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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|War of succession just before the Spanish conquest}}
{{Use American English|date = March 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Inca Civil War
| image = [[File:John Harris Valda - Huscar and Atahualpa fighting over the Inca Empire.jpg|250px|Atahualpa and Huascar fighting for empire.]]
| caption =
| date = 1529 – April 1532
| place = [[Peru]] and [[Ecuador]]
| result = Victory of Atahualpa; reunion of the [[Inca Empire]] under his rule<br/>Weakening of the empire which leads to the [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire|Spanish conquest]]
| combatant1 = Huáscar and his allies such as [[Tumebamba]]
| combatant2 = Atahualpa and his allies
| commander1 = [[Huáscar]]{{POW}}<br/>[[Atoc]]{{KIA}}<br/>Hango{{KIA}}<br/>[[Topa Atao]]{{POW}}<br/>[[Ullco Colla]]{{KIA}}<br/>Tito Atauchi<br/>Uampa Yupanqui<br/>Guanca Auqui<br/>Agua Panti<br/>Paca Yupanqui
| commander2 = [[Atahualpa]]<br/>[[Chalcuchimac]]<br/>[[Quizquiz]]<br/>[[Rumiñawi (Inca warrior)|Rumiñawi]]<br/>[[Ukumari (Inca warrior)|Ukumari]]<br/>Tomay Rima{{KIA}}
| strength1 = ~400,000;<br/>100,000 [[Cañari|Ecuadorian Cañari]]s
| strength2 = Initially 50,000–100,000<br/>At peak some 250,000
| casualties1 = Possibly more than 100,000 killed<br/>[[Tumebamba]] destroyed
| casualties2 = Unknown
}}
{{campaignbox Inca civil wars}}
{{Inca civilization}}
The '''Inca Civil War''', also known as the '''Inca Dynastic War''', the '''Inca War of Succession''', or, sometimes, the '''War of the Two Brothers,''' was fought between half-brothers [[Huáscar]] and [[Atahualpa]], sons of [[Huayna Capac]], over [[Order of succession|succession]] to the throne of the [[Inca Empire]].<ref name=Prescott>Prescott, W.H., 1827, ''The History of the Conquest of Peru,'' Digireads.com Publishing, {{ISBN|9781420941142}}</ref>{{rp|146–149}}<ref name="Hemming, The Conquest, p. 29">Hemming, ''The Conquest'', p. 29.</ref> The war followed Huayna Capac's death.
It began in 1529, and lasted until 1532. Huáscar initiated the war; appointed as king and claiming the throne, he wanted to defeat Atahualpa's competition. Atahualpa was tactically superior to his brother in warcraft and to the mighty armies of [[Cuzco]], which their father had stationed in the north part of the empire during the military campaign.<ref name="MacQuarrie, p. 50">MacQuarrie, ''The Last Days'', p. 50.</ref> Accounts from sources all vary in the exact details. Following Atahualpa's victory, Spanish forces led by [[Francisco Pizarro]] invaded this region. He ultimately captured and killed Atahualpa, after receiving a ransom that was purportedly to free him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pizarro |first=Pedro |title=Relación del descubrimiento y conquista del Perú}}</ref>
== Causes of the division of the empire ==
[[Image:LocationChinchaySuyu.png|thumb|Inca Empire under the control of Atahualpa. It was almost coterminous with the former [[Chinchay Suyu]] province]]
[[Image:Waskhar portrait.jpg|thumb|left|[[Huáscar]], who was defeated in the war between him and his brother]]
In 1524–1526, the Spaniards, under the command of [[Francisco Pizarro]], explored South America.<ref name="Davies, The Incas, p.186">Davies, ''The Incas'', p.186</ref> There were 62 horsemen and 106 foot soldiers.<ref name="Davies, The Incas, p.186"/> They are believed to have carried [[smallpox]] to the continent, as it had been [[endemic]] among Europeans for centuries. The new infectious disease erupted in epidemics and caused high mortality and disaster for the Inca and other indigenous peoples, who had no immunity.
[[Atahualpa]] was the favorite son of [[Huayna Capac]]. The prince accompanied his father on every military expedition in the north. Huayna Capac wanting to test his military capabilities, he sent him on a military expedition to conquer the Pasto people. However, Atahualpa fled and received harsh treatment on his return.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Rostworowski Tovar de Diez Canseco |first=María |title=Le Grand Inca Pachacútec Inca Yupanqui |publisher=Tallandier |year=2008 |translator-last=Duran |translator-first=Simon}}</ref>
Huayna Capac, who was in Tumebamba, heard news of the strangers arriving at Tumbes. Although he did not personally encounter any Spaniards, he contracted smallpox and died in 1527. He named Ninan Cuyochi as his successor. A group of nobles was sent to Cusco to inform Ninan Cuyochi. However, Huayna Capac later instead appointed Huáscar as his heir. Since the auguries were negative, the great priest (Villaq Umu) returned to Tumebamba for Huayna Capac to make a new choice.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=de Gamboa |first=Sarmiento |title=Historia de los Incas}}</ref> But at his arrival, the [[Sapa Inca]] was already dead. Meanwhile, the group of nobles sent to Cusco learned of the death of [[Ninan Cuyochi]].<ref name="Davies, The Incas, p.181">Davies, ''The Incas'', p.181</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cabello de Balboa |first=Miguel |title=Miscelánea antártica}}</ref> It was uncertain who should be the next Inca king; they had no clear rules of succession.<ref name="Davies, The Incas, p.181"/><ref>D'Altroy, 2015, p.107</ref> Two sons of Huayna Capac, Huáscar and Atahualpa, born of different mothers, both claimed the position.
If the sovereign and his successor both died, then a new king was elected by the Inca nobles. And so Huáscar was supported by the nobility in Cuzco, by religious and political authorities and other main figures. He was, through his mother, a part of Capac Ayllu, the [[Panakas|panaka]] of [[Topa Inca Yupanqui|Topa Inca]]. His parents, Huayna Capac and Chincha Ocllo, were siblings. As in some other cultures, the Inca violated incest rules to keep religious and political authority limited among a small elite.<ref>Von Hagen ''The Inca of Pedro'', p. 52.</ref> As to Atahualpa, sources disagree on his ascent. According to some sources, mainly [[Inca Garcilaso de la Vega]], he was the son of a woman from Quito. [[Juan de Velasco]] says his mother was [[Paccha Duchicela|Paccha]], the queen of Quito.<ref>{{Cite book |last=de Velasco |first=Juan |title=Historia del Reino de Quito en la América Meridional}}</ref> However the large majority of [[Atahualpa|reliable sources]] say that Atahualpa was the son of a woman from the panaka of [[Pachacuti]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cieza de León |first=Pedro |title=El Señorio de los Incas}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=de Betanzos |first=Juan |title=Suma y Narración de los Incas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamayhua |first=Juan |title=Relación de las antigüedades deste Reyno del Perú}}</ref> Therefore, the conflict was most likely a conflict between the panakas.<ref name=":0" /> According to the French historian Henri Favre the panaka of Topa Inca was in the Hurin (low) part of Cusco. According to him the conflict was not just opposing the two panakas but all the panakas of Cusco, depending on rather they were Hurin or Hanan (high).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Favre |first=Henri |title=Les Incas |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France}}</ref> Huáscar was described as ill-tempered, suspicious, and disrespectful of laws and customs. This made him unpopular with the Inca nobles in Cusco. Atahualpa, who already had got the support of the Inca armies stationed north, was now plotting against his brother.<ref name=":2" />
== Movements during the war ==
Soon after Huáscar claimed the throne, he expected all subjects to swear allegiance to him. To announce his loyalty, Atahualpa sent his most trusted captains to [[Cuzco]], along with generous gifts of gold and silver (as was customary). Suspicious, Huáscar refused Atahualpa's offering.<ref>Von Hagen ''The Incas of Pedro'', p. 80.</ref> Accusing the half-brother of rebellion, he ordered some of his messengers killed, and sent back his captains dressed as women. Atahualpa declared war against his brother.
Just before the Spaniards arrived in [[Cajamarca]], Atahualpa sent troops to Cusco to capture Huáscar, and headed south himself to execute him. (Later [[Francisco Pizarro]] used this as one of the excuses to execute Atahualpa after Pizarro collected the ransom of gold and silver promised to him for his freedom.)
Huáscar gathered his soldiers in preparation for attack. After getting stunned by his brother,<!-- What does this mean? ambushed? --> Huáscar proclaimed him a traitor.<ref>Von Hagen ''The Incas of Pedro'', p. 81.</ref> Generals [[Chalcuchimac]], [[Quizquiz]], and [[Rumiñawi (Inca warrior)|Rumiñawi]] are believed to have been born in the northern part of the empire, and transferred their loyalty to Atahualpa.<ref name="Hemming, The Conquest, p. 29"/> He assembled the former imperial army in [[Quito]], the Northern region left for his control. People loyal to Atahualpa created a new capital in Quito, so they could follow their preferred ruler and gain favor within the government. Atahualpa agreed to take the leadership role of Sapa Inca in this new capital.
According to chronicler [[Diego de Rosales]], at the moment of the civil war an Inca army was suppressing a rebellion in the [[Diaguita]] lands of [[Transverse Valleys|Copiapó and Coquimbo]].<ref name=Silva1983>{{cite journal |last1=Silva Galdames |first1=Osvaldo |date=1983 |title=¿Detuvo la batalla del Maule la expansión inca hacia el sur de Chile? |url=https://revistas.uchile.cl/index.php/CDH/article/download/46464/48492 |journal=Cuadernos de Historia|language=es |volume=3 |pages=7–25 |access-date=January 10, 2019}}</ref> With the rebellion brutally repressed and the Inca giving rebels "great chastise", the commander of the army departed north to support Huáscar, a cousin.<ref name=Silva1983/>
At this news, Huáscar and his army moved north in a surprise attack at [[Tumebamba]].<ref>Cobo, ''History'', p. 164.</ref> The local [[Cañari]] supported the attack, in order to expel the nearest source of power, with the aim to oust the Inca. Atahualpa was captured and imprisoned. While the army celebrated, they got drunk and allowed a woman in to meet Atahualpa. She secretly took a tool that he used that evening to drill a hole and escape.<ref name="Cobo, History, p. 165">Cobo, ''History'', p. 165.</ref> He immediately prepared a counterattack with his large, experienced army from Quito.<ref>Prescott, ''History of the Conquest'', p. 336.</ref>
From 1531 to 1532, the armies fought many battles.<ref>''The Hispanic American'', p. 414.</ref> Soon after his escape, Atahualpa moved his army south to the city of [[Ambato, Ecuador|Ambato]].<ref name="Cobo, History, p. 165"/> There, on the plains of Mochacaxa, they found Huáscar's men, defeated them,<ref name="MacQuarrie, p. 50"/> and captured and killed many soldiers. Captives included the head general, [[Atoc]], whom they tortured with darts and arrows.<ref name="Cobo, History, p. 165"/> Atahualpa had his skull made into a "gilded drinking cup, which the Spaniards would note that Atahualpa was still using four years later."<ref>MacQuarrie, ''The Last Days'', p. 165.</ref>
Following this victory, Atahualpa strengthened his army and continued south into his brother's land, winning every encounter. Entering [[Cajamarca]], he added to his numbers. He first tried peaceful means to gain loyalty from Huáscar's men; when that did not work, he killed large numbers of opponents. The survivors were frightened into surrender. One report described how Atahualpa massacred the Cañari tribesmen because they pledged allegiance to Huáscar.<ref name="The Hispanic American, p. 415">''The Hispanic American'', p. 415.</ref> When he finally arrived in Cajamarca, Atahualpa sent the majority of his army ahead, led by his head generals, while he stayed in the safety of the city and explored rumors that the Spaniards were entering the land.<ref name="Cobo, History, p. 165"/>
Atahualpa's army pushed south through Huáscar's territory, winning at Bonbon and Jauja. The battle starting on the hillside of Vilcas seemed to favor Huáscar stationed in a stone fortress at the top of the hill, but eventually he retreated. Atahualpa's men won at Pincos, Andaguayias, at the battle between Curaguaci and Auancay northwest of Cuzco, at Limatambo, about 20 miles from Cuzco, and Ichubamba, where Huáscar's men fled.<ref>Cobo, ''History'', p. 166.</ref> In 1532, with Cuzco endangered, "Huáscar sent another army to meet Atahualpa's, but after precarious battles, his forces were routed," and Huáscar was captured.<ref name="The Hispanic American, p. 415"/> Atahualpa's army had won the war. The news traveled back to Atahualpa in Cajamarca, where the army learned about the [[Spanish people|Spanish]] incursion.
== Pizarro and the end of the Spanish conquest of Peru ==
{{campaignbox Spanish conquest of Peru}}
Atahualpa was saluted as a hero; he recaptured Cajamarca, making camp outside the city with some 40,000 troops<ref>Cieza de Leon, ''The Discovery'', p. 192.</ref> while [[Chalcuchimac]] and [[Quizquiz]] chased Huáscar's army to the south. With a disastrous northern campaign, Huáscar had not only lost his best generals and many soldiers, but his army was shocked and demoralized. Huascar and Atahualpa's armies met. Although Huáscar had a dominant position, he did not use it, instead retreating across the Cotabambas River on the way to [[Cuzco]].
Chalkuchimac had a plan of his own and predicted the action of [[Topa Atao]]. He divided his army in two, sending one contingent around Topa Atao's back, and enveloping and destroying the defenders. In January 1532, only miles from Cuzco, Huáscar's retreat was cut off at [[Quipaipan]], and his army was annihilated and disbanded.<ref>Kubler'',"The Behavior of Atahualpa",'' p. 417.</ref> Huáscar was captured and the capital Cuzco was seized by Quizquiz. He purged it of Huáscar's supporters in a massacre. Huáscar was executed the following year.<ref>Kubler, "The Behavior of Atahualpa," p. 417.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/theconquestofperu/a/08incacivilwar.htm|title = The War That Tore the Inca Empire Apart}}</ref>
During the course of the war, Atahualpa's army had grown to 250,000 men, all the strength of the Empire. However, before he could leave Cajamarca, the new king encountered the conquistador Francisco Pizarro, who had reached the city on 16 November 1532. Atahualpa was captured in the ensuing [[Battle of Cajamarca]].<ref>Kubler, "The Behavior of Atahualpa," p. 418.</</ref>
While holding Atahualpa in custody, Pizarro told him he would have Huáscar brought to Cajamarca and would determine which brother was the better [[Sapa Inca]]. In response, Atahualpa ordered Huáscar killed, allegedly by drowning.<ref>Hymas, ''The Last of the Incas'', p. 232.</ref> Months later on August 29, 1533, Pizarro's men hanged Atahualpa at the plaza of Cajamarca.<ref>Means, ''Fall of the Inca Empire'', p. 44.</ref>
--->morning :D
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
*Bauer, Ralph. ''An Inca Account of the Conquest of Peru''. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2005.
*Cieza de Leon, Pedro. ''The Discovery and Conquest of Peru'' (London: Duke University Press); 1998.
*Cobo, Bernabe. ''History of the Inca Empire''. Trans. Roland Hamilton. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1979, 164–166.
*D'Altroy, Terence. ''The Incas'' Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2002.
*Davies, Nigel. ''The Incas'' Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado, 1995.
*de la Vega, Garcilaso. ''Royal Commentaries of the Incas.'' Austin: University of Texas Press, 1966.
*Hemming, John. ''The Conquest of the Inca''. New York, NY: Harcourt, Inc., 1970, 28–29.
*Hyams, Edward, George Ordish.''The Last of the Incas: The Rise and Fall of an American Empire''. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1963.
* {{cite journal|last1=Kubler|first1=George|title=The Behavior of Atahualpa, 1531–1533|journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review|date=November 1945|volume=25|issue=4|pages=413–427|doi=10.2307/2508231|jstor=2508231}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Lovell|first1=W. George|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|date=September 1992|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x}}
*MacQuarrie, Kim. ''The Last Days of the Inca''. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2007, 50.
*Means, Philip A. ''Fall of the Inca Empire''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1932.
* {{cite journal|last1=Powers|first1=Karen Vieira|title=Andeans and Spaniards in the Contact Zone: A Gendered Collision|journal=The American Indian Quarterly|date=Autumn 2000|volume=24|issue=4|pages=511–536|doi=10.1353/aiq.2000.0025|s2cid=161418762}}
*Prescott, William H. ''History of the Conquest of Peru''. Ed. John F. Kirk. Vol. 1. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1874, 336.
* {{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=C. T.|last2=Bushnell|first2=G. H. S.|last3=Dobyns|first3=Henry F.|last4=McCorkle|first4=Thomas|last5=Murra|first5=John V.|author-link3=Henry F. Dobyns|title=Depopulation of the Central Andes in the 16th Century [and Comments and Reply]|journal=Current Anthropology|date=October–December 1970|volume=11|issue=4–5|pages=453–464|doi=10.1086/201146|s2cid=144381832}}
*Von Hagen, Wolfgang, ''The Incas of Pedro de Cieza de León''. Trans. Harriey de Onis. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959, 52, 80, 81, 251.
{{Inca Empire topics}}
[[Category:Inca Empire]]
[[Category:History of South America]]
[[Category:Civil wars involving the states and peoples of South America]]
[[Category:Civil wars of the Middle Ages]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Inca Empire]]
[[Category:Pre-Columbian warfare]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1529]]
[[Category:1530s conflicts]]
[[Category:1529 in the Inca civilization]]
[[Category:1532 in the Inca civilization]]
[[Category:1530 in the Inca civilization]]
[[Category:1531 in the Inca civilization]]
[[Category:Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of South America]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|War of succession just before the Spanish conquest}}
{{Use American English|date = March 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Inca Civil War
| image = [[File:John Harris Valda - Huscar and Atahualpa fighting over the Inca Empire.jpg|250px|Atahualpa and Huascar fighting for empire.]]
| caption =
| date = 1529 – April 1532
| place = [[Peru]] and [[Ecuador]]
| result = Victory of Atahualpa; reunion of the [[Inca Empire]] under his rule<br/>Weakening of the empire which leads to the [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire|Spanish conquest]]
| combatant1 = Huáscar and his allies such as [[Tumebamba]]
| combatant2 = Atahualpa and his allies
| commander1 = [[Huáscar]]{{POW}}<br/>[[Atoc]]{{KIA}}<br/>Hango{{KIA}}<br/>[[Topa Atao]]{{POW}}<br/>[[Ullco Colla]]{{KIA}}<br/>Tito Atauchi<br/>Uampa Yupanqui<br/>Guanca Auqui<br/>Agua Panti<br/>Paca Yupanqui
| commander2 = [[Atahualpa]]<br/>[[Chalcuchimac]]<br/>[[Quizquiz]]<br/>[[Rumiñawi (Inca warrior)|Rumiñawi]]<br/>[[Ukumari (Inca warrior)|Ukumari]]<br/>Tomay Rima{{KIA}}
| strength1 = ~400,000;<br/>100,000 [[Cañari|Ecuadorian Cañari]]s
| strength2 = Initially 50,000–100,000<br/>At peak some 250,000
| casualties1 = Possibly more than 100,000 killed<br/>[[Tumebamba]] destroyed
| casualties2 = Unknown
}}
{{campaignbox Inca civil wars}}
{{Inca civilization}}
The '''Inca Civil War''', also known as the '''Inca Dynastic War''', the '''Inca War of Succession''', or, sometimes, the '''War of the Two Brothers,''' was fought between half-brothers [[Huáscar]] and [[Atahualpa]], sons of [[Huayna Capac]], over [[Order of succession|succession]] to the throne of the [[Inca Empire]].<ref name=Prescott>Prescott, W.H., 1827, ''The History of the Conquest of Peru,'' Digireads.com Publishing, {{ISBN|9781420941142}}</ref>{{rp|146–149}}<ref name="Hemming, The Conquest, p. 29">Hemming, ''The Conquest'', p. 29.</ref> The war followed Huayna Capac's death.
It began in 1529, and lasted until 1532. Huáscar initiated the war; appointed as king and claiming the throne, he wanted to defeat Atahualpa's competition. Atahualpa was tactically superior to his brother in warcraft and to the mighty armies of [[Cuzco]], which their father had stationed in the north part of the empire during the military campaign.<ref name="MacQuarrie, p. 50">MacQuarrie, ''The Last Days'', p. 50.</ref> Accounts from sources all vary in the exact details. Following Atahualpa's victory, Spanish forces led by [[Francisco Pizarro]] invaded this region. He ultimately captured and killed Atahualpa, after receiving a ransom that was purportedly to free him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pizarro |first=Pedro |title=Relación del descubrimiento y conquista del Perú}}</ref>
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== Movements during the war ==
Soon after Huáscar claimed the throne, he expected all subjects to swear allegiance to him. To announce his loyalty, Atahualpa sent his most trusted captains to [[Cuzco]], along with generous gifts of gold and silver (as was customary). Suspicious, Huáscar refused Atahualpa's offering.<ref>Von Hagen ''The Incas of Pedro'', p. 80.</ref> Accusing the half-brother of rebellion, he ordered some of his messengers killed, and sent back his captains dressed as women. Atahualpa declared war against his brother.
Just before the Spaniards arrived in [[Cajamarca]], Atahualpa sent troops to Cusco to capture Huáscar, and headed south himself to execute him. (Later [[Francisco Pizarro]] used this as one of the excuses to execute Atahualpa after Pizarro collected the ransom of gold and silver promised to him for his freedom.)
Huáscar gathered his soldiers in preparation for attack. After getting stunned by his brother,<!-- What does this mean? ambushed? --> Huáscar proclaimed him a traitor.<ref>Von Hagen ''The Incas of Pedro'', p. 81.</ref> Generals [[Chalcuchimac]], [[Quizquiz]], and [[Rumiñawi (Inca warrior)|Rumiñawi]] are believed to have been born in the northern part of the empire, and transferred their loyalty to Atahualpa.<ref name="Hemming, The Conquest, p. 29"/> He assembled the former imperial army in [[Quito]], the Northern region left for his control. People loyal to Atahualpa created a new capital in Quito, so they could follow their preferred ruler and gain favor within the government. Atahualpa agreed to take the leadership role of Sapa Inca in this new capital.
According to chronicler [[Diego de Rosales]], at the moment of the civil war an Inca army was suppressing a rebellion in the [[Diaguita]] lands of [[Transverse Valleys|Copiapó and Coquimbo]].<ref name=Silva1983>{{cite journal |last1=Silva Galdames |first1=Osvaldo |date=1983 |title=¿Detuvo la batalla del Maule la expansión inca hacia el sur de Chile? |url=https://revistas.uchile.cl/index.php/CDH/article/download/46464/48492 |journal=Cuadernos de Historia|language=es |volume=3 |pages=7–25 |access-date=January 10, 2019}}</ref> With the rebellion brutally repressed and the Inca giving rebels "great chastise", the commander of the army departed north to support Huáscar, a cousin.<ref name=Silva1983/>
At this news, Huáscar and his army moved north in a surprise attack at [[Tumebamba]].<ref>Cobo, ''History'', p. 164.</ref> The local [[Cañari]] supported the attack, in order to expel the nearest source of power, with the aim to oust the Inca. Atahualpa was captured and imprisoned. While the army celebrated, they got drunk and allowed a woman in to meet Atahualpa. She secretly took a tool that he used that evening to drill a hole and escape.<ref name="Cobo, History, p. 165">Cobo, ''History'', p. 165.</ref> He immediately prepared a counterattack with his large, experienced army from Quito.<ref>Prescott, ''History of the Conquest'', p. 336.</ref>
From 1531 to 1532, the armies fought many battles.<ref>''The Hispanic American'', p. 414.</ref> Soon after his escape, Atahualpa moved his army south to the city of [[Ambato, Ecuador|Ambato]].<ref name="Cobo, History, p. 165"/> There, on the plains of Mochacaxa, they found Huáscar's men, defeated them,<ref name="MacQuarrie, p. 50"/> and captured and killed many soldiers. Captives included the head general, [[Atoc]], whom they tortured with darts and arrows.<ref name="Cobo, History, p. 165"/> Atahualpa had his skull made into a "gilded drinking cup, which the Spaniards would note that Atahualpa was still using four years later."<ref>MacQuarrie, ''The Last Days'', p. 165.</ref>
Following this victory, Atahualpa strengthened his army and continued south into his brother's land, winning every encounter. Entering [[Cajamarca]], he added to his numbers. He first tried peaceful means to gain loyalty from Huáscar's men; when that did not work, he killed large numbers of opponents. The survivors were frightened into surrender. One report described how Atahualpa massacred the Cañari tribesmen because they pledged allegiance to Huáscar.<ref name="The Hispanic American, p. 415">''The Hispanic American'', p. 415.</ref> When he finally arrived in Cajamarca, Atahualpa sent the majority of his army ahead, led by his head generals, while he stayed in the safety of the city and explored rumors that the Spaniards were entering the land.<ref name="Cobo, History, p. 165"/>
Atahualpa's army pushed south through Huáscar's territory, winning at Bonbon and Jauja. The battle starting on the hillside of Vilcas seemed to favor Huáscar stationed in a stone fortress at the top of the hill, but eventually he retreated. Atahualpa's men won at Pincos, Andaguayias, at the battle between Curaguaci and Auancay northwest of Cuzco, at Limatambo, about 20 miles from Cuzco, and Ichubamba, where Huáscar's men fled.<ref>Cobo, ''History'', p. 166.</ref> In 1532, with Cuzco endangered, "Huáscar sent another army to meet Atahualpa's, but after precarious battles, his forces were routed," and Huáscar was captured.<ref name="The Hispanic American, p. 415"/> Atahualpa's army had won the war. The news traveled back to Atahualpa in Cajamarca, where the army learned about the [[Spanish people|Spanish]] incursion.
== Pizarro and the end of the Spanish conquest of Peru ==
{{campaignbox Spanish conquest of Peru}}
Atahualpa was saluted as a hero; he recaptured Cajamarca, making camp outside the city with some 40,000 troops<ref>Cieza de Leon, ''The Discovery'', p. 192.</ref> while [[Chalcuchimac]] and [[Quizquiz]] chased Huáscar's army to the south. With a disastrous northern campaign, Huáscar had not only lost his best generals and many soldiers, but his army was shocked and demoralized. Huascar and Atahualpa's armies met. Although Huáscar had a dominant position, he did not use it, instead retreating across the Cotabambas River on the way to [[Cuzco]].
Chalkuchimac had a plan of his own and predicted the action of [[Topa Atao]]. He divided his army in two, sending one contingent around Topa Atao's back, and enveloping and destroying the defenders. In January 1532, only miles from Cuzco, Huáscar's retreat was cut off at [[Quipaipan]], and his army was annihilated and disbanded.<ref>Kubler'',"The Behavior of Atahualpa",'' p. 417.</ref> Huáscar was captured and the capital Cuzco was seized by Quizquiz. He purged it of Huáscar's supporters in a massacre. Huáscar was executed the following year.<ref>Kubler, "The Behavior of Atahualpa," p. 417.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/theconquestofperu/a/08incacivilwar.htm|title = The War That Tore the Inca Empire Apart}}</ref>
During the course of the war, Atahualpa's army had grown to 250,000 men, all the strength of the Empire. However, before he could leave Cajamarca, the new king encountered the conquistador Francisco Pizarro, who had reached the city on 16 November 1532. Atahualpa was captured in the ensuing [[Battle of Cajamarca]].<ref>Kubler, "The Behavior of Atahualpa," p. 418.</</ref>
While holding Atahualpa in custody, Pizarro told him he would have Huáscar brought to Cajamarca and would determine which brother was the better [[Sapa Inca]]. In response, Atahualpa ordered Huáscar killed, allegedly by drowning.<ref>Hymas, ''The Last of the Incas'', p. 232.</ref> Months later on August 29, 1533, Pizarro's men hanged Atahualpa at the plaza of Cajamarca.<ref>Means, ''Fall of the Inca Empire'', p. 44.</ref>
--->morning :D
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
*Bauer, Ralph. ''An Inca Account of the Conquest of Peru''. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2005.
*Cieza de Leon, Pedro. ''The Discovery and Conquest of Peru'' (London: Duke University Press); 1998.
*Cobo, Bernabe. ''History of the Inca Empire''. Trans. Roland Hamilton. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1979, 164–166.
*D'Altroy, Terence. ''The Incas'' Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2002.
*Davies, Nigel. ''The Incas'' Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado, 1995.
*de la Vega, Garcilaso. ''Royal Commentaries of the Incas.'' Austin: University of Texas Press, 1966.
*Hemming, John. ''The Conquest of the Inca''. New York, NY: Harcourt, Inc., 1970, 28–29.
*Hyams, Edward, George Ordish.''The Last of the Incas: The Rise and Fall of an American Empire''. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1963.
* {{cite journal|last1=Kubler|first1=George|title=The Behavior of Atahualpa, 1531–1533|journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review|date=November 1945|volume=25|issue=4|pages=413–427|doi=10.2307/2508231|jstor=2508231}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Lovell|first1=W. George|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|date=September 1992|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x}}
*MacQuarrie, Kim. ''The Last Days of the Inca''. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2007, 50.
*Means, Philip A. ''Fall of the Inca Empire''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1932.
* {{cite journal|last1=Powers|first1=Karen Vieira|title=Andeans and Spaniards in the Contact Zone: A Gendered Collision|journal=The American Indian Quarterly|date=Autumn 2000|volume=24|issue=4|pages=511–536|doi=10.1353/aiq.2000.0025|s2cid=161418762}}
*Prescott, William H. ''History of the Conquest of Peru''. Ed. John F. Kirk. Vol. 1. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1874, 336.
* {{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=C. T.|last2=Bushnell|first2=G. H. S.|last3=Dobyns|first3=Henry F.|last4=McCorkle|first4=Thomas|last5=Murra|first5=John V.|author-link3=Henry F. Dobyns|title=Depopulation of the Central Andes in the 16th Century [and Comments and Reply]|journal=Current Anthropology|date=October–December 1970|volume=11|issue=4–5|pages=453–464|doi=10.1086/201146|s2cid=144381832}}
*Von Hagen, Wolfgang, ''The Incas of Pedro de Cieza de León''. Trans. Harriey de Onis. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959, 52, 80, 81, 251.
{{Inca Empire topics}}
[[Category:Inca Empire]]
[[Category:History of South America]]
[[Category:Civil wars involving the states and peoples of South America]]
[[Category:Civil wars of the Middle Ages]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Inca Empire]]
[[Category:Pre-Columbian warfare]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1529]]
[[Category:1530s conflicts]]
[[Category:1529 in the Inca civilization]]
[[Category:1532 in the Inca civilization]]
[[Category:1530 in the Inca civilization]]
[[Category:1531 in the Inca civilization]]
[[Category:Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of South America]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -24,14 +24,5 @@
It began in 1529, and lasted until 1532. Huáscar initiated the war; appointed as king and claiming the throne, he wanted to defeat Atahualpa's competition. Atahualpa was tactically superior to his brother in warcraft and to the mighty armies of [[Cuzco]], which their father had stationed in the north part of the empire during the military campaign.<ref name="MacQuarrie, p. 50">MacQuarrie, ''The Last Days'', p. 50.</ref> Accounts from sources all vary in the exact details. Following Atahualpa's victory, Spanish forces led by [[Francisco Pizarro]] invaded this region. He ultimately captured and killed Atahualpa, after receiving a ransom that was purportedly to free him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pizarro |first=Pedro |title=Relación del descubrimiento y conquista del Perú}}</ref>
-== Causes of the division of the empire ==
-[[Image:LocationChinchaySuyu.png|thumb|Inca Empire under the control of Atahualpa. It was almost coterminous with the former [[Chinchay Suyu]] province]]
-[[Image:Waskhar portrait.jpg|thumb|left|[[Huáscar]], who was defeated in the war between him and his brother]]
-In 1524–1526, the Spaniards, under the command of [[Francisco Pizarro]], explored South America.<ref name="Davies, The Incas, p.186">Davies, ''The Incas'', p.186</ref> There were 62 horsemen and 106 foot soldiers.<ref name="Davies, The Incas, p.186"/> They are believed to have carried [[smallpox]] to the continent, as it had been [[endemic]] among Europeans for centuries. The new infectious disease erupted in epidemics and caused high mortality and disaster for the Inca and other indigenous peoples, who had no immunity.
-
-[[Atahualpa]] was the favorite son of [[Huayna Capac]]. The prince accompanied his father on every military expedition in the north. Huayna Capac wanting to test his military capabilities, he sent him on a military expedition to conquer the Pasto people. However, Atahualpa fled and received harsh treatment on his return.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Rostworowski Tovar de Diez Canseco |first=María |title=Le Grand Inca Pachacútec Inca Yupanqui |publisher=Tallandier |year=2008 |translator-last=Duran |translator-first=Simon}}</ref>
-
-Huayna Capac, who was in Tumebamba, heard news of the strangers arriving at Tumbes. Although he did not personally encounter any Spaniards, he contracted smallpox and died in 1527. He named Ninan Cuyochi as his successor. A group of nobles was sent to Cusco to inform Ninan Cuyochi. However, Huayna Capac later instead appointed Huáscar as his heir. Since the auguries were negative, the great priest (Villaq Umu) returned to Tumebamba for Huayna Capac to make a new choice.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=de Gamboa |first=Sarmiento |title=Historia de los Incas}}</ref> But at his arrival, the [[Sapa Inca]] was already dead. Meanwhile, the group of nobles sent to Cusco learned of the death of [[Ninan Cuyochi]].<ref name="Davies, The Incas, p.181">Davies, ''The Incas'', p.181</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cabello de Balboa |first=Miguel |title=Miscelánea antártica}}</ref> It was uncertain who should be the next Inca king; they had no clear rules of succession.<ref name="Davies, The Incas, p.181"/><ref>D'Altroy, 2015, p.107</ref> Two sons of Huayna Capac, Huáscar and Atahualpa, born of different mothers, both claimed the position.
-
-If the sovereign and his successor both died, then a new king was elected by the Inca nobles. And so Huáscar was supported by the nobility in Cuzco, by religious and political authorities and other main figures. He was, through his mother, a part of Capac Ayllu, the [[Panakas|panaka]] of [[Topa Inca Yupanqui|Topa Inca]]. His parents, Huayna Capac and Chincha Ocllo, were siblings. As in some other cultures, the Inca violated incest rules to keep religious and political authority limited among a small elite.<ref>Von Hagen ''The Inca of Pedro'', p. 52.</ref> As to Atahualpa, sources disagree on his ascent. According to some sources, mainly [[Inca Garcilaso de la Vega]], he was the son of a woman from Quito. [[Juan de Velasco]] says his mother was [[Paccha Duchicela|Paccha]], the queen of Quito.<ref>{{Cite book |last=de Velasco |first=Juan |title=Historia del Reino de Quito en la América Meridional}}</ref> However the large majority of [[Atahualpa|reliable sources]] say that Atahualpa was the son of a woman from the panaka of [[Pachacuti]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cieza de León |first=Pedro |title=El Señorio de los Incas}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=de Betanzos |first=Juan |title=Suma y Narración de los Incas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamayhua |first=Juan |title=Relación de las antigüedades deste Reyno del Perú}}</ref> Therefore, the conflict was most likely a conflict between the panakas.<ref name=":0" /> According to the French historian Henri Favre the panaka of Topa Inca was in the Hurin (low) part of Cusco. According to him the conflict was not just opposing the two panakas but all the panakas of Cusco, depending on rather they were Hurin or Hanan (high).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Favre |first=Henri |title=Les Incas |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France}}</ref> Huáscar was described as ill-tempered, suspicious, and disrespectful of laws and customs. This made him unpopular with the Inca nobles in Cusco. Atahualpa, who already had got the support of the Inca armies stationed north, was now plotting against his brother.<ref name=":2" />
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== Movements during the war ==
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0 => '== Causes of the division of the empire ==',
1 => '[[Image:LocationChinchaySuyu.png|thumb|Inca Empire under the control of Atahualpa. It was almost coterminous with the former [[Chinchay Suyu]] province]]',
2 => '[[Image:Waskhar portrait.jpg|thumb|left|[[Huáscar]], who was defeated in the war between him and his brother]]',
3 => 'In 1524–1526, the Spaniards, under the command of [[Francisco Pizarro]], explored South America.<ref name="Davies, The Incas, p.186">Davies, ''The Incas'', p.186</ref> There were 62 horsemen and 106 foot soldiers.<ref name="Davies, The Incas, p.186"/> They are believed to have carried [[smallpox]] to the continent, as it had been [[endemic]] among Europeans for centuries. The new infectious disease erupted in epidemics and caused high mortality and disaster for the Inca and other indigenous peoples, who had no immunity.',
4 => '',
5 => '[[Atahualpa]] was the favorite son of [[Huayna Capac]]. The prince accompanied his father on every military expedition in the north. Huayna Capac wanting to test his military capabilities, he sent him on a military expedition to conquer the Pasto people. However, Atahualpa fled and received harsh treatment on his return.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Rostworowski Tovar de Diez Canseco |first=María |title=Le Grand Inca Pachacútec Inca Yupanqui |publisher=Tallandier |year=2008 |translator-last=Duran |translator-first=Simon}}</ref>',
6 => '',
7 => 'Huayna Capac, who was in Tumebamba, heard news of the strangers arriving at Tumbes. Although he did not personally encounter any Spaniards, he contracted smallpox and died in 1527. He named Ninan Cuyochi as his successor. A group of nobles was sent to Cusco to inform Ninan Cuyochi. However, Huayna Capac later instead appointed Huáscar as his heir. Since the auguries were negative, the great priest (Villaq Umu) returned to Tumebamba for Huayna Capac to make a new choice.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=de Gamboa |first=Sarmiento |title=Historia de los Incas}}</ref> But at his arrival, the [[Sapa Inca]] was already dead. Meanwhile, the group of nobles sent to Cusco learned of the death of [[Ninan Cuyochi]].<ref name="Davies, The Incas, p.181">Davies, ''The Incas'', p.181</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cabello de Balboa |first=Miguel |title=Miscelánea antártica}}</ref> It was uncertain who should be the next Inca king; they had no clear rules of succession.<ref name="Davies, The Incas, p.181"/><ref>D'Altroy, 2015, p.107</ref> Two sons of Huayna Capac, Huáscar and Atahualpa, born of different mothers, both claimed the position.',
8 => '',
9 => 'If the sovereign and his successor both died, then a new king was elected by the Inca nobles. And so Huáscar was supported by the nobility in Cuzco, by religious and political authorities and other main figures. He was, through his mother, a part of Capac Ayllu, the [[Panakas|panaka]] of [[Topa Inca Yupanqui|Topa Inca]]. His parents, Huayna Capac and Chincha Ocllo, were siblings. As in some other cultures, the Inca violated incest rules to keep religious and political authority limited among a small elite.<ref>Von Hagen ''The Inca of Pedro'', p. 52.</ref> As to Atahualpa, sources disagree on his ascent. According to some sources, mainly [[Inca Garcilaso de la Vega]], he was the son of a woman from Quito. [[Juan de Velasco]] says his mother was [[Paccha Duchicela|Paccha]], the queen of Quito.<ref>{{Cite book |last=de Velasco |first=Juan |title=Historia del Reino de Quito en la América Meridional}}</ref> However the large majority of [[Atahualpa|reliable sources]] say that Atahualpa was the son of a woman from the panaka of [[Pachacuti]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cieza de León |first=Pedro |title=El Señorio de los Incas}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=de Betanzos |first=Juan |title=Suma y Narración de los Incas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamayhua |first=Juan |title=Relación de las antigüedades deste Reyno del Perú}}</ref> Therefore, the conflict was most likely a conflict between the panakas.<ref name=":0" /> According to the French historian Henri Favre the panaka of Topa Inca was in the Hurin (low) part of Cusco. According to him the conflict was not just opposing the two panakas but all the panakas of Cusco, depending on rather they were Hurin or Hanan (high).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Favre |first=Henri |title=Les Incas |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France}}</ref> Huáscar was described as ill-tempered, suspicious, and disrespectful of laws and customs. This made him unpopular with the Inca nobles in Cusco. Atahualpa, who already had got the support of the Inca armies stationed north, was now plotting against his brother.<ref name=":2" />'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'https://revistas.uchile.cl/index.php/CDH/article/download/46464/48492',
1 => 'http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/theconquestofperu/a/08incacivilwar.htm',
2 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2508231',
3 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/2508231',
4 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x',
5 => 'https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faiq.2000.0025',
6 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161418762',
7 => 'https://doi.org/10.1086%2F201146',
8 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144381832'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161418762',
1 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144381832',
2 => 'https://revistas.uchile.cl/index.php/CDH/article/download/46464/48492',
3 => 'http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/theconquestofperu/a/08incacivilwar.htm',
4 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2508231',
5 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/2508231',
6 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x',
7 => 'https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faiq.2000.0025',
8 => 'https://doi.org/10.1086%2F201146'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">War of succession just before the Spanish conquest</div>
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</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Inca Civil War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:John_Harris_Valda_-_Huscar_and_Atahualpa_fighting_over_the_Inca_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atahualpa and Huascar fighting for empire."><img alt="Atahualpa and Huascar fighting for empire." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/John_Harris_Valda_-_Huscar_and_Atahualpa_fighting_over_the_Inca_Empire.jpg/250px-John_Harris_Valda_-_Huscar_and_Atahualpa_fighting_over_the_Inca_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/John_Harris_Valda_-_Huscar_and_Atahualpa_fighting_over_the_Inca_Empire.jpg/375px-John_Harris_Valda_-_Huscar_and_Atahualpa_fighting_over_the_Inca_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/John_Harris_Valda_-_Huscar_and_Atahualpa_fighting_over_the_Inca_Empire.jpg/500px-John_Harris_Valda_-_Huscar_and_Atahualpa_fighting_over_the_Inca_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="654" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1529 – April 1532</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/info/en/?search=Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status">
Victory of Atahualpa; reunion of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> under his rule<br />Weakening of the empire which leads to the <a href="/info/en/?search=Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
Huáscar and his allies such as <a href="/info/en/?search=Tumebamba" title="Tumebamba">Tumebamba</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
Atahualpa and his allies</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<a href="/info/en/?search=Hu%C3%A1scar" title="Huáscar">Huáscar</a> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)<br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Atoc" title="Atoc">Atoc</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br />Hango <a href="/info/en/?search=Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Topa_Atao" title="Topa Atao">Topa Atao</a> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)<br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Ullco_Colla" title="Ullco Colla">Ullco Colla</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br />Tito Atauchi<br />Uampa Yupanqui<br />Guanca Auqui<br />Agua Panti<br />Paca Yupanqui</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
<a href="/info/en/?search=Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Chalcuchimac" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcuchimac">Chalcuchimac</a><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Quizquiz" title="Quizquiz">Quizquiz</a><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Rumi%C3%B1awi_(Inca_warrior)" title="Rumiñawi (Inca warrior)">Rumiñawi</a><br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Ukumari_(Inca_warrior)" title="Ukumari (Inca warrior)">Ukumari</a><br />Tomay Rima <a href="/info/en/?search=Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
~400,000;<br />100,000 <a href="/info/en/?search=Ca%C3%B1ari" title="Cañari">Ecuadorian Cañaris</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
Initially 50,000–100,000<br />At peak some 250,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
Possibly more than 100,000 killed<br /><a href="/info/en/?search=Tumebamba" title="Tumebamba">Tumebamba</a> destroyed</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
Unknown</td></tr></tbody></table>
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<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Chillopampa" title="Battle of Chillopampa">Chillopampa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Mullihambato" title="Battle of Mullihambato">Mullihambato</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Chimborazo" title="Battle of Chimborazo">Chimborazo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tumebamba" title="Tumebamba">Capture of Tumebamba</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Huanucopampa" title="Battle of Huanucopampa">Huanucopampa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Quipaipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Quipaipan">Quipaipan</a></li></ul>
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<a href="/info/en/?search=History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">Inca history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kingdom_of_Cusco" title="Kingdom of Cusco">Kingdom of Cusco</a></li>
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<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></li></ul></td>
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<p>The <b>Inca Civil War</b>, also known as the <b>Inca Dynastic War</b>, the <b>Inca War of Succession</b>, or, sometimes, the <b>War of the Two Brothers,</b> was fought between half-brothers <a href="/info/en/?search=Hu%C3%A1scar" title="Huáscar">Huáscar</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a>, sons of <a href="/info/en/?search=Huayna_Capac" title="Huayna Capac">Huayna Capac</a>, over <a href="/info/en/?search=Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">succession</a> to the throne of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146–149">: 146–149 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hemming,_The_Conquest,_p._29_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hemming,_The_Conquest,_p._29-2">[2]</a></sup> The war followed Huayna Capac's death.
</p><p>It began in 1529, and lasted until 1532. Huáscar initiated the war; appointed as king and claiming the throne, he wanted to defeat Atahualpa's competition. Atahualpa was tactically superior to his brother in warcraft and to the mighty armies of <a href="/info/en/?search=Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco">Cuzco</a>, which their father had stationed in the north part of the empire during the military campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-MacQuarrie,_p._50_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacQuarrie,_p._50-3">[3]</a></sup> Accounts from sources all vary in the exact details. Following Atahualpa's victory, Spanish forces led by <a href="/info/en/?search=Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a> invaded this region. He ultimately captured and killed Atahualpa, after receiving a ransom that was purportedly to free him.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
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<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Movements_during_the_war"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Movements during the war</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Pizarro_and_the_end_of_the_Spanish_conquest_of_Peru"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Pizarro and the end of the Spanish conquest of Peru</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Movements_during_the_war">Movements during the war</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Inca_Civil_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Movements during the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Soon after Huáscar claimed the throne, he expected all subjects to swear allegiance to him. To announce his loyalty, Atahualpa sent his most trusted captains to <a href="/info/en/?search=Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco">Cuzco</a>, along with generous gifts of gold and silver (as was customary). Suspicious, Huáscar refused Atahualpa's offering.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Accusing the half-brother of rebellion, he ordered some of his messengers killed, and sent back his captains dressed as women. Atahualpa declared war against his brother.
</p><p>Just before the Spaniards arrived in <a href="/info/en/?search=Cajamarca" title="Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a>, Atahualpa sent troops to Cusco to capture Huáscar, and headed south himself to execute him. (Later <a href="/info/en/?search=Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a> used this as one of the excuses to execute Atahualpa after Pizarro collected the ransom of gold and silver promised to him for his freedom.)
</p><p>Huáscar gathered his soldiers in preparation for attack. After getting stunned by his brother, Huáscar proclaimed him a traitor.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Generals <a href="/info/en/?search=Chalcuchimac" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcuchimac">Chalcuchimac</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Quizquiz" title="Quizquiz">Quizquiz</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Rumi%C3%B1awi_(Inca_warrior)" title="Rumiñawi (Inca warrior)">Rumiñawi</a> are believed to have been born in the northern part of the empire, and transferred their loyalty to Atahualpa.<sup id="cite_ref-Hemming,_The_Conquest,_p._29_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hemming,_The_Conquest,_p._29-2">[2]</a></sup> He assembled the former imperial army in <a href="/info/en/?search=Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, the Northern region left for his control. People loyal to Atahualpa created a new capital in Quito, so they could follow their preferred ruler and gain favor within the government. Atahualpa agreed to take the leadership role of Sapa Inca in this new capital.
</p><p>According to chronicler <a href="/info/en/?search=Diego_de_Rosales" title="Diego de Rosales">Diego de Rosales</a>, at the moment of the civil war an Inca army was suppressing a rebellion in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Diaguita" title="Diaguita">Diaguita</a> lands of <a href="/info/en/?search=Transverse_Valleys" title="Transverse Valleys">Copiapó and Coquimbo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva1983_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva1983-7">[7]</a></sup> With the rebellion brutally repressed and the Inca giving rebels "great chastise", the commander of the army departed north to support Huáscar, a cousin.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva1983_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva1983-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>At this news, Huáscar and his army moved north in a surprise attack at <a href="/info/en/?search=Tumebamba" title="Tumebamba">Tumebamba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> The local <a href="/info/en/?search=Ca%C3%B1ari" title="Cañari">Cañari</a> supported the attack, in order to expel the nearest source of power, with the aim to oust the Inca. Atahualpa was captured and imprisoned. While the army celebrated, they got drunk and allowed a woman in to meet Atahualpa. She secretly took a tool that he used that evening to drill a hole and escape.<sup id="cite_ref-Cobo,_History,_p._165_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cobo,_History,_p._165-9">[9]</a></sup> He immediately prepared a counterattack with his large, experienced army from Quito.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>From 1531 to 1532, the armies fought many battles.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Soon after his escape, Atahualpa moved his army south to the city of <a href="/info/en/?search=Ambato,_Ecuador" title="Ambato, Ecuador">Ambato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cobo,_History,_p._165_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cobo,_History,_p._165-9">[9]</a></sup> There, on the plains of Mochacaxa, they found Huáscar's men, defeated them,<sup id="cite_ref-MacQuarrie,_p._50_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacQuarrie,_p._50-3">[3]</a></sup> and captured and killed many soldiers. Captives included the head general, <a href="/info/en/?search=Atoc" title="Atoc">Atoc</a>, whom they tortured with darts and arrows.<sup id="cite_ref-Cobo,_History,_p._165_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cobo,_History,_p._165-9">[9]</a></sup> Atahualpa had his skull made into a "gilded drinking cup, which the Spaniards would note that Atahualpa was still using four years later."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>Following this victory, Atahualpa strengthened his army and continued south into his brother's land, winning every encounter. Entering <a href="/info/en/?search=Cajamarca" title="Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a>, he added to his numbers. He first tried peaceful means to gain loyalty from Huáscar's men; when that did not work, he killed large numbers of opponents. The survivors were frightened into surrender. One report described how Atahualpa massacred the Cañari tribesmen because they pledged allegiance to Huáscar.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Hispanic_American,_p._415_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hispanic_American,_p._415-13">[13]</a></sup> When he finally arrived in Cajamarca, Atahualpa sent the majority of his army ahead, led by his head generals, while he stayed in the safety of the city and explored rumors that the Spaniards were entering the land.<sup id="cite_ref-Cobo,_History,_p._165_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cobo,_History,_p._165-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>Atahualpa's army pushed south through Huáscar's territory, winning at Bonbon and Jauja. The battle starting on the hillside of Vilcas seemed to favor Huáscar stationed in a stone fortress at the top of the hill, but eventually he retreated. Atahualpa's men won at Pincos, Andaguayias, at the battle between Curaguaci and Auancay northwest of Cuzco, at Limatambo, about 20 miles from Cuzco, and Ichubamba, where Huáscar's men fled.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> In 1532, with Cuzco endangered, "Huáscar sent another army to meet Atahualpa's, but after precarious battles, his forces were routed," and Huáscar was captured.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Hispanic_American,_p._415_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hispanic_American,_p._415-13">[13]</a></sup> Atahualpa's army had won the war. The news traveled back to Atahualpa in Cajamarca, where the army learned about the <a href="/info/en/?search=Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a> incursion.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Pizarro_and_the_end_of_the_Spanish_conquest_of_Peru">Pizarro and the end of the Spanish conquest of Peru</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Inca_Civil_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pizarro and the end of the Spanish conquest of Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Campaignbox_Conquest_of_Peru" title="Template:Campaignbox Conquest of Peru"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:Campaignbox_Conquest_of_Peru" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Conquest of Peru"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Conquest_of_Peru" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Conquest of Peru"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire"><span class="wrap">Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Major engagements</b>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Punta_Quemada" title="Battle of Punta Quemada">Punta Quemada</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Pun%C3%A1" title="Battle of Puná">Puná</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Vilcaconga" title="Battle of Vilcaconga">Vilcaconga</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Cusco" title="Battle of Cusco">1st Cusco</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Maraycalla" title="Battle of Maraycalla">Maraycalla</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Mount_Chimborazo" title="Battle of Mount Chimborazo">Chimborazo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">2nd Cusco</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Ollantaytambo" title="Battle of Ollantaytambo">Ollantaytambo</a></li></ul>
<p><b>Conflicts between conquistadors and rebellions</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Abancay" title="Battle of Abancay">Abancay</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Las_Salinas" title="Battle of Las Salinas">Las Salinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Chupas" title="Battle of Chupas">Chupas</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_I%C3%B1aquito" title="Battle of Iñaquito">Iñaquito</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Huarina" title="Battle of Huarina">Huarina</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Jaquijahuana" title="Battle of Jaquijahuana">Jaquijahuana</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Battle_of_Chuquinga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Chuquinga (page does not exist)">Chuquinga</a></li></ul>
<p><b>End of the Neo-Inca state</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Neo-Inca_State#Final_conquest" title="Neo-Inca State">Vilcabamba</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p>Atahualpa was saluted as a hero; he recaptured Cajamarca, making camp outside the city with some 40,000 troops<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> while <a href="/info/en/?search=Chalcuchimac" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcuchimac">Chalcuchimac</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Quizquiz" title="Quizquiz">Quizquiz</a> chased Huáscar's army to the south. With a disastrous northern campaign, Huáscar had not only lost his best generals and many soldiers, but his army was shocked and demoralized. Huascar and Atahualpa's armies met. Although Huáscar had a dominant position, he did not use it, instead retreating across the Cotabambas River on the way to <a href="/info/en/?search=Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco">Cuzco</a>.
</p><p>Chalkuchimac had a plan of his own and predicted the action of <a href="/info/en/?search=Topa_Atao" title="Topa Atao">Topa Atao</a>. He divided his army in two, sending one contingent around Topa Atao's back, and enveloping and destroying the defenders. In January 1532, only miles from Cuzco, Huáscar's retreat was cut off at <a href="/info/en/?search=Quipaipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Quipaipan">Quipaipan</a>, and his army was annihilated and disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> Huáscar was captured and the capital Cuzco was seized by Quizquiz. He purged it of Huáscar's supporters in a massacre. Huáscar was executed the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the course of the war, Atahualpa's army had grown to 250,000 men, all the strength of the Empire. However, before he could leave Cajamarca, the new king encountered the conquistador Francisco Pizarro, who had reached the city on 16 November 1532. Atahualpa was captured in the ensuing <a href="/info/en/?search=Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Battle of Cajamarca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>While holding Atahualpa in custody, Pizarro told him he would have Huáscar brought to Cajamarca and would determine which brother was the better <a href="/info/en/?search=Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a>. In response, Atahualpa ordered Huáscar killed, allegedly by drowning.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> Months later on August 29, 1533, Pizarro's men hanged Atahualpa at the plaza of Cajamarca.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p><br />
--->morning :D
</p><p><br />
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Inca_Civil_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-Prescott-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prescott, W.H., 1827, <i>The History of the Conquest of Peru,</i> Digireads.com Publishing, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781420941142" title="Special:BookSources/9781420941142">9781420941142</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hemming,_The_Conquest,_p._29-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hemming,_The_Conquest,_p._29_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hemming,_The_Conquest,_p._29_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hemming, <i>The Conquest</i>, p. 29.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MacQuarrie,_p._50-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacQuarrie,_p._50_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacQuarrie,_p._50_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacQuarrie, <i>The Last Days</i>, p. 50.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPizarro" class="citation book cs1">Pizarro, Pedro. <i>Relación del descubrimiento y conquista del Perú</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relaci%C3%B3n+del+descubrimiento+y+conquista+del+Per%C3%BA&rft.aulast=Pizarro&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Von Hagen <i>The Incas of Pedro</i>, p. 80.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Von Hagen <i>The Incas of Pedro</i>, p. 81.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Silva1983-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Silva1983_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silva1983_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSilva_Galdames1983" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Silva Galdames, Osvaldo (1983). <a class="external text" href="https://revistas.uchile.cl/index.php/CDH/article/download/46464/48492">"¿Detuvo la batalla del Maule la expansión inca hacia el sur de Chile?"</a>. <i>Cuadernos de Historia</i> (in Spanish). <b>3</b>: 7–25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cuadernos+de+Historia&rft.atitle=%C2%BFDetuvo+la+batalla+del+Maule+la+expansi%C3%B3n+inca+hacia+el+sur+de+Chile%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=7-25&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Silva+Galdames&rft.aufirst=Osvaldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistas.uchile.cl%2Findex.php%2FCDH%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F46464%2F48492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cobo, <i>History</i>, p. 164.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cobo,_History,_p._165-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cobo,_History,_p._165_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cobo,_History,_p._165_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cobo,_History,_p._165_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cobo,_History,_p._165_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cobo, <i>History</i>, p. 165.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prescott, <i>History of the Conquest</i>, p. 336.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Hispanic American</i>, p. 414.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacQuarrie, <i>The Last Days</i>, p. 165.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-The_Hispanic_American,_p._415-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hispanic_American,_p._415_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hispanic_American,_p._415_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Hispanic American</i>, p. 415.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cobo, <i>History</i>, p. 166.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cieza de Leon, <i>The Discovery</i>, p. 192.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kubler<i>,"The Behavior of Atahualpa",</i> p. 417.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kubler, "The Behavior of Atahualpa," p. 417.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/theconquestofperu/a/08incacivilwar.htm">"The War That Tore the Inca Empire Apart"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+War+That+Tore+the+Inca+Empire+Apart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatinamericanhistory.about.com%2Fod%2Ftheconquestofperu%2Fa%2F08incacivilwar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kubler, "The Behavior of Atahualpa," p. 418.</</span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hymas, <i>The Last of the Incas</i>, p. 232.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Means, <i>Fall of the Inca Empire</i>, p. 44.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Inca_Civil_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>Bauer, Ralph. <i>An Inca Account of the Conquest of Peru</i>. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2005.</li>
<li>Cieza de Leon, Pedro. <i>The Discovery and Conquest of Peru</i> (London: Duke University Press); 1998.</li>
<li>Cobo, Bernabe. <i>History of the Inca Empire</i>. Trans. Roland Hamilton. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1979, 164–166.</li>
<li>D'Altroy, Terence. <i>The Incas</i> Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2002.</li>
<li>Davies, Nigel. <i>The Incas</i> Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado, 1995.</li>
<li>de la Vega, Garcilaso. <i>Royal Commentaries of the Incas.</i> Austin: University of Texas Press, 1966.</li>
<li>Hemming, John. <i>The Conquest of the Inca</i>. New York, NY: Harcourt, Inc., 1970, 28–29.</li>
<li>Hyams, Edward, George Ordish.<i>The Last of the Incas: The Rise and Fall of an American Empire</i>. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1963.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKubler1945" class="citation journal cs1">Kubler, George (November 1945). "The Behavior of Atahualpa, 1531–1533". <i>The Hispanic American Historical Review</i>. <b>25</b> (4): 413–427. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2508231">10.2307/2508231</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2508231">2508231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Behavior+of+Atahualpa%2C+1531%E2%80%931533&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=413-427&rft.date=1945-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2508231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2508231%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kubler&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLovell1992" class="citation journal cs1">Lovell, W. George (September 1992). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America". <i>Annals of the Association of American Geographers</i>. <b>82</b> (3): 426–443. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x">10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.atitle=%27Heavy+Shadows+and+Black+Night%27%3A+Disease+and+Depopulation+in+Colonial+Spanish+America&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=426-443&rft.date=1992-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x&rft.aulast=Lovell&rft.aufirst=W.+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>MacQuarrie, Kim. <i>The Last Days of the Inca</i>. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2007, 50.</li>
<li>Means, Philip A. <i>Fall of the Inca Empire</i>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1932.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPowers2000" class="citation journal cs1">Powers, Karen Vieira (Autumn 2000). "Andeans and Spaniards in the Contact Zone: A Gendered Collision". <i>The American Indian Quarterly</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 511–536. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faiq.2000.0025">10.1353/aiq.2000.0025</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161418762">161418762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Indian+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Andeans+and+Spaniards+in+the+Contact+Zone%3A+A+Gendered+Collision&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=511-536&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Faiq.2000.0025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161418762%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Karen+Vieira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Prescott, William H. <i>History of the Conquest of Peru</i>. Ed. John F. Kirk. Vol. 1. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1874, 336.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSmithBushnellDobynsMcCorkle1970" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, C. T.; Bushnell, G. H. S.; <a href="/info/en/?search=Henry_F._Dobyns" title="Henry F. Dobyns">Dobyns, Henry F.</a>; McCorkle, Thomas; Murra, John V. (October–December 1970). "Depopulation of the Central Andes in the 16th Century [and Comments and Reply]". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>11</b> (4–5): 453–464. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F201146">10.1086/201146</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144381832">144381832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Depopulation+of+the+Central+Andes+in+the+16th+Century+%5Band+Comments+and+Reply%5D&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4%E2%80%935&rft.pages=453-464&rft.date=1970-10%2F1970-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F201146&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144381832%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=C.+T.&rft.au=Bushnell%2C+G.+H.+S.&rft.au=Dobyns%2C+Henry+F.&rft.au=McCorkle%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Murra%2C+John+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Von Hagen, Wolfgang, <i>The Incas of Pedro de Cieza de León</i>. Trans. Harriey de Onis. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959, 52, 80, 81, 251.</li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kingdom_of_Cusco" title="Kingdom of Cusco">Kingdom of Cusco</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=History_of_Cusco" title="History of Cusco">History of Cusco</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Chimor%E2%80%93Inca_War" title="Chimor–Inca War">Chimor–Inca War</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Incas_in_Central_Chile" title="Incas in Central Chile">Invasion of Chile</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inca Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ransom_Room" title="Ransom Room">Ransom Room</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Suntur_Paucar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Suntur_Paucar.svg/150px-Suntur_Paucar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Suntur_Paucar.svg/225px-Suntur_Paucar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Suntur_Paucar.svg/300px-Suntur_Paucar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Inca_society" title="Inca society">Inca society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Inca_education" title="Inca education">Inca education</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Aclla" title="Aclla">Aclla</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Amauta" title="Amauta">Amauta</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ayllu" title="Ayllu">Ayllu</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Chasqui" title="Chasqui">Chasqui</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mitma" title="Mitma">Mitma</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=%C3%91usta" title="Ñusta">Ñusta</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Panakas" title="Panakas">Panakas</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Warachikuy" title="Warachikuy">Warachikuy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Inca_army" title="Inca army">Inca army</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Inca_agriculture" title="Inca agriculture">Inca agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Inca_aqueducts" title="Inca aqueducts">Inca aqueducts</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Inca religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Apu_(god)" title="Apu (god)">Apu</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Coricancha" title="Coricancha">Coricancha</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Manco_C%C3%A1pac" title="Manco Cápac">Manco Cápac</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Inti" title="Inti">Inti</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Supay" title="Supay">Supay</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pacha_Kamaq" title="Pacha Kamaq">Pacha Kamaq</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pariacaca_(god)" title="Pariacaca (god)">Pariacaca</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Urcuchillay" title="Urcuchillay">Urcuchillay</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vichama" title="Vichama">Vichama</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Viracocha" title="Viracocha">Viracocha</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Willka_Raymi" title="Willka Raymi">Willka Raymi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Mathematics_of_the_Incas" title="Mathematics of the Incas">Inca mathematics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipu</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Yupana" title="Yupana">Yupana</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1712899684' |