West Samaria.<ref name=":Conder1873">Conder, 1873, p. [https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme05pale/page/n166/mode/1up 143]</ref><ref name=":Hachlili147">{{Cite book |last=Rachel |first=Hachlili |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/56566954 |title=Jewish funerary customs, practices and rites in the Second Temple period |date=2005 |publisher=Brill |isbn=90-04-12373-3 |pages=147 |oclc=56566954}}</ref><ref name=":ZissuEtAl2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Jackson-Tal |first1=Ruth E. |last2=Raviv |first2=Dvir |last3=Langford |first3=Boaz |last4=Davidovich |first4=Uri |last5=Frumkin |first5=A.|author-link5= Amos Frumkin|last6=Porat |first6=Roi |last7=Zissu |first7=Boaz |date=2020 |title=Glass Use as a Reflection of Abandonment Processes: The 'Abud Refuge Cave, Roman Judea (133/134 C.E.) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26951073 |journal=Journal of Glass Studies |volume=62 |pages=69–82 |jstor=26951073 |issn=0075-4250}}</ref> Peleg-Barkat conclude that Mokata 'Abud and other similar tombs in Samaria were built by local Jewish elites inspired by the elaborate tombs of the Jewish elite of Jerusalem. While Magen has linked them to the exodus of Jewish craftsmen from Jerusalem to Samaria before the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|siege of Jerusalem]] in 70 CE.<ref name=":17">Peleg-Barkat, O., 2015. “Decorated Tomb Façades in Early Roman Jerusalem and their Influence on the Decoration of Tombs in Judaea and Samaria,” in: Ben-Arieh, Y. et. al (eds.), Study of Jerusalem through the Ages, Jerusalem: Yad Yitzhak Ben Zvi, pp. 73−121. (Hebrew)</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Y. |title=Judea and Samaria Researches and Discoveries |year=2008 |volume=6 |location=Jerusalem |pages=163 |chapter=Tombs Ornamented in Jerusalem Style in Samaria and the Hebron Hills}}</ref><ref name="Raviv2013">Raviv D., 2013, "Magnificent Tombs from the Second Temple Period in Western Samaria - New Insights", ''In the Highland's Depth - Ephraim Range and Binyamin Research Studies'', Vol. 3, Ariel-Talmon ,pp. 109-142. (Hebrew)</ref>
[[PEF Survey of Palestine|SWP]] visited in 1866, and made extensive notes about 9 tombs here.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, pp.[https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft/page/361/mode/1up 361]-364</ref>
=== Byzantine and Crusader Churches ===
====Barbara====
[[File:Abud-132011.jpg|thumb|Near the ruined St Barbara church, 2017]]
Adjacent to Aboud is an ancient monastery named after [[Saint Barbara]].<ref>Palmer, 1881, p.[https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft/page/226/mode/1up 226]</ref> Located on a hill due west of the village, the Church of Saint Barbara was erected in the [[History of Palestine#Late Roman Empire period|Byzantine period]].<ref name="Taha" /> Archaeologists trace its history to the 6th century CE.<ref name="ARIJ" /> Ancient [[catacombs]] have been uncovered by the church; their [[absolute dating|dating]] is uncertain. One of the burial caves is especially grandiose, with a door post decorated with carvings of wreaths, grape vines and grape clusters standing at its entrance.
On 5 June 1873, [[PEF Survey of Palestine|SWP]] visited and made a description: "A small ruined chapel ; still a place of pilgrimage for Christians. It is of good masonry, the foundations only remaining, measuring about 10 feet across inside, and 22 feet in length east and west. Between the chapel and the village of 'Abud is a fine pool lined with masonry, which was full when visited."<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, p. [https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft/page/305/mode/1up 305]</ref>
Locals consider Saint Barbara to have been the oldest and most sacred of Aboud's churches. [[Palestinian Christian]]s visited the church annually on 17 December to celebrate the St. Barbara's Day festival. On 31 May 2002, the [[Israel Defense Forces|Israeli army]] blew up and destroyed the church. The Israeli military claimed that they were unaware of the church's significance and demolished it by mistake.<ref name="ARIJ" />
====Monastery of St Elias (Mar Elia)====
Under [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid rule]], in 1030, a Christian monk named Elias from Aboud copied Syriac manuscripts in [[Antioch]]. He later returned to Aboud and founded the Deir al-Kaukab monastery, also called Monastery of St Elias (Mar Elia), near the village.<ref name="Ellenblum131-132">Ellenblum, 2003, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C&pg=PA131 131]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C&pg=PA132 132]</ref> The site of Mar Elia has been identified 1.5 km south-east of the village, and it is assumed that monastery excised into the twelfth century.<ref>Pringle, 1993, pp.[https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA196 196]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA197 197]</ref><ref>Guérin, 1875, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n113/mode/1up 86]</ref>
====Others====
Additional local churches include one dedicated to [[Theodore the Studite|St. Theodore]] (located in the center of the village) and to St. Anastasia (to the south of the village). Both are from the 7th–8th centuries.<ref name="Dauphin">Dauphin, 1998, p. 825</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist|25em}}
== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J.B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}}
*{{cite book|last=Clermont-Ganneau|first=C.S.|authorlink=Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau|title=Recueil d'archéologie orientale|url=https://archive.org/details/RecueilDarcheologieOrientaletome2|volume=2|year=1898|location=Paris|language=French}} (p. [https://archive.org/stream/RecueilDarcheologieOrientaletome2/Recueil_d_archologie_orientale-7#page/n179/mode/1up 166] ff)
*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|authorlink1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|authorlink2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1882|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=2}} (pp. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/302/mode/1up 302]–03, [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/305/mode/1up 305], [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/347/mode/1up 347])
*{{cite journal | author = Conder, C.R.| authorlink=Claude Reignier Conder| title = Lieut. Claude R. Conder's report| journal = Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund | volume = 5 | pages = |url = https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme05pale| year = 1873}}
*{{cite book |last= Dauphin |first = C.|author-link= Claudine Dauphin | title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ |volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford|language =French|isbn= 0-860549-05-4}}
*{{cite book |first=R.|last=Ellenblum| author-link =Ronnie Ellenblum|title=Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C | publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn= 9780521521871}}
*{{cite book|editor1=Finkelstein, I. | editor1-link= Israel Finkelstein|editor2=Lederman, Zvi|year=1997|title=Highlands of many cultures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hA59tgAACAAJ |location=[[Tel Aviv]]|publisher= Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University Publications Section| isbn = 965-440-007-3}}
*{{cite book | title = First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population | author = Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics | year = 1964|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensus1961bits.pdf}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics|year=1945}}
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|authorlink=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr04gugoog|volume=2: Samarie, pt. 2|year=1875|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=French}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|authorlink=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre|access-date=4 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208215837/http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|archive-date=8 December 2018|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite journal | last = Hartmann | first =M.| authorlink = Martin Hartmann | title = Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871) | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 6 | pages = 102–149 | url =https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ | year = 1883}}
*{{cite book | last1= Hütteroth |first1=Wolf-Dieter |first2=Kamal | last2=Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|isbn= 3-920405-41-2}}
*{{cite book|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500|url=https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft |first=G.|last=Le Strange|authorlink=Guy Le Strange|year=1890|location=London|publisher=Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
*{{cite book|editor = Mills, E.|title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|authorlink=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
* {{cite book|title=The Towns of Palestine Under Muslim Rule|last1=Petersen|first1=Andrew|publisher=British Archaeological Reports|year=2005|isbn=1841718211|url=https://archive.org/details/TheTownsOfPalestineUnderUnderMuslimRule}}
*{{cite book|title= The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A-K (excluding Acre and Jerusalem)|volume= 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ|first=D.|last=Pringle| author-link =Denys Pringle|year=1993|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn= 9780521390361}} (pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17 17] – [https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA23 23]
*{{cite book|title= The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: The cities of Acre and Tyre with Addenda and Corrigenda to Volumes I-III | volume =IV |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKwienZI03MC |first=D.|last=Pringle| author-link =Denys Pringle|year=2009|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-85148-0}}
*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|authorlink1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|authorlink2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838| location=Boston|publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]]|volume=3}}
*{{cite book|last=Röhricht|first=R. |authorlink=Reinhold Röhricht|title= (RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI)|url=https://archive.org/details/regestaregnihie00rhgoog|year=1893|publisher=Libraria Academica Wageriana|location=Berlin|language=Latin}} (RRH, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n119/mode/1up 113], No. 433), (RRH, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n143/mode/1up 137]–138, No. 518), (RRH, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n151/mode/1up 145], No. 547), ( RRH, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n264/mode/1up 258]–260, No. 983)
*{{cite book|last=Röhricht|first=R.|authorlink=Reinhold Röhricht|title= (RRH Ad) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani Additamentum|url=https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n530/mode/2up|year=1904|publisher=Libraria Academica Wageriana|location=Berlin|language=Latin}} (RRH Ad, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n560/mode/1up 28], No. 458a)
*{{cite journal | last = Schick | first =C.| author-link = Conrad Schick | title = Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 19 | pages = 120–127 | url =https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde19deut | year = 1896}}
*{{cite journal | author = Socin, A.| authorlink = Albert Socin | title = Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 2 | pages = 135–163 | url = https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde01deut | year = 1879}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
*[http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/_Abud_543/index.html Welcome To 'Abud]
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 14: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8376 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.14.jpg Wikimedia commons]
*[http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/factsheet/Abud_vp_en.pdf 'Abud Village (Fact Sheet)], [[Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem]] (ARIJ)
*[http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/vprofile/Abud_Vp_En.pdf ‘Abud Village Profile], (ARIJ)
*[http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/images/english/'Abud_ap_en.jpg ‘Abud aerial photo], (ARIJ)
*[http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/needsfordevelopment/Abud_vp_en.pdf Locality Development Priorities and Needs in Abud Village], (ARIJ)
{{Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abud, '}}
[[Category:Palestinian Christian communities]]
[[Category:Villages in the West Bank]]
[[Category:Municipalities of the State of Palestine]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,54 +1,5 @@
-{{Short description|Palestinian village in Ramallah and al-Bireh, State of Palestine}}
-{{other uses}}
-{{redirect|Abud}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
-{{Infobox settlement
-| name = Aboud
-| translit_lang1 = Arabic
-| translit_lang1_type = [[Arabic script|Arabic]]
-| translit_lang1_info = عابود
-| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Latin script|Latin]]
-| translit_lang1_info1 = 'Abud (official)<br />Abboud (unofficial)
-| type = [[Village council (Palestinian Authority)|Municipality type D (Village council)]]
-| image_skyline = File:Abud8815.JPG
-| image_caption = Aboud from the south
-| pushpin_map = Palestine
-| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Aboud within [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]
-| image_map =
-| map_caption =
-| coordinates = {{coord|32|00|54|N|35|04|05|E|region:PS|display=inline,title}}
-| grid_name = [[Palestine grid|Palestine grid]]
-| grid_position = 156/158
-| subdivision_type = State
-| subdivision_name = [[State of Palestine]]
-| subdivision_type1 = [[Governorates of the Palestinian National Authority|Governorate]]
-| subdivision_name1 = [[Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate|Ramallah and al-Bireh]]
-| established_title = Founded
-| established_date =
-| government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
-| government_type = [[Village council (Palestinian Authority)|Village council]]
-| leader_title = Head of Municipality
-| leader_name = Elias Azar
-| unit_pref = dunam
-| area_footnotes =
-| area_total_km2 = 15.0
-| area_total_dunam = 15000
-| elevation_footnotes =
-| elevation_m =
-| elevation_min_m =
-| elevation_max_m =
-| population_footnotes = <ref name="PrelimCensus2017">{{cite report |date=February 2018 |title=Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 |url=https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2364-1.pdf |department=[[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS) |publisher=[[State of Palestine]] |pages=64–82 |access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref>
-| population_total = 2,153
-| population_as_of = 2017
-| population_note =
-| population_density_km2 = auto
-| blank_name_sec1 = Name meaning
-| blank_info_sec1 = Abud, personal name, from "to worship"<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/221/mode/1up 221]</ref>
-| website =
-| footnotes =
-}}
-'''Aboud''' ({{lang-ar|عابود}}, ''ʿĀbūd'') is a [[Palestinian territories|Palestinian]] village in the [[Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate]] of the [[State of Palestine]], in the central [[West Bank]], northwest of [[Ramallah]] and 30 kilometers north of [[Jerusalem]]. Nearby towns include [[Al-Lubban al-Gharbi|al-Lubban]] to the northeast and [[Bani Zeid]] to the northwest.
+a village in the of the , in the central northwest of and 30 kilometers north of . Nearby towns include to the northeast to the northwest.
-According to the 2017 census conducted by the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]], the village had a population of 2,153.<ref name="PrelimCensus2017" /> Its citizens are majority [[Palestinian Christians|Christian]]s, mostly Eastern Orthodox. Near the village are numerous natural springs, which are [[Source (river or stream)|sources]] for the [[Yarkon River]].
+According to the 2017 census conducted by the , the village had a population of 2,153.Its citizens are majority , mostly Eastern Orthodox. Near the village are numerous natural springs, which are for the .
==Location==
' |
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0 => 'a village in the of the , in the central northwest of and 30 kilometers north of . Nearby towns include to the northeast to the northwest.',
1 => 'According to the 2017 census conducted by the , the village had a population of 2,153.Its citizens are majority , mostly Eastern Orthodox. Near the village are numerous natural springs, which are for the .'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '{{Short description|Palestinian village in Ramallah and al-Bireh, State of Palestine}}',
1 => '{{other uses}}',
2 => '{{redirect|Abud}}',
3 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}',
4 => '{{Infobox settlement',
5 => '| name = Aboud',
6 => '| translit_lang1 = Arabic',
7 => '| translit_lang1_type = [[Arabic script|Arabic]]',
8 => '| translit_lang1_info = عابود',
9 => '| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Latin script|Latin]]',
10 => '| translit_lang1_info1 = 'Abud (official)<br />Abboud (unofficial)',
11 => '| type = [[Village council (Palestinian Authority)|Municipality type D (Village council)]]',
12 => '| image_skyline = File:Abud8815.JPG',
13 => '| image_caption = Aboud from the south',
14 => '| pushpin_map = Palestine',
15 => '| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Aboud within [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]',
16 => '| image_map = ',
17 => '| map_caption = ',
18 => '| coordinates = {{coord|32|00|54|N|35|04|05|E|region:PS|display=inline,title}}',
19 => '| grid_name = [[Palestine grid|Palestine grid]]',
20 => '| grid_position = 156/158',
21 => '| subdivision_type = State',
22 => '| subdivision_name = [[State of Palestine]]',
23 => '| subdivision_type1 = [[Governorates of the Palestinian National Authority|Governorate]]',
24 => '| subdivision_name1 = [[Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate|Ramallah and al-Bireh]]',
25 => '| established_title = Founded',
26 => '| established_date = ',
27 => '| government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->',
28 => '| government_type = [[Village council (Palestinian Authority)|Village council]] ',
29 => '| leader_title = Head of Municipality',
30 => '| leader_name = Elias Azar',
31 => '| unit_pref = dunam',
32 => '| area_footnotes = ',
33 => '| area_total_km2 = 15.0',
34 => '| area_total_dunam = 15000',
35 => '| elevation_footnotes = ',
36 => '| elevation_m = ',
37 => '| elevation_min_m = ',
38 => '| elevation_max_m = ',
39 => '| population_footnotes = <ref name="PrelimCensus2017">{{cite report |date=February 2018 |title=Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 |url=https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2364-1.pdf |department=[[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS) |publisher=[[State of Palestine]] |pages=64–82 |access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref>',
40 => '| population_total = 2,153',
41 => '| population_as_of = 2017',
42 => '| population_note = ',
43 => '| population_density_km2 = auto',
44 => '| blank_name_sec1 = Name meaning',
45 => '| blank_info_sec1 = Abud, personal name, from "to worship"<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/221/mode/1up 221]</ref>',
46 => '| website = ',
47 => '| footnotes = ',
48 => '}}',
49 => ''''Aboud''' ({{lang-ar|عابود}}, ''ʿĀbūd'') is a [[Palestinian territories|Palestinian]] village in the [[Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate]] of the [[State of Palestine]], in the central [[West Bank]], northwest of [[Ramallah]] and 30 kilometers north of [[Jerusalem]]. Nearby towns include [[Al-Lubban al-Gharbi|al-Lubban]] to the northeast and [[Bani Zeid]] to the northwest.',
50 => 'According to the 2017 census conducted by the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]], the village had a population of 2,153.<ref name="PrelimCensus2017" /> Its citizens are majority [[Palestinian Christians|Christian]]s, mostly Eastern Orthodox. Near the village are numerous natural springs, which are [[Source (river or stream)|sources]] for the [[Yarkon River]].'
] |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>a village in the of the , in the central northwest of and 30 kilometers north of . Nearby towns include to the northeast to the northwest.
</p><p>According to the 2017 census conducted by the , the village had a population of 2,153.Its citizens are majority , mostly Eastern Orthodox. Near the village are numerous natural springs, which are for the .
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Location"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Location</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_Muslim_period"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early Muslim period</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Crusader/Mamluk_era"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Crusader/Mamluk era</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Ottoman_era"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ottoman era</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#British_Mandate_era"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">British Mandate era</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Jordanian_era"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Jordanian era</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#1967–present"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">1967–present</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Church_of_St_Mary_(Sitti_Miriam)"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Church of St Mary (Sitti Miriam)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Archaeology"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Archaeology</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#'Abud_Cave"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">'Abud Cave</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Mokata_'Abud"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mokata 'Abud</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Byzantine_and_Crusader_Churches"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Byzantine and Crusader Churches</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Barbara"><span class="tocnumber">6.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Barbara</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Monastery_of_St_Elias_(Mar_Elia)"><span class="tocnumber">6.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Monastery of St Elias (Mar Elia)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Others"><span class="tocnumber">6.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Others</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Location">Location</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Abud is located 17.7 km northwest of <a href="/info/en/?search=Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a>. It is bordered by <a href="/info/en/?search=Deir_Nidham" title="Deir Nidham">Deir Nidham</a> to the east, <a href="/info/en/?search=Bani_Zeid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bani Zeid">Bani Zeid</a> to the north, <a href="/info/en/?search=Rantis" title="Rantis">Rantis</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Al_Lubban_el_Gharbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Lubban el Gharbi">al Lubban el Gharbi</a> to the west, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Deir_Abu_Mash%27al" title="Deir Abu Mash'al">Deir Abu Mash'al</a> to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99_1932_-_i%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A8i_btm11344.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99_1932_-_i%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A8i_btm11344.jpeg/300px-%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99_1932_-_i%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A8i_btm11344.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99_1932_-_i%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A8i_btm11344.jpeg/450px-%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99_1932_-_i%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A8i_btm11344.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99_1932_-_i%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A8i_btm11344.jpeg/600px-%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99_1932_-_i%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A8i_btm11344.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Church of St Mary (Sitti Miriam) in 1932</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/info/en/?search=Sherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherd">Sherds</a> from the <a href="/info/en/?search=Ancient_Near_East#Iron_Age" title="Ancient Near East">Iron Age II</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader</a>/<a href="/info/en/?search=Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk</a> eras have been found here.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein202_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein202-2">[2]</a></sup> There is archeological evidence that the village was inhabited during the Roman, Byzantine, Crusader, Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman eras.<sup id="cite_ref-Taha_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taha-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Based on the findings in the nearby 'Abud Cave and in the adjacent necropolis of Mokata 'Abud, archaeologists believe 'Aboud was the site of a <a href="/info/en/?search=Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> settlement during the late <a href="/info/en/?search=Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> and up until the <a href="/info/en/?search=Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a>. Although construction from later periods has covered the ancient settlement's remains, the magnificence of the ancient burial caves indicates the splendor of the ancient settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-:ZissuEtAl2020_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:ZissuEtAl2020-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>The earliest architectural parts of the St. Mary Church in Aboud indicate a fifth- to sixth-century construction date.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle18_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle18-6">[6]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_Muslim_period">Early Muslim period</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Although it appears that the community in 'Abud underwent a process of <a href="/info/en/?search=Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> during the <a href="/info/en/?search=Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">early Muslim period</a>, they were still able to preserve the <a href="/info/en/?search=Christian_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Christian Palestinian Aramaic">Christian Palestinian Aramaic</a> language and tradition long into this period and beyond it. However, they no longer used it as a <a href="/info/en/?search=Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a>; instead, they used this dialect for ceremonial events and <a href="/info/en/?search=Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">liturgical uses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rubin98_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubin98-7">[7]</a></sup> A Palestinian Syriac inscription in the St. Mary Church indicate that it was active 1058, during <a href="/info/en/?search=Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellenblum130-131_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellenblum130-131-8">[8]</a></sup>
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<h3><span id="Crusader.2FMamluk_era"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Crusader/Mamluk_era">Crusader/Mamluk era</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In 1099, Aboud and much of <a href="/info/en/?search=Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> was conquered by European <a href="/info/en/?search=Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a>. During the <a href="/info/en/?search=Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusader</a> period, Aboud was known by them as the Latin <i>Casale Santa Maria.</i> At the time, it was an unfortified agricultural village inhabited mostly by local Orthodox Christians. A minority of the population consisted of Crusader settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellenblum130-131_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellenblum130-131-8">[8]</a></sup> The Crusaders made improvements and additions to the church, such as the <a href="/info/en/?search=Nave_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nave (architecture)">nave</a> and the north aisle.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1104, Mufarij ibn Abu al-Hayr al-Abudi, a monk from Aboud, copied Syriac manuscripts in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellenblum131-132_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellenblum131-132-10">[10]</a></sup> In 1167, Casale Santa Maria was sold by King <a href="/info/en/?search=Baldwin_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin IV">Baldwin IV</a> to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Knights_Hospitallers" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights Hospitallers">Knights Hospitallers</a>. Starting in 1176, they used revenues from the village to supply white bread to the sick in the hospital of <a href="/info/en/?search=Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taha_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taha-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1225, <a href="/info/en/?search=Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a> noted Aboud was a "small town in <a href="/info/en/?search=Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Filastin Province</a>, near Jerusalem. The name is <a href="/info/en/?search=Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, and [has] become <a href="/info/en/?search=Arabicized" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabicized">Arabicized</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> At another point in the 13th century, an Aboud monk, Sarur ibn Abd al-Masih al-Abudi, was recorded as copying Syriac manuscripts in <a href="/info/en/?search=Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellenblum131-132_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellenblum131-132-10">[10]</a></sup> The southern part of Aboud was founded in the 13th or 14th century, during <a href="/info/en/?search=Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk</a> rule. Two ornate mausoleums in this part of Aboud were built during the Mamluk period.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellenblum132_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellenblum132-13">[13]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> historian <a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">al-Maqrizi</a> mentioned these in the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Taha_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taha-3">[3]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ottoman_era">Ottoman era</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Aboud as part of <a href="/info/en/?search=Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> was incorporated into the <a href="/info/en/?search=Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. In the 1553–57 <a href="/info/en/?search=Defter" title="Defter">tax records</a>, Aboud had a population of 35 families; 19 of whom were Christian and 16 Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellenblum132_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellenblum132-13">[13]</a></sup> In the 1596 Ottoman tax records, it was classified as part of the <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Nahiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahiya">nahiya</a></i> ("sub-district") of <a href="/info/en/?search=Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a>, part of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Sanjak_of_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjak of Gaza">Sanjak of Gaza</a>. Its population remained the same, with 19 Christian households and 16 Muslim households,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> and the inhabitants paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on wheat, barley, and other produce; a total of 21,000 <a href="/info/en/?search=Ak%C3%A7e" title="Akçe">akçe</a>. All of the revenue went to a <a href="/info/en/?search=Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> It was later designated as a part of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Bani_Zeid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bani Zeid">Bani Zeid</a> administrative region, still under the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-Taha_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taha-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robinson124_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson124-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1870 the French explorer <a href="/info/en/?search=Victor_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Victor Guérin">Victor Guérin</a> found that Aboud contained 800 inhabitants, half <a href="/info/en/?search=Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox</a> and half Muslims,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
while an Ottoman village list of about the same year showed that Aboud had 225 Muslims with 69 houses, and 170 Greek Orthodox with 66 houses, though the population count included men only.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1882, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">PEF</a>'s <i><a href="/info/en/?search=PEF_Survey_of_Palestine" title="PEF Survey of Palestine">Survey of Western Palestine</a></i> described the village as "a large and flourishing Christian village, of stone, the houses nearly all marked with the Cross in red paint," with a population of 400 Orthodox Christians and 100 Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1896 the population of Abud was estimated to be about 303 Muslims and 366 Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Abud_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Abud_1944.jpg/220px-Abud_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Abud_1944.jpg/330px-Abud_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Abud_1944.jpg/440px-Abud_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3431" data-file-height="1744" /></a><figcaption>Aboud ('Abud) 1944 1:20,000</figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="British_Mandate_era">British Mandate era</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Deir_Abu_Mash%27al_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Deir_Abu_Mash%27al_1945.jpg/220px-Deir_Abu_Mash%27al_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Deir_Abu_Mash%27al_1945.jpg/330px-Deir_Abu_Mash%27al_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Deir_Abu_Mash%27al_1945.jpg/440px-Deir_Abu_Mash%27al_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Aboud ('Abud) 1945 1:250,000</figcaption></figure>
<p>In the <a href="/info/en/?search=1922_census_of_Palestine" title="1922 census of Palestine">1922 census of Palestine</a> conducted by the <a href="/info/en/?search=Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate authorities</a>, Aboud had a population of 754; 352 Muslim and 402 Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Census1922a_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census1922a-22">[22]</a></sup> The latter included 335 Orthodox, 41 <a href="/info/en/?search=Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a>, and 26 who belonged to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Census1922b_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census1922b-23">[23]</a></sup> At the time of the <a href="/info/en/?search=1931_census_of_Palestine" title="1931 census of Palestine">1931 census</a>, the population had increased to 910; 470 Christians and 440 Muslims, in 215 houses.<sup id="cite_ref-Census1931_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census1931-24">[24]</a></sup> The Christians largely inhabited the older, northern part of Aboud, while the Muslims inhabited the relatively newer, southern part.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellenblum132_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellenblum132-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the <a href="/info/en/?search=Village_Statistics,_1945" title="Village Statistics, 1945">1945 statistics</a>, the population was 1,080; 550 Muslims and 530 Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> The total land area was 15,007 <a href="/info/en/?search=Dunam" title="Dunam">dunams</a>, according to an official land and population survey.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> Of this, 4,843 dunams were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, and 1,905 for cereals,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> while 55 dunams were classified as built-up (urban) areas.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Jordanian_era">Jordanian era</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In the wake of the <a href="/info/en/?search=1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, and after the <a href="/info/en/?search=1949_Armistice_Agreements" title="1949 Armistice Agreements">1949 Armistice Agreements</a>, Aboud came under <a href="/info/en/?search=Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordanian</a> rule. It was <a href="/info/en/?search=Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">annexed by Jordan</a> in 1950.
</p><p>The Jordanian census of 1961 found 1,521 inhabitants,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> of whom 716 were Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
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<h3><span id="1967.E2.80.93present"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1967–present">1967–present</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Since the <a href="/info/en/?search=Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> in 1967, Aboud has been under <a href="/info/en/?search=Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">Israeli occupation</a>. After <a href="/info/en/?search=Oslo_II_Accord" title="Oslo II Accord">Oslo II</a> in 1995, 16.8% of village land was classified as <a href="/info/en/?search=Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Area B</a>, and the remaining 83.2% as <a href="/info/en/?search=Area_C_(West_Bank)" title="Area C (West Bank)">Area C</a>. Israel has confiscated land from Aboud in order to construct the <a href="/info/en/?search=Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a> of <a href="/info/en/?search=Beit_Aryeh-Ofarim" title="Beit Aryeh-Ofarim">Beit Aryeh-Ofarim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> In late July 2018, Israeli authorities informed village elders that they intended seizing a further 324 dunums (80 acres) of land shared by both Aboud and <a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Lubban_al-Gharbi" title="Al-Lubban al-Gharbi">Al-Lubban al-Gharbi</a> on grounds that the land was needed in order to construct an Israeli-only road between the settlements of Beit Arye and Ofarim.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
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<h2><span id="Church_of_St_Mary_.28Sitti_Miriam.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Church_of_St_Mary_(Sitti_Miriam)">Church of St Mary (Sitti Miriam)</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Abud-152510.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abud-152510.jpg/300px-Abud-152510.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abud-152510.jpg/450px-Abud-152510.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abud-152510.jpg/600px-Abud-152510.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Interior of Church of St Mary, in 2017</figcaption></figure>
<p>Al-Abudiyah Church, also known as Saint Mary's Church, is situated in the center of Aboud. The earliest remains, including two <a href="/info/en/?search=Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a> and the semi-circular <a href="/info/en/?search=Arches" class="mw-redirect" title="Arches">arches</a> they support, suggests a fifth- to sixth-century construction date.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle18_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle18-6">[6]</a></sup>
It was long believed to have been founded during the <a href="/info/en/?search=Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusader</a> period in <a href="/info/en/?search=Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, when it was known as <i>Casale Santa Maria.</i> But, an <a href="/info/en/?search=Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> inscription on a vault in the church, found during late 20th century restoration work, indicates that it was founded before the arrival of Crusaders, but fell into disrepair. According to the inscription, the church was rebuilt in 1058 CE during the <a href="/info/en/?search=Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> era. In the 18th century an additional wall, as well as several windows and doors were constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-Taha_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taha-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p>Restorations and conservation were conducted in 1997. This uncovered remains of a Byzantine church with <a href="/info/en/?search=Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> floors.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> The cement plaster in the vaulting of the church was replaced with traditional mortar, stones inside the church were cleaned, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">atrium</a> was repaved, and a reinforcing northern wall was constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-Taha_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taha-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2013 Christians from the United Kingdom worked on a project with the church choir of St. Mary's Church to record "The Mary Prayers"<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> as a fundraising initiative. Proceeds from the sales of the CD or downloads are directed to humanitarian projects for the Muslims and Christians in Aboud.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>According to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Palestinian_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics">Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics</a>, the village had a population of approximately 2,084 inhabitants in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-2007_PCBS_Census_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007_PCBS_Census-36">[36]</a></sup> It has a mixed population of <a href="/info/en/?search=Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Christians</a>, mostly Eastern Orthodox. It has ancient churches built during the <a href="/info/en/?search=History_of_Palestine#Late_Roman_Empire_period" title="History of Palestine">Byzantine period</a> of the 6th to 8th centuries.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Historically, Aboud's economy was centered on agriculture, specifically olives. Their cultivation in the 21st century takes up 43% of village lands. In total, 57% of Aboud's lands are cultivable; other crops are figs, apples, grapes, and almonds. Its primary agricultural products are <a href="/info/en/?search=Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Nabulsi_soap" title="Nabulsi soap">olive-based soap</a>, dried figs, and almonds. In 2005 agriculture employed 19% of the village's labor force. The remaining 81% work in the governmental and private sectors, construction, and animal husbandry.
</p><p>Following the <a href="/info/en/?search=Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a>, which began in 2000, the residents who worked in Israel (10% of Aboud's labor force) lost their jobs there.<sup id="cite_ref-ARIJ_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARIJ-37">[37]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Archaeology">Archaeology</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h3><span id=".27Abud_Cave"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="'Abud_Cave">'Abud Cave</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Abud-Cave-51.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Abud-Cave-51.jpg/220px-Abud-Cave-51.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Abud-Cave-51.jpg/330px-Abud-Cave-51.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Abud-Cave-51.jpg/440px-Abud-Cave-51.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2085" /></a><figcaption>'Abud Cave</figcaption></figure>
<p>The 'Abud cave, a large <a href="/info/en/?search=Solutional_cave" title="Solutional cave">karst cave</a> in the vicinity of the village, is also a significant archeological site. Artifacts from the Chalcolithic, Middle Bronze, and Iron Ages, as well as the Roman, Byzantine, and early Arab periods, have been discovered in it. During the <a href="/info/en/?search=Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a>, it served as a hideout cave for <a href="/info/en/?search=Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> refugees who left there numerous objects, including oil lamps, glass and metal artifacts, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Bar_Kokhba_Revolt_coinage" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Kokhba Revolt coinage">coins</a> typical of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-:ZissuEtAl2020_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:ZissuEtAl2020-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>Based on the findings from the cave along with the nearby Mokata 'Abud tombs, archaeologists believe that 'Aboud was a Jewish village during the early Roman period.<sup id="cite_ref-:ZissuEtAl2020_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:ZissuEtAl2020-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a></sup> The settlement may have suffered damage during the <a href="/info/en/?search=Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a>, forcing the locals to flee for their lives and abandon their homes. The evidence from the cave suggests that during the Bar Kokhba revolt, tens, possibly even hundreds, of the villagers temporarily took refuge inside. The absence of human remains may suggest that those who sought refuge there managed to escape unhurt, but it could also be a hint of antiquities' robbery, later activity in the cave (such as the return of Jews to bury their brethren), or the archeological's survey's limitations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a></sup>
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<h3><span id="Mokata_.27Abud"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Mokata_'Abud">Mokata 'Abud</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Abud-130134.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Abud-130134.jpg/220px-Abud-130134.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Abud-130134.jpg/330px-Abud-130134.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Abud-130134.jpg/440px-Abud-130134.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Mokata 'Abud, a necropolis of the early Roman period</figcaption></figure>
<p>Mokata 'Abud,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> an <a href="/info/en/?search=Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archeological site</a> located on the northwestern outskirts of the village, contains a necropolis believed to date back to the first century CE. The necropolis features a two-chamber tomb with loculi along with an elaborate portico adorned with wreaths, <a href="/info/en/?search=Rosette_(design)" title="Rosette (design)">rosettes</a>, and grapes, similar to those found in Jerusalem and in other locations in West Samaria.<sup id="cite_ref-:Conder1873_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Conder1873-39">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:Hachlili147_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Hachlili147-40">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:ZissuEtAl2020_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:ZissuEtAl2020-4">[4]</a></sup> Peleg-Barkat conclude that Mokata 'Abud and other similar tombs in Samaria were built by local Jewish elites inspired by the elaborate tombs of the Jewish elite of Jerusalem. While Magen has linked them to the exodus of Jewish craftsmen from Jerusalem to Samaria before the <a href="/info/en/?search=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">siege of Jerusalem</a> in 70 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raviv2013_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raviv2013-43">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/info/en/?search=PEF_Survey_of_Palestine" title="PEF Survey of Palestine">SWP</a> visited in 1866, and made extensive notes about 9 tombs here.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Byzantine_and_Crusader_Churches">Byzantine and Crusader Churches</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Barbara">Barbara</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Abud-132011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Abud-132011.jpg/220px-Abud-132011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Abud-132011.jpg/330px-Abud-132011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Abud-132011.jpg/440px-Abud-132011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Near the ruined St Barbara church, 2017</figcaption></figure>
<p>Adjacent to Aboud is an ancient monastery named after <a href="/info/en/?search=Saint_Barbara" title="Saint Barbara">Saint Barbara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> Located on a hill due west of the village, the Church of Saint Barbara was erected in the <a href="/info/en/?search=History_of_Palestine#Late_Roman_Empire_period" title="History of Palestine">Byzantine period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taha_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taha-3">[3]</a></sup> Archaeologists trace its history to the 6th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-ARIJ_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARIJ-37">[37]</a></sup> Ancient <a href="/info/en/?search=Catacombs" title="Catacombs">catacombs</a> have been uncovered by the church; their <a href="/info/en/?search=Absolute_dating" title="Absolute dating">dating</a> is uncertain. One of the burial caves is especially grandiose, with a door post decorated with carvings of wreaths, grape vines and grape clusters standing at its entrance.
</p><p>On 5 June 1873, <a href="/info/en/?search=PEF_Survey_of_Palestine" title="PEF Survey of Palestine">SWP</a> visited and made a description: "A small ruined chapel ; still a place of pilgrimage for Christians. It is of good masonry, the foundations only remaining, measuring about 10 feet across inside, and 22 feet in length east and west. Between the chapel and the village of 'Abud is a fine pool lined with masonry, which was full when visited."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup>
</p><p>Locals consider Saint Barbara to have been the oldest and most sacred of Aboud's churches. <a href="/info/en/?search=Palestinian_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Christian">Palestinian Christians</a> visited the church annually on 17 December to celebrate the St. Barbara's Day festival. On 31 May 2002, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israeli army</a> blew up and destroyed the church. The Israeli military claimed that they were unaware of the church's significance and demolished it by mistake.<sup id="cite_ref-ARIJ_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARIJ-37">[37]</a></sup>
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<h4><span id="Monastery_of_St_Elias_.28Mar_Elia.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Monastery_of_St_Elias_(Mar_Elia)">Monastery of St Elias (Mar Elia)</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Under <a href="/info/en/?search=Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid rule</a>, in 1030, a Christian monk named Elias from Aboud copied Syriac manuscripts in <a href="/info/en/?search=Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. He later returned to Aboud and founded the Deir al-Kaukab monastery, also called Monastery of St Elias (Mar Elia), near the village.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellenblum131-132_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellenblum131-132-10">[10]</a></sup> The site of Mar Elia has been identified 1.5 km south-east of the village, and it is assumed that monastery excised into the twelfth century.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Others">Others</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Additional local churches include one dedicated to <a href="/info/en/?search=Theodore_the_Studite" title="Theodore the Studite">St. Theodore</a> (located in the center of the village) and to St. Anastasia (to the south of the village). Both are from the 7th–8th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Dauphin_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dauphin-49">[49]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/vprofile/Abud_Vp_En.pdf">‘Abud Village Profile</a>, ARIJ, p. 5</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Finkelstein202-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein202_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finkelstein et al, 1997, pp. 202–203</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Taha-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taha_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taha_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taha_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taha_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taha_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taha_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taha_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFH._Taha1997" class="citation journal cs1">H. Taha (1997). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304034019/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/sbf/Books/LA47/47359HT.pdf">"A salvage excavation at the 'Abudiyah Church in Abud – Samaria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Liber Annuus</i>. <b>47</b>: 359–374 and <a class="external text" href="https://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/sbf/Books/LA47/47655tav.pdf">plates 17–20</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/sbf/Books/LA47/47359HT.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liber+Annuus&rft.atitle=A+salvage+excavation+at+the+%27Abudiyah+Church+in+Abud+%E2%80%93+Samaria&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=359-374+and+plates+17-20&rft.date=1997&rft.au=H.+Taha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christusrex.org%2Fwww1%2Fofm%2Fsbf%2FBooks%2FLA47%2F47359HT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:ZissuEtAl2020-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:ZissuEtAl2020_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:ZissuEtAl2020_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:ZissuEtAl2020_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:ZissuEtAl2020_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJackson-TalRavivLangfordDavidovich2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson-Tal, Ruth E.; Raviv, Dvir; Langford, Boaz; Davidovich, Uri; <a href="/info/en/?search=Amos_Frumkin" title="Amos Frumkin">Frumkin, A.</a>; Porat, Roi; Zissu, Boaz (2020). <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26951073">"Glass Use as a Reflection of Abandonment Processes: The 'Abud Refuge Cave, Roman Judea (133/134 C.E.)"</a>. <i>Journal of Glass Studies</i>. <b>62</b>: 69–82. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0075-4250">0075-4250</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26951073">26951073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Glass+Studies&rft.atitle=Glass+Use+as+a+Reflection+of+Abandonment+Processes%3A+The+%27Abud+Refuge+Cave%2C+Roman+Judea+%28133%2F134+C.E.%29&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=69-82&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26951073%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0075-4250&rft.aulast=Jackson-Tal&rft.aufirst=Ruth+E.&rft.au=Raviv%2C+Dvir&rft.au=Langford%2C+Boaz&rft.au=Davidovich%2C+Uri&rft.au=Frumkin%2C+A.&rft.au=Porat%2C+Roi&rft.au=Zissu%2C+Boaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26951073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFזיסולנגפורדפורתרביב2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">זיסו, בועז; לנגפורד, בועז; פורת, רועי; רביב, דביר; פרומקין, עמוס (2017). "מערת עבוד בימי מרידות היהודים ברומאים - תובנות חדשות לאור ממצאים חדשים וניתוח הממצא הקרמי". In טבגר, אהרון; עמר, זהר (eds.). <i>במעבה ההר</i> [<i>In the Highland's Depth</i>] (in Hebrew). Vol. 7. אוניברסיטת אריאל ומדרשת הרי גופנא. pp. 172–173. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-965-91808-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-91808-0-6"><bdi>978-965-91808-0-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%AA+%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99+%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D+-+%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%97+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%90+%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99&rft.btitle=%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A8&rft.pages=172-173&rft.pub=%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA+%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99+%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%90&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-965-91808-0-6&rft.aulast=%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95&rft.aufirst=%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%96&rft.au=%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%2C+%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%96&rft.au=%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%2C+%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%99&rft.au=%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%2C+%D7%93%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8&rft.au=%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9F%2C+%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Pringle18-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle18_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle18_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pringle, 1993, p. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18">18</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Rubin98-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rubin98_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRubin1998" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Milka (1998). "Arabization versus Islamization". In Kofsky, Arieh; G. Stroumsa, Guy (eds.). <i>Sharing the Sacred: Religious Contacts and Conflicts in the Holy Land: First-Fifteenth Centuries CE</i>. Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben Zvi. p. 158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arabization+versus+Islamization&rft.btitle=Sharing+the+Sacred%3A+Religious+Contacts+and+Conflicts+in+the+Holy+Land%3A+First-Fifteenth+Centuries+CE&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Yad+Izhak+Ben+Zvi&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Milka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ellenblum130-131-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellenblum130-131_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellenblum130-131_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellenblum, 2003, pp. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C&pg=PA130">130</a>– <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C&pg=PA131">131</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellenblum, 2003, p. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C&pg=PA133">133</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ellenblum131-132-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellenblum131-132_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellenblum131-132_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellenblum131-132_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellenblum, 2003, pp. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C&pg=PA131">131</a>–<a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C&pg=PA132">132</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Röhricht, 1893, RHH, p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n145/mode/1up">145</a>, no 547; cited in Pringle, 1993, p. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18">18</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/info/en/?search=Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a> quoted in le Strange, 1890, p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/382/mode/1up">382</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ellenblum132-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellenblum132_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellenblum132_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellenblum132_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellenblum, 2003, p. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C&pg=PA132">132</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petersen, 2005, p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TheTownsOfPalestineUnderUnderMuslimRule/AndrewPetersenTheTownsOfPalestineUnderMuslimRule-600-1600#page/n139/mode/1up">131</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 156</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Robinson124-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson124_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/124/mode/1up">124</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guérin, 1875, pp. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n114/mode/1up">87</a>–90</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Socin, 1879, p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/142/mode/1up">142</a> Noted to be in the <i>Beni Zeid</i> district</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartmann, 1883, p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n914/mode/1up">106</a>, found 110 houses</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/289/mode/1up">289</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schick, 1896, p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde19deut#page/n229/mode/1up">122</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Census1922a-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census1922a_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Ramallah, p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n18/mode/1up">16</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Census1922b-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census1922b_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barron, 1923, Table XIV, p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n47/mode/1up">45</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Census1931-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census1931_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mills, 1932, p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas">47</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. <a class="external text" href="https://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p26.jpg">26</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. <i>Village Statistics, April, 1945.</i> Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. <a class="external text" href="https://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Ramallah/Page-064.jpg">64</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. <i>Village Statistics, April, 1945.</i> Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. <a class="external text" href="https://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Ramallah/Page-111.jpg">111</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. <i>Village Statistics, April, 1945.</i> Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. <a class="external text" href="https://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Ramallah/Page-161.jpg">161</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Government of Jordan, 1964, p. <a class="external text" href="https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p24.pdf">24</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, pp. <a class="external text" href="https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-pp115-116.pdf">115–116</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a class="external text" href="https://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/vprofile/Abud_Vp_En.pdf">‘Abud Village Profile</a>, ARIJ, pp. 16–17</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yumna Patel, <a class="external text" href="https://mondoweiss.net/2018/08/settlements-christian-palestine/">'Drowning among Israeli settlements, an ancient Christian village in Palestine struggles to survive</a>,' <a href="/info/en/?search=Mondoweiss" title="Mondoweiss">Mondoweiss</a> 17 August 2018</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pringle, 1993, pp. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18">18</a> – <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA20">20</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pringle, 2009, p. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKwienZI03MC&pg=PA249">249</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://open.spotify.com/album/5qwaEkkoJ0lerX5HWG5A0N">The Mary Prayers</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2007_PCBS_Census-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2007_PCBS_Census_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book1487.pdf">2007 PCBS Census</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Palestinian_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics">Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics</a>. p. 112.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ARIJ-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ARIJ_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARIJ_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARIJ_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://poica.org/2005/06/aboud-the-city-of-flowers-threatened-by-the-israeli-segregation-wall/">'Aboud, the city of flowers, threatened by the Israeli Segregation Wall</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804140554/http://poica.org/2005/06/aboud-the-city-of-flowers-threatened-by-the-israeli-segregation-wall/">Archived</a> 4 August 2020 at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem. 9 June 2005.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">meaning: "The quarries of Abud", according to Palmer, 1881, p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft/page/239/mode/1up">239</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:Conder1873-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Conder1873_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conder, 1873, p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme05pale/page/n166/mode/1up">143</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:Hachlili147-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Hachlili147_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRachel2005" class="citation book cs1">Rachel, Hachlili (2005). <a class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/oclc/56566954"><i>Jewish funerary customs, practices and rites in the Second Temple period</i></a>. Brill. p. 147. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/90-04-12373-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12373-3"><bdi>90-04-12373-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56566954">56566954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+funerary+customs%2C+practices+and+rites+in+the+Second+Temple+period&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56566954&rft.isbn=90-04-12373-3&rft.aulast=Rachel&rft.aufirst=Hachlili&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F56566954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:17-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:17_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peleg-Barkat, O., 2015. “Decorated Tomb Façades in Early Roman Jerusalem and their Influence on the Decoration of Tombs in Judaea and Samaria,” in: Ben-Arieh, Y. et. al (eds.), Study of Jerusalem through the Ages, Jerusalem: Yad Yitzhak Ben Zvi, pp. 73−121. (Hebrew)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMagen2008" class="citation book cs1">Magen, Y. (2008). "Tombs Ornamented in Jerusalem Style in Samaria and the Hebron Hills". <i>Judea and Samaria Researches and Discoveries</i>. Vol. 6. Jerusalem. p. 163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tombs+Ornamented+in+Jerusalem+Style+in+Samaria+and+the+Hebron+Hills&rft.btitle=Judea+and+Samaria+Researches+and+Discoveries&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=163&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Magen&rft.aufirst=Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/info/en/?search=Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Raviv2013-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raviv2013_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raviv D., 2013, "Magnificent Tombs from the Second Temple Period in Western Samaria - New Insights", <i>In the Highland's Depth - Ephraim Range and Binyamin Research Studies</i>, Vol. 3, Ariel-Talmon ,pp. 109-142. (Hebrew)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conder and Kitchener, 1882, pp.<a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft/page/361/mode/1up">361</a>-364</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, 1881, p.<a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft/page/226/mode/1up">226</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conder and Kitchener, 1882, p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft/page/305/mode/1up">305</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pringle, 1993, pp.<a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA196">196</a>-<a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA197">197</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guérin, 1875, p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n113/mode/1up">86</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Dauphin-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dauphin_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dauphin, 1998, p. 825</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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</h2>
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBarron,_J.B.1923" class="citation book cs1">Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922"><i>Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922</i></a>. Government of Palestine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine%3A+Report+and+General+Abstracts+of+the+Census+of+1922&rft.pub=Government+of+Palestine&rft.date=1923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPalestineCensus1922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFClermont-Ganneau1898" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/info/en/?search=Charles_Simon_Clermont-Ganneau" title="Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau">Clermont-Ganneau, C.S.</a> (1898). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RecueilDarcheologieOrientaletome2"><i>Recueil d'archéologie orientale</i></a> (in French). Vol. 2. Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recueil+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+orientale&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Clermont-Ganneau&rft.aufirst=C.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FRecueilDarcheologieOrientaletome2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/info/en/?search=Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> (p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/RecueilDarcheologieOrientaletome2/Recueil_d_archologie_orientale-7#page/n179/mode/1up">166</a> ff)</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFConderKitchener1882" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Claude_Reignier_Conder" title="Claude Reignier Conder">Conder, C.R.</a>; <a href="/info/en/?search=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Kitchener, H.H.</a> (1882). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft"><i>The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology</i></a>. Vol. 2. London: <a href="/info/en/?search=Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Survey+of+Western+Palestine%3A+Memoirs+of+the+Topography%2C+Orography%2C+Hydrography%2C+and+Archaeology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Conder&rft.aufirst=C.R.&rft.au=Kitchener%2C+H.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurveyofwesternp02conduoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span> (pp. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/302/mode/1up">302</a>–03, <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/305/mode/1up">305</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/347/mode/1up">347</a>)</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFConder,_C.R.1873" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Claude_Reignier_Conder" title="Claude Reignier Conder">Conder, C.R.</a> (1873). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme05pale">"Lieut. Claude R. Conder's report"</a>. <i>Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund</i>. <b>5</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Statement+-+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.atitle=Lieut.+Claude+R.+Conder%27s+report&rft.volume=5&rft.date=1873&rft.au=Conder%2C+C.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquarterlystateme05pale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDauphin1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/info/en/?search=Claudine_Dauphin" title="Claudine Dauphin">Dauphin, C.</a> (1998). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ"><i>La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations</i></a>. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-860549-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-860549-05-4"><bdi>0-860549-05-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Palestine+byzantine%2C+Peuplement+et+Populations&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=BAR+International+Series+726&rft.pub=Archeopress&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-860549-05-4&rft.aulast=Dauphin&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFC1mAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEllenblum2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ronnie_Ellenblum" title="Ronnie Ellenblum">Ellenblum, R.</a> (2003). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C"><i>Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9780521521871" title="Special:BookSources/9780521521871"><bdi>9780521521871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankish+Rural+Settlement+in+the+Latin+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780521521871&rft.aulast=Ellenblum&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DriHMZiH_Te4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein,_I.Lederman,_Zvi1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Finkelstein, I.</a>; Lederman, Zvi, eds. (1997). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hA59tgAACAAJ"><i>Highlands of many cultures</i></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>: Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University Publications Section. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/965-440-007-3" title="Special:BookSources/965-440-007-3"><bdi>965-440-007-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Highlands+of+many+cultures&rft.place=Tel+Aviv&rft.pub=Institute+of+Archaeology+of+Tel+Aviv+University+Publications+Section&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=965-440-007-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhA59tgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Jordan,_Department_of_Statistics1964" class="citation book cs1">Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics (1964). <a class="external text" href="https://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensus1961bits.pdf"><i>First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Census+of+Population+and+Housing.+Volume+I%3A+Final+Tables%3B+General+Characteristics+of+the+Population&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Government+of+Jordan%2C+Department+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcs.anu.edu.au%2F~bdm%2Fyabber%2Fcensus%2FJordanCensus1961bits.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Palestine,_Department_of_Statistics1945" class="citation book cs1">Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). <a class="external text" href="https://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390"><i>Village Statistics, April, 1945</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Village+Statistics%2C+April%2C+1945&rft.date=1945&rft.au=Government+of+Palestine%2C+Department+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.nli.org.il%2Fsites%2Fnli%2FHebrew%2Flibrary%2FPages%2FBookReader.aspx%3Fpid%3D856390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGuérin1875" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/info/en/?search=Victor_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Victor Guérin">Guérin, V.</a> (1875). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr04gugoog"><i>Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine</i></a> (in French). Vol. 2: Samarie, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+G%C3%A9ographique+Historique+et+Arch%C3%A9ologique+de+la+Palestine&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Imprimerie+Nationale&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Gu%C3%A9rin&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdescriptiongogr04gugoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHadawi1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Sami_Hadawi" title="Sami Hadawi">Hadawi, S.</a> (1970). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181208215837/http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html"><i>Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine</i></a>. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html">the original</a> on 8 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Village+Statistics+of+1945%3A+A+Classification+of+Land+and+Area+ownership+in+Palestine&rft.pub=Palestine+Liberation+Organization+Research+Centre&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Hadawi&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palestineremembered.com%2FArticles%2FGeneral-2%2FStory3150.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHartmann1883" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Martin_Hartmann" title="Martin Hartmann">Hartmann, M.</a> (1883). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ">"Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins</i>. <b>6</b>: 102–149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+des+Deutschen+Pal%C3%A4stina-Vereins&rft.atitle=Die+Ortschaftenliste+des+Liwa+Jerusalem+in+dem+t%C3%BCrkischen+Staatskalender+f%C3%BCr+Syrien+auf+das+Jahr+1288+der+Flucht+%281871%29&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=102-149&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHütterothAbdulfattah1977" class="citation book cs1">Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ"><i>Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century</i></a>. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/3-920405-41-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-920405-41-2"><bdi>3-920405-41-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Geography+of+Palestine%2C+Transjordan+and+Southern+Syria+in+the+Late+16th+Century&rft.pub=Erlanger+Geographische+Arbeiten%2C+Sonderband+5.+Erlangen%2C+Germany%3A+Vorstand+der+Fr%C3%A4nkischen+Geographischen+Gesellschaft&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=3-920405-41-2&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCtteroth&rft.aufirst=Wolf-Dieter&rft.au=Abdulfattah%2C+Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwqULAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Strange1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Guy_Le_Strange" title="Guy Le Strange">Le Strange, G.</a> (1890). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft"><i>Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500</i></a>. London: Committee of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Under+the+Moslems%3A+A+Description+of+Syria+and+the+Holy+Land+from+A.D.+650+to+1500&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Le+Strange&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalestineundermo00lestuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMills,_E.1932" class="citation book cs1">Mills, E., ed. (1932). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas"><i>Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas</i></a>. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+Palestine+1931.+Population+of+Villages%2C+Towns+and+Administrative+Areas&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Government+of+Palestine&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1881" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_Henry_Palmer" title="Edward Henry Palmer">Palmer, E.H.</a> (1881). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft"><i>The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer</i></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Survey+of+Western+Palestine%3A+Arabic+and+English+Name+Lists+Collected+During+the+Survey+by+Lieutenants+Conder+and+Kitchener%2C+R.+E.+Transliterated+and+Explained+by+E.H.+Palmer&rft.pub=Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=E.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurveyofwesternp00conduoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2005" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Andrew (2005). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheTownsOfPalestineUnderUnderMuslimRule"><i>The Towns of Palestine Under Muslim Rule</i></a>. British Archaeological Reports. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/1841718211" title="Special:BookSources/1841718211"><bdi>1841718211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Towns+of+Palestine+Under+Muslim+Rule&rft.pub=British+Archaeological+Reports&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1841718211&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheTownsOfPalestineUnderUnderMuslimRule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPringle1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Denys_Pringle" title="Denys Pringle">Pringle, D.</a> (1993). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A-K (excluding Acre and Jerusalem)</i></a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/info/en/?search=Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9780521390361" title="Special:BookSources/9780521390361"><bdi>9780521390361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churches+of+the+Crusader+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem%3A+A-K+%28excluding+Acre+and+Jerusalem%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780521390361&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBgQ6AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span> (pp. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17">17</a> – <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA23">23</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPringle2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Denys_Pringle" title="Denys Pringle">Pringle, D.</a> (2009). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKwienZI03MC"><i>The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: The cities of Acre and Tyre with Addenda and Corrigenda to Volumes I-III</i></a>. Vol. IV. <a href="/info/en/?search=Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85148-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85148-0"><bdi>978-0-521-85148-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churches+of+the+Crusader+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem%3A+The+cities+of+Acre+and+Tyre+with+Addenda+and+Corrigenda+to+Volumes+I-III&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85148-0&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKwienZI03MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonSmith1841" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Robinson, E.</a>; <a href="/info/en/?search=Eli_Smith" title="Eli Smith">Smith, E.</a> (1841). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft"><i>Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838</i></a>. Vol. 3. Boston: <a href="/info/en/?search=Crocker_%26_Brewster" title="Crocker & Brewster">Crocker & Brewster</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Researches+in+Palestine%2C+Mount+Sinai+and+Arabia+Petraea%3A+A+Journal+of+Travels+in+the+year+1838&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Crocker+%26+Brewster&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Smith%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiblicalresearch03robiuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRöhricht1893" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/info/en/?search=Reinhold_R%C3%B6hricht" title="Reinhold Röhricht">Röhricht, R.</a> (1893). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/regestaregnihie00rhgoog"><i>(RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI)</i></a> (in Latin). Berlin: Libraria Academica Wageriana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28RRH%29+Regesta+regni+Hierosolymitani+%28MXCVII-MCCXCI%29&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Libraria+Academica+Wageriana&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6hricht&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fregestaregnihie00rhgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span> (RRH, p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n119/mode/1up">113</a>, No. 433), (RRH, pp. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n143/mode/1up">137</a>–138, No. 518), (RRH, p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n151/mode/1up">145</a>, No. 547), ( RRH, pp. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n264/mode/1up">258</a>–260, No. 983)</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRöhricht1904" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/info/en/?search=Reinhold_R%C3%B6hricht" title="Reinhold Röhricht">Röhricht, R.</a> (1904). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n530/mode/2up"><i>(RRH Ad) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani Additamentum</i></a> (in Latin). Berlin: Libraria Academica Wageriana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28RRH+Ad%29+Regesta+regni+Hierosolymitani+Additamentum&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Libraria+Academica+Wageriana&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6hricht&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fregestaregnihie00rhgoog%23page%2Fn530%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span> (RRH Ad, p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n560/mode/1up">28</a>, No. 458a)</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchick1896" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Conrad_Schick" title="Conrad Schick">Schick, C.</a> (1896). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde19deut">"Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins</i>. <b>19</b>: 120–127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+des+Deutschen+Pal%C3%A4stina-Vereins&rft.atitle=Zur+Einwohnerzahl+des+Bezirks+Jerusalem&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=120-127&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Schick&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzeitschriftdesde19deut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSocin,_A.1879" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Albert_Socin" title="Albert Socin">Socin, A.</a> (1879). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde01deut">"Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins</i>. <b>2</b>: 135–163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+des+Deutschen+Pal%C3%A4stina-Vereins&rft.atitle=Alphabetisches+Verzeichniss+von+Ortschaften+des+Paschalik+Jerusalem&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=135-163&rft.date=1879&rft.au=Socin%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzeitschriftdesde01deut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAboud" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/_Abud_543/index.html">Welcome To 'Abud</a></li>
<li>Survey of Western Palestine, Map 14: <a class="external text" href="https://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8376">IAA</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.14.jpg">Wikimedia commons</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/factsheet/Abud_vp_en.pdf">'Abud Village (Fact Sheet)</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Applied_Research_Institute%E2%80%93Jerusalem" title="Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem">Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem</a> (ARIJ)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/vprofile/Abud_Vp_En.pdf">‘Abud Village Profile</a>, (ARIJ)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/images/english/'Abud_ap_en.jpg">‘Abud aerial photo</a>, (ARIJ)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/needsfordevelopment/Abud_vp_en.pdf">Locality Development Priorities and Needs in Abud Village</a>, (ARIJ)</li></ul>
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href="/info/en/?search=List_of_cities_administered_by_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities administered by the Palestinian National Authority">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Beitunia" title="Beitunia">Beitunia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Bireh" title="Al-Bireh">al-Bireh</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rawabi" title="Rawabi">Rawabi</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Governate_of_Ramallah_and_el-Beireh.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Governorate of Ramallah and el-Beireh"><img alt="Governorate of Ramallah and el-Beireh" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Governate_of_Ramallah_and_el-Beireh.png/50px-Governate_of_Ramallah_and_el-Beireh.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Governate_of_Ramallah_and_el-Beireh.png/75px-Governate_of_Ramallah_and_el-Beireh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Governate_of_Ramallah_and_el-Beireh.png/100px-Governate_of_Ramallah_and_el-Beireh.png 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="1223" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine"><img alt="State of Palestine" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/50px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/75px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/100px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Municipality_(Palestinian_Authority)" title="Municipality (Palestinian Authority)">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bani_Zeid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bani Zeid">Bani Zeid</a>
<ul><li><small>Beit Rima </small></li>
<li><small> Deir Ghassana </small></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bani_Zeid_al-Sharqiya" title="Bani Zeid al-Sharqiya">Bani Zeid al-Sharqiya</a>
<ul><li><small><a href="/info/en/?search=%27Arura" title="'Arura">'Arura</a></small></li>
<li><small><a href="/info/en/?search=Mazari_an-Nubani" title="Mazari an-Nubani">Mazari an-Nubani</a></small></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Beit_Liqya" title="Beit Liqya">Beit Liqya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bir_Zeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bir Zeit">Bir Zeit</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Deir_Dibwan" title="Deir Dibwan">Deir Dibwan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Mazra%27a_ash-Sharqiya" title="Al-Mazra'a ash-Sharqiya">al-Mazra'a ash-Sharqiya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ni%27lin" title="Ni'lin">Ni'lin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Silwad" title="Silwad">Silwad</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sinjil" title="Sinjil">Sinjil</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Turmus_Ayya" title="Turmus Ayya">Turmus Ayya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Zaitounah" title="Al-Zaitounah">al-Zaitounah</a>
<ul><li><small><a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_Shukhaidem" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Shukhaidem">Abu Shukhaidem</a></small></li>
<li><small><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Mazra%27a_al-Qibliya" title="Al-Mazra'a al-Qibliya">al-Mazra'a al-Qibliya</a></small></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Ittihad,_Ramallah" title="Al-Ittihad, Ramallah">al-Ittihad</a>
<ul><li><small><a href="/info/en/?search=Beitillu" title="Beitillu">Beitillu</a></small></li>
<li><small><a href="/info/en/?search=Deir_%27Ammar" title="Deir 'Ammar">Deir 'Ammar</a></small></li>
<li><small><a href="/info/en/?search=Jammala" title="Jammala">Jammala</a></small></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Taybeh" title="Taybeh">Taybeh</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Village_council_(Palestinian_Authority)" class="mw-redirect" title="Village council (Palestinian Authority)">Village councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aboud</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abu_Qash" title="Abu Qash">Abu Qash</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abwein" title="Abwein">Abwein</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ajjul" title="Ajjul">Ajjul</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=%27Atara" title="'Atara">'Atara</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=At-Tira_(Ramallah)" title="At-Tira (Ramallah)">At-Tira</a></li>
<li>Badiw al-Muarrajat</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Beitin" title="Beitin">Beitin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Beit_Ur_al-Fauqa" title="Beit Ur al-Fauqa">Beit Ur al-Fauqa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Beit_Ur_al-Tahta" title="Beit Ur al-Tahta">Beit Ur al-Tahta</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bil%27in" title="Bil'in">Bil'in</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Beit_Sira" title="Beit Sira">Beit Sira</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Budrus" title="Budrus">Budrus</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Burham,_Ramallah" title="Burham, Ramallah">Burham</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Burqa,_Ramallah" title="Burqa, Ramallah">Burqa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Deir_Ibzi" title="Deir Ibzi">Deir Ibzi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Deir_Jarir" title="Deir Jarir">Deir Jarir</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Deir_Abu_Mash%27al" title="Deir Abu Mash'al">Deir Abu Mash'al</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Deir_Nidham" title="Deir Nidham">Deir Nidham</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Deir_Qaddis" title="Deir Qaddis">Deir Qaddis</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Deir_as-Sudan" title="Deir as-Sudan">Deir as-Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dura_al-Qar%27" title="Dura al-Qar'">Dura al-Qar'</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ein_%27Arik" title="Ein 'Arik">Ein 'Arik</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ein_Qiniya" title="Ein Qiniya">Ein Qiniya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ein_Samiya" title="Ein Samiya">Ein Samiya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ein_Siniya" title="Ein Siniya">Ein Siniya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ein_Yabrud" title="Ein Yabrud">Ein Yabrud</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Janiya" title="Al-Janiya">al-Janiya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jibiya,_Ramallah" title="Jibiya, Ramallah">Jibiya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jifna" title="Jifna">Jifna</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jiljilyya" title="Jiljilyya">Jiljilyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kafr_Ein" title="Kafr Ein">Kafr Ein</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kafr_Malik" title="Kafr Malik">Kafr Malik</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kafr_Ni%27ma" title="Kafr Ni'ma">Kafr Ni'ma</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kharbatha_al-Misbah" title="Kharbatha al-Misbah">Kharbatha al-Misbah</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kharbatha_Bani_Harith" title="Kharbatha Bani Harith">Kharbatha Bani Harith</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Khirbet_Abu_Falah" title="Khirbet Abu Falah">Khirbet Abu Falah</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kobar" title="Kobar">Kobar</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Lubban_al-Gharbi" title="Al-Lubban al-Gharbi">al-Lubban al-Gharbi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Midya" title="Al-Midya">al-Midya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Mughayyir,_Ramallah" title="Al-Mughayyir, Ramallah">al-Mughayyir</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nabi_Salih" title="Nabi Salih">Nabi Salih</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Qarawat_Bani_Zeid" title="Qarawat Bani Zeid">Qarawat Bani Zeid</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Qibya" title="Qibya">Qibya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rammun" title="Rammun">Rammun</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rantis" title="Rantis">Rantis</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ras_Karkar" title="Ras Karkar">Ras Karkar</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Saffa,_Ramallah" title="Saffa, Ramallah">Saffa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shabtin" title="Shabtin">Shabtin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shuqba" title="Shuqba">Shuqba</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Surda,_Ramallah" class="mw-redirect" title="Surda, Ramallah">Surda</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Umm_Safa" title="Umm Safa">Umm Safa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Yabrud,_Ramallah" title="Yabrud, Ramallah">Yabrud</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Palestine_refugee_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine refugee camps">Refugee camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Am%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Am'ari">Am'ari</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Deir_%27Ammar_Camp" title="Deir 'Ammar Camp">Deir 'Ammar</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jalazone" title="Jalazone">Jalazone</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Qaddura" title="Qaddura">Qaddura</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Silwad_Camp" title="Silwad Camp">Silwad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1713793624' |