Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Second letter of the Greek alphabet}}
{{Distinguish|B|Betta|Ve (Cyrillic)}}
{{for multi|the German eszett|ß|the Chinese radical|阝|the Malayalam script|ദ||Beta (disambiguation)}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2012}}
{{Greek Alphabet|letter=beta}}
'''Beta''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|b|iː|t|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|b|eɪ|t|ə}}; uppercase {{Script|Grek|'''Β'''}}, lowercase {{not a typo|{{Script|Grek|'''β'''}}}}, or [[cursive Greek|cursive]] {{Script|Grek|[[#Typography|{{not a typo|ϐ}}]]}}; {{lang-grc|βῆτα|bē̂ta}} or {{lang-ell|βήτα|víta}}) is the second letter of the [[Greek alphabet]]. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 2. In [[Ancient Greek]], beta represented the [[voiced bilabial plosive]] {{IPA-el|b|IPA}}. In [[Modern Greek]], it represents the [[voiced labiodental fricative]] {{IPA-el|v|IPA}} while {{IPA-el|b|IPA}} in borrowed words is instead commonly transcribed as μπ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Romanization of Greek for Geographical Names (1987) |url=http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_el.htm |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.eki.ee}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pronouncing the Greek Alphabet |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/the-greek-alphabet-1705558 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en}}</ref> Letters that arose from beta include the Roman letter {{angle bracket|[[B]]}} and the Cyrillic letters {{angle bracket|[[Be (Cyrillic)|Б]]}} and {{angle bracket|[[Ve (Cyrillic)|В]]}}.
==Name==
Like the names of most other Greek letters, the name of beta was adopted from the [[acrophony|acrophonic]] name of the corresponding letter in Phoenician, which was the common [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] word ''*bait'' ('house'). In Greek, the name was {{lang|grc|βῆτα}} ''bêta'', pronounced {{IPA-el|bɛ̂ːta|}} in Ancient Greek. It is spelled βήτα in modern monotonic orthography and pronounced {{IPA-el|ˈvita|}}.
==History==
{{see also|Archaic Greek alphabets}}
The letter beta was derived from the [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician letter]] [[Bet (letter)|beth]] [[Image:Phoenician beth.svg|20px|Beth]].
{{cn span|text=The letter Β had the largest number of highly divergent local forms. Besides the standard form (either rounded or pointed, {{GrGl|Beta 16}}), there were forms as varied as {{GrGl|Beta 12}} ([[Gortyn]]), {{GrGl|Beta 01}} and {{GrGl|Beta 10}} ([[Thera]]), {{GrGl|Beta 03}} ([[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]]), {{GrGl|Beta 05}} ([[Melos]]), {{GrGl|Beta Corinth 1}} ([[Corinth]]), {{GrGl|Beta Byzantium 1}} ([[Megara]], [[Byzantium]]), and {{GrGl|Gamma C-shaped}} ([[Cyclades]]).|date=July 2022}}
==Uses==
[[File:NAMA Alphabet grec.jpg|thumb|The Greek alphabet on an ancient [[black figure]] vessel, with the characteristically angular beta of the time]]
===Algebraic numerals===
In the system of [[Greek numerals]], beta has a value of 2. Such use is denoted by a number mark: Β′.
===Computing===
{{see also|Software release life cycle#Beta|Alpha–beta pruning}}
===Finance===
[[Beta (finance)|Beta is used in finance]] as a measure of (historical; pseudo-implied) financial asset '''sensitivity to the relevant benchmark index'''. Conditional on the benchmark index, the resulting '''beta value can vary considerably''' (S&P500 vs NASDAQ vs ETF of a specific industry).
Beta '''should not be confused with standard deviation''' (or the semi-variance, which considers only negative returns): the preferred measure of the "riskiness" (historical volatility of returns) of a financial asset or a portfolio in isolation.
Beta can be calculated as the covariance of a financial asset (or portfolio) with its benchmark index, divided by the variance of the benchmark index.
Since the industry of finance gravitates towards return generating activities, typically the historical returns (percentage changes) are used in the calculations Beta values (among others).
There are numerous other methods a financial analyst can employ to derive Beta values if historical prices are not available.
Beta values change over time (company restructuring; industry sentiment; endo/exogenous factors). Beta values also vary, conditional on the time period used in calculating a Beta value.
Beta values can be negative, which infers the existence of financial assets which historically, tended to move in opposite directions to one another by some unit value.
It would seem these are the optimal "hedges" to offset market-draw-downs, during periods of market-stress and poor liquidity Beta values can vary dramatically, and previously low or even negative correlations converge to "1".
A beta of 1.5 implies that for every 1% change in the value of the benchmark index, the portfolio's value tends to change by 1.5%.
The greater the absolute value, the greater the implied move.
===International Phonetic Alphabet===
In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], Greek minuscule beta denotes a [[voiced bilabial fricative]] {{ipa|[β]}}.
A superscript version may also indicate a [[compressed vowel]], like {{IPA|[ɯᵝ]}}.
===Meteorology===
Beta has twice been used to [[Tropical cyclone naming|name]] an Atlantic Basin [[tropical cyclone]]:
* [[Hurricane Beta]], in [[2005 Atlantic hurricane season|2005]]
* [[Tropical Storm Beta (2020)|Tropical Storm Beta]], in [[2020 Atlantic hurricane season|2020]]
===Mathematics and science===
Beta is often used to denote a variable in mathematics and physics, where it often has specific meanings for certain applications. In physics a stream of unbound energetic electrons is commonly referred to as [[beta radiation]] or [[beta rays]]. Decays producing electrons or their antiparticles are called [[beta decay]]s. In [[regression analysis]], {{angle bracket|B}} symbolizes nonstandardized partial slope coefficients, whereas {{angle bracket|β}} represents [[Standardized coefficient|standardized (standard deviation-score form) coefficients]]; in both cases, the coefficients reflect the change in the criterion Y per one-unit change in the value of the associated predictor X. β is also used in biology, for instance in [[Beta-Carotene|β-Carotene]], a primary source of [[provitamin]] [[Vitamin A|A]], or the [[Β Cells|β cells]] in [[pancreatic islets]], which produce [[insulin]].
β is sometimes used as a placeholder for an [[ordinal number]] if α is already used. For example, the two roots of a [[quadratic equation]] are typically labelled {{math|''α''}} and {{math|''β''}}.
In spaceflight, [[beta angle]] describes the angle between the orbit plane of a spacecraft or other body and the vector from the sun.
β is sometimes used to mean the [[proton-to-electron mass ratio]].
The uppercase letter beta is not generally used as a symbol because it tends to be rendered identically to the uppercase [[B|Latin B]].
===Rock climbing terminology===
The term "[[Beta (climbing)|beta]]" refers to advice on how to successfully complete a particular climbing route, boulder problem, or crux sequence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rockandice.com/how-to-climb/climbing-terminology/|title=Rock & Ice – Climbing Terminology|last=Rock and Ice|date=3 October 2016}}</ref>
=== Slang ===
{{main|Alpha and beta male}}
''Beta male'', or simply ''beta'', is a slang term for men derived from the designation for beta animals in ethology, along with its counterpart, ''[[Alpha and beta male|alpha male.]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hawley |first1=P. H. |last2=Little |first2=Todd D. |last3=Card |first3=Noel A. |date=January 2008 |title=The myth of the alpha male: A new look at dominance-related beliefs and behaviors among adolescent males and females |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247779752 |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Development |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=76–88|doi=10.1177/0165025407084054 |s2cid=145156929 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hosie |first=Rachel |date=9 May 2017 |title=The Myth of the Alpha Male |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/the-myth-of-the-alpha-male-a7724971.html}}</ref> The term has been used as a pejorative self-identifier among members of [[manosphere]] communities, particularly [[incel]]s, who do not believe they are assertive or traditionally [[masculine]], and feel overlooked by women.<ref name="Jones 2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Callum |last2=Trott |first2=Verity |last3=Wright |first3=Scott |date=2020 |title=Sluts and soyboys: MGTOW and the production of misogynistic online harassment |journal=New Media & Society |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=1903–1921 |doi=10.1177/1461444819887141 |s2cid=210530415 |issn=1461-4448 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref name="Nicholas 2018">{{Cite book |last1=Nicholas |first1=Lucy |last2=Agius |first2=Christine |year=2018 |title=The Persistence of Global Masculinism: Discourse, Gender and Neo-Colonial Re-Articulations of Violence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8I9DwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=[[Cham, Switzerland]] |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-68360-7 |isbn=978-3-319-68359-1 |lccn=2017954971 |access-date=2020-07-17 |archive-date=2020-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811114131/https://books.google.com/books?id=e8I9DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live}}</ref> It is also used to negatively describe other men who are not assertive, particularly in [[heterosexual]] relationships.
=== Statistics ===
In statistics, beta may represent [[type II error]], or [[regression analysis|regression]] slope.
{{anchor|curled beta|Curled beta}}<!--linked from [[Romanization of Greek]], [[ϐ]], [[Curled beta]], &c.-->
===Typography===
In some high-quality typesetting, especially in the French tradition, a typographic variant of the lowercase letter without a [[descender]] is used within a word for [[ancient Greek]]: {{lang|el|βίβλος}} is printed {{lang|el|βί{{not a typo|ϐ}}λος}}.<ref name="haralambous">{{cite web|last=Haralambous|first=Yannis|title=From Unicode to typography, a case study: the Greek script|url=http://omega.enstb.org/yannis/pdf/boston99.pdf|year=1999|page=7|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615031345/http://omega.enstb.org/yannis/pdf/boston99.pdf|archive-date=2011-06-15}}</ref>
In typesetting technical literature, it is a commonly made mistake to use the [[ß|German letter ß]] (a s–z or s–s ligature) as a replacement for β. The two letters resemble each other in some fonts, but they are unrelated.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aguilar Ruiz|first1=Manuel José|title="Las normas ortográficas y ortotipográficas de la nueva Ortografía de la lengua española (2010) aplicadas a las publicaciones biomédicas en español: una visión de conjunto|journal=Panace@|date=2013|volume=14|issue=37|page=104|url=http://www.medtrad.org/panacea/IndiceGeneral/n37-tribuna-MJAguilarRuiz.pdf}}</ref>
===Videotape formats===
"Beta" can be used to refer to several consumer and professional videotape formats developed by Japan's [[Sony|Sony Corporation]]. Although similarly named, they are very different in function and obsolescence.
* [[Betamax]] was the name of a domestic videotape format developed in the 1970s and 1980s. It competed with the Video Home System ([[VHS]]) format developed by the [[JVC|Japanese Victor Company]], to which it eventually succumbed. The Betamax format was also marketed [[Betacord]] by (Sanyo); some cassettes were simply labeled "Beta", and the logo was a lower-case beta. Betamax lost in the market and is an oft-used example of a technically superior solution that failed due to market forces.
* [[Betacam]], including Beta SP and DigiBeta, is a family of professional videotape formats launched in 1982 that was the de facto standard for professional video, advertising, and television production through the 2000s. The formats outlasted analog [[NTSC]] television, and their scarcity today is because the industry has moved to [[High-definition video|HD]] formats.
== Character encodings ==
* Greek Beta
{{charmap
|0392|name1=Greek Capital Letter Beta
|03B2|name2=Greek Small Letter Beta
|03D0|name3=Greek Beta Symbol
|1D5D|name4=Modifier Letter Small Beta
|1D66|name5=Greek Subscript Small Letter Beta
|map2=DOS Greek|map2char1=81|map2char2=99
|map3=DOS Greek-2|map3char1=A5|map3char2=D7
|map4=Windows 1253|map4char1=C2|map4char2=E2
|namedref1=TeX|ref1char2=\beta
}}
* Coptic Vida
{{charmap
|2C82|name1=Coptic Capital Letter Vida
|2C83|name2=Coptic Small Letter Vida}}
* [[Latin beta|Latin Beta]]
{{charmap
|A7B4|name1=Latin Capital Letter Beta
|A7B5|name2=Latin Small Letter Beta
}}
* Mathematical Beta
{{charmap
|1D6A9|name1=Mathematical Bold<br />Capital Beta
|1D6C3|name2=Mathematical Bold<br />Small Beta
|1D6E3|name3=Mathematical Italic<br />Capital Beta
|1D6FD|name4=Mathematical Italic<br />Small Beta
|1D71D|name5=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Capital Beta
|1D737|name6=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Small Beta
}}
{{charmap
|1D757|name1=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Capital Beta
|1D771|name2=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Small Beta
|1D791|name3=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Capital Beta
|1D7AB|name4=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Small Beta
}}
These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.
==References==
{{Wiktionary|Β|β}}
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Beta (Letter)}}
[[Category:Greek letters]]
[[Category:Phonetic transcription symbols]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Second letter of the Greek alphabet}}
{{Distinguish|B|Betta|Ve (Cyrillic)}}
{{for multi|the German eszett|ß|the Chinese radical|阝|the Malayalam script|ദ||Beta (disambiguation)}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2012}}
{{Greek Alphabet|letter=beta}}
'''Beta''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|b|iː|t|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|b|eɪ|t|ə}}; uppercase {{Script|Grek|'''Β'''}}, lowercase {{not a typo|{{Script|Grek|'''β'''}}}}, or [[cursive Greek|cursive]] {{Script|Grek|[[#Typography|{{not a typo|ϐ}}]]}}; {{lang-grc|βῆτα|bē̂ta}} or {{lang-ell|βήτα|víta}}) is the second letter of the [[Greek alphabet]]. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 2. In [[Ancient Greek]], beta represented the [[voiced bilabial plosive]] {{IPA-el|b|IPA}}. In [[Modern Greek]], it represents the [[voiced labiodental fricative]] {{IPA-el|v|IPA}} while {{IPA-el|b|IPA}} in borrowed words is instead commonly transcribed as μπ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Romanization of Greek for Geographical Names (1987) |url=http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_el.htm |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.eki.ee}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pronouncing the Greek Alphabet |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/the-greek-alphabet-1705558 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en}}</ref> Letters that arose from beta include the Roman letter {{angle bracket|[[B]]}} and the Cyrillic letters {{angle bracket|[[Be (Cyrillic)|Б]]}} and {{angle bracket|[[Ve (Cyrillic)|В]]}}.
==Name==
Like the names of most other Greek letters, the name of beta was adopted from the [[acrophony|acrophonic]] name of the corresponding letter in Phoenician, which was the common [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] word ''*bait'' ('house'). In Greek, the name was {{lang|grc|βῆτα}} ''bêta'', pronounced {{IPA-el|bɛ̂ːta|}} in Ancient Greek. It is spelled βήτα in modern monotonic orthography and pronounced {{IPA-el|ˈvita|}}. Betas dont have as much rizz as sigmas fanum tax kai cegyatt duke deniis ohio grimace rizz shake.
==History==
{{see also|Archaic Greek alphabets}}
The letter beta was derived from the [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician letter]] [[Bet (letter)|beth]] [[Image:Phoenician beth.svg|20px|Beth]].
{{cn span|text=The letter Β had the largest number of highly divergent local forms. Besides the standard form (either rounded or pointed, {{GrGl|Beta 16}}), there were forms as varied as {{GrGl|Beta 12}} ([[Gortyn]]), {{GrGl|Beta 01}} and {{GrGl|Beta 10}} ([[Thera]]), {{GrGl|Beta 03}} ([[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]]), {{GrGl|Beta 05}} ([[Melos]]), {{GrGl|Beta Corinth 1}} ([[Corinth]]), {{GrGl|Beta Byzantium 1}} ([[Megara]], [[Byzantium]]), and {{GrGl|Gamma C-shaped}} ([[Cyclades]]).|date=July 2022}}
==Uses==
[[File:NAMA Alphabet grec.jpg|thumb|The Greek alphabet on an ancient [[black figure]] vessel, with the characteristically angular beta of the time]]
===Algebraic numerals===
In the system of [[Greek numerals]], beta has a value of 2. Such use is denoted by a number mark: Β′.
===Computing===
{{see also|Software release life cycle#Beta|Alpha–beta pruning}}
===Finance===
[[Beta (finance)|Beta is used in finance]] as a measure of (historical; pseudo-implied) financial asset '''sensitivity to the relevant benchmark index'''. Conditional on the benchmark index, the resulting '''beta value can vary considerably''' (S&P500 vs NASDAQ vs ETF of a specific industry).
Beta '''should not be confused with standard deviation''' (or the semi-variance, which considers only negative returns): the preferred measure of the "riskiness" (historical volatility of returns) of a financial asset or a portfolio in isolation.
Beta can be calculated as the covariance of a financial asset (or portfolio) with its benchmark index, divided by the variance of the benchmark index.
Since the industry of finance gravitates towards return generating activities, typically the historical returns (percentage changes) are used in the calculations Beta values (among others).
There are numerous other methods a financial analyst can employ to derive Beta values if historical prices are not available.
Beta values change over time (company restructuring; industry sentiment; endo/exogenous factors). Beta values also vary, conditional on the time period used in calculating a Beta value.
Beta values can be negative, which infers the existence of financial assets which historically, tended to move in opposite directions to one another by some unit value.
It would seem these are the optimal "hedges" to offset market-draw-downs, during periods of market-stress and poor liquidity Beta values can vary dramatically, and previously low or even negative correlations converge to "1".
A beta of 1.5 implies that for every 1% change in the value of the benchmark index, the portfolio's value tends to change by 1.5%.
The greater the absolute value, the greater the implied move.
===International Phonetic Alphabet===
In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], Greek minuscule beta denotes a [[voiced bilabial fricative]] {{ipa|[β]}}.
A superscript version may also indicate a [[compressed vowel]], like {{IPA|[ɯᵝ]}}.
===Meteorology===
Beta has twice been used to [[Tropical cyclone naming|name]] an Atlantic Basin [[tropical cyclone]]:
* [[Hurricane Beta]], in [[2005 Atlantic hurricane season|2005]]
* [[Tropical Storm Beta (2020)|Tropical Storm Beta]], in [[2020 Atlantic hurricane season|2020]]
===Mathematics and science===
Beta is often used to denote a variable in mathematics and physics, where it often has specific meanings for certain applications. In physics a stream of unbound energetic electrons is commonly referred to as [[beta radiation]] or [[beta rays]]. Decays producing electrons or their antiparticles are called [[beta decay]]s. In [[regression analysis]], {{angle bracket|B}} symbolizes nonstandardized partial slope coefficients, whereas {{angle bracket|β}} represents [[Standardized coefficient|standardized (standard deviation-score form) coefficients]]; in both cases, the coefficients reflect the change in the criterion Y per one-unit change in the value of the associated predictor X. β is also used in biology, for instance in [[Beta-Carotene|β-Carotene]], a primary source of [[provitamin]] [[Vitamin A|A]], or the [[Β Cells|β cells]] in [[pancreatic islets]], which produce [[insulin]].
β is sometimes used as a placeholder for an [[ordinal number]] if α is already used. For example, the two roots of a [[quadratic equation]] are typically labelled {{math|''α''}} and {{math|''β''}}.
In spaceflight, [[beta angle]] describes the angle between the orbit plane of a spacecraft or other body and the vector from the sun.
β is sometimes used to mean the [[proton-to-electron mass ratio]].
The uppercase letter beta is not generally used as a symbol because it tends to be rendered identically to the uppercase [[B|Latin B]].
===Rock climbing terminology===
The term "[[Beta (climbing)|beta]]" refers to advice on how to successfully complete a particular climbing route, boulder problem, or crux sequence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rockandice.com/how-to-climb/climbing-terminology/|title=Rock & Ice – Climbing Terminology|last=Rock and Ice|date=3 October 2016}}</ref>
=== Slang ===
{{main|Alpha and beta male}}
''Beta male'', or simply ''beta'', is a slang term for men derived from the designation for beta animals in ethology, along with its counterpart, ''[[Alpha and beta male|alpha male.]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hawley |first1=P. H. |last2=Little |first2=Todd D. |last3=Card |first3=Noel A. |date=January 2008 |title=The myth of the alpha male: A new look at dominance-related beliefs and behaviors among adolescent males and females |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247779752 |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Development |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=76–88|doi=10.1177/0165025407084054 |s2cid=145156929 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hosie |first=Rachel |date=9 May 2017 |title=The Myth of the Alpha Male |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/the-myth-of-the-alpha-male-a7724971.html}}</ref> The term has been used as a pejorative self-identifier among members of [[manosphere]] communities, particularly [[incel]]s, who do not believe they are assertive or traditionally [[masculine]], and feel overlooked by women.<ref name="Jones 2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Callum |last2=Trott |first2=Verity |last3=Wright |first3=Scott |date=2020 |title=Sluts and soyboys: MGTOW and the production of misogynistic online harassment |journal=New Media & Society |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=1903–1921 |doi=10.1177/1461444819887141 |s2cid=210530415 |issn=1461-4448 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref name="Nicholas 2018">{{Cite book |last1=Nicholas |first1=Lucy |last2=Agius |first2=Christine |year=2018 |title=The Persistence of Global Masculinism: Discourse, Gender and Neo-Colonial Re-Articulations of Violence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8I9DwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=[[Cham, Switzerland]] |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-68360-7 |isbn=978-3-319-68359-1 |lccn=2017954971 |access-date=2020-07-17 |archive-date=2020-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811114131/https://books.google.com/books?id=e8I9DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live}}</ref> It is also used to negatively describe other men who are not assertive, particularly in [[heterosexual]] relationships.
=== Statistics ===
In statistics, beta may represent [[type II error]], or [[regression analysis|regression]] slope.
{{anchor|curled beta|Curled beta}}<!--linked from [[Romanization of Greek]], [[ϐ]], [[Curled beta]], &c.-->
===Typography===
In some high-quality typesetting, especially in the French tradition, a typographic variant of the lowercase letter without a [[descender]] is used within a word for [[ancient Greek]]: {{lang|el|βίβλος}} is printed {{lang|el|βί{{not a typo|ϐ}}λος}}.<ref name="haralambous">{{cite web|last=Haralambous|first=Yannis|title=From Unicode to typography, a case study: the Greek script|url=http://omega.enstb.org/yannis/pdf/boston99.pdf|year=1999|page=7|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615031345/http://omega.enstb.org/yannis/pdf/boston99.pdf|archive-date=2011-06-15}}</ref>
In typesetting technical literature, it is a commonly made mistake to use the [[ß|German letter ß]] (a s–z or s–s ligature) as a replacement for β. The two letters resemble each other in some fonts, but they are unrelated.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aguilar Ruiz|first1=Manuel José|title="Las normas ortográficas y ortotipográficas de la nueva Ortografía de la lengua española (2010) aplicadas a las publicaciones biomédicas en español: una visión de conjunto|journal=Panace@|date=2013|volume=14|issue=37|page=104|url=http://www.medtrad.org/panacea/IndiceGeneral/n37-tribuna-MJAguilarRuiz.pdf}}</ref>
===Videotape formats===
"Beta" can be used to refer to several consumer and professional videotape formats developed by Japan's [[Sony|Sony Corporation]]. Although similarly named, they are very different in function and obsolescence.
* [[Betamax]] was the name of a domestic videotape format developed in the 1970s and 1980s. It competed with the Video Home System ([[VHS]]) format developed by the [[JVC|Japanese Victor Company]], to which it eventually succumbed. The Betamax format was also marketed [[Betacord]] by (Sanyo); some cassettes were simply labeled "Beta", and the logo was a lower-case beta. Betamax lost in the market and is an oft-used example of a technically superior solution that failed due to market forces.
* [[Betacam]], including Beta SP and DigiBeta, is a family of professional videotape formats launched in 1982 that was the de facto standard for professional video, advertising, and television production through the 2000s. The formats outlasted analog [[NTSC]] television, and their scarcity today is because the industry has moved to [[High-definition video|HD]] formats.
== Character encodings ==
* Greek Beta
{{charmap
|0392|name1=Greek Capital Letter Beta
|03B2|name2=Greek Small Letter Beta
|03D0|name3=Greek Beta Symbol
|1D5D|name4=Modifier Letter Small Beta
|1D66|name5=Greek Subscript Small Letter Beta
|map2=DOS Greek|map2char1=81|map2char2=99
|map3=DOS Greek-2|map3char1=A5|map3char2=D7
|map4=Windows 1253|map4char1=C2|map4char2=E2
|namedref1=TeX|ref1char2=\beta
}}
* Coptic Vida
{{charmap
|2C82|name1=Coptic Capital Letter Vida
|2C83|name2=Coptic Small Letter Vida}}
* [[Latin beta|Latin Beta]]
{{charmap
|A7B4|name1=Latin Capital Letter Beta
|A7B5|name2=Latin Small Letter Beta
}}
* Mathematical Beta
{{charmap
|1D6A9|name1=Mathematical Bold<br />Capital Beta
|1D6C3|name2=Mathematical Bold<br />Small Beta
|1D6E3|name3=Mathematical Italic<br />Capital Beta
|1D6FD|name4=Mathematical Italic<br />Small Beta
|1D71D|name5=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Capital Beta
|1D737|name6=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Small Beta
}}
{{charmap
|1D757|name1=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Capital Beta
|1D771|name2=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Small Beta
|1D791|name3=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Capital Beta
|1D7AB|name4=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Small Beta
}}
These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.
==References==
{{Wiktionary|Β|β}}
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Beta (Letter)}}
[[Category:Greek letters]]
[[Category:Phonetic transcription symbols]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Second letter of the Greek alphabet</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/info/en/?search=B" title="B">B</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Betta" title="Betta">Betta</a>, or <a href="/info/en/?search=Ve_(Cyrillic)" title="Ve (Cyrillic)">Ve (Cyrillic)</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the German eszett, see <a href="/info/en/?search=%C3%9F" title="ß">ß</a>. For the Chinese radical, see <a href="/info/en/?search=%E9%98%9D" title="阝">阝</a>. For the Malayalam script, see <a href="/info/en/?search=%E0%B4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ദ">ദ</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/info/en/?search=Beta_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Beta (disambiguation)">Beta (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image" style="padding:1.0em 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Beta_uc_lc.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Beta_uc_lc.svg/100px-Beta_uc_lc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Beta_uc_lc.svg/150px-Beta_uc_lc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Beta_uc_lc.svg/200px-Beta_uc_lc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccf;font-size:150%;padding:0.25em;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">
<table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;margin-left:0.7em;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Αα</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Alpha" title="Alpha">Alpha</a></td><td> Νν</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">Nu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ββ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beta</a></td><td> Ξξ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">Xi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Γγ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Gamma" title="Gamma">Gamma</a></td><td> Οο</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Omicron" title="Omicron">Omicron</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Δδ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">Delta</a></td><td> Ππ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">Pi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Εε</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Epsilon" title="Epsilon">Epsilon</a></td><td> Ρρ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Rho" title="Rho">Rho</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ζζ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Zeta" title="Zeta">Zeta</a></td><td> Σσς</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Sigma" title="Sigma">Sigma</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ηη</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Eta" title="Eta">Eta</a></td><td> Ττ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Tau" title="Tau">Tau</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Θθ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Theta" title="Theta">Theta</a></td><td> Υυ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Upsilon" title="Upsilon">Upsilon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ιι</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Iota" title="Iota">Iota</a></td><td> Φφ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Phi" title="Phi">Phi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Κκ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Kappa" title="Kappa">Kappa</a></td><td> Χχ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Chi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Λλ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></td><td> Ψψ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Psi_(Greek)" title="Psi (Greek)">Psi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Μμ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">Mu</a></td><td> Ωω</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Omega" title="Omega">Omega</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;">
<a href="/info/en/?search=History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">
<div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic local variants</a>
<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Digamma" title="Digamma">Ϝ</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Heta" title="Heta">Ͱ</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=San_(letter)" title="San (letter)">Ϻ</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">Ϙ</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sampi" title="Sampi">Ͳ</a></li><li>Ͷ <div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsan">tsan</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Digamma#Pamphylian_digamma" title="Digamma">digamma</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div> </div>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Greek_ligatures" title="Greek ligatures">Ligatures</a></li></ul>
<div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/info/en/?search=Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Numerals</a>
<div class="hlist"><ul><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Digamma" title="Digamma">ϛ <span style="font-size:85%;">(6)</span></a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">ϟ <span style="font-size:85%;">(90)</span></a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Sampi" title="Sampi">ϡ <span style="font-size:85%;">(900)</span></a></li></ul></div> </div></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;">
Use in other languages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Albanian_alphabet#Greek" title="Albanian alphabet">Albanian</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;">
Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering" title="Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering">Use as scientific symbols</a></li></ul></td>
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<p><b>Beta</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><small><a href="/info/en/?search=British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </small><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><small><a href="/info/en/?search=American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </small><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; uppercase <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1180947483">.mw-parser-output .polytonic{font-family:"SBL BibLit","SBL Greek","New Athena Unicode","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Foulis Greek","Garamond Libre","Noto Sans","Noto Serif","Cardo","Gentium Plus","Gentium Book Plus","Garamond","Palatino Linotype","DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif","FreeSerif","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Code2000",sans-serif}</style><span class="polytonic"><b>Β</b></span>, lowercase <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483"><span class="polytonic"><b>β</b></span>, or <a href="/info/en/?search=Cursive_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Cursive Greek">cursive</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483"><span class="polytonic"><a href="#Typography">ϐ</a></span>; <a href="/info/en/?search=Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">βῆτα</span>, <small><a href="/info/en/?search=Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">bē̂ta</i></span> or <a href="/info/en/?search=Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">βήτα</span>, <small><a href="/info/en/?search=Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">víta</i></span>) is the second letter of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 2. In <a href="/info/en/?search=Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, beta represented the <a href="/info/en/?search=Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">voiced bilabial plosive</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[b]</a></span>. In <a href="/info/en/?search=Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>, it represents the <a href="/info/en/?search=Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">voiced labiodental fricative</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[v]</a></span> while <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[b]</a></span> in borrowed words is instead commonly transcribed as μπ.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> Letters that arose from beta include the Roman letter <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/info/en/?search=B" title="B">B</a>⟩</span> and the Cyrillic letters <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/info/en/?search=Be_(Cyrillic)" title="Be (Cyrillic)">Б</a>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/info/en/?search=Ve_(Cyrillic)" title="Ve (Cyrillic)">В</a>⟩</span>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Name</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Uses"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Uses</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Algebraic_numerals"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Algebraic numerals</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Computing"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Computing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Finance"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Finance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#International_Phonetic_Alphabet"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">International Phonetic Alphabet</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Meteorology"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Meteorology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Mathematics_and_science"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Mathematics and science</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Rock_climbing_terminology"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Rock climbing terminology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Slang"><span class="tocnumber">3.8</span> <span class="toctext">Slang</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Statistics"><span class="tocnumber">3.9</span> <span class="toctext">Statistics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Typography"><span class="tocnumber">3.10</span> <span class="toctext">Typography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Videotape_formats"><span class="tocnumber">3.11</span> <span class="toctext">Videotape formats</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Character_encodings"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Character encodings</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Name">Name</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Beta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Like the names of most other Greek letters, the name of beta was adopted from the <a href="/info/en/?search=Acrophony" title="Acrophony">acrophonic</a> name of the corresponding letter in Phoenician, which was the common <a href="/info/en/?search=Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> word <i>*bait</i> ('house'). In Greek, the name was <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βῆτα</span></span> <i>bêta</i>, pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[bɛ̂ːta]</a></span> in Ancient Greek. It is spelled βήτα in modern monotonic orthography and pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ˈvita]</a></span>. Betas dont have as much rizz as sigmas fanum tax kai cegyatt duke deniis ohio grimace rizz shake.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Beta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/info/en/?search=Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic Greek alphabets</a></div>
<p>The letter beta was derived from the <a href="/info/en/?search=Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician letter</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">beth</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Phoenician_beth.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beth"><img alt="Beth" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/20px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/30px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/40px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span>.
</p><p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var( --color-emphasized, #595959 ); border:1px solid #DDD;">The letter Β had the largest number of highly divergent local forms. Besides the standard form (either rounded or pointed, <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Greek_Beta_16.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>), there were forms as varied as <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Greek_Beta_12.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Greek_Beta_12.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Greek_Beta_12.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Greek_Beta_12.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Gortyn" title="Gortyn">Gortyn</a>), <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Greek_Beta_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greek_Beta_01.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greek_Beta_01.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greek_Beta_01.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> and <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Greek_Beta_10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Greek_Beta_10.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Greek_Beta_10.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Greek_Beta_10.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thera">Thera</a>), <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Greek_Beta_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_Beta_03.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_Beta_03.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_Beta_03.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a>), <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Greek_Beta_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Greek_Beta_05.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Greek_Beta_05.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Greek_Beta_05.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Melos" class="mw-redirect" title="Melos">Melos</a>), <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>), <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>), and <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg/13px-Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg/19px-Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg/26px-Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a>).</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Beta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/220px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/330px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/440px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>The Greek alphabet on an ancient <a href="/info/en/?search=Black_figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Black figure">black figure</a> vessel, with the characteristically angular beta of the time</figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Algebraic_numerals">Algebraic numerals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Beta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Algebraic numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In the system of <a href="/info/en/?search=Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a>, beta has a value of 2. Such use is denoted by a number mark: Β′.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Computing">Computing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Beta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/info/en/?search=Software_release_life_cycle#Beta" title="Software release life cycle">Software release life cycle § Beta</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Alpha%E2%80%93beta_pruning" title="Alpha–beta pruning">Alpha–beta pruning</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Finance">Finance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Beta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/info/en/?search=Beta_(finance)" title="Beta (finance)">Beta is used in finance</a> as a measure of (historical; pseudo-implied) financial asset <b>sensitivity to the relevant benchmark index</b>. Conditional on the benchmark index, the resulting <b>beta value can vary considerably</b> (S&P500 vs NASDAQ vs ETF of a specific industry).
</p><p>Beta <b>should not be confused with standard deviation</b> (or the semi-variance, which considers only negative returns): the preferred measure of the "riskiness" (historical volatility of returns) of a financial asset or a portfolio in isolation.
</p><p>Beta can be calculated as the covariance of a financial asset (or portfolio) with its benchmark index, divided by the variance of the benchmark index.
Since the industry of finance gravitates towards return generating activities, typically the historical returns (percentage changes) are used in the calculations Beta values (among others).
There are numerous other methods a financial analyst can employ to derive Beta values if historical prices are not available.
Beta values change over time (company restructuring; industry sentiment; endo/exogenous factors). Beta values also vary, conditional on the time period used in calculating a Beta value.
Beta values can be negative, which infers the existence of financial assets which historically, tended to move in opposite directions to one another by some unit value.
It would seem these are the optimal "hedges" to offset market-draw-downs, during periods of market-stress and poor liquidity Beta values can vary dramatically, and previously low or even negative correlations converge to "1".
</p><p>A beta of 1.5 implies that for every 1% change in the value of the benchmark index, the portfolio's value tends to change by 1.5%.
The greater the absolute value, the greater the implied move.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="International_Phonetic_Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Beta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International Phonetic Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In the <a href="/info/en/?search=International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, Greek minuscule beta denotes a <a href="/info/en/?search=Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">voiced bilabial fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[β]</span>.
</p><p>A superscript version may also indicate a <a href="/info/en/?search=Compressed_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Compressed vowel">compressed vowel</a>, like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɯᵝ]</span>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Meteorology">Meteorology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Beta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Meteorology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Beta has twice been used to <a href="/info/en/?search=Tropical_cyclone_naming" title="Tropical cyclone naming">name</a> an Atlantic Basin <a href="/info/en/?search=Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a>:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hurricane_Beta" title="Hurricane Beta">Hurricane Beta</a>, in <a href="/info/en/?search=2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2005 Atlantic hurricane season">2005</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tropical_Storm_Beta_(2020)" title="Tropical Storm Beta (2020)">Tropical Storm Beta</a>, in <a href="/info/en/?search=2020_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2020 Atlantic hurricane season">2020</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mathematics_and_science">Mathematics and science</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Beta&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mathematics and science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Beta is often used to denote a variable in mathematics and physics, where it often has specific meanings for certain applications. In physics a stream of unbound energetic electrons is commonly referred to as <a href="/info/en/?search=Beta_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta radiation">beta radiation</a> or <a href="/info/en/?search=Beta_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta rays">beta rays</a>. Decays producing electrons or their antiparticles are called <a href="/info/en/?search=Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decays</a>. In <a href="/info/en/?search=Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">regression analysis</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨B⟩</span> symbolizes nonstandardized partial slope coefficients, whereas <span class="nowrap">⟨β⟩</span> represents <a href="/info/en/?search=Standardized_coefficient" title="Standardized coefficient">standardized (standard deviation-score form) coefficients</a>; in both cases, the coefficients reflect the change in the criterion Y per one-unit change in the value of the associated predictor X. β is also used in biology, for instance in <a href="/info/en/?search=Beta-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Carotene">β-Carotene</a>, a primary source of <a href="/info/en/?search=Provitamin" title="Provitamin">provitamin</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">A</a>, or the <a href="/info/en/?search=%CE%92_Cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Β Cells">β cells</a> in <a href="/info/en/?search=Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">pancreatic islets</a>, which produce <a href="/info/en/?search=Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>.
</p><p>β is sometimes used as a placeholder for an <a href="/info/en/?search=Ordinal_number" title="Ordinal number">ordinal number</a> if α is already used. For example, the two roots of a <a href="/info/en/?search=Quadratic_equation" title="Quadratic equation">quadratic equation</a> are typically labelled <span class="texhtml"><i>α</i></span> and <span class="texhtml"><i>β</i></span>.
</p><p>In spaceflight, <a href="/info/en/?search=Beta_angle" title="Beta angle">beta angle</a> describes the angle between the orbit plane of a spacecraft or other body and the vector from the sun.
</p><p>β is sometimes used to mean the <a href="/info/en/?search=Proton-to-electron_mass_ratio" title="Proton-to-electron mass ratio">proton-to-electron mass ratio</a>.
</p><p>The uppercase letter beta is not generally used as a symbol because it tends to be rendered identically to the uppercase <a href="/info/en/?search=B" title="B">Latin B</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rock_climbing_terminology">Rock climbing terminology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Beta&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rock climbing terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The term "<a href="/info/en/?search=Beta_(climbing)" title="Beta (climbing)">beta</a>" refers to advice on how to successfully complete a particular climbing route, boulder problem, or crux sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Slang">Slang</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Beta&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Slang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Alpha_and_beta_male" title="Alpha and beta male">Alpha and beta male</a></div>
<p><i>Beta male</i>, or simply <i>beta</i>, is a slang term for men derived from the designation for beta animals in ethology, along with its counterpart, <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Alpha_and_beta_male" title="Alpha and beta male">alpha male.</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> The term has been used as a pejorative self-identifier among members of <a href="/info/en/?search=Manosphere" title="Manosphere">manosphere</a> communities, particularly <a href="/info/en/?search=Incel" title="Incel">incels</a>, who do not believe they are assertive or traditionally <a href="/info/en/?search=Masculine" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine">masculine</a>, and feel overlooked by women.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_2020_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_2020-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nicholas_2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholas_2018-7">[7]</a></sup> It is also used to negatively describe other men who are not assertive, particularly in <a href="/info/en/?search=Heterosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual">heterosexual</a> relationships.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Statistics">Statistics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Beta&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In statistics, beta may represent <a href="/info/en/?search=Type_II_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Type II error">type II error</a>, or <a href="/info/en/?search=Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">regression</a> slope.
</p><p><span class="anchor" id="curled_beta"></span><span class="anchor" id="Curled_beta"></span>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Typography">Typography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Beta&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Typography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In some high-quality typesetting, especially in the French tradition, a typographic variant of the lowercase letter without a <a href="/info/en/?search=Descender" title="Descender">descender</a> is used within a word for <a href="/info/en/?search=Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a>: <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">βίβλος</span></span> is printed <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">βίϐλος</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-haralambous_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haralambous-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>In typesetting technical literature, it is a commonly made mistake to use the <a href="/info/en/?search=%C3%9F" title="ß">German letter ß</a> (a s–z or s–s ligature) as a replacement for β. The two letters resemble each other in some fonts, but they are unrelated.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Videotape_formats">Videotape formats</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Beta&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Videotape formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>"Beta" can be used to refer to several consumer and professional videotape formats developed by Japan's <a href="/info/en/?search=Sony" title="Sony">Sony Corporation</a>. Although similarly named, they are very different in function and obsolescence.
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> was the name of a domestic videotape format developed in the 1970s and 1980s. It competed with the Video Home System (<a href="/info/en/?search=VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a>) format developed by the <a href="/info/en/?search=JVC" title="JVC">Japanese Victor Company</a>, to which it eventually succumbed. The Betamax format was also marketed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Betacord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betacord (page does not exist)">Betacord</a> by (Sanyo); some cassettes were simply labeled "Beta", and the logo was a lower-case beta. Betamax lost in the market and is an oft-used example of a technically superior solution that failed due to market forces.</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Betacam" title="Betacam">Betacam</a>, including Beta SP and DigiBeta, is a family of professional videotape formats launched in 1982 that was the de facto standard for professional video, advertising, and television production through the 2000s. The formats outlasted analog <a href="/info/en/?search=NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> television, and their scarcity today is because the industry has moved to <a href="/info/en/?search=High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">HD</a> formats.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Character_encodings">Character encodings</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Beta&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Character encodings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>Greek Beta</li></ul>
<p><br />
</p>
<table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right">
<caption>Character information
</caption>
<tbody><tr style="text-align:center">
<th scope="row">Preview</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">Β</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">β</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ϐ</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ᵝ</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ᵦ
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061632564">.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child{height:50px}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]{height:100%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div{height:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:0 0.5em}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div>span:nth-child(2){margin:auto;padding:10px 0;font-size:150%;line-height:1}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .smallcaps-cm{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap td:first-child{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .template-charmap-numchr td:nth-child(n/**/+2){font-size:90%;padding:2px}</style>Unicode name
</th>
<td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA
</td>
<td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA
</td>
<td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">GREEK BETA SYMBOL
</td>
<td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">MODIFIER LETTER SMALL BETA
</td>
<td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">GREEK SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER BETA
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>dec</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>dec</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>dec</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>dec</th>
<th>hex
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/info/en/?search=Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td>
<td>914</td>
<td>U+0392</td>
<td>946</td>
<td>U+03B2</td>
<td>976</td>
<td>U+03D0</td>
<td>7517</td>
<td>U+1D5D</td>
<td>7526</td>
<td>U+1D66
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/info/en/?search=UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td>
<td>206 146</td>
<td>CE 92</td>
<td>206 178</td>
<td>CE B2</td>
<td>207 144</td>
<td>CF 90</td>
<td>225 181 157</td>
<td>E1 B5 9D</td>
<td>225 181 166</td>
<td>E1 B5 A6
</td></tr>
<tr class="template-charmap-numchr">
<td><a href="/info/en/?search=Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td>
<td>&#914;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#x392;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#946;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#x3B2;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#976;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#x3D0;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#7517;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#x1D5D;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#7526;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#x1D66;<wbr />
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center">
<td><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">Named character reference</a></td>
<td colspan="2">&Beta;</td>
<td colspan="2">&beta;</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="2">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>DOS Greek</td>
<td>129</td>
<td>81</td>
<td>153</td>
<td>99</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>DOS Greek-2</td>
<td>165</td>
<td>A5</td>
<td>215</td>
<td>D7</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows 1253</td>
<td>194</td>
<td>C2</td>
<td>226</td>
<td>E2</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center">
<td>TeX</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="2">\beta</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="2">
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<ul><li>Coptic Vida</li></ul>
<p><br />
</p>
<table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right">
<caption>Character information
</caption>
<tbody><tr style="text-align:center">
<th scope="row">Preview</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">Ⲃ</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ⲃ
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061632564">Unicode name
</th>
<td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER VIDA
</td>
<td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">COPTIC SMALL LETTER VIDA
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>dec</th>
<th>hex
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/info/en/?search=Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td>
<td>11394</td>
<td>U+2C82</td>
<td>11395</td>
<td>U+2C83
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/info/en/?search=UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td>
<td>226 178 130</td>
<td>E2 B2 82</td>
<td>226 178 131</td>
<td>E2 B2 83
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/info/en/?search=Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td>
<td>&#11394;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#x2C82;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#11395;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#x2C83;<wbr />
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><br />
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Latin_beta" title="Latin beta">Latin Beta</a></li></ul>
<p><br />
</p>
<table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right">
<caption>Character information
</caption>
<tbody><tr style="text-align:center">
<th scope="row">Preview</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">Ꞵ</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ꞵ
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061632564">Unicode name
</th>
<td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER BETA
</td>
<td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">LATIN SMALL LETTER BETA
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>dec</th>
<th>hex
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/info/en/?search=Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td>
<td>42932</td>
<td>U+A7B4</td>
<td>42933</td>
<td>U+A7B5
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/info/en/?search=UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td>
<td>234 158 180</td>
<td>EA 9E B4</td>
<td>234 158 181</td>
<td>EA 9E B5
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/info/en/?search=Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td>
<td>&#42932;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#xA7B4;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#42933;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#xA7B5;<wbr />
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<ul><li>Mathematical Beta</li></ul>
<p><br />
</p>
<table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right">
<caption>Character information
</caption>
<tbody><tr style="text-align:center">
<th scope="row">Preview</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𝚩</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𝛃</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𝛣</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𝛽</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𝜝</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𝜷
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061632564">Unicode name
</th>
<td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">MATHEMATICAL BOLD<br />CAPITAL BETA
</td>
<td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">MATHEMATICAL BOLD<br />SMALL BETA
</td>
<td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">MATHEMATICAL ITALIC<br />CAPITAL BETA
</td>
<td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">MATHEMATICAL ITALIC<br />SMALL BETA
</td>
<td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC<br />CAPITAL BETA
</td>
<td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC<br />SMALL BETA
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>dec</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>dec</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>dec</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>dec</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>dec</th>
<th>hex
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/info/en/?search=Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td>
<td>120489</td>
<td>U+1D6A9</td>
<td>120515</td>
<td>U+1D6C3</td>
<td>120547</td>
<td>U+1D6E3</td>
<td>120573</td>
<td>U+1D6FD</td>
<td>120605</td>
<td>U+1D71D</td>
<td>120631</td>
<td>U+1D737
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/info/en/?search=UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td>
<td>240 157 154 169</td>
<td>F0 9D 9A A9</td>
<td>240 157 155 131</td>
<td>F0 9D 9B 83</td>
<td>240 157 155 163</td>
<td>F0 9D 9B A3</td>
<td>240 157 155 189</td>
<td>F0 9D 9B BD</td>
<td>240 157 156 157</td>
<td>F0 9D 9C 9D</td>
<td>240 157 156 183</td>
<td>F0 9D 9C B7
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/info/en/?search=UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a></td>
<td>55349 57001</td>
<td>D835 DEA9</td>
<td>55349 57027</td>
<td>D835 DEC3</td>
<td>55349 57059</td>
<td>D835 DEE3</td>
<td>55349 57085</td>
<td>D835 DEFD</td>
<td>55349 57117</td>
<td>D835 DF1D</td>
<td>55349 57143</td>
<td>D835 DF37
</td></tr>
<tr class="template-charmap-numchr">
<td><a href="/info/en/?search=Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td>
<td>&#120489;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#x1D6A9;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#120515;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#x1D6C3;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#120547;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#x1D6E3;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#120573;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#x1D6FD;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#120605;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#x1D71D;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#120631;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#x1D737;<wbr />
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><br />
</p>
<table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right">
<caption>Character information
</caption>
<tbody><tr style="text-align:center">
<th scope="row">Preview</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𝝗</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𝝱</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𝞑</th>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𝞫
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061632564">Unicode name
</th>
<td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF<br />BOLD CAPITAL BETA
</td>
<td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF<br />BOLD SMALL BETA
</td>
<td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF<br />BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL BETA
</td>
<td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF<br />BOLD ITALIC SMALL BETA
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th>
<th>decimal</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>dec</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>dec</th>
<th>hex</th>
<th>dec</th>
<th>hex
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/info/en/?search=Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td>
<td>120663</td>
<td>U+1D757</td>
<td>120689</td>
<td>U+1D771</td>
<td>120721</td>
<td>U+1D791</td>
<td>120747</td>
<td>U+1D7AB
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/info/en/?search=UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td>
<td>240 157 157 151</td>
<td>F0 9D 9D 97</td>
<td>240 157 157 177</td>
<td>F0 9D 9D B1</td>
<td>240 157 158 145</td>
<td>F0 9D 9E 91</td>
<td>240 157 158 171</td>
<td>F0 9D 9E AB
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/info/en/?search=UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a></td>
<td>55349 57175</td>
<td>D835 DF57</td>
<td>55349 57201</td>
<td>D835 DF71</td>
<td>55349 57233</td>
<td>D835 DF91</td>
<td>55349 57259</td>
<td>D835 DFAB
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/info/en/?search=Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td>
<td>&#120663;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#x1D757;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#120689;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#x1D771;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#120721;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#x1D791;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#120747;<wbr /></td>
<td>&#x1D7AB;<wbr />
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Beta&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217611005">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%92" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Β">Β</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:β">β</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>
</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
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