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{{Short description|Container for liquids}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{for|water sold in bottles|Bottled water}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2022}}
[[File:Multi-use water bottle.JPG|thumb|Multi-use HDPE water bottles]]
[[File:Clickon Water Dispenser.jpg|thumb|right|Water Dispenser with large plastic bottles ([[demijohn]] or [[carboy]])]]
A '''water bottle''' is a container that is used to hold liquids, mainly [[water]], for the purpose of transporting a drink while travelling or while otherwise away from a supply of potable water.
Water bottles are usually made of [[plastic bottle|plastic]], [[glass bottle|glass]], metal, or some combination of those substances. In the past, water bottles were sometimes made of wood, bark, or animal skins such as [[leather]], hide and [[sheepskin]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
Water bottles can be either [[disposable]] or [[reuse|reusable]]. Disposable water bottles are often sold filled with potable water, while reusable bottles are often sold empty. [[Reuse of bottles|Reusable water bottles]] help cut down on consumer [[plastic waste]] and carbon emissions.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}. A reusable water bottle designed for outdoor activities is also called a ''[[Canteen (bottle)|canteen]]''.
==Types==
{{anchor|Types of water bottles|reason=Former section heading; may have incoming links.}}
===Single-use plastic===
{{anchor|Single-use plastic water bottles|reason=Former section heading; may have incoming links.}}
{{see also|Plastic bottle}}
[[File:Water bottle with handle.tif|thumb|upright|A one gallon PETE water bottle with attached [[package handle]]]]
Sales of single-use, pre-filled plastic water bottles have increased almost every year for more than a decade.{{which?|date=February 2023}} In 2011, greater than [[United States dollar|US$]]11 billion was spent on [[bottled water]] products in the [[United States]] alone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bottledwater.org/economics/industry-statistics|title=Statistics | IBWA | Bottled Water|website=www.bottledwater.org|date=3 May 2009 }}</ref> The [[International Bottled Water Association]] (IBWA) states that people are increasingly relying on water bottles for convenience and portability.
In some countries with low-quality [[tap water]], citizens also use bottled water (including in family-size containers kept in the home) for health reasons. For example, as of 2010, Mexico had an average 8 percent increase per year in bottled water purchases and consumed approximately 13 percent of the world's total of bottled water.<ref name="Johnson">{{cite news |title=In Mexico, fear of tap water fuels bottled-water boom |first=Tim |last=Johnson |date=May 27, 2010 |work=[[McClatchy|McClatchy DC]] |url= https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article24583945.html |access-date=December 8, 2010}}</ref> Mexican citizens drink more bottled water than people of any other country, at an average of 61.8 gallons per person each year – more than twice the rate of US [[per capita]] consumption.<ref name="Johnson" /> The increase in the use of single-use personal plastic water bottles has contributed markedly to the country's litter problem, though the increase in the popularity of bottled water has come with a decrease in the growth rate of consumption of [[soft drink]]s<ref name="Johnson" /> (which pose health risks in excessive quantities, as well as the same littering problem).
==Reusable plastic==
Multi-use water bottles can be made from [[high-density polyethylene]] (HDPE), [[low-density polyethylene]] (LDPE), [[copolyester]], or [[polypropylene]]. They all offer the advantage of being durable, lightweight, dishwasher-safe, and [[Bisphenol A|BPA]]-free. The main difference between each type of water bottle is the flexibility of the material. Copolyester and polypropylene offer the greatest rigidity; HDPE retains some flexibility; LDPE (most commonly associated with collapsible, [[squeeze bottle]]s) is highly flexible.
==Metal==
{{anchor|Metal water bottles|reason=Former section heading; may have incoming links.}}
{{see also|Aluminium bottle}}
[[File:Metal Water Bottles.jpeg|right|thumb|Metal water bottles]]
Metal water bottles are growing in popularity. Made primarily from [[stainless steel]] or [[aluminium]] (aluminum), they are durable and retain less odor and taste from previous contents than most plastic bottles. But these can sometimes impart a metallic taste. Metal bottles thus often contain a [[resin]] or [[epoxy]] liner to protect contents from taste and odor transfer or corrosion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cooper |first=James E. |date=2011 |title=Assessment of bisphenol A released from reusable plastic, aluminum and stainless steel water bottles |journal=Chemosphere |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=943–947 |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.060| pmid = 21741673 | pmc = 3210908 | bibcode = 2011Chmsp..85..943C }}</ref> Although most liners are now BPA-free, older and less expensive models can contain BPA. Glass liners may also be used {{crossref|printworthy=y|(see next subsection)}}.
It is not recommended to fill aluminium bottles with [[acidic]] liquids (e.g. orange juice), as this could cause aluminium to leach into the contents of the bottle.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Veríssimo, Marta I.S. | date = 2006 | title = Leaching of aluminum from cooking pans and food containers | journal = Sensors and Actuators. B, Chemical | volume = 118 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 192–197 | doi=10.1016/j.snb.2006.04.061}}</ref> Depending on the type of source material and manufacturing process behind a stainless steel bottle, trace amounts of minerals can leach into contents from this type of bottle as well.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | author = Krachler, Michael | date = 2009 | title = Trace and ultratrace metals in bottled waters: survey of sources worldwide and comparison with refillable metal bottles | journal = The Science of the Total Environment | volume = 407 | issue = 3 | pages = 1089–96| pmid = 18990431 | doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.014 | bibcode = 2009ScTEn.407.1089K }}</ref> Stainless steel bottles that do not contain a liner have been known to transfer a [[rust]]y taste and odor to contents. Bottles made with food-grade stainless steel ([[SAE 304 stainless steel|grade 304]], also known as 18/8) do not transfer taste or odor.
Metal (especially steel) water bottles can be heavier than their plastic counterparts. Single-walled metal bottles readily transfer temperature of contents to external surfaces, which makes them unsuitable for use with unusually hot or cold liquids. Double-walled metal bottles are insulated to keep cold liquids cold and hot liquids hot, without the external surface being too hot or too cold. Because double-walled bottles have more metal in them, they are more expensive. They are typically [[Vacuum-insulated flask|vacuum-insulated]], but some may have a solid or gel insulation between the metal walls.
===Glass===
{{anchor|Glass water bottles|reason=Former section heading; may have incoming links.}}
[[File:Glass Water Bottle.JPG|right|thumb|Glass water bottle with protective silicone sleeve]]
Glass flasks have been used since ancient times, though were not common until the [[Early Modern period]] when consistent, bulk manufacturing of glass products became easier. Because they are completely recyclable, BPA-free, and do not retain and transfer taste or odor, glass water bottles are becoming a popular choice for many consumers who are concerned about their health.
Glass bottles are heavier than plastic, stainless steel, or aluminium, and are easier to damage or completely break. Like metal, they also have a high level of [[temperature transfer]], so they are not ideal for very hot or cold liquids.<ref>{{cite web | title = Glass Water Bottles: BPA Free Water Bottles | access-date = March 30, 2012 | url = http://gogreentravelgreen.com/green-environmentally-friendly-products-travel-gear/glass-water-bottles-bpa-fre-water-bottles/}}</ref> Some types of vacuum-insulated flasks use an inner layer of glass (which is easy to clean), and an outer layer of metal or plastic which helps shield the glass from breakage. Such bottles may still break if dropped, and thus some brands are triple-layer, with the glass inside two layers of plastic; this is a common configuration for large flasks intended for coffee or other liquids that need to be insulated.
===Filtering===
{{anchor|Filtering water bottles|reason=Former section heading; may have incoming links.}}
{{see also|Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation|Carbon filtering}}
[[File:Filtered water bottle.JPG|right|thumb|Carbon filtering water bottle.]]
This type of bottle is often BPA-Free and more commonly uses carbon (activated charcoal) filtration. [[UV light]] can also be used to purify water. UV filtration bottles are popular and convenient for those who are travelling to areas where water quality may be harmful, or where bottled water is not readily available. UV is effective against all water-borne [[pathogens]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Hijnen, W.A.M. | date = 2006 | title = Inactivation credit of UV radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan oocysts in water: A review | journal = Water Research | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–22| pmid = 16386286 | doi = 10.1016/j.watres.2005.10.030 | bibcode = 2006WatRe..40....3H }}</ref>
[[Carbon filtration]] bottles will eliminate some [[organic chemicals]] and improve the taste and odor of water. Carbon filtration will not eliminate pathogens, metals or [[nitrates]] from water.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Tap water, bottled water, filtered water, which to choose | access-date = March 29, 2012 | url = http://www.foodsafety.wisc.edu/consumer/fact_sheets/waterbottles.pdf}}</ref>
===Wireless connected===
{{anchor|Connected water bottles|reason=Former section heading; may have incoming links.}}
Connected devices collect data related to a person's water intake. The data is transmitted to a [[smartphone]], which enables tracking of an individual's water intake and alerts the user when they are not properly hydrated. These devices are a result of technology advancements that fall in the broader category of the [[Internet of Things]]. Devices that monitor and collect data related to one's personal health are also part of the [[quantified self]] movement. While several concepts have been introduced, none are currently available commercially.
===Hydration reservoirs===
{{main|Hydration pack}}
[[File:Hydration Reservoir.JPG|right|thumb|upright|Hydration reservoir]]
Hydration reservoirs, also known as hydration bladders, are large-volume, flexible bags typically carried in a backpack system. Users access water via a sipping tube. This system allows the user to remain engaged in activity without having to stop and unscrew a water bottle.<ref name="George, Steve 1997 p. 58">{{cite magazine |last=George |first=Steve |date=June 30, 1997 |title=Bottle or bladder? |magazine=[[Backpacker (magazine)|Backpacker]] |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=58}}</ref> Such reservoirs also permit the carrying of a larger water supply (thus a longer hike), as they have both more capacity and better integration into the carrying equipment than an external water bottle or canteen attached to the pack or belt.
==Popularity==
Due to growing concern over the environmental impact and cost of disposable plastic water bottles, more people are choosing to fill multi-use water bottles. However, the popularity and availability of disposable plastic water bottles continues to rise. In 2007, Americans consumed 50 billion single-serve bottles of water. Since 2001, the sale of single-serve bottled water has fluctuated by 70 percent, and this trend is continuing.<ref>{{cite web|title= Confronting Challenges: Bottled Water|url= http://www.bottledwater.org/public/2008%20Market%20Report%20Findings%20reported%20in%20April%202009.pdf|access-date= 2016-05-29|archive-date= 2016-04-29|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160429033928/http://www.bottledwater.org/public/2008%20Market%20Report%20Findings%20reported%20in%20April%202009.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref>
In 2016, a trend among Americans called "[[water bottle flipping]]" attracted media attention.<ref name="Arnett Rao 2016">{{cite web|last1=Arnett|first1=Dugan|last2=Rao|first2=Sonia|date=2016-09-30|title=Bottle flipping becomes the rage with middle schoolers|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/09/29/bottle-flipping-becames-rage-with-middle-schoolers/1INRaYEj9dQILseR5cgVUK/story.html|access-date=2016-10-09|website=BostonGlobe.com}}</ref>
===Health===
Chemicals used for making some types of bottles have been shown to be detrimental to the human health. [[Inhalation]] of chemicals used in the manufacture of plastics is a hazard for the factory workers who handle the material. In many developing countries, [[plastic waste]] is burned rather than recycled or deposited in [[landfills]]. Rural residents of developing countries who burn plastic as a disposal method are not protected from the chemical inhalation hazards associated with this practice. It is important to dispose off water that has been stored in PET bottles that have been exposed to high temperatures for a prolonged period of time or are beyond the expiration date because harmful chemicals may leach from the plastic.<ref name=Halden>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103714|doi-access=free| pmid = 20070188| title = Plastics and Health Risks| journal = Annual Review of Public Health| volume = 31| pages = 179–94| year = 2010| last1 = Halden| first1 = Rolf U.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Filella|first=Montserrat|date=December 2020|title=Antimony and PET bottles: Checking facts|journal=Chemosphere|language=en|volume=261|pages=127732|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127732|pmid=32739689 |bibcode=2020Chmsp.26127732F |s2cid=220943760 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
In 2008, researchers from Arizona State University found that storing plastic bottles in temperatures at or above 60 °C can cause [[antimony]] to enter the water contained in the bottles. Therefore, frequently drinking from bottles stored in places such as cars during the summer months may have negative health effects.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2008-02-01|title=Antimony leaching from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic used for bottled drinking water|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135407005246|journal=Water Research|language=en|volume=42|issue=3|pages=551–556|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.048|issn=0043-1354| last1=Westerhoff | first1=Paul | last2=Prapaipong | first2=Panjai | last3=Shock | first3=Everett | last4=Hillaireau | first4=Alice | pmid=17707454 |bibcode=2008WatRe..42..551W }}</ref>
Bottle manufacturing relies on petroleum and natural resources. Some creating processes release toxic chemicals into the air and water supply that can immensely affect [[nervous system]]s, [[blood cells]], [[kidneys]], [[immune systems]], and can cause cancer and [[birth defects]].<ref name=Halden/> Most disposable water bottles are made from petroleum found [[polyethylene terephthalate]] (PET). While PET is considered less toxic than many other types of plastic, the [[Berkeley Ecology Center]] found that manufacturing PET makes toxic emissions in the form of [[nickel]], [[ethylbenzene]], [[ethylene oxide]] and [[benzene]] at levels 100 times higher than those created to make the same amount of glass.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Howard, Brian | title = Message in a Bottle | journal = E: The Environmental Magazine | date = 2003 | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | pages = 26}}</ref>
===Environment===
{{see also|Bottled water}}
[[File:Enviro Label.JPG|right|thumb|Label on disposable water bottle highlighting positive environmental attributes.]]
Water bottles made of [[glass]], aluminium and [[steel]] are the most readily [[recyclable]]. [[HDPE]] and [[LDPE]] bottles can be recycled as well.
Because the manufacturing and transportation of disposable water bottles requires [[petroleum]], a non-renewable resource, the single-serve bottled water industry has come under pressure from concerned consumers. The [[Pacific Institute]] calculates that it required about 17 million barrels of oil to make the disposable plastic bottles for single-serve water that Americans consumed in 2006. To sustain the consumptive use of products relying on plastic components and level of manufactured demand for plastic water bottles,<ref>{{cite web|title= The Water Project|url=https://thewaterproject.org/bottled-water/bottled_water_wasteful |access-date=2016-05-29}}</ref> the end result is shortages of [[fossil fuels]]. Furthermore, it means not only a shortage of the raw materials to make plastics, but also a shortage of the energy required to fuel their production.<ref>Cormier, Zoe. Plastic Unfantastic. This Magazine, Mar–Apr. 2008 18+. General OneFile. Accessed, Feb 24, 2012.</ref>
Single-serve bottled water industry has responded to consumer concern about the environmental impact of disposable water bottles by significantly reducing the amount of plastic used in bottles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water Bottles Slim Down |date=December 14, 2007 |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/numbersguy/water-bottles-slim-down-238/ |access-date=April 20, 2012 |author=Carl Bialik}}</ref> The reduced plastic content also results in a lower weight product that uses less energy to transport. Other bottle manufacturing companies are experimenting with alternative materials such as [[corn starch]] to make new bottles that are more readily [[biodegradable]].
The lowest impact water bottles are those made of glass or metal. They are not made from petroleum and are easily recyclable. By choosing to continuously fill any multi-use water bottle, the consumer keeps disposable bottles out of the [[waste stream]] and minimizes environmental impact.
==See also==
* [[Beverage can]]
* [[Bottled water]]
* [[Carboy]]
* [[Edible water bottle]]
* [[Low plastic water bottle]]
* [[Plastic pollution]]
* [[Sipper water bottle]], a water dispenser for pets
* [[Refill (scheme)]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Bottled water}}
{{packaging}}
[[Category:Liquid containers]]
[[Category:Bottles]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Container for liquids}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{for|water sold in bottles|Bottled water}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2022}}
[[File:Multi-use water bottle.JPG|thumb|Multi-use HDPE water bottles]]
[[File:Clickon Water Dispenser.jpg|thumb|right|Water Dispenser with large plastic bottles ([[demijohn]] or [[carboy]])]]
A '''water bottle''' is a container that is used to hold liquids, mainly [[water]], for the purpos of transporting a drink while travelling or while otherwise away from a supply of potable water.
To drink from a water bottle, you must suck on the tube. Keep on sucking until water comes out, and bob your head up and down.
Water bottles are usually made of [[plastic bottle|plastic]], [[glass bottle|glass]], metal, or some combination of those substances. In the past, water bottles were sometimes made of wood, bark, or animal skins such as [[leather]], hide and [[sheepskin]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
Water bottles can be either [[disposable]] or [[reuse|reusable]]. Disposable water bottles are often sold filled with potable water, while reusable bottles are often sold empty. [[Reuse of bottles|Reusable water bottles]] help cut down on consumer [[plastic waste]] and carbon emissions.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}. A reusable water bottle designed for outdoor activities is also called a ''[[Canteen (bottle)|canteen]]''.
==Types==
{{anchor|Types of water bottles|reason=Former section heading; may have incoming links.}}
===Single-use plastic===
{{anchor|Single-use plastic water bottles|reason=Former section heading; may have incoming links.}}
{{see also|Plastic bottle}}
[[File:Water bottle with handle.tif|thumb|upright|A one gallon PETE water bottle with attached [[package handle]]]]
Sales of single-use, pre-filled plastic water bottles have increased almost every year for more than a decade.{{which?|date=February 2023}} In 2011, greater than [[United States dollar|US$]]11 billion was spent on [[bottled water]] products in the [[United States]] alone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bottledwater.org/economics/industry-statistics|title=Statistics | IBWA | Bottled Water|website=www.bottledwater.org|date=3 May 2009 }}</ref> The [[International Bottled Water Association]] (IBWA) states that people are increasingly relying on water bottles for convenience and portability.
In some countries with low-quality [[tap water]], citizens also use bottled water (including in family-size containers kept in the home) for health reasons. For example, as of 2010, Mexico had an average 8 percent increase per year in bottled water purchases and consumed approximately 13 percent of the world's total of bottled water.<ref name="Johnson">{{cite news |title=In Mexico, fear of tap water fuels bottled-water boom |first=Tim |last=Johnson |date=May 27, 2010 |work=[[McClatchy|McClatchy DC]] |url= https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article24583945.html |access-date=December 8, 2010}}</ref> Mexican citizens drink more bottled water than people of any other country, at an average of 61.8 gallons per person each year – more than twice the rate of US [[per capita]] consumption.<ref name="Johnson" /> The increase in the use of single-use personal plastic water bottles has contributed markedly to the country's litter problem, though the increase in the popularity of bottled water has come with a decrease in the growth rate of consumption of [[soft drink]]s<ref name="Johnson" /> (which pose health risks in excessive quantities, as well as the same littering problem).
==Reusable plastic==
Multi-use water bottles can be made from [[high-density polyethylene]] (HDPE), [[low-density polyethylene]] (LDPE), [[copolyester]], or [[polypropylene]]. They all offer the advantage of being durable, lightweight, dishwasher-safe, and [[Bisphenol A|BPA]]-free. The main difference between each type of water bottle is the flexibility of the material. Copolyester and polypropylene offer the greatest rigidity; HDPE retains some flexibility; LDPE (most commonly associated with collapsible, [[squeeze bottle]]s) is highly flexible.
==Metal==
{{anchor|Metal water bottles|reason=Former section heading; may have incoming links.}}
{{see also|Aluminium bottle}}
[[File:Metal Water Bottles.jpeg|right|thumb|Metal water bottles]]
Metal water bottles are growing in popularity. Made primarily from [[stainless steel]] or [[aluminium]] (aluminum), they are durable and retain less odor and taste from previous contents than most plastic bottles. But these can sometimes impart a metallic taste. Metal bottles thus often contain a [[resin]] or [[epoxy]] liner to protect contents from taste and odor transfer or corrosion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cooper |first=James E. |date=2011 |title=Assessment of bisphenol A released from reusable plastic, aluminum and stainless steel water bottles |journal=Chemosphere |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=943–947 |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.060| pmid = 21741673 | pmc = 3210908 | bibcode = 2011Chmsp..85..943C }}</ref> Although most liners are now BPA-free, older and less expensive models can contain BPA. Glass liners may also be used {{crossref|printworthy=y|(see next subsection)}}.
It is not recommended to fill aluminium bottles with [[acidic]] liquids (e.g. orange juice), as this could cause aluminium to leach into the contents of the bottle.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Veríssimo, Marta I.S. | date = 2006 | title = Leaching of aluminum from cooking pans and food containers | journal = Sensors and Actuators. B, Chemical | volume = 118 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 192–197 | doi=10.1016/j.snb.2006.04.061}}</ref> Depending on the type of source material and manufacturing process behind a stainless steel bottle, trace amounts of minerals can leach into contents from this type of bottle as well.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | author = Krachler, Michael | date = 2009 | title = Trace and ultratrace metals in bottled waters: survey of sources worldwide and comparison with refillable metal bottles | journal = The Science of the Total Environment | volume = 407 | issue = 3 | pages = 1089–96| pmid = 18990431 | doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.014 | bibcode = 2009ScTEn.407.1089K }}</ref> Stainless steel bottles that do not contain a liner have been known to transfer a [[rust]]y taste and odor to contents. Bottles made with food-grade stainless steel ([[SAE 304 stainless steel|grade 304]], also known as 18/8) do not transfer taste or odor.
Metal (especially steel) water bottles can be heavier than their plastic counterparts. Single-walled metal bottles readily transfer temperature of contents to external surfaces, which makes them unsuitable for use with unusually hot or cold liquids. Double-walled metal bottles are insulated to keep cold liquids cold and hot liquids hot, without the external surface being too hot or too cold. Because double-walled bottles have more metal in them, they are more expensive. They are typically [[Vacuum-insulated flask|vacuum-insulated]], but some may have a solid or gel insulation between the metal walls.
===Glass===
{{anchor|Glass water bottles|reason=Former section heading; may have incoming links.}}
[[File:Glass Water Bottle.JPG|right|thumb|Glass water bottle with protective silicone sleeve]]
Glass flasks have been used since ancient times, though were not common until the [[Early Modern period]] when consistent, bulk manufacturing of glass products became easier. Because they are completely recyclable, BPA-free, and do not retain and transfer taste or odor, glass water bottles are becoming a popular choice for many consumers who are concerned about their health.
Glass bottles are heavier than plastic, stainless steel, or aluminium, and are easier to damage or completely break. Like metal, they also have a high level of [[temperature transfer]], so they are not ideal for very hot or cold liquids.<ref>{{cite web | title = Glass Water Bottles: BPA Free Water Bottles | access-date = March 30, 2012 | url = http://gogreentravelgreen.com/green-environmentally-friendly-products-travel-gear/glass-water-bottles-bpa-fre-water-bottles/}}</ref> Some types of vacuum-insulated flasks use an inner layer of glass (which is easy to clean), and an outer layer of metal or plastic which helps shield the glass from breakage. Such bottles may still break if dropped, and thus some brands are triple-layer, with the glass inside two layers of plastic; this is a common configuration for large flasks intended for coffee or other liquids that need to be insulated.
===Filtering===
{{anchor|Filtering water bottles|reason=Former section heading; may have incoming links.}}
{{see also|Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation|Carbon filtering}}
[[File:Filtered water bottle.JPG|right|thumb|Carbon filtering water bottle.]]
This type of bottle is often BPA-Free and more commonly uses carbon (activated charcoal) filtration. [[UV light]] can also be used to purify water. UV filtration bottles are popular and convenient for those who are travelling to areas where water quality may be harmful, or where bottled water is not readily available. UV is effective against all water-borne [[pathogens]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Hijnen, W.A.M. | date = 2006 | title = Inactivation credit of UV radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan oocysts in water: A review | journal = Water Research | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–22| pmid = 16386286 | doi = 10.1016/j.watres.2005.10.030 | bibcode = 2006WatRe..40....3H }}</ref>
[[Carbon filtration]] bottles will eliminate some [[organic chemicals]] and improve the taste and odor of water. Carbon filtration will not eliminate pathogens, metals or [[nitrates]] from water.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Tap water, bottled water, filtered water, which to choose | access-date = March 29, 2012 | url = http://www.foodsafety.wisc.edu/consumer/fact_sheets/waterbottles.pdf}}</ref>
===Wireless connected===
{{anchor|Connected water bottles|reason=Former section heading; may have incoming links.}}
Connected devices collect data related to a person's water intake. The data is transmitted to a [[smartphone]], which enables tracking of an individual's water intake and alerts the user when they are not properly hydrated. These devices are a result of technology advancements that fall in the broader category of the [[Internet of Things]]. Devices that monitor and collect data related to one's personal health are also part of the [[quantified self]] movement. While several concepts have been introduced, none are currently available commercially.
===Hydration reservoirs===
{{main|Hydration pack}}
[[File:Hydration Reservoir.JPG|right|thumb|upright|Hydration reservoir]]
Hydration reservoirs, also known as hydration bladders, are large-volume, flexible bags typically carried in a backpack system. Users access water via a sipping tube. This system allows the user to remain engaged in activity without having to stop and unscrew a water bottle.<ref name="George, Steve 1997 p. 58">{{cite magazine |last=George |first=Steve |date=June 30, 1997 |title=Bottle or bladder? |magazine=[[Backpacker (magazine)|Backpacker]] |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=58}}</ref> Such reservoirs also permit the carrying of a larger water supply (thus a longer hike), as they have both more capacity and better integration into the carrying equipment than an external water bottle or canteen attached to the pack or belt.
==Popularity==
Due to growing concern over the environmental impact and cost of disposable plastic water bottles, more people are choosing to fill multi-use water bottles. However, the popularity and availability of disposable plastic water bottles continues to rise. In 2007, Americans consumed 50 billion single-serve bottles of water. Since 2001, the sale of single-serve bottled water has fluctuated by 70 percent, and this trend is continuing.<ref>{{cite web|title= Confronting Challenges: Bottled Water|url= http://www.bottledwater.org/public/2008%20Market%20Report%20Findings%20reported%20in%20April%202009.pdf|access-date= 2016-05-29|archive-date= 2016-04-29|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160429033928/http://www.bottledwater.org/public/2008%20Market%20Report%20Findings%20reported%20in%20April%202009.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref>
In 2016, a trend among Americans called "[[water bottle flipping]]" attracted media attention.<ref name="Arnett Rao 2016">{{cite web|last1=Arnett|first1=Dugan|last2=Rao|first2=Sonia|date=2016-09-30|title=Bottle flipping becomes the rage with middle schoolers|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/09/29/bottle-flipping-becames-rage-with-middle-schoolers/1INRaYEj9dQILseR5cgVUK/story.html|access-date=2016-10-09|website=BostonGlobe.com}}</ref>
===Health===
Chemicals used for making some types of bottles have been shown to be detrimental to the human health. [[Inhalation]] of chemicals used in the manufacture of plastics is a hazard for the factory workers who handle the material. In many developing countries, [[plastic waste]] is burned rather than recycled or deposited in [[landfills]]. Rural residents of developing countries who burn plastic as a disposal method are not protected from the chemical inhalation hazards associated with this practice. It is important to dispose off water that has been stored in PET bottles that have been exposed to high temperatures for a prolonged period of time or are beyond the expiration date because harmful chemicals may leach from the plastic.<ref name=Halden>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103714|doi-access=free| pmid = 20070188| title = Plastics and Health Risks| journal = Annual Review of Public Health| volume = 31| pages = 179–94| year = 2010| last1 = Halden| first1 = Rolf U.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Filella|first=Montserrat|date=December 2020|title=Antimony and PET bottles: Checking facts|journal=Chemosphere|language=en|volume=261|pages=127732|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127732|pmid=32739689 |bibcode=2020Chmsp.26127732F |s2cid=220943760 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
In 2008, researchers from Arizona State University found that storing plastic bottles in temperatures at or above 60 °C can cause [[antimony]] to enter the water contained in the bottles. Therefore, frequently drinking from bottles stored in places such as cars during the summer months may have negative health effects.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2008-02-01|title=Antimony leaching from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic used for bottled drinking water|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135407005246|journal=Water Research|language=en|volume=42|issue=3|pages=551–556|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.048|issn=0043-1354| last1=Westerhoff | first1=Paul | last2=Prapaipong | first2=Panjai | last3=Shock | first3=Everett | last4=Hillaireau | first4=Alice | pmid=17707454 |bibcode=2008WatRe..42..551W }}</ref>
Bottle manufacturing relies on petroleum and natural resources. Some creating processes release toxic chemicals into the air and water supply that can immensely affect [[nervous system]]s, [[blood cells]], [[kidneys]], [[immune systems]], and can cause cancer and [[birth defects]].<ref name=Halden/> Most disposable water bottles are made from petroleum found [[polyethylene terephthalate]] (PET). While PET is considered less toxic than many other types of plastic, the [[Berkeley Ecology Center]] found that manufacturing PET makes toxic emissions in the form of [[nickel]], [[ethylbenzene]], [[ethylene oxide]] and [[benzene]] at levels 100 times higher than those created to make the same amount of glass.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Howard, Brian | title = Message in a Bottle | journal = E: The Environmental Magazine | date = 2003 | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | pages = 26}}</ref>
===Environment===
{{see also|Bottled water}}
[[File:Enviro Label.JPG|right|thumb|Label on disposable water bottle highlighting positive environmental attributes.]]
Water bottles made of [[glass]], aluminium and [[steel]] are the most readily [[recyclable]]. [[HDPE]] and [[LDPE]] bottles can be recycled as well.
Because the manufacturing and transportation of disposable water bottles requires [[petroleum]], a non-renewable resource, the single-serve bottled water industry has come under pressure from concerned consumers. The [[Pacific Institute]] calculates that it required about 17 million barrels of oil to make the disposable plastic bottles for single-serve water that Americans consumed in 2006. To sustain the consumptive use of products relying on plastic components and level of manufactured demand for plastic water bottles,<ref>{{cite web|title= The Water Project|url=https://thewaterproject.org/bottled-water/bottled_water_wasteful |access-date=2016-05-29}}</ref> the end result is shortages of [[fossil fuels]]. Furthermore, it means not only a shortage of the raw materials to make plastics, but also a shortage of the energy required to fuel their production.<ref>Cormier, Zoe. Plastic Unfantastic. This Magazine, Mar–Apr. 2008 18+. General OneFile. Accessed, Feb 24, 2012.</ref>
Single-serve bottled water industry has responded to consumer concern about the environmental impact of disposable water bottles by significantly reducing the amount of plastic used in bottles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water Bottles Slim Down |date=December 14, 2007 |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/numbersguy/water-bottles-slim-down-238/ |access-date=April 20, 2012 |author=Carl Bialik}}</ref> The reduced plastic content also results in a lower weight product that uses less energy to transport. Other bottle manufacturing companies are experimenting with alternative materials such as [[corn starch]] to make new bottles that are more readily [[biodegradable]].
The lowest impact water bottles are those made of glass or metal. They are not made from petroleum and are easily recyclable. By choosing to continuously fill any multi-use water bottle, the consumer keeps disposable bottles out of the [[waste stream]] and minimizes environmental impact.
==See also==
* [[Beverage can]]
* [[Bottled water]]
* [[Carboy]]
* [[Edible water bottle]]
* [[Low plastic water bottle]]
* [[Plastic pollution]]
* [[Sipper water bottle]], a water dispenser for pets
* [[Refill (scheme)]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Bottled water}}
{{packaging}}
[[Category:Liquid containers]]
[[Category:Bottles]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -6,5 +6,7 @@
[[File:Multi-use water bottle.JPG|thumb|Multi-use HDPE water bottles]]
[[File:Clickon Water Dispenser.jpg|thumb|right|Water Dispenser with large plastic bottles ([[demijohn]] or [[carboy]])]]
-A '''water bottle''' is a container that is used to hold liquids, mainly [[water]], for the purpose of transporting a drink while travelling or while otherwise away from a supply of potable water.
+A '''water bottle''' is a container that is used to hold liquids, mainly [[water]], for the purpos of transporting a drink while travelling or while otherwise away from a supply of potable water.
+
+To drink from a water bottle, you must suck on the tube. Keep on sucking until water comes out, and bob your head up and down.
Water bottles are usually made of [[plastic bottle|plastic]], [[glass bottle|glass]], metal, or some combination of those substances. In the past, water bottles were sometimes made of wood, bark, or animal skins such as [[leather]], hide and [[sheepskin]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Container for liquids</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For water sold in bottles, see <a href="/info/en/?search=Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">Bottled water</a>.</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Water_bottle" title="Special:EditPage/Water bottle">improve this article</a> by <a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Water+bottle%22">"Water bottle"</a> – <a class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Water+bottle%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Water+bottle%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Water+bottle%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Water+bottle%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Water+bottle%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Multi-use_water_bottle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Multi-use_water_bottle.JPG/220px-Multi-use_water_bottle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Multi-use_water_bottle.JPG/330px-Multi-use_water_bottle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Multi-use_water_bottle.JPG/440px-Multi-use_water_bottle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Multi-use HDPE water bottles</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Clickon_Water_Dispenser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Clickon_Water_Dispenser.jpg/220px-Clickon_Water_Dispenser.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Clickon_Water_Dispenser.jpg/330px-Clickon_Water_Dispenser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Clickon_Water_Dispenser.jpg/440px-Clickon_Water_Dispenser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3384" /></a><figcaption>Water Dispenser with large plastic bottles (<a href="/info/en/?search=Demijohn" class="mw-redirect" title="Demijohn">demijohn</a> or <a href="/info/en/?search=Carboy" title="Carboy">carboy</a>)</figcaption></figure>
<p>A <b>water bottle</b> is a container that is used to hold liquids, mainly <a href="/info/en/?search=Water" title="Water">water</a>, for the purpos of transporting a drink while travelling or while otherwise away from a supply of potable water.
</p><p>To drink from a water bottle, you must suck on the tube. Keep on sucking until water comes out, and bob your head up and down.
</p><p>Water bottles are usually made of <a href="/info/en/?search=Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">plastic</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Glass_bottle" title="Glass bottle">glass</a>, metal, or some combination of those substances. In the past, water bottles were sometimes made of wood, bark, or animal skins such as <a href="/info/en/?search=Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, hide and <a href="/info/en/?search=Sheepskin" title="Sheepskin">sheepskin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Water bottles can be either <a href="/info/en/?search=Disposable" class="mw-redirect" title="Disposable">disposable</a> or <a href="/info/en/?search=Reuse" title="Reuse">reusable</a>. Disposable water bottles are often sold filled with potable water, while reusable bottles are often sold empty. <a href="/info/en/?search=Reuse_of_bottles" title="Reuse of bottles">Reusable water bottles</a> help cut down on consumer <a href="/info/en/?search=Plastic_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic waste">plastic waste</a> and carbon emissions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. A reusable water bottle designed for outdoor activities is also called a <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Canteen_(bottle)" title="Canteen (bottle)">canteen</a></i>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Types"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Types</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Single-use_plastic"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Single-use plastic</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Reusable_plastic"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Reusable plastic</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Metal"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Metal</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Glass"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Glass</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Filtering"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Filtering</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Wireless_connected"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Wireless connected</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Hydration_reservoirs"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Hydration reservoirs</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Popularity"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Popularity</span></a>
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Health"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Health</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Environment"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Environment</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Types">Types</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p><span class="anchor" id="Types_of_water_bottles"></span>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/info/en/?search=Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Plastic bottle</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Water_bottle_with_handle.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Water_bottle_with_handle.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Water_bottle_with_handle.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Water_bottle_with_handle.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Water_bottle_with_handle.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Water_bottle_with_handle.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Water_bottle_with_handle.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A one gallon PETE water bottle with attached <a href="/info/en/?search=Package_handle" title="Package handle">package handle</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Sales of single-use, pre-filled plastic water bottles have increased almost every year for more than a decade.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2011, greater than <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>11 billion was spent on <a href="/info/en/?search=Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">bottled water</a> products in the <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States" title="United States">United States</a> alone.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> The <a href="/info/en/?search=International_Bottled_Water_Association" title="International Bottled Water Association">International Bottled Water Association</a> (IBWA) states that people are increasingly relying on water bottles for convenience and portability.
</p><p>In some countries with low-quality <a href="/info/en/?search=Tap_water" title="Tap water">tap water</a>, citizens also use bottled water (including in family-size containers kept in the home) for health reasons. For example, as of 2010, Mexico had an average 8 percent increase per year in bottled water purchases and consumed approximately 13 percent of the world's total of bottled water.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-2">[2]</a></sup> Mexican citizens drink more bottled water than people of any other country, at an average of 61.8 gallons per person each year – more than twice the rate of US <a href="/info/en/?search=Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-2">[2]</a></sup> The increase in the use of single-use personal plastic water bottles has contributed markedly to the country's litter problem, though the increase in the popularity of bottled water has come with a decrease in the growth rate of consumption of <a href="/info/en/?search=Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">soft drinks</a><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-2">[2]</a></sup> (which pose health risks in excessive quantities, as well as the same littering problem).
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reusable_plastic">Reusable plastic</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Multi-use water bottles can be made from <a href="/info/en/?search=High-density_polyethylene" title="High-density polyethylene">high-density polyethylene</a> (HDPE), <a href="/info/en/?search=Low-density_polyethylene" title="Low-density polyethylene">low-density polyethylene</a> (LDPE), <a href="/info/en/?search=Copolyester" title="Copolyester">copolyester</a>, or <a href="/info/en/?search=Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a>. They all offer the advantage of being durable, lightweight, dishwasher-safe, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">BPA</a>-free. The main difference between each type of water bottle is the flexibility of the material. Copolyester and polypropylene offer the greatest rigidity; HDPE retains some flexibility; LDPE (most commonly associated with collapsible, <a href="/info/en/?search=Squeeze_bottle" title="Squeeze bottle">squeeze bottles</a>) is highly flexible.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Metal">Metal</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p><span class="anchor" id="Metal_water_bottles"></span>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/info/en/?search=Aluminium_bottle" title="Aluminium bottle">Aluminium bottle</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Metal_Water_Bottles.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Metal_Water_Bottles.jpeg/220px-Metal_Water_Bottles.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Metal_Water_Bottles.jpeg/330px-Metal_Water_Bottles.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Metal_Water_Bottles.jpeg/440px-Metal_Water_Bottles.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Metal water bottles</figcaption></figure>
<p>Metal water bottles are growing in popularity. Made primarily from <a href="/info/en/?search=Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> or <a href="/info/en/?search=Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> (aluminum), they are durable and retain less odor and taste from previous contents than most plastic bottles. But these can sometimes impart a metallic taste. Metal bottles thus often contain a <a href="/info/en/?search=Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> or <a href="/info/en/?search=Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxy</a> liner to protect contents from taste and odor transfer or corrosion.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> Although most liners are now BPA-free, older and less expensive models can contain BPA. Glass liners may also be used <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(see next subsection)</span>.
</p><p>It is not recommended to fill aluminium bottles with <a href="/info/en/?search=Acidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidic">acidic</a> liquids (e.g. orange juice), as this could cause aluminium to leach into the contents of the bottle.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Depending on the type of source material and manufacturing process behind a stainless steel bottle, trace amounts of minerals can leach into contents from this type of bottle as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a></sup> Stainless steel bottles that do not contain a liner have been known to transfer a <a href="/info/en/?search=Rust" title="Rust">rusty</a> taste and odor to contents. Bottles made with food-grade stainless steel (<a href="/info/en/?search=SAE_304_stainless_steel" title="SAE 304 stainless steel">grade 304</a>, also known as 18/8) do not transfer taste or odor.
</p><p>Metal (especially steel) water bottles can be heavier than their plastic counterparts. Single-walled metal bottles readily transfer temperature of contents to external surfaces, which makes them unsuitable for use with unusually hot or cold liquids. Double-walled metal bottles are insulated to keep cold liquids cold and hot liquids hot, without the external surface being too hot or too cold. Because double-walled bottles have more metal in them, they are more expensive. They are typically <a href="/info/en/?search=Vacuum-insulated_flask" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum-insulated flask">vacuum-insulated</a>, but some may have a solid or gel insulation between the metal walls.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Glass">Glass</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Glass_Water_Bottle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Glass_Water_Bottle.JPG/220px-Glass_Water_Bottle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Glass_Water_Bottle.JPG/330px-Glass_Water_Bottle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Glass_Water_Bottle.JPG/440px-Glass_Water_Bottle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Glass water bottle with protective silicone sleeve</figcaption></figure>
<p>Glass flasks have been used since ancient times, though were not common until the <a href="/info/en/?search=Early_Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern period">Early Modern period</a> when consistent, bulk manufacturing of glass products became easier. Because they are completely recyclable, BPA-free, and do not retain and transfer taste or odor, glass water bottles are becoming a popular choice for many consumers who are concerned about their health.
</p><p>Glass bottles are heavier than plastic, stainless steel, or aluminium, and are easier to damage or completely break. Like metal, they also have a high level of <a href="/info/en/?search=Temperature_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperature transfer">temperature transfer</a>, so they are not ideal for very hot or cold liquids.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Some types of vacuum-insulated flasks use an inner layer of glass (which is easy to clean), and an outer layer of metal or plastic which helps shield the glass from breakage. Such bottles may still break if dropped, and thus some brands are triple-layer, with the glass inside two layers of plastic; this is a common configuration for large flasks intended for coffee or other liquids that need to be insulated.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Filtering">Filtering</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/info/en/?search=Ultraviolet_germicidal_irradiation" title="Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation">Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Carbon_filtering" title="Carbon filtering">Carbon filtering</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Filtered_water_bottle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Filtered_water_bottle.JPG/220px-Filtered_water_bottle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Filtered_water_bottle.JPG/330px-Filtered_water_bottle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Filtered_water_bottle.JPG/440px-Filtered_water_bottle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Carbon filtering water bottle.</figcaption></figure>
<p>This type of bottle is often BPA-Free and more commonly uses carbon (activated charcoal) filtration. <a href="/info/en/?search=UV_light" class="mw-redirect" title="UV light">UV light</a> can also be used to purify water. UV filtration bottles are popular and convenient for those who are travelling to areas where water quality may be harmful, or where bottled water is not readily available. UV is effective against all water-borne <a href="/info/en/?search=Pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogens">pathogens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/info/en/?search=Carbon_filtration" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon filtration">Carbon filtration</a> bottles will eliminate some <a href="/info/en/?search=Organic_chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic chemicals">organic chemicals</a> and improve the taste and odor of water. Carbon filtration will not eliminate pathogens, metals or <a href="/info/en/?search=Nitrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrates">nitrates</a> from water.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Wireless_connected">Wireless connected</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p><span class="anchor" id="Connected_water_bottles"></span>
Connected devices collect data related to a person's water intake. The data is transmitted to a <a href="/info/en/?search=Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>, which enables tracking of an individual's water intake and alerts the user when they are not properly hydrated. These devices are a result of technology advancements that fall in the broader category of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Internet_of_Things" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet of Things">Internet of Things</a>. Devices that monitor and collect data related to one's personal health are also part of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Quantified_self" title="Quantified self">quantified self</a> movement. While several concepts have been introduced, none are currently available commercially.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hydration_reservoirs">Hydration reservoirs</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Hydration_pack" title="Hydration pack">Hydration pack</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Hydration_Reservoir.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Hydration_Reservoir.JPG/170px-Hydration_Reservoir.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Hydration_Reservoir.JPG/255px-Hydration_Reservoir.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Hydration_Reservoir.JPG/340px-Hydration_Reservoir.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Hydration reservoir</figcaption></figure>
<p>Hydration reservoirs, also known as hydration bladders, are large-volume, flexible bags typically carried in a backpack system. Users access water via a sipping tube. This system allows the user to remain engaged in activity without having to stop and unscrew a water bottle.<sup id="cite_ref-George,_Steve_1997_p._58_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George,_Steve_1997_p._58-9">[9]</a></sup> Such reservoirs also permit the carrying of a larger water supply (thus a longer hike), as they have both more capacity and better integration into the carrying equipment than an external water bottle or canteen attached to the pack or belt.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Popularity">Popularity</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Due to growing concern over the environmental impact and cost of disposable plastic water bottles, more people are choosing to fill multi-use water bottles. However, the popularity and availability of disposable plastic water bottles continues to rise. In 2007, Americans consumed 50 billion single-serve bottles of water. Since 2001, the sale of single-serve bottled water has fluctuated by 70 percent, and this trend is continuing.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2016, a trend among Americans called "<a href="/info/en/?search=Water_bottle_flipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Water bottle flipping">water bottle flipping</a>" attracted media attention.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnett_Rao_2016_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnett_Rao_2016-11">[11]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Health">Health</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Chemicals used for making some types of bottles have been shown to be detrimental to the human health. <a href="/info/en/?search=Inhalation" title="Inhalation">Inhalation</a> of chemicals used in the manufacture of plastics is a hazard for the factory workers who handle the material. In many developing countries, <a href="/info/en/?search=Plastic_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic waste">plastic waste</a> is burned rather than recycled or deposited in <a href="/info/en/?search=Landfills" class="mw-redirect" title="Landfills">landfills</a>. Rural residents of developing countries who burn plastic as a disposal method are not protected from the chemical inhalation hazards associated with this practice. It is important to dispose off water that has been stored in PET bottles that have been exposed to high temperatures for a prolonged period of time or are beyond the expiration date because harmful chemicals may leach from the plastic.<sup id="cite_ref-Halden_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halden-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2008, researchers from Arizona State University found that storing plastic bottles in temperatures at or above 60 °C can cause <a href="/info/en/?search=Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> to enter the water contained in the bottles. Therefore, frequently drinking from bottles stored in places such as cars during the summer months may have negative health effects.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>Bottle manufacturing relies on petroleum and natural resources. Some creating processes release toxic chemicals into the air and water supply that can immensely affect <a href="/info/en/?search=Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous systems</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood cells">blood cells</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Kidneys" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidneys">kidneys</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Immune_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Immune systems">immune systems</a>, and can cause cancer and <a href="/info/en/?search=Birth_defects" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth defects">birth defects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Halden_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halden-12">[12]</a></sup> Most disposable water bottles are made from petroleum found <a href="/info/en/?search=Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">polyethylene terephthalate</a> (PET). While PET is considered less toxic than many other types of plastic, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Berkeley_Ecology_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkeley Ecology Center">Berkeley Ecology Center</a> found that manufacturing PET makes toxic emissions in the form of <a href="/info/en/?search=Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Ethylbenzene" title="Ethylbenzene">ethylbenzene</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">ethylene oxide</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> at levels 100 times higher than those created to make the same amount of glass.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Environment">Environment</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/info/en/?search=Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">Bottled water</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Enviro_Label.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Enviro_Label.JPG/220px-Enviro_Label.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Enviro_Label.JPG/330px-Enviro_Label.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Enviro_Label.JPG/440px-Enviro_Label.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Label on disposable water bottle highlighting positive environmental attributes.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Water bottles made of <a href="/info/en/?search=Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, aluminium and <a href="/info/en/?search=Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> are the most readily <a href="/info/en/?search=Recyclable" class="mw-redirect" title="Recyclable">recyclable</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=HDPE" class="mw-redirect" title="HDPE">HDPE</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=LDPE" class="mw-redirect" title="LDPE">LDPE</a> bottles can be recycled as well.
</p><p>Because the manufacturing and transportation of disposable water bottles requires <a href="/info/en/?search=Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, a non-renewable resource, the single-serve bottled water industry has come under pressure from concerned consumers. The <a href="/info/en/?search=Pacific_Institute" title="Pacific Institute">Pacific Institute</a> calculates that it required about 17 million barrels of oil to make the disposable plastic bottles for single-serve water that Americans consumed in 2006. To sustain the consumptive use of products relying on plastic components and level of manufactured demand for plastic water bottles,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> the end result is shortages of <a href="/info/en/?search=Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>. Furthermore, it means not only a shortage of the raw materials to make plastics, but also a shortage of the energy required to fuel their production.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>Single-serve bottled water industry has responded to consumer concern about the environmental impact of disposable water bottles by significantly reducing the amount of plastic used in bottles.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> The reduced plastic content also results in a lower weight product that uses less energy to transport. Other bottle manufacturing companies are experimenting with alternative materials such as <a href="/info/en/?search=Corn_starch" title="Corn starch">corn starch</a> to make new bottles that are more readily <a href="/info/en/?search=Biodegradable" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradable">biodegradable</a>.
</p><p>The lowest impact water bottles are those made of glass or metal. They are not made from petroleum and are easily recyclable. By choosing to continuously fill any multi-use water bottle, the consumer keeps disposable bottles out of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Waste_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste stream">waste stream</a> and minimizes environmental impact.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Beverage_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage can">Beverage can</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">Bottled water</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Carboy" title="Carboy">Carboy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edible_water_bottle" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible water bottle">Edible water bottle</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Low_plastic_water_bottle" title="Low plastic water bottle">Low plastic water bottle</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sipper_water_bottle" title="Sipper water bottle">Sipper water bottle</a>, a water dispenser for pets</li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Refill_(scheme)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refill (scheme)">Refill (scheme)</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
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<li id="cite_note-Johnson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2010" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Tim (May 27, 2010). <a class="external text" href="https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article24583945.html">"In Mexico, fear of tap water fuels bottled-water boom"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=McClatchy" title="McClatchy">McClatchy DC</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=McClatchy+DC&rft.atitle=In+Mexico%2C+fear+of+tap+water+fuels+bottled-water+boom&rft.date=2010-05-27&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcclatchydc.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fworld%2Farticle24583945.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+bottle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, James E. (2011). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210908">"Assessment of bisphenol A released from reusable plastic, aluminum and stainless steel water bottles"</a>. <i>Chemosphere</i>. <b>85</b> (4): 943–947. <a href="/info/en/?search=Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Chmsp..85..943C">2011Chmsp..85..943C</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2011.06.060">10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.060</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210908">3210908</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21741673">21741673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemosphere&rft.atitle=Assessment+of+bisphenol+A+released+from+reusable+plastic%2C+aluminum+and+stainless+steel+water+bottles&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=943-947&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3210908%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21741673&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2011.06.060&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Chmsp..85..943C&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3210908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+bottle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVeríssimo,_Marta_I.S.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Veríssimo, Marta I.S. (2006). "Leaching of aluminum from cooking pans and food containers". <i>Sensors and Actuators. B, Chemical</i>. <b>118</b> (1–2): 192–197. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.snb.2006.04.061">10.1016/j.snb.2006.04.061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sensors+and+Actuators.+B%2C+Chemical&rft.atitle=Leaching+of+aluminum+from+cooking+pans+and+food+containers&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=192-197&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.snb.2006.04.061&rft.au=Ver%C3%ADssimo%2C+Marta+I.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+bottle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKrachler,_Michael2009" class="citation journal cs1">Krachler, Michael (2009). "Trace and ultratrace metals in bottled waters: survey of sources worldwide and comparison with refillable metal bottles". <i>The Science of the Total Environment</i>. <b>407</b> (3): 1089–96. <a href="/info/en/?search=Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ScTEn.407.1089K">2009ScTEn.407.1089K</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2008.10.014">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.014</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18990431">18990431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Trace+and+ultratrace+metals+in+bottled+waters%3A+survey+of+sources+worldwide+and+comparison+with+refillable+metal+bottles&rft.volume=407&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1089-96&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18990431&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2008.10.014&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009ScTEn.407.1089K&rft.au=Krachler%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+bottle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://gogreentravelgreen.com/green-environmentally-friendly-products-travel-gear/glass-water-bottles-bpa-fre-water-bottles/">"Glass Water Bottles: BPA Free Water Bottles"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glass+Water+Bottles%3A+BPA+Free+Water+Bottles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgogreentravelgreen.com%2Fgreen-environmentally-friendly-products-travel-gear%2Fglass-water-bottles-bpa-fre-water-bottles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+bottle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHijnen,_W.A.M.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hijnen, W.A.M. (2006). "Inactivation credit of UV radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan oocysts in water: A review". <i>Water Research</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 3–22. <a href="/info/en/?search=Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006WatRe..40....3H">2006WatRe..40....3H</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2005.10.030">10.1016/j.watres.2005.10.030</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16386286">16386286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Research&rft.atitle=Inactivation+credit+of+UV+radiation+for+viruses%2C+bacteria+and+protozoan+oocysts+in+water%3A+A+review&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-22&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16386286&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.watres.2005.10.030&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006WatRe..40....3H&rft.au=Hijnen%2C+W.A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+bottle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.foodsafety.wisc.edu/consumer/fact_sheets/waterbottles.pdf">"Tap water, bottled water, filtered water, which to choose"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tap+water%2C+bottled+water%2C+filtered+water%2C+which+to+choose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodsafety.wisc.edu%2Fconsumer%2Ffact_sheets%2Fwaterbottles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+bottle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-George,_Steve_1997_p._58-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-George,_Steve_1997_p._58_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge1997" class="citation magazine cs1">George, Steve (June 30, 1997). "Bottle or bladder?". <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Backpacker_(magazine)" title="Backpacker (magazine)">Backpacker</a></i>. Vol. 25, no. 5. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Backpacker&rft.atitle=Bottle+or+bladder%3F&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=58&rft.date=1997-06-30&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+bottle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429033928/http://www.bottledwater.org/public/2008%20Market%20Report%20Findings%20reported%20in%20April%202009.pdf">"Confronting Challenges: Bottled Water"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.bottledwater.org/public/2008%20Market%20Report%20Findings%20reported%20in%20April%202009.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confronting+Challenges%3A+Bottled+Water&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bottledwater.org%2Fpublic%2F2008%2520Market%2520Report%2520Findings%2520reported%2520in%2520April%25202009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+bottle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Arnett_Rao_2016-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arnett_Rao_2016_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFArnettRao2016" class="citation web cs1">Arnett, Dugan; Rao, Sonia (2016-09-30). <a class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/09/29/bottle-flipping-becames-rage-with-middle-schoolers/1INRaYEj9dQILseR5cgVUK/story.html">"Bottle flipping becomes the rage with middle schoolers"</a>. <i>BostonGlobe.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BostonGlobe.com&rft.atitle=Bottle+flipping+becomes+the+rage+with+middle+schoolers&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft.aulast=Arnett&rft.aufirst=Dugan&rft.au=Rao%2C+Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fmetro%2F2016%2F09%2F29%2Fbottle-flipping-becames-rage-with-middle-schoolers%2F1INRaYEj9dQILseR5cgVUK%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+bottle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Halden-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halden_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halden_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHalden2010" class="citation journal cs1">Halden, Rolf U. (2010). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.publhealth.012809.103714">"Plastics and Health Risks"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Public Health</i>. <b>31</b>: 179–94. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.publhealth.012809.103714">10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103714</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20070188">20070188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Plastics+and+Health+Risks&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=179-94&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.publhealth.012809.103714&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20070188&rft.aulast=Halden&rft.aufirst=Rolf+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev.publhealth.012809.103714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+bottle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFilella2020" class="citation journal cs1">Filella, Montserrat (December 2020). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2020.127732">"Antimony and PET bottles: Checking facts"</a>. <i>Chemosphere</i>. <b>261</b>: 127732. <a href="/info/en/?search=Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Chmsp.26127732F">2020Chmsp.26127732F</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2020.127732">10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127732</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32739689">32739689</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220943760">220943760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemosphere&rft.atitle=Antimony+and+PET+bottles%3A+Checking+facts&rft.volume=261&rft.pages=127732&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2020.127732&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220943760%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32739689&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Chmsp.26127732F&rft.aulast=Filella&rft.aufirst=Montserrat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.chemosphere.2020.127732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+bottle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWesterhoffPrapaipongShockHillaireau2008" class="citation journal cs1">Westerhoff, Paul; Prapaipong, Panjai; Shock, Everett; Hillaireau, Alice (2008-02-01). <a class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135407005246">"Antimony leaching from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic used for bottled drinking water"</a>. <i>Water Research</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 551–556. <a href="/info/en/?search=Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008WatRe..42..551W">2008WatRe..42..551W</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2007.07.048">10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.048</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-1354">0043-1354</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17707454">17707454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Research&rft.atitle=Antimony+leaching+from+polyethylene+terephthalate+%28PET%29+plastic+used+for+bottled+drinking+water&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=551-556&rft.date=2008-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.watres.2007.07.048&rft.issn=0043-1354&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17707454&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008WatRe..42..551W&rft.aulast=Westerhoff&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Prapaipong%2C+Panjai&rft.au=Shock%2C+Everett&rft.au=Hillaireau%2C+Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0043135407005246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+bottle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHoward,_Brian2003" class="citation journal cs1">Howard, Brian (2003). "Message in a Bottle". <i>E: The Environmental Magazine</i>. <b>14</b> (5): 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E%3A+The+Environmental+Magazine&rft.atitle=Message+in+a+Bottle&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Howard%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+bottle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://thewaterproject.org/bottled-water/bottled_water_wasteful">"The Water Project"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Water+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewaterproject.org%2Fbottled-water%2Fbottled_water_wasteful&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+bottle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/9px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/14px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/19px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /></span></span> <a href="/info/en/?search=Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></li></ul>
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<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Packaging" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Packaging" title="Template:Packaging"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:Packaging" title="Template talk:Packaging"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:Packaging" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Packaging"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Packaging" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Packaging" title="Packaging">Packaging</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Active_packaging" title="Active packaging">Active packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Child-resistant_packaging" title="Child-resistant packaging">Child-resistant packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Contract_packager" title="Contract packager">Contract packager</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Edible_packaging" title="Edible packaging">Edible packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Modified_atmosphere/modified_humidity_packaging" title="Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging">Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Overpackaging" title="Overpackaging">Overpackaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Package_delivery" title="Package delivery">Package delivery</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Package_pilferage" title="Package pilferage">Package pilferage</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Package_testing" title="Package testing">Package testing</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Package_theft" title="Package theft">Package theft</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Packaging_engineering" title="Packaging engineering">Packaging engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Resealable_packaging" title="Resealable packaging">Resealable packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Reuse_of_bottles" title="Reuse of bottles">Reuse of bottles</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">Shelf life</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shelf-ready_packaging" title="Shelf-ready packaging">Shelf-ready packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shelf-stable_food" title="Shelf-stable food">Shelf-stable</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tamper-evident_technology" title="Tamper-evident technology">Tamper-evident</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tamper_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamper resistance">Tamper resistance</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wrap_rage" title="Wrap rage">Wrap rage</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Product<br />packages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Banana_box" title="Banana box">Banana box</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Beer_bottle" title="Beer bottle">Beer bottle</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Coffee_bag" title="Coffee bag">Coffee bag</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cosmetic_packaging" title="Cosmetic packaging">Cosmetic packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Currency_packaging" title="Currency packaging">Currency packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Disposable_food_packaging" title="Disposable food packaging">Disposable food packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Drink_can" title="Drink can">Drink can</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Egg_carton" title="Egg carton">Egg carton</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Evidence_packaging" title="Evidence packaging">Evidence packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Field_ration" title="Field ration">Field ration</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Flour_sack" title="Flour sack">Flour sack</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">Food packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fuel_container" title="Fuel container">Fuel container</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">Gas cylinder</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Glass_milk_bottle" title="Glass milk bottle">Glass milk bottle</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Growler_(jug)" title="Growler (jug)">Growler</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Juicebox_(container)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juicebox (container)">Juicebox</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Low_plastic_water_bottle" title="Low plastic water bottle">Low plastic water bottle</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Luxury_packaging" title="Luxury packaging">Luxury packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Milk_bag" title="Milk bag">Milk bag</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Optical_disc_packaging" title="Optical disc packaging">Optical disc packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Oyster_pail" title="Oyster pail">Oyster pail</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Microwave_popcorn" title="Microwave popcorn">Popcorn bag</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pharmaceutical_packaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical packaging">Pharmaceutical packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Plastic_milk_container" title="Plastic milk container">Plastic milk container</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Purdue_Improved_Crop_Storage_bags" title="Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags">Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sand_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand bag">Sand bag</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Seasonal_packaging" title="Seasonal packaging">Seasonal packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Self-heating_food_packaging" title="Self-heating food packaging">Self-heating food packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap (wine)</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Single-serve_coffee_container" title="Single-serve coffee container">Single-serve coffee container</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Toothpaste_pump_dispenser" title="Toothpaste pump dispenser">Toothpaste pump dispenser</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water bottle</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Container" title="Container">Containers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Aerosol_spray" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerosol spray">Aerosol spray</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Aluminium_bottle" title="Aluminium bottle">Aluminium bottle</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Aluminum_can" title="Aluminum can">Aluminum can</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ampoule" title="Ampoule">Ampoule</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Antistatic_bag" title="Antistatic bag">Antistatic bag</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bag-in-box" title="Bag-in-box">Bag-in-box</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bag" title="Bag">Bag</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Barrel" title="Barrel">Barrel</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Biodegradable_bag" title="Biodegradable bag">Biodegradable bag</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister pack</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Boil-in-bag" title="Boil-in-bag">Boil-in-bag</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bottle" title="Bottle">Bottle</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Box" title="Box">Box</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bulk_box" title="Bulk box">Bulk box</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cage" title="Cage">Cage</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Case_(goods)" title="Case (goods)">Case</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Carboy" title="Carboy">Carboy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Carton" title="Carton">Carton</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Chub_(container)" title="Chub (container)">Chub</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Clamshell_(container)" title="Clamshell (container)">Clamshell</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box design</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Crate" title="Crate">Crate</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Disposable_cup" title="Disposable cup">Disposable cup</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Drum_(container)" title="Drum (container)">Drum</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Endcap" title="Endcap">Endcap</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Envelope" title="Envelope">Envelope</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Euro_container" title="Euro container">Euro container</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Flexible_intermediate_bulk_container" title="Flexible intermediate bulk container">Flexible intermediate bulk container</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Flexi-bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexi-bag">Flexi-bag</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Folding_carton" title="Folding carton">Folding carton</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Glass_bottle" title="Glass bottle">Glass bottle</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Gunny_sack" title="Gunny sack">Gunny sack</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Inhaler" title="Inhaler">Inhaler</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Insulated_shipping_container" title="Insulated shipping container">Insulated shipping container</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Intermediate_bulk_container" title="Intermediate bulk container">Intermediate bulk container</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jar" title="Jar">Jar</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jerrycan" title="Jerrycan">Jerrycan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jug" title="Jug">Jug</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Keg" title="Keg">Keg</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mesh_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh bag">Mesh bag</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Multilayered_packaging" title="Multilayered packaging">Multilayered packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Multi-pack" title="Multi-pack">Multi-pack</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Packet_(container)" title="Packet (container)">Packet (container)</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Padded_envelope" title="Padded envelope">Padded envelope</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pail_(container)" title="Pail (container)">Pail</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Paper_bag" title="Paper bag">Paper bag</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Paper_sack" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper sack">Paper sack</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">Plastic bag</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Plastic bottle</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Retort_pouch" title="Retort pouch">Retort pouch</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Salvage_drum" title="Salvage drum">Salvage drum</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sachet" title="Sachet">Sachet</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Water_sachet" title="Water sachet">Water sachet</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Security_bag" title="Security bag">Security bag</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">Shipping container</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shipping_tube" title="Shipping tube">Shipping tube</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Skin_pack" title="Skin pack">Skin pack</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Spray_bottle" title="Spray bottle">Spray bottle</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Squround" title="Squround">Squround</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Stand-up_pouch" title="Stand-up pouch">Stand-up pouch</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Steel_and_tin_cans" title="Steel and tin cans">Steel and tin cans</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tetra_Brik" title="Tetra Brik">Tetra Brik</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Thermal_bag" title="Thermal bag">Thermal bag</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tub_(container)" title="Tub (container)">Tub (container)</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tube_(container)" title="Tube (container)">Tube</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Unit_load" title="Unit load">Unit load</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vial" title="Vial">Vial</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wooden_box" title="Wooden box">Wooden box</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials<br />and<br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Adhesive" title="Adhesive">Adhesive</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Aluminium_foil" title="Aluminium foil">Aluminium foil</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bail_handle" title="Bail handle">Bail handle</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic">Bioplastic</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">Biodegradable plastic</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=BoPET" title="BoPET">BoPET</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bubble_wrap" title="Bubble wrap">Bubble wrap</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bung">Bung</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cellophane" title="Cellophane">Cellophane</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Closure_(container)" title="Closure (container)">Closure</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated paper</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Coating" title="Coating">Coating</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Coextrusion#Coextrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coextrusion">Coextrusion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Corrugated_plastic" title="Corrugated plastic">Corrugated plastic</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cushioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushioning">Cushioning</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Desiccant" title="Desiccant">Desiccant</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Double_seam" title="Double seam">Double seam</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Flip-top" title="Flip-top">Flip-top</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Foam_peanut" title="Foam peanut">Foam peanut</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Gel_pack" class="mw-redirect" title="Gel pack">Gel pack</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hot-melt_adhesive" title="Hot-melt adhesive">Hot-melt adhesive</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Humidity_indicator_card" title="Humidity indicator card">Humidity indicator card</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft paper</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Label" title="Label">Label</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lid" title="Lid">Lid</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Linear_low-density_polyethylene" title="Linear low-density polyethylene">Linear low-density polyethylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Liquid_packaging_board" title="Liquid packaging board">Liquid packaging board</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Living_hinge" title="Living hinge">Living hinge</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Low-density_polyethylene" title="Low-density polyethylene">Low-density polyethylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Metallised_film" title="Metallised film">Metallised film</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Modified_atmosphere" title="Modified atmosphere">Modified atmosphere</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Molded_pulp" title="Molded pulp">Molded pulp</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">Nonwoven fabric</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Overwrap" title="Overwrap">Overwrap</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Oxygen_scavenger" title="Oxygen scavenger">Oxygen scavenger</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Package_handle" title="Package handle">Package handle</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Packaging_gas" title="Packaging gas">Packaging gas</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pallet" title="Pallet">Pallet</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Paper_pallet" title="Paper pallet">Paper pallet</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated paper</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Plastic film</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Plastic_pallet" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic pallet">Plastic pallet</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Plastic_wrap" title="Plastic wrap">Plastic wrap</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pressure-sensitive_tape" title="Pressure-sensitive tape">Pressure-sensitive tape</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pump_dispenser" title="Pump dispenser">Pump dispenser</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Screw_cap" title="Screw cap">Screw cap</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap (wine)</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Security_printing" title="Security printing">Security printing</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Security_tape" title="Security tape">Security tape</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shock_detector" title="Shock detector">Shock detector</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shock_and_vibration_data_logger" title="Shock and vibration data logger">Shock and vibration data logger</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shrink_wrap" title="Shrink wrap">Shrink wrap</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Slip_sheet" title="Slip sheet">Slip sheet</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Staple_(fastener)" title="Staple (fastener)">Staple (fastener)</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Strapping" title="Strapping">Strapping</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Stretch_wrap" title="Stretch wrap">Stretch wrap</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Susceptor" title="Susceptor">Susceptor</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tamper-evident_band" title="Tamper-evident band">Tamper-evident band</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tear_tape" title="Tear tape">Tear tape</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Temperature_data_logger" title="Temperature data logger">Temperature data logger</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Time_temperature_indicator" title="Time temperature indicator">Time temperature indicator</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tinning" title="Tinning">Tinplate</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Velostat" title="Velostat">Velostat</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Aseptic_processing" title="Aseptic processing">Aseptic processing</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Authentication" title="Authentication">Authentication</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Automatic_identification_and_data_capture" title="Automatic identification and data capture">Automatic identification and data capture</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Blow_fill_seal" title="Blow fill seal">Blow fill seal</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Calender" title="Calender">Calendering</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Canning" title="Canning">Canning</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Coating" title="Coating">Coating</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Converting" class="mw-redirect" title="Converting">Converting</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Corona_treatment" title="Corona treatment">Corona treatment</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Curtain_coating" title="Curtain coating">Curtain coating</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Die_cutting_(web)" title="Die cutting (web)">Die cutting</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Die_forming_(plastics)" title="Die forming (plastics)">Die forming (plastics)</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Electronic_article_surveillance" title="Electronic article surveillance">Electronic article surveillance</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Extrusion" title="Extrusion">Extrusion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Extrusion_coating" title="Extrusion coating">Extrusion coating</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Flame_treatment" title="Flame treatment">Flame treatment</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Glass_production" title="Glass production">Glass production</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hazard_analysis_and_critical_control_points" title="Hazard analysis and critical control points">Hazard analysis and critical control points</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hermetic_seal" title="Hermetic seal">Hermetic seal</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Induction_sealing" title="Induction sealing">Induction sealing</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lamination" title="Lamination">Lamination</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Laser_cutting" title="Laser cutting">Laser cutting</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">Molding</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Package_tracking" title="Package tracking">Package tracking</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Plastic_extrusion" title="Plastic extrusion">Plastic extrusion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">Plastic welding</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Product_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Product development">Product development</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Production_control" title="Production control">Production control</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">Quality assurance</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">Radio-frequency identification</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Roll_slitting" title="Roll slitting">Roll slitting</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shearing_(manufacturing)" title="Shearing (manufacturing)">Shearing (manufacturing)</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">Thermoforming</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Track_and_trace" title="Track and trace">Track and trace</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ultrasonic_welding" title="Ultrasonic welding">Ultrasonic welding</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">Vacuum forming</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vacuum_packing" title="Vacuum packing">Vacuum packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machinery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Barcode_printer" title="Barcode printer">Barcode printer</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Barcode_reader" title="Barcode reader">Barcode reader</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bottling_line" title="Bottling line">Bottling line</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Can_seamer" title="Can seamer">Can seamer</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cartoning_machine" title="Cartoning machine">Cartoning machine</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Case_sealer" title="Case sealer">Case sealer</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Check_weigher" title="Check weigher">Check weigher</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Conveyor_system" title="Conveyor system">Conveyor system</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Drum_pump" title="Drum pump">Drum pump</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Extended_core_stretch_wrapper" title="Extended core stretch wrapper">Extended core stretch wrapper</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Filler_(packaging)" title="Filler (packaging)">Filler</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Heat_gun" title="Heat gun">Heat gun</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Heat_sealer" title="Heat sealer">Heat sealer</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial robot</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Injection_molding_machine" title="Injection molding machine">Injection molding machine</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Label_printer_applicator" title="Label printer applicator">Label printer applicator</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lineshaft_roller_conveyor" title="Lineshaft roller conveyor">Lineshaft roller conveyor</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Logistics_automation" title="Logistics automation">Logistics automation</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Material-handling_equipment" title="Material-handling equipment">Material-handling equipment</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mechanical_brake_stretch_wrapper" title="Mechanical brake stretch wrapper">Mechanical brake stretch wrapper</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Multihead_weigher" title="Multihead weigher">Multihead weigher</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Orbital_stretch_wrapper" title="Orbital stretch wrapper">Orbital stretch wrapper</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Packaging_machinery" title="Packaging machinery">Packaging machinery</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pallet_inverter" title="Pallet inverter">Pallet inverter</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Palletizer" title="Palletizer">Palletizer</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rotary_wheel_blow_molding_systems" title="Rotary wheel blow molding systems">Rotary wheel blow molding systems</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Seed-counting_machine" title="Seed-counting machine">Seed-counting machine</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shrink_tunnel" title="Shrink tunnel">Shrink tunnel</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Staple_gun" title="Staple gun">Staple gun</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tape_dispenser" title="Tape dispenser">Tape dispenser</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Turntable_stretch_wrapper" title="Turntable stretch wrapper">Turntable stretch wrapper</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vertical_form_fill_sealing_machine" title="Vertical form fill sealing machine">Vertical form fill sealing machine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment,<br />post-use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Closed-loop_box_reuse" title="Closed-loop box reuse">Closed-loop box reuse</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Glass_recycling" title="Glass recycling">Glass recycling</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=PET_bottle_recycling" title="PET bottle recycling">PET bottle recycling</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Reverse_logistics" title="Reverse logistics">Reverse logistics</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Source_reduction" title="Source reduction">Source reduction</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/info/en/?search=Category:Packaging" title="Category:Packaging">Category: Packaging</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1712820581' |