Edit count of the user (user_editcount) | null |
Name of the user account (user_name) | '113.203.209.213' |
Age of the user account (user_age) | 0 |
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups) | [
0 => '*'
] |
Rights that the user has (user_rights) | [
0 => 'createaccount',
1 => 'read',
2 => 'edit',
3 => 'createtalk',
4 => 'writeapi',
5 => 'viewmyprivateinfo',
6 => 'editmyprivateinfo',
7 => 'editmyoptions',
8 => 'abusefilter-log-detail',
9 => 'urlshortener-create-url',
10 => 'centralauth-merge',
11 => 'abusefilter-view',
12 => 'abusefilter-log',
13 => 'vipsscaler-test'
] |
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile) | false |
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app) | false |
Page ID (page_id) | 40440822 |
Page namespace (page_namespace) | 0 |
Page title without namespace (page_title) | 'Non-denominational Muslim' |
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle) | 'Non-denominational Muslim' |
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit) | [] |
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors) | [
0 => 'OkayEiko',
1 => 'Skitash',
2 => '151.0.248.110',
3 => 'Citation bot',
4 => 'WC gudang inspirasi',
5 => 'Farrukhwahla',
6 => 'EnigmaticStale',
7 => '148.252.146.173',
8 => 'Avadakadavra1617',
9 => 'GreenC bot'
] |
Page age in seconds (page_age) | 334425029 |
Action (action) | 'edit' |
Edit summary/reason (summary) | '' |
Old content model (old_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
New content model (new_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Muslim not readily classified in terms of Islamic school or branch}}
'''Non-denominational Muslims''' ({{Lang-ar|مسلمون بلا طائفة|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) are [[Muslim]]s who do not belong to, do not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |access-date=20 October 2015 |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels}}</ref><ref name="Longton"/><ref name="Kirkham"/><ref name="Pollack"/> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a denomination but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref>
While the majority of the population in the [[Middle East]] identify as either [[Sunni]] or [[Shi'a]], a significant number of Muslims identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" make up a majority of the Muslims in eight countries: [[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%), and a plurality in four countries: [[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> They are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> [[Kazakhstan]] has the largest proportion of Muslims who do not identify with a sect, who constitute about 74% of the Muslim population.<ref name="Pew" /> [[Southeastern Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" />
Sectarian controversies have a long and complex history in Islam and they have been exploited and amplified by rulers for political ends. However, the notion of Muslim unity has remained an important ideal and in modern times intellectuals have spoken against sectarian divisions. Surveys have reported that large proportions of Muslims in some parts of the world self-identify as "just Muslim" or "Muslim only", although there is little published analysis available regarding the motivations underlying this response.<ref name="Pew"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Burns|first1=Robert|title=Christianity, Islam, and the West|date=December 2011|page=55|publisher=University Press of America |isbn=9780761855606|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akWUGyN7fwEC&pg=PA55|quote=40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mustapha |first1=Abdul |title=Sects & Social Disorder |date=2014 |page=5 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=9781847011077 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIKfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |quote=of Muslims identified themselves as Sunni, 12 per cent as Shi'a, 3 per cent as Ahmadiyya but 44 per cent as 'just Muslim' (Pew Forum, 2010)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Muttitt|first1=Greg|title=Fuel on the Fire: Oil and Politics in Occupied Iraq|publisher=Vintage|date=2012|page=[https://archive.org/details/fuelonfireoilpol0000mutt/page/79 79]|isbn=9781595588050|url=https://archive.org/details/fuelonfireoilpol0000mutt|url-access=registration|quote=A January 2004 survey by the Iraq Centre for Research and Strategic Studies, for instance, asked people which description suited them best Sunni Muslim, Shi'a Muslim or just Muslim'.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Boulting|first1=Ned|title=On the Road Bike: The Search For a Nation's Cycling Soul|page=155|quote=What is your religion, asked a UN official. Muslim. Are you Shi'a or Sunni. Just Muslim}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Tatari|first1=Eren|title=Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets|date=2014|page=111|publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004272262|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA111|quote=Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi and two said their families are Alevi}}</ref><ref name="iraqi">{{cite book|last1=Lopez|first1=Ralph|title=Truth in the Age of Bushism|date=2008|page=65|publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=9781434896155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vuNfXxnYWPIC&pg=PA65|quote=Many Iraqis take offense at reporters' efforts to identify them as Sunni or Shiite. A 2004 Iraq Centre for Research and Strategic Studies poll found the largest category of Iraqis classified themselves as "just Muslim."}}</ref>
==Etymology==
===Non-sectarian Muslims===
Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as ''non-sectarian Muslims''.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref>
===Non-{{Transl|ar|madhhabi}}===
The description ''non-{{Transl|ar|madhhabi}}'' may be used for example in relation to Islamic studies at educational institutions that are not limited in scope to one particular ''[[madhhab]]'' or school of jurisprudence.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|publisher=A&C Black |isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref> For non-denominational Muslims, Pew uses the description of "choose not to affiliate"<ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref> while Russian officials use the term "Unaffiliated Muslims" for those who do not belong to any branch or denomination.<ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref> Unlike [[Sunni Islam| Sunnis]], [[Shia Islam| Shias]], and [[Ibadism| Ibadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any school of thought (madhhab).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|publisher=A&C Black |isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref>
==={{Transl|ar|Ghayr Muqallid}}===
The term {{Transl|ar|ghair-muqallid}}, i.e., "non-blind-follower", can be used to describe the adherents of movements such as [[Salafi movement|Salafism]] and [[Ahl-e-Hadith]] who do not necessarily follow the rulings of a particular traditional {{Transl|ar|madhhab}} but identify as Sunni Muslims.<ref>Qasmi, Ali Usman. "Islamic Universalism: The ‘Amritsarī’Version of Ahl al-Qurʾān." Journal of Islamic Studies 20.2 (2009): 159-187.</ref><ref>Maghen, Ze'ev. "See No Evil: Morality and Methodology in Ibn Al-qattān al-Fāsī's Ahkām al-nazar bi-Hāssat al-Basar." Islamic Law and Society 14.3 (2007): 342-390.</ref><ref>Abou Zahab, Mariam. "Salafism in Pakistan." Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement, Roel Meijer (ed.)(New York: Columbia University Press, 2009) (2011): 126-142.</ref><ref>Khan, Mohammad Sharif, and Mohammad Anwar Saleem. Muslim Philosophy and Philosophers. APH Publishing, 1994.</ref>
==Overview==
===History of sectarianism===
{{Main|Shia–Sunni relations}}
After the death of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], two conflicting views emerged about who should succeed him as the leader of the Muslim community. Some Muslims, who believed that Muhammad never clearly named his successor, resorted to the Arabian tradition of electing their leader by a council of influential members of the community.<ref name="Meri">{{cite encyclopedia|title =Shi'ism|encyclopedia = Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia (ed. Josef W. Meri)|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|page=736}}</ref> Others believed that Muhammad had chosen his cousin and son-in-law [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] to succeed him.<ref name="Meri"/> This disagreement eventually resulted in a [[First Fitna|civil war]] which pitted supporters of Ali against supporters of the founder of the [[Umayyad]] dynasty [[Muawiyah I|Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan]], and these two camps later evolved into the [[Sunni]] and [[Shia]] denominations.<ref name="Lapidus">{{Cite book| last = Lapidus | first = Ira M. | author-link=Ira M. Lapidus | title = A History of Islamic societes | publisher = Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFJNBAAAQBAJ| year = 2014|page=67| isbn = 9780521514309 }}</ref> For the Shias, Ali and the [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Imams]] who succeeded him gradually became the embodiment of God's continuing guidance, and they tended to stress the religious functions of the caliphate and deplore its political compromises; Sunnis were more inclined to circumscribe its religious role and more readily accepted its pragmatic dimensions.<ref name="Lapidus"/> As these differences became increasingly vested with religious importance, they gave rise to two distinct forms of Islam.<ref name="Lapidus"/>
One assumption is that Sunnis represent Islam as it existed before the divisions, and should be considered as normative, or the standard.<ref name="Hughes">{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=Aaron|title=Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam|date=9 April 2013|pages=115–116|publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231531924|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95jSBFFaDkUC&pg=PA115|quote=It is a mistake to assume as is commonly done that Sunni Islam arose as normative from the chaotic period following Muhammad's death... This mistake is based in... the taking of later and often highly ideological sources as accurate historical portrayals - and in part on the fact that the overwhelming majority of Muslims throughout the world follows now what emerged as Sunni Islam...}}</ref> This perception is partly due to the reliance on highly ideological sources that have been accepted as reliable historical works, and also because the vast majority of the population is Sunni.<ref name="Hughes"/> Both Sunnism and Shi'ism are the end products of several centuries of competition between ideologies.<ref name="Hughes"/> Both sects used each other to further cement their own identities and divisions.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=Aaron|title=Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam|date=9 April 2013|page=116|publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231531924|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95jSBFFaDkUC&pg=PA116|quote=Each of these sectarian movements... used the other to define itself more clearly and in the process to articulate its doctrinal contents and rituals.}}</ref>
During the Umayyad period, many non-Arab converts ([[mawali]]) and their sects and schools tended to be willing to join anti-Umayyad causes.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXmaEAAAQBAJ&dq=no+sects+during+umayyad&pg=PA209 | title=Sectarianism in Islam | isbn=9781107032255 | last1=Gaiser | first1=Adam R. | date=24 November 2022 | publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> Both Sunni and Shia scholars have held anti-Umayyad views, most notably concerning [[Yazid ibn Mu'awiyah]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sf-pEAAAQBAJ&dq=sunni+scholars++yazid&pg=PA26 | title=The Caliph and the Imam: The Making of Sunnism and Shiism | isbn=978-0-19-068946-9 | last1=Matthiesen | first1=Toby | date=9 March 2023 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTqtAgAAQBAJ&dq=sunni+scholars++yazid&pg=PA69 | title=Wahhabis Fitna Exposed | isbn=9789976956764 | last1=Rizvi | first1=Sayyid Saeed Akhtar | date=January 1996 | publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania }}</ref>
In the [[early modern period]], the conflict between Shias and Sunnis took a turn for the worse when the [[Safavid]] and [[Ottoman Dynasty|Ottoman]] dynasties turned the military conflict between them into a religious war after the Safavids made Shia Islam the state religion in their empire.<ref name="Bartold">{{Cite book| last = Bartold | first = Vasily | author-link=Vasily Bartold | title = Mussulman Culture | publisher = University of Calcutta|url=https://archive.org/details/MussulmanCulture| year = 1936|pages=[https://archive.org/details/MussulmanCulture/page/n171 143]–144}}</ref> During that era some Sunnis and Shias for the first time began refusing to recognize each other as Muslims.<ref name="Bartold"/> Sectarianism continued to be exploited for political benefits into modern times. An example of this was the [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia]] regime in Pakistan, who used sectarian divisions between the Sunni and Shia to counter the growing geopolitical influence of Iran, as well as to distract from the domestic political problems.<ref name="Copland">{{cite book|last1=Copland|first1=Ian|title=South Asia: The Spectre of Terrorism|date=18 October 2013|pages=138–139|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317967736|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ab6MAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA138}}</ref> Post-Zia governments in Pakistan continued to "cynically manipulate sectarian conflicts for short term political gain."<ref name="Copland"/>
===Development and thought===
Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, the [[pan-Islamist]] revolutionary [[Jamal al-Din al-Afghani]] refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar.<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref> A proponent of Muslim unity, he criticised [[Sunni]] and [[Shia]] extremists as well as the ideology of [[nationalism]], insisting that Islam was doctrinally the only nationality for all Muslims and historically the only bond that effectively tied them all together.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref>
Islam originally brought a radical [[egalitarianism]] to a fiercely tribal society, within which a person's status was based on his tribal membership.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Esposito|first1=John|title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam: Second Edition|date=13 July 2011|page=16|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=9780199794133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA16}}</ref> The Quran set all believing individuals as equals, erasing the importance of tribal status. The primary identity of "Muslims" became simply "Muslim", rather than as a member of a tribe, ethnicity or gender. The Quranic concept of the [[ummah]] depends on this unified concept of an Islamic community, and it was appealed to again in the 19th century, as a response to colonialism by European powers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Esposito|first1=John|title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam: Second Edition|date=13 July 2011|page=17|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=9780199794133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA17}}</ref> One Muslim scholar leading the emphasis on Muslim unity was [[Muhammad Iqbal]], whose views have been referred to as "ummatic".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref> Iqbal emphatically referred to sectarianism as an "[[cult image|idol]]" that needed to be "smashed forever".<ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref> He is quoted as having stated, "I condemn this accursed religious and social sectarianism, there are no Wahhabis, Shias or Sunnis. Fight not for interpretations of the truth when the truth itself is in danger." In his later life, Iqbal began to transcend the narrow domain of nationalist causes and began to speak to the Muslims spread all over the globe, encouraging them to unify as one community.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref>
[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah#Jinnah.27s conversion by Iqbal|Iqbal's influence on Jinnah]], the founder of Pakistan, is also well documented. Jinnah, who was born to an [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili Shia]] family and briefly converted to Sunni Islam as a young man, and his funeral led by Sunni scholar [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani|Shabir Ahmad Usmani]]. Jinnah publicly described himself as neither Shia nor Sunni, his standard answer to questions asking him to define his sect being: "was the Prophet Muhammad a Shia or a Sunni?''<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Other intellectuals who spoke against sectarianism during this era were [[Altaf Hussain Hali]], who blamed sectarianism for the decline of Muslims, the [[Aga Khan III]], who cited it as a hindrance to progress, and [[Muhammad Akram Khan]], who said sectarianism drained the intellectual capacities of Muslim scholars.<ref name=Jones2011/>
In 1947, the non-sectarian movement {{Lang|ar|Jama'ah al-Taqrib bayna al-Madhahib al-Islamiyyah}} was founded in Cairo, Egypt.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOFDEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-sectarian+islam+group&pg=PA75 | title=Rethinking Salafism: The Transnational Networks of Salafi 'Ulama in Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia | isbn=978-0-19-094895-5 | last1=Ismail | first1=Raihan | year=2021 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref> Several of its supporters were high-ranking scholars of [[Al-Ahzar University]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+taqi+al+qummi&pg=PA149 | title=A Comparative History of Catholic and Aš'arī Theologies of Truth and Salvation: Inclusive Minorities, Exclusive Majorities | isbn=9789004461765 | last1=Abdelnour | first1=Mohammed Gamal | date=25 May 2021 | publisher=BRILL }}</ref> The movement sought to bridge the gap between Sunnis and Shi'is.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+taqi+al+qummi&pg=PA149 | title=A Comparative History of Catholic and Aš'arī Theologies of Truth and Salvation: Inclusive Minorities, Exclusive Majorities | isbn=9789004461765 | last1=Abdelnour | first1=Mohammed Gamal | date=25 May 2021 | publisher=BRILL }}</ref> At the end of the 1950’s, the movement reached a wider public, as the Egyptian president [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] discovered the usefulness of [[pan-Islamism]] for his foreign policy.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+taqi+al+qummi&pg=PA149 | title=A Comparative History of Catholic and Aš'arī Theologies of Truth and Salvation: Inclusive Minorities, Exclusive Majorities | isbn=9789004461765 | last1=Abdelnour | first1=Mohammed Gamal | date=25 May 2021 | publisher=BRILL }}</ref>
Non-denominational Muslims may also defend their stance by pointing to the Quran such as [[Al Imran]] verse 103, which asks Muslims to stay united and not to become divided.<ref>Intra-Societal Tension and National Integration, p 119, A. Jamil Qadri - 1988</ref> In Pakistan, sectarianism is cited as a hindrance to the unification of Islamic Law: "Codification of the Islamic Laws related to family and property on the basis of the concept of Talfiq<ref>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam defines ''Talfiq'' as "Legal term describing the derivation of rules from material of various schools of Islamic law." {{cite web | title=Talfiq | website=Oxford Islamic Studies Online | date=2008-05-06 | url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2323?_hi=0&_pos=8 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209012124/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2323?_hi=0&_pos=8 | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 9, 2017 | access-date=2021-09-19}}</ref> should also be considered. This will require strong public opinion in favour of this unification of the Islamic Law on a non-sectarian basis, as no change can be considered permanent unless it has full support of the public."<ref>{{cite journal |last= GHAFUR|first= ABDUL |title= Islamization of Laws in Pakistan: Problems and Prospects |journal=Islamic Studies|volume=26 |issue= 3|pages= 271|jstor=20839846
|date=1987 }}</ref>
===Academia===
There are faith schools and graduation programs with curriculums that have been described as being oriented towards ''non-denominational Islam''.<ref>{{cite news|author1=GSRC|title=Degree overview: Theology and religion|url=http://www.idealist.org/info/GradEducation/Resources/DegreeOverviews/TheologyReligion|access-date=19 October 2015|date=2015|quote=Most theology schools are based in a religious tradition—a specific sect or denomination of a major religion (i.e., a branch of Rabbinical Judaism, a Catholic order, or a school of Buddhism); a general foundation in a major religion (i.e., '''nondenominational Islam''' or Christianity)}}</ref> Non-denominational Muslims have been adopted by some theocratic governments into their fold of pan-Islamism as a means to tackle unreasoning partisanship and [[takfirism]].<ref name="Pollack">{{cite book|last1=Pollack|first1=Kenneth|title=Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy |publisher=Simon and Schuster|date=2014 |page=[https://archive.org/details/unthinkableiranb0000poll/page/29 29] |isbn=9781476733920|url=https://archive.org/details/unthinkableiranb0000poll |url-access=registration|quote=Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more '''nondenominational Muslims'''}}</ref> Some academic press publishing companies have assigned a proper noun-like title to Muslims without a specific sectarian affiliation by capitalizing the designation as ''Just a Muslim''. The customs and rituals practised by non-denominational Muslims in Northern Nigeria are statistically more likely to be [[Sunni]]-inclined.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mustapha |first1=Abdul Raufu |title=Sects & Social Disorder: Muslim Identities & Conflict in Northern Nigeria |date=2014 |page=54 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=9781847011077 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIKfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 |quote=... the Ahmadiyya (3%), the 'something else' (2%), the 'Just a Muslim' (42%), and the 'Don't Know' (4%) (Pew 2010, 21). Most of the 'Just a Muslim' are also likely to be Sunni-inclined}}</ref> In other jurisdictions, some officials have applied a mandatory religious instruction that purportedly gives students a non-denominational outlook in an attempt to appear pluralistic, but in practice, does no such thing.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Torfs|first1=Rik|title=Islam, Europe and Emerging Legal Issues|date=2012|page=29|quote=The Turkish government maintained that religious instruction was mandatory because it was objective, pluralist and neutral, that is nondenominational ... The perception of the applicants was totally different ... they argued that the teaching was done from the perspective of Sunni Islam}}</ref>
===Dispersions===
Western-born Muslims are more likely to be non-affiliated than immigrant Muslims,<ref>Section 2: Religious Beliefs and Practices, Pew Research Center</ref> and when pressed may suggest they try to follow Islamic religious texts "as closely as possible".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Testerman |first1=Janet |title=Transforming From Christianity to Islam: Eight Women's Journey |date=2014 |page=13 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars |isbn=9781443862004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ks4xBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |quote=If people ask me “What are you, Sufi, Shiite or Sunni?” I say No, I'm just a Muslim. I follow the Quran as much as I can, and if I have questions I go to scholars, but I don't get myself involved in any divisions.}}</ref> Although Pew has given comprehensive figures on Muslims with an unspecified branch or affiliation, earlier research from 2006 has also come from [[Council on American–Islamic Relations|CAIR]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roelle|first1=Patrick|title=Islam's Mandate- a Tribute to Jihad: The Mosque at Ground Zero|date=2006|page=374|quote=In a 2006 survey of 1,000 Muslim registered voters, about 12% identified themselves as Shi'a, 36% said they were Sunni, and 40% called themselves "just a Muslim", according to the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR).}}</ref> Some publishers and authors have categorized such non-specified Muslims as being within the liberal or [[Liberal movements within Islam|progressive]] stream of the faith.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aamir|first1=Omer|author2=professor Fatima Mustafa|title=Federalism and Pakistan|date=2013|url=https://omerthehorizon.wordpress.com/category/uncategorized/page/2/|quote=Their dream of turning the conflict into an Arab against the Shiite's is turning into a reality. A dark twisted reality for the liberal '''non denominational Muslims'''}}</ref> [[Sahel]]ian non-denominational Muslims have demonstrated an aversion to austere religious measures.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kennedy|first1=Lisa|title=Film review: "Timbuktu" depicts the beautiful and the brutal|url=http://www.denverpost.com/movies/ci_27693072/film-review-timbuktu-depicts-beautiful-and-brutal|access-date=21 October 2015|publisher=[[The Denver Post]]|date=2015|quote=In town, the jihadists have begun imposing Shariah laws on the locals. Many of the citizens are already devout, if non-denominational Muslims, but this pushes them.}}</ref> However, non-denominational Muslims in a locality in India have expressly suggested that non-denominational Islam is more traditional than what they consider as the more puritan and reformist [[Deobandi]] movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/islam-muslims-radiclization-populism-india-news-88745/|title=Do Not Mistake a Pious Muslim for a Terrorist|date=March 21, 2017}}</ref>
Although some non-denominational Muslims came to their position [[social influence|influenced]] by their parents, others have come to this position irrespective and in spite of their parents.<ref name="Kirkham">{{cite news|last1=Kirkham|first1=Bri|title=Indiana Blood Center cancels 'Muslims for Life' blood drive|url=http://www.ballstatedaily.com/article/2015/04/nli-muslim-blood-drive|access-date=21 October 2015|date=2015|quote=Ball State Student Sadie Sial identifies as a '''non-denominational Muslim''', and her parents belong to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. She has participated in multiple blood drives through the Indiana Blood Center.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125113410/http://www.ballstatedaily.com/article/2015/04/nli-muslim-blood-drive|archive-date=25 November 2015}}</ref> Some laymen non-denominational Muslims exhibit hostility towards the notion that Islam is divided into the binary subdivisions of Sunnism and Shiaism, thereby erasing space for the unaffiliated non-denominational Muslims.<ref name="iraqi"/>
Non-denominational Islam has been described as a generic or a broad run-of-the-mill approach to the faith.<ref name="theod"/> Some adherents to the non-denominational form of Islam perceive it as less judgemental or censorious.<ref name="Longton"/> Some non-denominational Muslims consider their unaffiliated stance to be a shield against the risk of becoming docile and meek subjects of domineering clergymen.<ref name="ikram"/> According to the Muslim Council of America, facets occurring among non-denominational Muslims from a practical point of view includes lacking organizational convenance or spokespersons, and in terms of precepts, a universal or inclusive approach to all schools of thought. According to MCA, non-denominational Muslims also deemphasize the opinion of scholars, viewing them as non-binding, reject the blasphemy or {{Transl|ar|riddah}} laws within Islam, and posit the implementation of human dignity, freedom of expression and human intellect according to circumstance and changing situations, such as discernment between the present and seventh century Arabia.<ref name="mca">{{cite web | url=http://www.muslimcouncilofamerica.org/mca/islam-non-denominational-ndm/ | access-date=2021-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125175103/http://www.muslimcouncilofamerica.org/mca/islam-non-denominational-ndm/|archive-date=2021-01-25|url-status=dead|title=Contemporary Islam, Non-Denominational: NDM|website=www.muslimcouncilofamerica.org}}</ref> They have also depicted non-denominational Muslims as having a theological position that favors [[self-determination]], human intellect, human dignity, a proportionate level of egalitarianism between the various religions and genders, and adapting to changing circumstances.<ref name="mca"/> Despite on occasion sourcing indicating that those identifying as ''just a Muslim'' may constitute up to a quarter of Muslims,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-preface/|title=Preface|work=Pew Research Center|date=August 9, 2012}}</ref> more established institutions may express hostility to such a flexible approach to faith due to its ability to foment attitudes calling for an elimination of [[Islamic clergy]].<ref name="mca"/>
===Setting===
In 2017, there were 144 non-denominational prayer rooms and other places of worship in the [[United Kingdom]], open to all denominations. This represented 7.4% of the total of mosques and Islamic prayer rooms in the UK. 99% of them provided women's facilities such as prayer space, toilets or ablution spaces.<ref name="mib">{{Cite web|date=16 Sep 2017|title=UK Mosque Statistics / Masjid Statistics|url=https://www.muslimsinbritain.org/resources/masjid_report.pdf|website=MuslimsInBritain.org}}</ref> In 2013, there were 156 non-denominational Muslim prayer rooms and places of worship in the U.K, although according to Mehmood Naqshbandi, the congregation does not necessarily subscribe to the same viewpoints as the staff. This represented 3.5 per cent of the total mosque capacity and 9.4% of the total number of mosques and Islamic prayer rooms in the UK.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bowen |first1=Innes |title=Medina in Birmingham, Najaf in Brent |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=7 |isbn=9781849043014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mMSHCwAAQBAJ&q=%22%22&pg=PA7}}</ref> Those who are ''non-denominational Muslim'' have seen the term adopted or adherents coalescing with a wide assortment of persuasions, including [[Islamic revival|Muslim revivalists]] (known as [[mujaddids]]), [[Salafism|Salafists]],<ref name="jorg">{{cite book |last1=Nielsen |first1=Jorgen S |title=Exploring the Multitude of Muslims in Europe |date=2018 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |pages=111–114 |quote=In fact, as a large number of Lithuanian converts to Islam, who are both rank and file of "Education and Heritage", are of non-denominational and / or revivalist leanings, with some of them identifying with Salafi creed, it is best to be described as a denominationally nondescript organisation.}}</ref> active members of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=University of California |author-link1=Pierce v. LaVallee |title=Federal supplement. [First Series.] |page=868 |edition=Volume 212 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8_U3AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Non-denominational+Muslim%22 |quote=A non-denominational Muslim. I am not registered with any particular sect”. He was an active member of the Muslim Brotherhood; was acquainted with its constitution and took the oath described therein}}</ref> those who criticise the traditional Muslim view on homosexuality,<ref>{{cite book |last1=van Nieuwkerk |first1=Karin |title=Moving In and Out of Islam |date=2018 |page=73 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=9781477317488 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xEpuDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Non-denominational+Muslims%22&pg=PA73}}</ref> or the quintessential all-embracing {{Lang|ar|Ansar-ud-Din|italic=no}} college, described as a "non-denominational Muslim institution" in [[Ota, Ogun|Ota Ogun State]], Nigeria wherein in the 1950s, all its Islam-related shelves were stocked with books solely affiliated with [[Ahmadiyya]] or from western orientalists,<ref name="ansar">{{cite book |author1=Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research |title=Conference Proceedings |date=1958 |publisher=The Institute |edition=Volume 6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRUUAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Non-denominational+Muslim%22 |quote=In the library of the Ansar-ud-Din training college at Otta, a non-denominational Muslim institution, all the books in the Islamic section are by Ahmadis, with the exception of two by Western Orientalists}}</ref> even though Ahmadiyya is considered heretical in countries such as India, Pakistan, and Indonesia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burhani |first1=An |title=Hating the Ahmadiyya: the place of "heretics" in contemporary Indonesian Muslim society |date=2014 |pages=133–152 |quote=or heresy by various Muslim institutions in both India and Pakistan, the region of its origin, as well as other Muslim countries, including Indonesia}}</ref>
==Polls==
According to a 2012 [[Pew Research Center|Pew study]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" make up a majority of the Muslims in eight countries: [[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%), and a plurality in four countries: [[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%).<ref name="Pew"/> They are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> [[Kazakhstan]] has the largest proportion of Muslims who do not identify with a sect, who constitute about 74% of the Muslim population.<ref name="Pew" /> According to ''WorldAtlas'', 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html | title=Religious Beliefs in Morocco | date=25 April 2017 }}</ref> While the majority of the population in the [[Middle East]] identify as either [[Sunni]] or [[Shi'a]], a significant number of Muslims identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> [[Southeastern Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" />
==Commentary==
It has been described as a phenomenon that gained momentum in the 20th century which can overlap with orthodox Sunni tenets despite adherents not adhering to any specific [[madhab]].<ref>Islam in South Asia: A Short History - Page 491, Jamal Malik - 2008</ref><ref>Defence Journal - Volume 10, Issues 9-11 - Page 35, Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal - 2007</ref> In an alluding commentary on surah [[Al-Muʼminun]] verse 53 of the [[Qur'an]], [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]] states:
{{quote|The people who began to trade on the names of the prophets cut off that unity and made sects; and each sect rejoices in its own narrow doctrine, instead of taking the universal teaching of unity from Allah. But this sectarian confusion is of man's making. It will last for a time, but the rays of truth and unity will finally dissipate it. Worldly wealth, power and influence may be but trials. Let not their possessors think that they are in themselves things that will necessarily bring them happiness.<ref>The Meaning of the Holy Quran, New Edition with Revised Translation and Commentary, Published by Amana Corporation, page 853</ref>}}
==Organizations==
* {{Lang|ar|Jama'ah al-Taqrib bayna al-Madhahib al-Islamiyyah}}, a non-sectarian movement founded in Cairo, Egypt in 1947.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOFDEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-sectarian+islam+group&pg=PA75 | title=Rethinking Salafism: The Transnational Networks of Salafi 'Ulama in Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia | isbn=978-0-19-094895-5 | last1=Ismail | first1=Raihan | year=2021 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref> At the end of the 1950’s, the movement reached a wider public, as the Egyptian president [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] discovered the usefulness of [[pan-Islamism]] for his foreign policy.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+taqi+al+qummi&pg=PA149 | title=A Comparative History of Catholic and Aš'arī Theologies of Truth and Salvation: Inclusive Minorities, Exclusive Majorities | isbn=9789004461765 | last1=Abdelnour | first1=Mohammed Gamal | date=25 May 2021 | publisher=BRILL }}</ref>
* {{Lang|ar|Tolu-e-Islam}}; inspired by the principles of [[Muhammad Iqbal]]'s philosophy, led by [[Ghulam Ahmed Pervez]], [[Tolu-e-Islam (organization)|Tolu-e-Islam]] is an organization based in Pakistan. It does not affiliate with any political party or religious sect.<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Its goal is to spread the principles of the Quran, with an aim to bring about a resurgence of Islam.
* ''The People's Mosque''; an online nondenominational Muslim movement that seeks to distinguish itself by contrasting its own principles with ultra-conservative political Muslims.<ref name="Longton">{{cite news|last1=Longton|first1=Gary Gurr|title=Isis Jihadist group made me wonder about non-denominational Muslims|url=http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/Isis-Jihadist-group-wonder-non-denominational/story-21340790-detail/story.html|access-date=21 October 2015|publisher=The Sentinel|date=2014|quote=THE appalling and catastrophic pictures of the so-called new extremist Isis Jihadist group made me think about someone who can say I am a Muslim of a non-denominational standpoint, and to my surprise/ignorance, such people exist. Online, I found something called the people's mosque, which makes itself clear that it's 100 per cent non-denominational and most importantly, 100 per cent non-judgmental.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326065118/http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/isis-jihadist-group-wonder-non-denominational/story-21340790-detail/story.html|archive-date=26 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Hunter|first1=Faruq|title=The mosque of the real imam yahya davis|url=http://signup.theonlinemasjid.com/|quote=We are Muslims! 100% non-denominational, 100% non-judgmental, 100% dedicated to helping the people}}</ref>
*''Cambridge Central Mosque'' is a non-denominational place of worship.<ref>{{cite web | last=Brackley | first=Paul | title=In-depth: Guests at opening of Cambridge Central Mosque admire stunning architecture and eco-friendly design | website=Cambridge Independent | date=2019-12-05 | url=https://www.cambridgeindependent.co.uk/news/in-depth-guests-at-opening-of-cambridge-central-mosque-admire-stunning-architecture-and-eco-friendly-design-9092546/ | access-date=2021-09-19}}</ref>
*{{Lang|ar|Ansar-ud-Din}} ''college'', a college in Ogun state, Nigeria.<ref name="ansar"/>
==Notable individuals==
*[[Muhammad Iqbal]]
*[[Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani]]<ref name="ikram"/>
==See also==
* [[Non-denominational]]
'''Other religions:'''
* [[Non-denominational Judaism]]
* [[Non-denominational Christianity]]
* [[Ecumenism]]
* [[Unitarian Universalism]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Islam topics}}
{{Religion topics}}
[[Category:Islamic branches]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Muslim not readily classified in terms of Islamic school or branch}}
{{Infobox religious group|group=Non-denominational Muslim|image=[[File:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|300px]]|image_caption=Muslims praying in Cairo in 1865|population={{Circa|''+1 Crore'''|lk=yes}} Global (2020)|region1={{flag|Kazakhstan}}|pop1=74%|region2={{flag|Albania}}|pop2=65%|region3={{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}|pop3=64%|pop4=58%|pop5=56%|scriptures=[[Quran]]<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Nasr|first=Seyyed Hossein|author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr|title=Qurʼān|year=2007|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|access -date=4 November 2007|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-68890/Quran|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016200056 /http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-68890/Quran|archive-date=16 October 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|languages=[[Arabic Language]] (also [[Al Quds Language]]), [[Urdu]], [[Bengali Language]], [[Malay Language]], [[Persian Language]], [[Javanese Language]], [[Punjabi language]], [[Turkish language]], [[Hausa language]], [[Mandarin Chinese]] & other [[Chinese languages]] and languages of the [[World of Islam]]<ref>{{ cite book|author=Khan, Muhammad Mojlum|author-link=Muhammad Mojlum Khan|title=The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal|publisher=Kube Publishing |year=2013|location=[[England]]|page=2|quote="Bengali-speaking Muslims... one of the largest linguistic groups... second only to the Arabs"}}</ref>{{ sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|loc=p. 27, footnote 3}}<ref>{{cite report|url=http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |title=Chapter 1: Global Religious Populations , 1910–2010 |last1=Grim |first1=Brian J. |last2=Johnson |first2=Todd M. |date=2013 |publisher=Wiley |access-date=10 March 2017 |page=22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |archive-date=2013 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/ethnologue200|title=What are the top 200 most spoken languages?|date=2018-10- 03|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Al-Jallad|first=Ahmad|title=Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f. book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815234348/http: //referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of -arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic|archive-date=15 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="auto6">{{cite web |url=http ://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4cf2d0a85c.html |title=Refworld – 2010 Report on International Religious Freedom – China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, Macau) |last=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |website= Refworld |access-date=14 February 2015}}</ref>|ref1=<ref name="auto"/>|ref2=<ref name="auto"/>|ref3=<ref name="auto"/>|ref4=<ref name="auto"/>|ref5=<ref name="auto"/>|ref6=<ref name="auto"/>|ref7=<ref name="auto"/>|ref8=<ref name="auto"/>|ref9=<ref name="auto"/>|ref10=<ref name="auto"/>|region11={{flag|Pakistan}}|pop11=20%|ref11=<ref name="auto"/>|region4={{flag|Kosovo}}|region5={{nowrap|{{flag|Indonesia}}}}|region6={{flag|Mali}}|region7={{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}|pop6=55%|pop7=54%|pop8=54%|pop9=42%|pop10=45%|region10={{flag|Azerbaijan}}|region8={{flag|Uzbekistan}}|region9={{flag|Turkey}}}}
'''Non-denominational Muslims''' ({{Lang-ar|مسلمون بلا طائفة|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) are [[Muslim]]s who do not belong to, do not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |access-date=20 October 2015 |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels}}</ref><ref name="Longton"/><ref name="Kirkham"/><ref name="Pollack"/> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a denomination but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref>
While the majority of the population in the [[Middle East]] identify as either [[Sunni]] or [[Shi'a]], a significant number of Muslims identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" make up a majority of the Muslims in eight countries: [[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%), and a plurality in four countries: [[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), [[Cameroon]] (40%)<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> and [[Pakistan]] (20%).<ref>{{Citation |title=Islam in Pakistan |date=2024-03-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Islam_in_Pakistan&oldid=1215982204 |access-date=2024-04-09 |language=en}}</ref>They are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> [[Kazakhstan]] has the largest proportion of Muslims who do not identify with a sect, who constitute about 74% of the Muslim population.<ref name="Pew" /> [[Southeastern Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" />
Sectarian controversies have a long and complex history in Islam and they have been exploited and amplified by rulers for political ends. However, the notion of Muslim unity has remained an important ideal and in modern times intellectuals have spoken against sectarian divisions. Surveys have reported that large proportions of Muslims in some parts of the world self-identify as "just Muslim" or "Muslim only", although there is little published analysis available regarding the motivations underlying this response.<ref name="Pew"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Burns|first1=Robert|title=Christianity, Islam, and the West|date=December 2011|page=55|publisher=University Press of America |isbn=9780761855606|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akWUGyN7fwEC&pg=PA55|quote=40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mustapha |first1=Abdul |title=Sects & Social Disorder |date=2014 |page=5 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=9781847011077 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIKfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |quote=of Muslims identified themselves as Sunni, 12 per cent as Shi'a, 3 per cent as Ahmadiyya but 44 per cent as 'just Muslim' (Pew Forum, 2010)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Muttitt|first1=Greg|title=Fuel on the Fire: Oil and Politics in Occupied Iraq|publisher=Vintage|date=2012|page=[https://archive.org/details/fuelonfireoilpol0000mutt/page/79 79]|isbn=9781595588050|url=https://archive.org/details/fuelonfireoilpol0000mutt|url-access=registration|quote=A January 2004 survey by the Iraq Centre for Research and Strategic Studies, for instance, asked people which description suited them best Sunni Muslim, Shi'a Muslim or just Muslim'.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Boulting|first1=Ned|title=On the Road Bike: The Search For a Nation's Cycling Soul|page=155|quote=What is your religion, asked a UN official. Muslim. Are you Shi'a or Sunni. Just Muslim}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Tatari|first1=Eren|title=Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets|date=2014|page=111|publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004272262|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA111|quote=Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi and two said their families are Alevi}}</ref><ref name="iraqi">{{cite book|last1=Lopez|first1=Ralph|title=Truth in the Age of Bushism|date=2008|page=65|publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=9781434896155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vuNfXxnYWPIC&pg=PA65|quote=Many Iraqis take offense at reporters' efforts to identify them as Sunni or Shiite. A 2004 Iraq Centre for Research and Strategic Studies poll found the largest category of Iraqis classified themselves as "just Muslim."}}</ref>
==Etymology==
===Non-sectarian Muslims===
Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as ''non-sectarian Muslims''.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110 | title=The World's Religions: Islam | isbn=978-1-134-93195-8 | last1=Clarke | first1=Peter | date=June 2002 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref>
===Non-{{Transl|ar|madhhabi}}===
The description ''non-{{Transl|ar|madhhabi}}'' may be used for example in relation to Islamic studies at educational institutions that are not limited in scope to one particular ''[[madhhab]]'' or school of jurisprudence.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|publisher=A&C Black |isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref> For non-denominational Muslims, Pew uses the description of "choose not to affiliate"<ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref> while Russian officials use the term "Unaffiliated Muslims" for those who do not belong to any branch or denomination.<ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref> Unlike [[Sunni Islam| Sunnis]], [[Shia Islam| Shias]], and [[Ibadism| Ibadis]], non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any school of thought (madhhab).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|publisher=A&C Black |isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref>
==={{Transl|ar|Ghayr Muqallid}}===
The term {{Transl|ar|ghair-muqallid}}, i.e., "non-blind-follower", can be used to describe the adherents of movements such as [[Salafi movement|Salafism]] and [[Ahl-e-Hadith]] who do not necessarily follow the rulings of a particular traditional {{Transl|ar|madhhab}} but identify as Sunni Muslims.<ref>Qasmi, Ali Usman. "Islamic Universalism: The ‘Amritsarī’Version of Ahl al-Qurʾān." Journal of Islamic Studies 20.2 (2009): 159-187.</ref><ref>Maghen, Ze'ev. "See No Evil: Morality and Methodology in Ibn Al-qattān al-Fāsī's Ahkām al-nazar bi-Hāssat al-Basar." Islamic Law and Society 14.3 (2007): 342-390.</ref><ref>Abou Zahab, Mariam. "Salafism in Pakistan." Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement, Roel Meijer (ed.)(New York: Columbia University Press, 2009) (2011): 126-142.</ref><ref>Khan, Mohammad Sharif, and Mohammad Anwar Saleem. Muslim Philosophy and Philosophers. APH Publishing, 1994.</ref>
==Overview==
===History of sectarianism===
{{Main|Shia–Sunni relations}}
After the death of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], two conflicting views emerged about who should succeed him as the leader of the Muslim community. Some Muslims, who believed that Muhammad never clearly named his successor, resorted to the Arabian tradition of electing their leader by a council of influential members of the community.<ref name="Meri">{{cite encyclopedia|title =Shi'ism|encyclopedia = Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia (ed. Josef W. Meri)|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|page=736}}</ref> Others believed that Muhammad had chosen his cousin and son-in-law [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] to succeed him.<ref name="Meri"/> This disagreement eventually resulted in a [[First Fitna|civil war]] which pitted supporters of Ali against supporters of the founder of the [[Umayyad]] dynasty [[Muawiyah I|Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan]], and these two camps later evolved into the [[Sunni]] and [[Shia]] denominations.<ref name="Lapidus">{{Cite book| last = Lapidus | first = Ira M. | author-link=Ira M. Lapidus | title = A History of Islamic societes | publisher = Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFJNBAAAQBAJ| year = 2014|page=67| isbn = 9780521514309 }}</ref> For the Shias, Ali and the [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Imams]] who succeeded him gradually became the embodiment of God's continuing guidance, and they tended to stress the religious functions of the caliphate and deplore its political compromises; Sunnis were more inclined to circumscribe its religious role and more readily accepted its pragmatic dimensions.<ref name="Lapidus"/> As these differences became increasingly vested with religious importance, they gave rise to two distinct forms of Islam.<ref name="Lapidus"/>
One assumption is that Sunnis represent Islam as it existed before the divisions, and should be considered as normative, or the standard.<ref name="Hughes">{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=Aaron|title=Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam|date=9 April 2013|pages=115–116|publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231531924|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95jSBFFaDkUC&pg=PA115|quote=It is a mistake to assume as is commonly done that Sunni Islam arose as normative from the chaotic period following Muhammad's death... This mistake is based in... the taking of later and often highly ideological sources as accurate historical portrayals - and in part on the fact that the overwhelming majority of Muslims throughout the world follows now what emerged as Sunni Islam...}}</ref> This perception is partly due to the reliance on highly ideological sources that have been accepted as reliable historical works, and also because the vast majority of the population is Sunni.<ref name="Hughes"/> Both Sunnism and Shi'ism are the end products of several centuries of competition between ideologies.<ref name="Hughes"/> Both sects used each other to further cement their own identities and divisions.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=Aaron|title=Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam|date=9 April 2013|page=116|publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231531924|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95jSBFFaDkUC&pg=PA116|quote=Each of these sectarian movements... used the other to define itself more clearly and in the process to articulate its doctrinal contents and rituals.}}</ref>
During the Umayyad period, many non-Arab converts ([[mawali]]) and their sects and schools tended to be willing to join anti-Umayyad causes.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXmaEAAAQBAJ&dq=no+sects+during+umayyad&pg=PA209 | title=Sectarianism in Islam | isbn=9781107032255 | last1=Gaiser | first1=Adam R. | date=24 November 2022 | publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> Both Sunni and Shia scholars have held anti-Umayyad views, most notably concerning [[Yazid ibn Mu'awiyah]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sf-pEAAAQBAJ&dq=sunni+scholars++yazid&pg=PA26 | title=The Caliph and the Imam: The Making of Sunnism and Shiism | isbn=978-0-19-068946-9 | last1=Matthiesen | first1=Toby | date=9 March 2023 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTqtAgAAQBAJ&dq=sunni+scholars++yazid&pg=PA69 | title=Wahhabis Fitna Exposed | isbn=9789976956764 | last1=Rizvi | first1=Sayyid Saeed Akhtar | date=January 1996 | publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania }}</ref>
In the [[early modern period]], the conflict between Shias and Sunnis took a turn for the worse when the [[Safavid]] and [[Ottoman Dynasty|Ottoman]] dynasties turned the military conflict between them into a religious war after the Safavids made Shia Islam the state religion in their empire.<ref name="Bartold">{{Cite book| last = Bartold | first = Vasily | author-link=Vasily Bartold | title = Mussulman Culture | publisher = University of Calcutta|url=https://archive.org/details/MussulmanCulture| year = 1936|pages=[https://archive.org/details/MussulmanCulture/page/n171 143]–144}}</ref> During that era some Sunnis and Shias for the first time began refusing to recognize each other as Muslims.<ref name="Bartold"/> Sectarianism continued to be exploited for political benefits into modern times. An example of this was the [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia]] regime in Pakistan, who used sectarian divisions between the Sunni and Shia to counter the growing geopolitical influence of Iran, as well as to distract from the domestic political problems.<ref name="Copland">{{cite book|last1=Copland|first1=Ian|title=South Asia: The Spectre of Terrorism|date=18 October 2013|pages=138–139|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317967736|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ab6MAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA138}}</ref> Post-Zia governments in Pakistan continued to "cynically manipulate sectarian conflicts for short term political gain."<ref name="Copland"/>
===Development and thought===
Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, the [[pan-Islamist]] revolutionary [[Jamal al-Din al-Afghani]] refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar.<ref name="ikram">{{cite book|last1=Cughtai|first1=Muhammad Ikram|title=Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence|date=2005|page=454|quote=Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.}}</ref> A proponent of Muslim unity, he criticised [[Sunni]] and [[Shia]] extremists as well as the ideology of [[nationalism]], insisting that Islam was doctrinally the only nationality for all Muslims and historically the only bond that effectively tied them all together.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32 | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2 | last1=Hosen | first1=Nadirsyah | last2=Salem | first2=Ahmed Ali | last3=Rashid | first3=Samory | last4=Reda | first4=Nevin }}</ref>
Islam originally brought a radical [[egalitarianism]] to a fiercely tribal society, within which a person's status was based on his tribal membership.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Esposito|first1=John|title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam: Second Edition|date=13 July 2011|page=16|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=9780199794133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA16}}</ref> The Quran set all believing individuals as equals, erasing the importance of tribal status. The primary identity of "Muslims" became simply "Muslim", rather than as a member of a tribe, ethnicity or gender. The Quranic concept of the [[ummah]] depends on this unified concept of an Islamic community, and it was appealed to again in the 19th century, as a response to colonialism by European powers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Esposito|first1=John|title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam: Second Edition|date=13 July 2011|page=17|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=9780199794133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA17}}</ref> One Muslim scholar leading the emphasis on Muslim unity was [[Muhammad Iqbal]], whose views have been referred to as "ummatic".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=116|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."}}</ref> Iqbal emphatically referred to sectarianism as an "[[cult image|idol]]" that needed to be "smashed forever".<ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Justin|title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|date=24 October 2011|pages=25–26|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139501231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25}}</ref> He is quoted as having stated, "I condemn this accursed religious and social sectarianism, there are no Wahhabis, Shias or Sunnis. Fight not for interpretations of the truth when the truth itself is in danger." In his later life, Iqbal began to transcend the narrow domain of nationalist causes and began to speak to the Muslims spread all over the globe, encouraging them to unify as one community.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Junid|first1=Sanusi|title=Iqbal and Muslim Unity|journal=Intellectual Discourse|date=2002|volume= 10| issue = 2, 115–124|page=120|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|quote=Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.}}</ref>
[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah#Jinnah.27s conversion by Iqbal|Iqbal's influence on Jinnah]], the founder of Pakistan, is also well documented. Jinnah, who was born to an [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili Shia]] family and briefly converted to Sunni Islam as a young man, and his funeral led by Sunni scholar [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani|Shabir Ahmad Usmani]]. Jinnah publicly described himself as neither Shia nor Sunni, his standard answer to questions asking him to define his sect being: "was the Prophet Muhammad a Shia or a Sunni?''<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|access-date=23 October 2015|agency=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Other intellectuals who spoke against sectarianism during this era were [[Altaf Hussain Hali]], who blamed sectarianism for the decline of Muslims, the [[Aga Khan III]], who cited it as a hindrance to progress, and [[Muhammad Akram Khan]], who said sectarianism drained the intellectual capacities of Muslim scholars.<ref name=Jones2011/>
In 1947, the non-sectarian movement {{Lang|ar|Jama'ah al-Taqrib bayna al-Madhahib al-Islamiyyah}} was founded in Cairo, Egypt.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOFDEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-sectarian+islam+group&pg=PA75 | title=Rethinking Salafism: The Transnational Networks of Salafi 'Ulama in Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia | isbn=978-0-19-094895-5 | last1=Ismail | first1=Raihan | year=2021 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref> Several of its supporters were high-ranking scholars of [[Al-Ahzar University]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+taqi+al+qummi&pg=PA149 | title=A Comparative History of Catholic and Aš'arī Theologies of Truth and Salvation: Inclusive Minorities, Exclusive Majorities | isbn=9789004461765 | last1=Abdelnour | first1=Mohammed Gamal | date=25 May 2021 | publisher=BRILL }}</ref> The movement sought to bridge the gap between Sunnis and Shi'is.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+taqi+al+qummi&pg=PA149 | title=A Comparative History of Catholic and Aš'arī Theologies of Truth and Salvation: Inclusive Minorities, Exclusive Majorities | isbn=9789004461765 | last1=Abdelnour | first1=Mohammed Gamal | date=25 May 2021 | publisher=BRILL }}</ref> At the end of the 1950’s, the movement reached a wider public, as the Egyptian president [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] discovered the usefulness of [[pan-Islamism]] for his foreign policy.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+taqi+al+qummi&pg=PA149 | title=A Comparative History of Catholic and Aš'arī Theologies of Truth and Salvation: Inclusive Minorities, Exclusive Majorities | isbn=9789004461765 | last1=Abdelnour | first1=Mohammed Gamal | date=25 May 2021 | publisher=BRILL }}</ref>
Non-denominational Muslims may also defend their stance by pointing to the Quran such as [[Al Imran]] verse 103, which asks Muslims to stay united and not to become divided.<ref>Intra-Societal Tension and National Integration, p 119, A. Jamil Qadri - 1988</ref> In Pakistan, sectarianism is cited as a hindrance to the unification of Islamic Law: "Codification of the Islamic Laws related to family and property on the basis of the concept of Talfiq<ref>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam defines ''Talfiq'' as "Legal term describing the derivation of rules from material of various schools of Islamic law." {{cite web | title=Talfiq | website=Oxford Islamic Studies Online | date=2008-05-06 | url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2323?_hi=0&_pos=8 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209012124/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2323?_hi=0&_pos=8 | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 9, 2017 | access-date=2021-09-19}}</ref> should also be considered. This will require strong public opinion in favour of this unification of the Islamic Law on a non-sectarian basis, as no change can be considered permanent unless it has full support of the public."<ref>{{cite journal |last= GHAFUR|first= ABDUL |title= Islamization of Laws in Pakistan: Problems and Prospects |journal=Islamic Studies|volume=26 |issue= 3|pages= 271|jstor=20839846
|date=1987 }}</ref>
===Academia===
There are faith schools and graduation programs with curriculums that have been described as being oriented towards ''non-denominational Islam''.<ref>{{cite news|author1=GSRC|title=Degree overview: Theology and religion|url=http://www.idealist.org/info/GradEducation/Resources/DegreeOverviews/TheologyReligion|access-date=19 October 2015|date=2015|quote=Most theology schools are based in a religious tradition—a specific sect or denomination of a major religion (i.e., a branch of Rabbinical Judaism, a Catholic order, or a school of Buddhism); a general foundation in a major religion (i.e., '''nondenominational Islam''' or Christianity)}}</ref> Non-denominational Muslims have been adopted by some theocratic governments into their fold of pan-Islamism as a means to tackle unreasoning partisanship and [[takfirism]].<ref name="Pollack">{{cite book|last1=Pollack|first1=Kenneth|title=Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy |publisher=Simon and Schuster|date=2014 |page=[https://archive.org/details/unthinkableiranb0000poll/page/29 29] |isbn=9781476733920|url=https://archive.org/details/unthinkableiranb0000poll |url-access=registration|quote=Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more '''nondenominational Muslims'''}}</ref> Some academic press publishing companies have assigned a proper noun-like title to Muslims without a specific sectarian affiliation by capitalizing the designation as ''Just a Muslim''. The customs and rituals practised by non-denominational Muslims in Northern Nigeria are statistically more likely to be [[Sunni]]-inclined.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mustapha |first1=Abdul Raufu |title=Sects & Social Disorder: Muslim Identities & Conflict in Northern Nigeria |date=2014 |page=54 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=9781847011077 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIKfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 |quote=... the Ahmadiyya (3%), the 'something else' (2%), the 'Just a Muslim' (42%), and the 'Don't Know' (4%) (Pew 2010, 21). Most of the 'Just a Muslim' are also likely to be Sunni-inclined}}</ref> In other jurisdictions, some officials have applied a mandatory religious instruction that purportedly gives students a non-denominational outlook in an attempt to appear pluralistic, but in practice, does no such thing.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Torfs|first1=Rik|title=Islam, Europe and Emerging Legal Issues|date=2012|page=29|quote=The Turkish government maintained that religious instruction was mandatory because it was objective, pluralist and neutral, that is nondenominational ... The perception of the applicants was totally different ... they argued that the teaching was done from the perspective of Sunni Islam}}</ref>
===Dispersions===
Western-born Muslims are more likely to be non-affiliated than immigrant Muslims,<ref>Section 2: Religious Beliefs and Practices, Pew Research Center</ref> and when pressed may suggest they try to follow Islamic religious texts "as closely as possible".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Testerman |first1=Janet |title=Transforming From Christianity to Islam: Eight Women's Journey |date=2014 |page=13 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars |isbn=9781443862004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ks4xBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |quote=If people ask me “What are you, Sufi, Shiite or Sunni?” I say No, I'm just a Muslim. I follow the Quran as much as I can, and if I have questions I go to scholars, but I don't get myself involved in any divisions.}}</ref> Although Pew has given comprehensive figures on Muslims with an unspecified branch or affiliation, earlier research from 2006 has also come from [[Council on American–Islamic Relations|CAIR]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roelle|first1=Patrick|title=Islam's Mandate- a Tribute to Jihad: The Mosque at Ground Zero|date=2006|page=374|quote=In a 2006 survey of 1,000 Muslim registered voters, about 12% identified themselves as Shi'a, 36% said they were Sunni, and 40% called themselves "just a Muslim", according to the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR).}}</ref> Some publishers and authors have categorized such non-specified Muslims as being within the liberal or [[Liberal movements within Islam|progressive]] stream of the faith.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aamir|first1=Omer|author2=professor Fatima Mustafa|title=Federalism and Pakistan|date=2013|url=https://omerthehorizon.wordpress.com/category/uncategorized/page/2/|quote=Their dream of turning the conflict into an Arab against the Shiite's is turning into a reality. A dark twisted reality for the liberal '''non denominational Muslims'''}}</ref> [[Sahel]]ian non-denominational Muslims have demonstrated an aversion to austere religious measures.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kennedy|first1=Lisa|title=Film review: "Timbuktu" depicts the beautiful and the brutal|url=http://www.denverpost.com/movies/ci_27693072/film-review-timbuktu-depicts-beautiful-and-brutal|access-date=21 October 2015|publisher=[[The Denver Post]]|date=2015|quote=In town, the jihadists have begun imposing Shariah laws on the locals. Many of the citizens are already devout, if non-denominational Muslims, but this pushes them.}}</ref> However, non-denominational Muslims in a locality in India have expressly suggested that non-denominational Islam is more traditional than what they consider as the more puritan and reformist [[Deobandi]] movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/islam-muslims-radiclization-populism-india-news-88745/|title=Do Not Mistake a Pious Muslim for a Terrorist|date=March 21, 2017}}</ref>
Although some non-denominational Muslims came to their position [[social influence|influenced]] by their parents, others have come to this position irrespective and in spite of their parents.<ref name="Kirkham">{{cite news|last1=Kirkham|first1=Bri|title=Indiana Blood Center cancels 'Muslims for Life' blood drive|url=http://www.ballstatedaily.com/article/2015/04/nli-muslim-blood-drive|access-date=21 October 2015|date=2015|quote=Ball State Student Sadie Sial identifies as a '''non-denominational Muslim''', and her parents belong to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. She has participated in multiple blood drives through the Indiana Blood Center.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125113410/http://www.ballstatedaily.com/article/2015/04/nli-muslim-blood-drive|archive-date=25 November 2015}}</ref> Some laymen non-denominational Muslims exhibit hostility towards the notion that Islam is divided into the binary subdivisions of Sunnism and Shiaism, thereby erasing space for the unaffiliated non-denominational Muslims.<ref name="iraqi"/>
Non-denominational Islam has been described as a generic or a broad run-of-the-mill approach to the faith.<ref name="theod"/> Some adherents to the non-denominational form of Islam perceive it as less judgemental or censorious.<ref name="Longton"/> Some non-denominational Muslims consider their unaffiliated stance to be a shield against the risk of becoming docile and meek subjects of domineering clergymen.<ref name="ikram"/> According to the Muslim Council of America, facets occurring among non-denominational Muslims from a practical point of view includes lacking organizational convenance or spokespersons, and in terms of precepts, a universal or inclusive approach to all schools of thought. According to MCA, non-denominational Muslims also deemphasize the opinion of scholars, viewing them as non-binding, reject the blasphemy or {{Transl|ar|riddah}} laws within Islam, and posit the implementation of human dignity, freedom of expression and human intellect according to circumstance and changing situations, such as discernment between the present and seventh century Arabia.<ref name="mca">{{cite web | url=http://www.muslimcouncilofamerica.org/mca/islam-non-denominational-ndm/ | access-date=2021-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125175103/http://www.muslimcouncilofamerica.org/mca/islam-non-denominational-ndm/|archive-date=2021-01-25|url-status=dead|title=Contemporary Islam, Non-Denominational: NDM|website=www.muslimcouncilofamerica.org}}</ref> They have also depicted non-denominational Muslims as having a theological position that favors [[self-determination]], human intellect, human dignity, a proportionate level of egalitarianism between the various religions and genders, and adapting to changing circumstances.<ref name="mca"/> Despite on occasion sourcing indicating that those identifying as ''just a Muslim'' may constitute up to a quarter of Muslims,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-preface/|title=Preface|work=Pew Research Center|date=August 9, 2012}}</ref> more established institutions may express hostility to such a flexible approach to faith due to its ability to foment attitudes calling for an elimination of [[Islamic clergy]].<ref name="mca"/>
===Setting===
In 2017, there were 144 non-denominational prayer rooms and other places of worship in the [[United Kingdom]], open to all denominations. This represented 7.4% of the total of mosques and Islamic prayer rooms in the UK. 99% of them provided women's facilities such as prayer space, toilets or ablution spaces.<ref name="mib">{{Cite web|date=16 Sep 2017|title=UK Mosque Statistics / Masjid Statistics|url=https://www.muslimsinbritain.org/resources/masjid_report.pdf|website=MuslimsInBritain.org}}</ref> In 2013, there were 156 non-denominational Muslim prayer rooms and places of worship in the U.K, although according to Mehmood Naqshbandi, the congregation does not necessarily subscribe to the same viewpoints as the staff. This represented 3.5 per cent of the total mosque capacity and 9.4% of the total number of mosques and Islamic prayer rooms in the UK.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bowen |first1=Innes |title=Medina in Birmingham, Najaf in Brent |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=7 |isbn=9781849043014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mMSHCwAAQBAJ&q=%22%22&pg=PA7}}</ref> Those who are ''non-denominational Muslim'' have seen the term adopted or adherents coalescing with a wide assortment of persuasions, including [[Islamic revival|Muslim revivalists]] (known as [[mujaddids]]), [[Salafism|Salafists]],<ref name="jorg">{{cite book |last1=Nielsen |first1=Jorgen S |title=Exploring the Multitude of Muslims in Europe |date=2018 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |pages=111–114 |quote=In fact, as a large number of Lithuanian converts to Islam, who are both rank and file of "Education and Heritage", are of non-denominational and / or revivalist leanings, with some of them identifying with Salafi creed, it is best to be described as a denominationally nondescript organisation.}}</ref> active members of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=University of California |author-link1=Pierce v. LaVallee |title=Federal supplement. [First Series.] |page=868 |edition=Volume 212 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8_U3AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Non-denominational+Muslim%22 |quote=A non-denominational Muslim. I am not registered with any particular sect”. He was an active member of the Muslim Brotherhood; was acquainted with its constitution and took the oath described therein}}</ref> those who criticise the traditional Muslim view on homosexuality,<ref>{{cite book |last1=van Nieuwkerk |first1=Karin |title=Moving In and Out of Islam |date=2018 |page=73 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=9781477317488 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xEpuDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Non-denominational+Muslims%22&pg=PA73}}</ref> or the quintessential all-embracing {{Lang|ar|Ansar-ud-Din|italic=no}} college, described as a "non-denominational Muslim institution" in [[Ota, Ogun|Ota Ogun State]], Nigeria wherein in the 1950s, all its Islam-related shelves were stocked with books solely affiliated with [[Ahmadiyya]] or from western orientalists,<ref name="ansar">{{cite book |author1=Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research |title=Conference Proceedings |date=1958 |publisher=The Institute |edition=Volume 6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRUUAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Non-denominational+Muslim%22 |quote=In the library of the Ansar-ud-Din training college at Otta, a non-denominational Muslim institution, all the books in the Islamic section are by Ahmadis, with the exception of two by Western Orientalists}}</ref> even though Ahmadiyya is considered heretical in countries such as India, Pakistan, and Indonesia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burhani |first1=An |title=Hating the Ahmadiyya: the place of "heretics" in contemporary Indonesian Muslim society |date=2014 |pages=133–152 |quote=or heresy by various Muslim institutions in both India and Pakistan, the region of its origin, as well as other Muslim countries, including Indonesia}}</ref>
==Polls==
According to a 2012 [[Pew Research Center|Pew study]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" make up a majority of the Muslims in eight countries: [[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%), and a plurality in four countries: [[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%).<ref name="Pew"/> They are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> [[Kazakhstan]] has the largest proportion of Muslims who do not identify with a sect, who constitute about 74% of the Muslim population.<ref name="Pew" /> According to ''WorldAtlas'', 30% of [[Moroccans]] are non-denominational Muslims.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html | title=Religious Beliefs in Morocco | date=25 April 2017 }}</ref> While the majority of the population in the [[Middle East]] identify as either [[Sunni]] or [[Shi'a]], a significant number of Muslims identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> [[Southeastern Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" />
==Commentary==
It has been described as a phenomenon that gained momentum in the 20th century which can overlap with orthodox Sunni tenets despite adherents not adhering to any specific [[madhab]].<ref>Islam in South Asia: A Short History - Page 491, Jamal Malik - 2008</ref><ref>Defence Journal - Volume 10, Issues 9-11 - Page 35, Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal - 2007</ref> In an alluding commentary on surah [[Al-Muʼminun]] verse 53 of the [[Qur'an]], [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]] states:
{{quote|The people who began to trade on the names of the prophets cut off that unity and made sects; and each sect rejoices in its own narrow doctrine, instead of taking the universal teaching of unity from Allah. But this sectarian confusion is of man's making. It will last for a time, but the rays of truth and unity will finally dissipate it. Worldly wealth, power and influence may be but trials. Let not their possessors think that they are in themselves things that will necessarily bring them happiness.<ref>The Meaning of the Holy Quran, New Edition with Revised Translation and Commentary, Published by Amana Corporation, page 853</ref>}}
==Organizations==
* {{Lang|ar|Jama'ah al-Taqrib bayna al-Madhahib al-Islamiyyah}}, a non-sectarian movement founded in Cairo, Egypt in 1947.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOFDEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-sectarian+islam+group&pg=PA75 | title=Rethinking Salafism: The Transnational Networks of Salafi 'Ulama in Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia | isbn=978-0-19-094895-5 | last1=Ismail | first1=Raihan | year=2021 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref> At the end of the 1950’s, the movement reached a wider public, as the Egyptian president [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] discovered the usefulness of [[pan-Islamism]] for his foreign policy.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+taqi+al+qummi&pg=PA149 | title=A Comparative History of Catholic and Aš'arī Theologies of Truth and Salvation: Inclusive Minorities, Exclusive Majorities | isbn=9789004461765 | last1=Abdelnour | first1=Mohammed Gamal | date=25 May 2021 | publisher=BRILL }}</ref>
* {{Lang|ar|Tolu-e-Islam}}; inspired by the principles of [[Muhammad Iqbal]]'s philosophy, led by [[Ghulam Ahmed Pervez]], [[Tolu-e-Islam (organization)|Tolu-e-Islam]] is an organization based in Pakistan. It does not affiliate with any political party or religious sect.<ref>{{cite web|title=The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam|url=http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/|website=Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Its goal is to spread the principles of the Quran, with an aim to bring about a resurgence of Islam.
* ''The People's Mosque''; an online nondenominational Muslim movement that seeks to distinguish itself by contrasting its own principles with ultra-conservative political Muslims.<ref name="Longton">{{cite news|last1=Longton|first1=Gary Gurr|title=Isis Jihadist group made me wonder about non-denominational Muslims|url=http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/Isis-Jihadist-group-wonder-non-denominational/story-21340790-detail/story.html|access-date=21 October 2015|publisher=The Sentinel|date=2014|quote=THE appalling and catastrophic pictures of the so-called new extremist Isis Jihadist group made me think about someone who can say I am a Muslim of a non-denominational standpoint, and to my surprise/ignorance, such people exist. Online, I found something called the people's mosque, which makes itself clear that it's 100 per cent non-denominational and most importantly, 100 per cent non-judgmental.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326065118/http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/isis-jihadist-group-wonder-non-denominational/story-21340790-detail/story.html|archive-date=26 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Hunter|first1=Faruq|title=The mosque of the real imam yahya davis|url=http://signup.theonlinemasjid.com/|quote=We are Muslims! 100% non-denominational, 100% non-judgmental, 100% dedicated to helping the people}}</ref>
*''Cambridge Central Mosque'' is a non-denominational place of worship.<ref>{{cite web | last=Brackley | first=Paul | title=In-depth: Guests at opening of Cambridge Central Mosque admire stunning architecture and eco-friendly design | website=Cambridge Independent | date=2019-12-05 | url=https://www.cambridgeindependent.co.uk/news/in-depth-guests-at-opening-of-cambridge-central-mosque-admire-stunning-architecture-and-eco-friendly-design-9092546/ | access-date=2021-09-19}}</ref>
*{{Lang|ar|Ansar-ud-Din}} ''college'', a college in Ogun state, Nigeria.<ref name="ansar"/>
==Notable individuals==
*[[Muhammad Iqbal]]
*[[Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani]]<ref name="ikram"/>
*[[Israr Ahmed]]
*[[Muhammad Ali Mirza]]
==See also==
* [[Non-denominational]]
'''Other religions:'''
* [[Non-denominational Judaism]]
* [[Non-denominational Christianity]]
* [[Ecumenism]]
* [[Unitarian Universalism]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Islam topics}}
{{Religion topics}}
[[Category:Islamic branches]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{{Short description|Muslim not readily classified in terms of Islamic school or branch}}
-
+{{Infobox religious group|group=Non-denominational Muslim|image=[[File:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|300px]]|image_caption=Muslims praying in Cairo in 1865|population={{Circa|''+1 Crore'''|lk=yes}} Global (2020)|region1={{flag|Kazakhstan}}|pop1=74%|region2={{flag|Albania}}|pop2=65%|region3={{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}|pop3=64%|pop4=58%|pop5=56%|scriptures=[[Quran]]<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Nasr|first=Seyyed Hossein|author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr|title=Qurʼān|year=2007|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|access -date=4 November 2007|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-68890/Quran|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016200056 /http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-68890/Quran|archive-date=16 October 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|languages=[[Arabic Language]] (also [[Al Quds Language]]), [[Urdu]], [[Bengali Language]], [[Malay Language]], [[Persian Language]], [[Javanese Language]], [[Punjabi language]], [[Turkish language]], [[Hausa language]], [[Mandarin Chinese]] & other [[Chinese languages]] and languages of the [[World of Islam]]<ref>{{ cite book|author=Khan, Muhammad Mojlum|author-link=Muhammad Mojlum Khan|title=The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal|publisher=Kube Publishing |year=2013|location=[[England]]|page=2|quote="Bengali-speaking Muslims... one of the largest linguistic groups... second only to the Arabs"}}</ref>{{ sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|loc=p. 27, footnote 3}}<ref>{{cite report|url=http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |title=Chapter 1: Global Religious Populations , 1910–2010 |last1=Grim |first1=Brian J. |last2=Johnson |first2=Todd M. |date=2013 |publisher=Wiley |access-date=10 March 2017 |page=22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |archive-date=2013 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/ethnologue200|title=What are the top 200 most spoken languages?|date=2018-10- 03|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Al-Jallad|first=Ahmad|title=Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f. book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815234348/http: //referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of -arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic|archive-date=15 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="auto6">{{cite web |url=http ://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4cf2d0a85c.html |title=Refworld – 2010 Report on International Religious Freedom – China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, Macau) |last=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |website= Refworld |access-date=14 February 2015}}</ref>|ref1=<ref name="auto"/>|ref2=<ref name="auto"/>|ref3=<ref name="auto"/>|ref4=<ref name="auto"/>|ref5=<ref name="auto"/>|ref6=<ref name="auto"/>|ref7=<ref name="auto"/>|ref8=<ref name="auto"/>|ref9=<ref name="auto"/>|ref10=<ref name="auto"/>|region11={{flag|Pakistan}}|pop11=20%|ref11=<ref name="auto"/>|region4={{flag|Kosovo}}|region5={{nowrap|{{flag|Indonesia}}}}|region6={{flag|Mali}}|region7={{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}|pop6=55%|pop7=54%|pop8=54%|pop9=42%|pop10=45%|region10={{flag|Azerbaijan}}|region8={{flag|Uzbekistan}}|region9={{flag|Turkey}}}}
'''Non-denominational Muslims''' ({{Lang-ar|مسلمون بلا طائفة|Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa}}) are [[Muslim]]s who do not belong to, do not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="theod">{{cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophobia in Europe! |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |access-date=20 October 2015 |newspaper=New Europe |location=Brussels}}</ref><ref name="Longton"/><ref name="Kirkham"/><ref name="Pollack"/> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a denomination but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88 | title=Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America | isbn=9781479814367 | last1=Thompson | first1=Katrina Daly | date=11 April 2023 | publisher=NYU Press }}</ref>
-While the majority of the population in the [[Middle East]] identify as either [[Sunni]] or [[Shi'a]], a significant number of Muslims identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" make up a majority of the Muslims in eight countries: [[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%), and a plurality in four countries: [[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> They are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> [[Kazakhstan]] has the largest proportion of Muslims who do not identify with a sect, who constitute about 74% of the Muslim population.<ref name="Pew" /> [[Southeastern Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" />
+While the majority of the population in the [[Middle East]] identify as either [[Sunni]] or [[Shi'a]], a significant number of Muslims identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" make up a majority of the Muslims in eight countries: [[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%), and a plurality in four countries: [[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), [[Cameroon]] (40%)<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> and [[Pakistan]] (20%).<ref>{{Citation |title=Islam in Pakistan |date=2024-03-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Islam_in_Pakistan&oldid=1215982204 |access-date=2024-04-09 |language=en}}</ref>They are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> [[Kazakhstan]] has the largest proportion of Muslims who do not identify with a sect, who constitute about 74% of the Muslim population.<ref name="Pew" /> [[Southeastern Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" />
Sectarian controversies have a long and complex history in Islam and they have been exploited and amplified by rulers for political ends. However, the notion of Muslim unity has remained an important ideal and in modern times intellectuals have spoken against sectarian divisions. Surveys have reported that large proportions of Muslims in some parts of the world self-identify as "just Muslim" or "Muslim only", although there is little published analysis available regarding the motivations underlying this response.<ref name="Pew"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Burns|first1=Robert|title=Christianity, Islam, and the West|date=December 2011|page=55|publisher=University Press of America |isbn=9780761855606|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akWUGyN7fwEC&pg=PA55|quote=40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mustapha |first1=Abdul |title=Sects & Social Disorder |date=2014 |page=5 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=9781847011077 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIKfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |quote=of Muslims identified themselves as Sunni, 12 per cent as Shi'a, 3 per cent as Ahmadiyya but 44 per cent as 'just Muslim' (Pew Forum, 2010)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Muttitt|first1=Greg|title=Fuel on the Fire: Oil and Politics in Occupied Iraq|publisher=Vintage|date=2012|page=[https://archive.org/details/fuelonfireoilpol0000mutt/page/79 79]|isbn=9781595588050|url=https://archive.org/details/fuelonfireoilpol0000mutt|url-access=registration|quote=A January 2004 survey by the Iraq Centre for Research and Strategic Studies, for instance, asked people which description suited them best Sunni Muslim, Shi'a Muslim or just Muslim'.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Boulting|first1=Ned|title=On the Road Bike: The Search For a Nation's Cycling Soul|page=155|quote=What is your religion, asked a UN official. Muslim. Are you Shi'a or Sunni. Just Muslim}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Tatari|first1=Eren|title=Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets|date=2014|page=111|publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004272262|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA111|quote=Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi and two said their families are Alevi}}</ref><ref name="iraqi">{{cite book|last1=Lopez|first1=Ralph|title=Truth in the Age of Bushism|date=2008|page=65|publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=9781434896155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vuNfXxnYWPIC&pg=PA65|quote=Many Iraqis take offense at reporters' efforts to identify them as Sunni or Shiite. A 2004 Iraq Centre for Research and Strategic Studies poll found the largest category of Iraqis classified themselves as "just Muslim."}}</ref>
@@ -75,4 +75,6 @@
*[[Muhammad Iqbal]]
*[[Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani]]<ref name="ikram"/>
+*[[Israr Ahmed]]
+*[[Muhammad Ali Mirza]]
==See also==
' |
New page size (new_size) | 47516 |
Old page size (old_size) | 43471 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | 4045 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => '{{Infobox religious group|group=Non-denominational Muslim|image=[[File:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|300px]]|image_caption=Muslims praying in Cairo in 1865|population={{Circa|''+1 Crore'''|lk=yes}} Global (2020)|region1={{flag|Kazakhstan}}|pop1=74%|region2={{flag|Albania}}|pop2=65%|region3={{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}|pop3=64%|pop4=58%|pop5=56%|scriptures=[[Quran]]<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Nasr|first=Seyyed Hossein|author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr|title=Qurʼān|year=2007|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|access -date=4 November 2007|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-68890/Quran|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016200056 /http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-68890/Quran|archive-date=16 October 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|languages=[[Arabic Language]] (also [[Al Quds Language]]), [[Urdu]], [[Bengali Language]], [[Malay Language]], [[Persian Language]], [[Javanese Language]], [[Punjabi language]], [[Turkish language]], [[Hausa language]], [[Mandarin Chinese]] & other [[Chinese languages]] and languages of the [[World of Islam]]<ref>{{ cite book|author=Khan, Muhammad Mojlum|author-link=Muhammad Mojlum Khan|title=The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal|publisher=Kube Publishing |year=2013|location=[[England]]|page=2|quote="Bengali-speaking Muslims... one of the largest linguistic groups... second only to the Arabs"}}</ref>{{ sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|loc=p. 27, footnote 3}}<ref>{{cite report|url=http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |title=Chapter 1: Global Religious Populations , 1910–2010 |last1=Grim |first1=Brian J. |last2=Johnson |first2=Todd M. |date=2013 |publisher=Wiley |access-date=10 March 2017 |page=22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |archive-date=2013 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/ethnologue200|title=What are the top 200 most spoken languages?|date=2018-10- 03|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Al-Jallad|first=Ahmad|title=Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f. book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815234348/http: //referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of -arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic|archive-date=15 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="auto6">{{cite web |url=http ://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4cf2d0a85c.html |title=Refworld – 2010 Report on International Religious Freedom – China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, Macau) |last=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |website= Refworld |access-date=14 February 2015}}</ref>|ref1=<ref name="auto"/>|ref2=<ref name="auto"/>|ref3=<ref name="auto"/>|ref4=<ref name="auto"/>|ref5=<ref name="auto"/>|ref6=<ref name="auto"/>|ref7=<ref name="auto"/>|ref8=<ref name="auto"/>|ref9=<ref name="auto"/>|ref10=<ref name="auto"/>|region11={{flag|Pakistan}}|pop11=20%|ref11=<ref name="auto"/>|region4={{flag|Kosovo}}|region5={{nowrap|{{flag|Indonesia}}}}|region6={{flag|Mali}}|region7={{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}|pop6=55%|pop7=54%|pop8=54%|pop9=42%|pop10=45%|region10={{flag|Azerbaijan}}|region8={{flag|Uzbekistan}}|region9={{flag|Turkey}}}}',
1 => 'While the majority of the population in the [[Middle East]] identify as either [[Sunni]] or [[Shi'a]], a significant number of Muslims identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" make up a majority of the Muslims in eight countries: [[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%), and a plurality in four countries: [[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), [[Cameroon]] (40%)<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> and [[Pakistan]] (20%).<ref>{{Citation |title=Islam in Pakistan |date=2024-03-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Islam_in_Pakistan&oldid=1215982204 |access-date=2024-04-09 |language=en}}</ref>They are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> [[Kazakhstan]] has the largest proportion of Muslims who do not identify with a sect, who constitute about 74% of the Muslim population.<ref name="Pew" /> [[Southeastern Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" />',
2 => '*[[Israr Ahmed]]',
3 => '*[[Muhammad Ali Mirza]]'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => ' ',
1 => 'While the majority of the population in the [[Middle East]] identify as either [[Sunni]] or [[Shi'a]], a significant number of Muslims identify as non-denominational.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> According to a 2012 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" make up a majority of the Muslims in eight countries: [[Kazakhstan]] (74%), [[Albania]] (65%), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (64%), [[Kosovo]] (58%), [[Indonesia]] (56%), [[Mali]] (55%), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (54%), [[Uzbekistan]] (54%), and a plurality in four countries: [[Azerbaijan]] (45%), [[Russia]] (45%), [[Nigeria]] (42%), and [[Cameroon]] (40%).<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=August 9, 2012|work=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> They are found primarily in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pew" /> [[Kazakhstan]] has the largest proportion of Muslims who do not identify with a sect, who constitute about 74% of the Muslim population.<ref name="Pew" /> [[Southeastern Europe]] also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<ref name="Pew" />'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [
0 => 'http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-68890/Quran',
1 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf',
2 => 'http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf',
3 => 'https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/ethnologue200',
4 => 'http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.',
5 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160815234348/http:'
] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-68890/Quran',
1 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf',
2 => 'http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf',
3 => 'https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/ethnologue200',
4 => 'http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.',
5 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160815234348/http:',
6 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/',
7 => 'http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/',
8 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170326065118/http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/isis-jihadist-group-wonder-non-denominational/story-21340790-detail/story.html',
9 => 'http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/Isis-Jihadist-group-wonder-non-denominational/story-21340790-detail/story.html',
10 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151125113410/http://www.ballstatedaily.com/article/2015/04/nli-muslim-blood-drive',
11 => 'http://www.ballstatedaily.com/article/2015/04/nli-muslim-blood-drive',
12 => 'https://archive.org/details/unthinkableiranb0000poll',
13 => 'https://archive.org/details/unthinkableiranb0000poll/page/29',
14 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88',
15 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14',
16 => 'http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity',
17 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=akWUGyN7fwEC&pg=PA55',
18 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=lIKfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5',
19 => 'https://archive.org/details/fuelonfireoilpol0000mutt',
20 => 'https://archive.org/details/fuelonfireoilpol0000mutt/page/79',
21 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA111',
22 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=vuNfXxnYWPIC&pg=PA65',
23 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110',
24 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79',
25 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=kFJNBAAAQBAJ',
26 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=95jSBFFaDkUC&pg=PA115',
27 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=95jSBFFaDkUC&pg=PA116',
28 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=oXmaEAAAQBAJ&dq=no+sects+during+umayyad&pg=PA209',
29 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Sf-pEAAAQBAJ&dq=sunni+scholars++yazid&pg=PA26',
30 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=vTqtAgAAQBAJ&dq=sunni+scholars++yazid&pg=PA69',
31 => 'https://archive.org/details/MussulmanCulture',
32 => 'https://archive.org/details/MussulmanCulture/page/n171',
33 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=ab6MAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA138',
34 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32',
35 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA16',
36 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA17',
37 => 'http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387',
38 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25',
39 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml',
40 => 'http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml',
41 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=vOFDEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-sectarian+islam+group&pg=PA75',
42 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+taqi+al+qummi&pg=PA149',
43 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170209012124/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2323?_hi=0&_pos=8',
44 => 'http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2323?_hi=0&_pos=8',
45 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/20839846',
46 => 'http://www.idealist.org/info/GradEducation/Resources/DegreeOverviews/TheologyReligion',
47 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=lIKfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54',
48 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=ks4xBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13',
49 => 'https://omerthehorizon.wordpress.com/category/uncategorized/page/2/',
50 => 'http://www.denverpost.com/movies/ci_27693072/film-review-timbuktu-depicts-beautiful-and-brutal',
51 => 'https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/islam-muslims-radiclization-populism-india-news-88745/',
52 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210125175103/http://www.muslimcouncilofamerica.org/mca/islam-non-denominational-ndm/',
53 => 'http://www.muslimcouncilofamerica.org/mca/islam-non-denominational-ndm/',
54 => 'https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-preface/',
55 => 'https://www.muslimsinbritain.org/resources/masjid_report.pdf',
56 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=mMSHCwAAQBAJ&q=%22%22&pg=PA7',
57 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=8_U3AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Non-denominational+Muslim%22',
58 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=xEpuDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Non-denominational+Muslims%22&pg=PA73',
59 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=KRUUAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Non-denominational+Muslim%22',
60 => 'https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html',
61 => 'http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/',
62 => 'http://signup.theonlinemasjid.com/',
63 => 'https://www.cambridgeindependent.co.uk/news/in-depth-guests-at-opening-of-cambridge-central-mosque-admire-stunning-architecture-and-eco-friendly-design-9092546/'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => 'http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity',
1 => 'http://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/',
2 => 'http://www.idealist.org/info/GradEducation/Resources/DegreeOverviews/TheologyReligion',
3 => 'http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/',
4 => 'https://omerthehorizon.wordpress.com/category/uncategorized/page/2/',
5 => 'http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/Isis-Jihadist-group-wonder-non-denominational/story-21340790-detail/story.html',
6 => 'http://signup.theonlinemasjid.com/',
7 => 'http://www.denverpost.com/movies/ci_27693072/film-review-timbuktu-depicts-beautiful-and-brutal',
8 => 'http://www.ballstatedaily.com/article/2015/04/nli-muslim-blood-drive',
9 => 'http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387',
10 => 'http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml',
11 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA17',
12 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25',
13 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=lIKfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54',
14 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=ks4xBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13',
15 => 'https://archive.org/details/MussulmanCulture',
16 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=ab6MAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA138',
17 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA16',
18 => 'http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2323?_hi=0&_pos=8',
19 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=kFJNBAAAQBAJ',
20 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151125113410/http://www.ballstatedaily.com/article/2015/04/nli-muslim-blood-drive',
21 => 'https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/islam-muslims-radiclization-populism-india-news-88745/',
22 => 'https://www.cambridgeindependent.co.uk/news/in-depth-guests-at-opening-of-cambridge-central-mosque-admire-stunning-architecture-and-eco-friendly-design-9092546/',
23 => 'https://archive.org/details/unthinkableiranb0000poll',
24 => 'https://archive.org/details/unthinkableiranb0000poll/page/29',
25 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/',
26 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml',
27 => 'https://www.muslimsinbritain.org/resources/masjid_report.pdf',
28 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79',
29 => 'https://archive.org/details/MussulmanCulture/page/n171',
30 => 'https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-preface/',
31 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170326065118/http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/isis-jihadist-group-wonder-non-denominational/story-21340790-detail/story.html',
32 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=mMSHCwAAQBAJ&q=%22%22&pg=PA7',
33 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=8_U3AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Non-denominational+Muslim%22',
34 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=xEpuDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Non-denominational+Muslims%22&pg=PA73',
35 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=KRUUAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Non-denominational+Muslim%22',
36 => 'http://www.muslimcouncilofamerica.org/mca/islam-non-denominational-ndm/',
37 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/20839846',
38 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=oXmaEAAAQBAJ&dq=no+sects+during+umayyad&pg=PA209',
39 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Sf-pEAAAQBAJ&dq=sunni+scholars++yazid&pg=PA26',
40 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=vTqtAgAAQBAJ&dq=sunni+scholars++yazid&pg=PA69',
41 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32',
42 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14',
43 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=vOFDEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-sectarian+islam+group&pg=PA75',
44 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+taqi+al+qummi&pg=PA149',
45 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88',
46 => 'https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html',
47 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=95jSBFFaDkUC&pg=PA115',
48 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=95jSBFFaDkUC&pg=PA116',
49 => 'https://archive.org/details/fuelonfireoilpol0000mutt',
50 => 'https://archive.org/details/fuelonfireoilpol0000mutt/page/79',
51 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=akWUGyN7fwEC&pg=PA55',
52 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=lIKfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5',
53 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA111',
54 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=vuNfXxnYWPIC&pg=PA65',
55 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170209012124/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2323?_hi=0&_pos=8',
56 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210125175103/http://www.muslimcouncilofamerica.org/mca/islam-non-denominational-ndm/',
57 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Muslim not readily classified in terms of Islamic school or branch</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217818304">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data *{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data *{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Non-denominational Muslim</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Prayer_in_Cairo_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Prayer_in_Cairo_1865.jpg/300px-Prayer_in_Cairo_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Prayer_in_Cairo_1865.jpg/450px-Prayer_in_Cairo_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Prayer_in_Cairo_1865.jpg/600px-Prayer_in_Cairo_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="758" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Muslims praying in Cairo in 1865</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <i>+1 Crore'</i></span> Global (2020)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/info/en/?search=Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">74%<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/info/en/?search=Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">65%<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/info/en/?search=Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">64%<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/info/en/?search=Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">58%<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/info/en/?search=Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">56%<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/info/en/?search=Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></th><td class="infobox-data">55%<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/info/en/?search=Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">54%<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/info/en/?search=Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">54%<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/info/en/?search=Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="infobox-data">42%<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/info/en/?search=Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">45%<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/info/en/?search=Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20%<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Scriptures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/info/en/?search=Arabic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Language">Arabic Language</a> (also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Al_Quds_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Quds Language (page does not exist)">Al Quds Language</a>), <a href="/info/en/?search=Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Bengali_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language">Bengali Language</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Malay_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Language">Malay Language</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Persian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Language">Persian Language</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Javanese_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Javanese Language (page does not exist)">Javanese Language</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa language</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> & other <a href="/info/en/?search=Chinese_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese languages">Chinese languages</a> and languages of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=World_of_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World of Islam (page does not exist)">World of Islam</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh2009p._27,_footnote_3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh2009p._27,_footnote_3-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto6_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-8">[8]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Non-denominational Muslims</b> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مسلمون بلا طائفة</span>, <small><a href="/info/en/?search=Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa</i></span>) are <a href="/info/en/?search=Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> who do not belong to, do not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable <a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-theod_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theod-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Longton_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longton-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirkham_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirkham-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pollack_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollack-12">[12]</a></sup> Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a denomination but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>While the majority of the population in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> identify as either <a href="/info/en/?search=Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> or <a href="/info/en/?search=Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a>, a significant number of Muslims identify as non-denominational.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> According to a 2012 study by the <a href="/info/en/?search=Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" make up a majority of the Muslims in eight countries: <a href="/info/en/?search=Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (74%), <a href="/info/en/?search=Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> (65%), <a href="/info/en/?search=Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> (64%), <a href="/info/en/?search=Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> (58%), <a href="/info/en/?search=Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (56%), <a href="/info/en/?search=Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> (55%), <a href="/info/en/?search=Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (54%), <a href="/info/en/?search=Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> (54%), and a plurality in four countries: <a href="/info/en/?search=Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (45%), <a href="/info/en/?search=Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (45%), <a href="/info/en/?search=Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (42%), <a href="/info/en/?search=Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> (40%)<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-15">[15]</a></sup> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (20%).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>They are found primarily in <a href="/info/en/?search=Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-15">[15]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> has the largest proportion of Muslims who do not identify with a sect, who constitute about 74% of the Muslim population.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-15">[15]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>Sectarian controversies have a long and complex history in Islam and they have been exploited and amplified by rulers for political ends. However, the notion of Muslim unity has remained an important ideal and in modern times intellectuals have spoken against sectarian divisions. Surveys have reported that large proportions of Muslims in some parts of the world self-identify as "just Muslim" or "Muslim only", although there is little published analysis available regarding the motivations underlying this response.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iraqi_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iraqi-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Non-sectarian_Muslims"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Non-sectarian Muslims</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Non-madhhabi"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Non-<span><i>madhhabi</i></span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Ghayr_Muqallid"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span><i>Ghayr Muqallid</i></span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#History_of_sectarianism"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">History of sectarianism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Development_and_thought"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Development and thought</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Academia"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Academia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Dispersions"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Dispersions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Setting"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Setting</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Polls"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Polls</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Commentary"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Commentary</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Organizations"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Organizations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Notable_individuals"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notable individuals</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Non-denominational_Muslim&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-sectarian_Muslims">Non-sectarian Muslims</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Non-denominational_Muslim&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Non-sectarian Muslims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Muslims who do not adhere to a sect are also known as <i>non-sectarian Muslims</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-madhhabi">Non-<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">madhhabi</i></span></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Non-denominational_Muslim&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Non-madhhabi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The description <i>non-<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">madhhabi</i></span></i> may be used for example in relation to Islamic studies at educational institutions that are not limited in scope to one particular <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhab</a></i> or school of jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> For non-denominational Muslims, Pew uses the description of "choose not to affiliate"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> while Russian officials use the term "Unaffiliated Muslims" for those who do not belong to any branch or denomination.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> Unlike <a href="/info/en/?search=Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam"> Sunnis</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam"> Shias</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Ibadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadism"> Ibadis</a>, non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any school of thought (madhhab).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ghayr_Muqallid"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ghayr Muqallid</i></span></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Non-denominational_Muslim&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ghayr Muqallid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The term <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ghair-muqallid</i></span>, i.e., "non-blind-follower", can be used to describe the adherents of movements such as <a href="/info/en/?search=Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Ahl-e-Hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl-e-Hadith">Ahl-e-Hadith</a> who do not necessarily follow the rulings of a particular traditional <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">madhhab</i></span> but identify as Sunni Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Non-denominational_Muslim&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="History_of_sectarianism">History of sectarianism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Non-denominational_Muslim&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History of sectarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></div>
<p>After the death of the Islamic prophet <a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, two conflicting views emerged about who should succeed him as the leader of the Muslim community. Some Muslims, who believed that Muhammad never clearly named his successor, resorted to the Arabian tradition of electing their leader by a council of influential members of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-Meri_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meri-34">[34]</a></sup> Others believed that Muhammad had chosen his cousin and son-in-law <a href="/info/en/?search=Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a> to succeed him.<sup id="cite_ref-Meri_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meri-34">[34]</a></sup> This disagreement eventually resulted in a <a href="/info/en/?search=First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">civil war</a> which pitted supporters of Ali against supporters of the founder of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> dynasty <a href="/info/en/?search=Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan</a>, and these two camps later evolved into the <a href="/info/en/?search=Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> denominations.<sup id="cite_ref-Lapidus_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lapidus-35">[35]</a></sup> For the Shias, Ali and the <a href="/info/en/?search=Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Imams</a> who succeeded him gradually became the embodiment of God's continuing guidance, and they tended to stress the religious functions of the caliphate and deplore its political compromises; Sunnis were more inclined to circumscribe its religious role and more readily accepted its pragmatic dimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-Lapidus_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lapidus-35">[35]</a></sup> As these differences became increasingly vested with religious importance, they gave rise to two distinct forms of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Lapidus_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lapidus-35">[35]</a></sup>
</p><p>One assumption is that Sunnis represent Islam as it existed before the divisions, and should be considered as normative, or the standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-36">[36]</a></sup> This perception is partly due to the reliance on highly ideological sources that have been accepted as reliable historical works, and also because the vast majority of the population is Sunni.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-36">[36]</a></sup> Both Sunnism and Shi'ism are the end products of several centuries of competition between ideologies.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-36">[36]</a></sup> Both sects used each other to further cement their own identities and divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the Umayyad period, many non-Arab converts (<a href="/info/en/?search=Mawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawali">mawali</a>) and their sects and schools tended to be willing to join anti-Umayyad causes.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> Both Sunni and Shia scholars have held anti-Umayyad views, most notably concerning <a href="/info/en/?search=Yazid_ibn_Mu%27awiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazid ibn Mu'awiyah">Yazid ibn Mu'awiyah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the <a href="/info/en/?search=Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, the conflict between Shias and Sunnis took a turn for the worse when the <a href="/info/en/?search=Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavid</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Ottoman_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Dynasty">Ottoman</a> dynasties turned the military conflict between them into a religious war after the Safavids made Shia Islam the state religion in their empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartold_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartold-41">[41]</a></sup> During that era some Sunnis and Shias for the first time began refusing to recognize each other as Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartold_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartold-41">[41]</a></sup> Sectarianism continued to be exploited for political benefits into modern times. An example of this was the <a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a> regime in Pakistan, who used sectarian divisions between the Sunni and Shia to counter the growing geopolitical influence of Iran, as well as to distract from the domestic political problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Copland_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copland-42">[42]</a></sup> Post-Zia governments in Pakistan continued to "cynically manipulate sectarian conflicts for short term political gain."<sup id="cite_ref-Copland_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copland-42">[42]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Development_and_thought">Development and thought</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Non-denominational_Muslim&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Development and thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Pan-Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Islamist">pan-Islamist</a> revolutionary <a href="/info/en/?search=Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamal al-Din al-Afghani</a> refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar.<sup id="cite_ref-ikram_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikram-43">[43]</a></sup> A proponent of Muslim unity, he criticised <a href="/info/en/?search=Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> extremists as well as the ideology of <a href="/info/en/?search=Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, insisting that Islam was doctrinally the only nationality for all Muslims and historically the only bond that effectively tied them all together.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p>Islam originally brought a radical <a href="/info/en/?search=Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a> to a fiercely tribal society, within which a person's status was based on his tribal membership.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> The Quran set all believing individuals as equals, erasing the importance of tribal status. The primary identity of "Muslims" became simply "Muslim", rather than as a member of a tribe, ethnicity or gender. The Quranic concept of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Ummah" title="Ummah">ummah</a> depends on this unified concept of an Islamic community, and it was appealed to again in the 19th century, as a response to colonialism by European powers.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> One Muslim scholar leading the emphasis on Muslim unity was <a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a>, whose views have been referred to as "ummatic".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> Iqbal emphatically referred to sectarianism as an "<a href="/info/en/?search=Cult_image" title="Cult image">idol</a>" that needed to be "smashed forever".<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2011_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2011-48">[48]</a></sup> He is quoted as having stated, "I condemn this accursed religious and social sectarianism, there are no Wahhabis, Shias or Sunnis. Fight not for interpretations of the truth when the truth itself is in danger." In his later life, Iqbal began to transcend the narrow domain of nationalist causes and began to speak to the Muslims spread all over the globe, encouraging them to unify as one community.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah#Jinnah.27s_conversion_by_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Iqbal's influence on Jinnah</a>, the founder of Pakistan, is also well documented. Jinnah, who was born to an <a href="/info/en/?search=Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismaili Shia</a> family and briefly converted to Sunni Islam as a young man, and his funeral led by Sunni scholar <a href="/info/en/?search=Shabbir_Ahmad_Usmani" title="Shabbir Ahmad Usmani">Shabir Ahmad Usmani</a>. Jinnah publicly described himself as neither Shia nor Sunni, his standard answer to questions asking him to define his sect being: "was the Prophet Muhammad a Shia or a Sunni?<i><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup></i>
</p><p>Other intellectuals who spoke against sectarianism during this era were <a href="/info/en/?search=Altaf_Hussain_Hali" title="Altaf Hussain Hali">Altaf Hussain Hali</a>, who blamed sectarianism for the decline of Muslims, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Aga_Khan_III" title="Aga Khan III">Aga Khan III</a>, who cited it as a hindrance to progress, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_Akram_Khan" title="Muhammad Akram Khan">Muhammad Akram Khan</a>, who said sectarianism drained the intellectual capacities of Muslim scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2011_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2011-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1947, the non-sectarian movement <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar">Jama'ah al-Taqrib bayna al-Madhahib al-Islamiyyah</i></span> was founded in Cairo, Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> Several of its supporters were high-ranking scholars of <a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Ahzar_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ahzar University">Al-Ahzar University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> The movement sought to bridge the gap between Sunnis and Shi'is.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> At the end of the 1950’s, the movement reached a wider public, as the Egyptian president <a href="/info/en/?search=Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> discovered the usefulness of <a href="/info/en/?search=Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamism</a> for his foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup>
</p><p>Non-denominational Muslims may also defend their stance by pointing to the Quran such as <a href="/info/en/?search=Al_Imran" title="Al Imran">Al Imran</a> verse 103, which asks Muslims to stay united and not to become divided.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> In Pakistan, sectarianism is cited as a hindrance to the unification of Islamic Law: "Codification of the Islamic Laws related to family and property on the basis of the concept of Talfiq<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> should also be considered. This will require strong public opinion in favour of this unification of the Islamic Law on a non-sectarian basis, as no change can be considered permanent unless it has full support of the public."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Academia">Academia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Non-denominational_Muslim&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Academia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>There are faith schools and graduation programs with curriculums that have been described as being oriented towards <i>non-denominational Islam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> Non-denominational Muslims have been adopted by some theocratic governments into their fold of pan-Islamism as a means to tackle unreasoning partisanship and <a href="/info/en/?search=Takfirism" class="mw-redirect" title="Takfirism">takfirism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollack_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollack-12">[12]</a></sup> Some academic press publishing companies have assigned a proper noun-like title to Muslims without a specific sectarian affiliation by capitalizing the designation as <i>Just a Muslim</i>. The customs and rituals practised by non-denominational Muslims in Northern Nigeria are statistically more likely to be <a href="/info/en/?search=Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>-inclined.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup> In other jurisdictions, some officials have applied a mandatory religious instruction that purportedly gives students a non-denominational outlook in an attempt to appear pluralistic, but in practice, does no such thing.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Dispersions">Dispersions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Non-denominational_Muslim&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dispersions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Western-born Muslims are more likely to be non-affiliated than immigrant Muslims,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup> and when pressed may suggest they try to follow Islamic religious texts "as closely as possible".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> Although Pew has given comprehensive figures on Muslims with an unspecified branch or affiliation, earlier research from 2006 has also come from <a href="/info/en/?search=Council_on_American%E2%80%93Islamic_Relations" title="Council on American–Islamic Relations">CAIR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> Some publishers and authors have categorized such non-specified Muslims as being within the liberal or <a href="/info/en/?search=Liberal_movements_within_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal movements within Islam">progressive</a> stream of the faith.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahelian</a> non-denominational Muslims have demonstrated an aversion to austere religious measures.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> However, non-denominational Muslims in a locality in India have expressly suggested that non-denominational Islam is more traditional than what they consider as the more puritan and reformist <a href="/info/en/?search=Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup>
</p><p>Although some non-denominational Muslims came to their position <a href="/info/en/?search=Social_influence" title="Social influence">influenced</a> by their parents, others have come to this position irrespective and in spite of their parents.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirkham_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirkham-11">[11]</a></sup> Some laymen non-denominational Muslims exhibit hostility towards the notion that Islam is divided into the binary subdivisions of Sunnism and Shiaism, thereby erasing space for the unaffiliated non-denominational Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-iraqi_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iraqi-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>Non-denominational Islam has been described as a generic or a broad run-of-the-mill approach to the faith.<sup id="cite_ref-theod_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theod-9">[9]</a></sup> Some adherents to the non-denominational form of Islam perceive it as less judgemental or censorious.<sup id="cite_ref-Longton_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longton-10">[10]</a></sup> Some non-denominational Muslims consider their unaffiliated stance to be a shield against the risk of becoming docile and meek subjects of domineering clergymen.<sup id="cite_ref-ikram_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikram-43">[43]</a></sup> According to the Muslim Council of America, facets occurring among non-denominational Muslims from a practical point of view includes lacking organizational convenance or spokespersons, and in terms of precepts, a universal or inclusive approach to all schools of thought. According to MCA, non-denominational Muslims also deemphasize the opinion of scholars, viewing them as non-binding, reject the blasphemy or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">riddah</i></span> laws within Islam, and posit the implementation of human dignity, freedom of expression and human intellect according to circumstance and changing situations, such as discernment between the present and seventh century Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-mca_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mca-67">[67]</a></sup> They have also depicted non-denominational Muslims as having a theological position that favors <a href="/info/en/?search=Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, human intellect, human dignity, a proportionate level of egalitarianism between the various religions and genders, and adapting to changing circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-mca_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mca-67">[67]</a></sup> Despite on occasion sourcing indicating that those identifying as <i>just a Muslim</i> may constitute up to a quarter of Muslims,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> more established institutions may express hostility to such a flexible approach to faith due to its ability to foment attitudes calling for an elimination of <a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_clergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic clergy">Islamic clergy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mca_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mca-67">[67]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Setting">Setting</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Non-denominational_Muslim&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In 2017, there were 144 non-denominational prayer rooms and other places of worship in the <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, open to all denominations. This represented 7.4% of the total of mosques and Islamic prayer rooms in the UK. 99% of them provided women's facilities such as prayer space, toilets or ablution spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-mib_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mib-69">[69]</a></sup> In 2013, there were 156 non-denominational Muslim prayer rooms and places of worship in the U.K, although according to Mehmood Naqshbandi, the congregation does not necessarily subscribe to the same viewpoints as the staff. This represented 3.5 per cent of the total mosque capacity and 9.4% of the total number of mosques and Islamic prayer rooms in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup> Those who are <i>non-denominational Muslim</i> have seen the term adopted or adherents coalescing with a wide assortment of persuasions, including <a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Muslim revivalists</a> (known as <a href="/info/en/?search=Mujaddids" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujaddids">mujaddids</a>), <a href="/info/en/?search=Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafists</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-jorg_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jorg-71">[71]</a></sup> active members of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup> those who criticise the traditional Muslim view on homosexuality,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> or the quintessential all-embracing <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" style="font-style: normal;">Ansar-ud-Din</span></span> college, described as a "non-denominational Muslim institution" in <a href="/info/en/?search=Ota,_Ogun" title="Ota, Ogun">Ota Ogun State</a>, Nigeria wherein in the 1950s, all its Islam-related shelves were stocked with books solely affiliated with <a href="/info/en/?search=Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> or from western orientalists,<sup id="cite_ref-ansar_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ansar-74">[74]</a></sup> even though Ahmadiyya is considered heretical in countries such as India, Pakistan, and Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Polls">Polls</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Non-denominational_Muslim&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Polls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>According to a 2012 <a href="/info/en/?search=Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew study</a>, Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" make up a majority of the Muslims in eight countries: <a href="/info/en/?search=Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (74%), <a href="/info/en/?search=Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> (65%), <a href="/info/en/?search=Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> (64%), <a href="/info/en/?search=Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> (58%), <a href="/info/en/?search=Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (56%), <a href="/info/en/?search=Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> (55%), <a href="/info/en/?search=Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (54%), <a href="/info/en/?search=Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> (54%), and a plurality in four countries: <a href="/info/en/?search=Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (45%), <a href="/info/en/?search=Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (45%), <a href="/info/en/?search=Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (42%), and <a href="/info/en/?search=Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> (40%).<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-15">[15]</a></sup> They are found primarily in <a href="/info/en/?search=Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-15">[15]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> has the largest proportion of Muslims who do not identify with a sect, who constitute about 74% of the Muslim population.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-15">[15]</a></sup> According to <i>WorldAtlas</i>, 30% of <a href="/info/en/?search=Moroccans" title="Moroccans">Moroccans</a> are non-denominational Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup> While the majority of the population in the <a href="/info/en/?search=Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> identify as either <a href="/info/en/?search=Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> or <a href="/info/en/?search=Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a>, a significant number of Muslims identify as non-denominational.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> <a href="/info/en/?search=Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Commentary">Commentary</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Non-denominational_Muslim&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Commentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>It has been described as a phenomenon that gained momentum in the 20th century which can overlap with orthodox Sunni tenets despite adherents not adhering to any specific <a href="/info/en/?search=Madhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhab">madhab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup> In an alluding commentary on surah <a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Mu%CA%BCminun" title="Al-Muʼminun">Al-Muʼminun</a> verse 53 of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali" title="Abdullah Yusuf Ali">Abdullah Yusuf Ali</a> states:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The people who began to trade on the names of the prophets cut off that unity and made sects; and each sect rejoices in its own narrow doctrine, instead of taking the universal teaching of unity from Allah. But this sectarian confusion is of man's making. It will last for a time, but the rays of truth and unity will finally dissipate it. Worldly wealth, power and influence may be but trials. Let not their possessors think that they are in themselves things that will necessarily bring them happiness.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Organizations">Organizations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Non-denominational_Muslim&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar">Jama'ah al-Taqrib bayna al-Madhahib al-Islamiyyah</i></span>, a non-sectarian movement founded in Cairo, Egypt in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> At the end of the 1950’s, the movement reached a wider public, as the Egyptian president <a href="/info/en/?search=Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> discovered the usefulness of <a href="/info/en/?search=Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamism</a> for his foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup></li>
<li><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar">Tolu-e-Islam</i></span>; inspired by the principles of <a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a>'s philosophy, led by <a href="/info/en/?search=Ghulam_Ahmed_Pervez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Ahmed Pervez">Ghulam Ahmed Pervez</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Tolu-e-Islam_(organization)" title="Tolu-e-Islam (organization)">Tolu-e-Islam</a> is an organization based in Pakistan. It does not affiliate with any political party or religious sect.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup> Its goal is to spread the principles of the Quran, with an aim to bring about a resurgence of Islam.</li>
<li><i>The People's Mosque</i>; an online nondenominational Muslim movement that seeks to distinguish itself by contrasting its own principles with ultra-conservative political Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Longton_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longton-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Cambridge Central Mosque</i> is a non-denominational place of worship.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup></li>
<li><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar">Ansar-ud-Din</i></span> <i>college</i>, a college in Ogun state, Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-ansar_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ansar-74">[74]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_individuals">Notable individuals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Non-denominational_Muslim&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable individuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jamal_ad-Din_al-Afghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani">Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani</a><sup id="cite_ref-ikram_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikram-43">[43]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Israr_Ahmed" title="Israr Ahmed">Israr Ahmed</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_Ali_Mirza" title="Muhammad Ali Mirza">Muhammad Ali Mirza</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Non-denominational_Muslim&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Non-denominational" title="Non-denominational">Non-denominational</a></li></ul>
<p><b>Other religions:</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Non-denominational_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-denominational Judaism">Non-denominational Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Non-denominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-denominational Christianity">Non-denominational Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Non-denominational_Muslim&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>auto</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Britannica-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNasr2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein</a> (2007). <a class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-68890/Quran">"Qurʼān"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Qur%CA%BC%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-68890%2FQuran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|archive-url=</code> is malformed: flag (<a href="/info/en/?search=Help:CS1_errors#archive_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|access -date=</code> ignored (<a href="/info/en/?search=Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/info/en/?search=Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKhan,_Muhammad_Mojlum2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_Mojlum_Khan" title="Muhammad Mojlum Khan">Khan, Muhammad Mojlum</a> (2013). <i>The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=England" title="England">England</a>: Kube Publishing. p. 2. <q>Bengali-speaking Muslims... one of the largest linguistic groups... second only to the Arabs</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Heritage+of+Bengal%3A+The+Lives%2C+Thoughts+and+Achievements+of+Great+Muslim+Scholars%2C+Writers+and+Reformers+of+Bangladesh+and+West+Bengal&rft.place=England&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Kube+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Khan%2C+Muhammad+Mojlum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh2009p._27,_footnote_3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh2009p._27,_footnote_3_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbotSingh2009">Talbot & Singh 2009</a>, p. 27, footnote 3.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFTalbotSingh2009 (<a href="/info/en/?search=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGrimJohnson2013" class="citation report cs1">Grim, Brian J.; Johnson, Todd M. (2013). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf">Chapter 1: Global Religious Populations , 1910–2010</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Wiley. p. 22. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Chapter+1%3A+Global+Religious+Populations+%2C+1910%E2%80%932010&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Grim&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Todd+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.johnwiley.com.au%2Fproduct_data%2Fexcerpt%2F47%2F04706745%2F0470674547-196.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">cite report</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|archive-date=</code> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/ethnologue200">"What are the top 200 most spoken languages?"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>. 2018-10- 03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=What+are+the+top+200+most+spoken+languages%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fguides%2Fethnologue200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Jallad" class="citation web cs1">Al-Jallad, Ahmad. <a class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.">book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic "Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815234348/http:">//referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of -arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polygenesis+in+the+Arabic+Dialects&rft.aulast=Al-Jallad&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics%2Fpolygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030%3Fs.num%3D1%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.+book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics%26s.q%3Dneo-arabic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|archive-url=</code> value (<a href="/info/en/?search=Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/info/en/?search=Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-auto6-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto6_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" class="citation web cs1">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. [http ://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4cf2d0a85c.html "Refworld – 2010 Report on International Religious Freedom – China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, Macau)"]. <i>Refworld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Refworld+%E2%80%93+2010+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom+%E2%80%93+China+%28includes+Tibet%2C+Hong+Kong%2C+Macau%29&rft.au=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft_id=http+%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Frefworld%2Fdocid%2F4cf2d0a85c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/info/en/?search=Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-theod-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theod_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theod_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBenakis2014" class="citation news cs1">Benakis, Theodoros (13 January 2014). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/">"Islamophobia in Europe!"</a>. <i>New Europe</i>. Brussels. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/">the original</a> on 31 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Europe&rft.atitle=Islamophobia+in+Europe%21&rft.date=2014-01-13&rft.aulast=Benakis&rft.aufirst=Theodoros&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneurope.eu%2Farticle%2Fislamophobia-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Longton-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Longton_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Longton_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Longton_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLongton2014" class="citation news cs1">Longton, Gary Gurr (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326065118/http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/isis-jihadist-group-wonder-non-denominational/story-21340790-detail/story.html">"Isis Jihadist group made me wonder about non-denominational Muslims"</a>. The Sentinel. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/Isis-Jihadist-group-wonder-non-denominational/story-21340790-detail/story.html">the original</a> on 26 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>THE appalling and catastrophic pictures of the so-called new extremist Isis Jihadist group made me think about someone who can say I am a Muslim of a non-denominational standpoint, and to my surprise/ignorance, such people exist. Online, I found something called the people's mosque, which makes itself clear that it's 100 per cent non-denominational and most importantly, 100 per cent non-judgmental.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Isis+Jihadist+group+made+me+wonder+about+non-denominational+Muslims&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Longton&rft.aufirst=Gary+Gurr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stokesentinel.co.uk%2FIsis-Jihadist-group-wonder-non-denominational%2Fstory-21340790-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kirkham-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirkham_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirkham_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKirkham2015" class="citation news cs1">Kirkham, Bri (2015). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125113410/http://www.ballstatedaily.com/article/2015/04/nli-muslim-blood-drive">"Indiana Blood Center cancels 'Muslims for Life' blood drive"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.ballstatedaily.com/article/2015/04/nli-muslim-blood-drive">the original</a> on 25 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>Ball State Student Sadie Sial identifies as a <b>non-denominational Muslim</b>, and her parents belong to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. She has participated in multiple blood drives through the Indiana Blood Center.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indiana+Blood+Center+cancels+%27Muslims+for+Life%27+blood+drive&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kirkham&rft.aufirst=Bri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ballstatedaily.com%2Farticle%2F2015%2F04%2Fnli-muslim-blood-drive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Pollack-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pollack_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pollack_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPollack2014" class="citation book cs1">Pollack, Kenneth (2014). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unthinkableiranb0000poll"><i>Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy</i></a></span>. Simon and Schuster. p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unthinkableiranb0000poll/page/29">29</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781476733920" title="Special:BookSources/9781476733920"><bdi>9781476733920</bdi></a>. <q>Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more <b>nondenominational Muslims</b></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unthinkable%3A+Iran%2C+the+Bomb%2C+and+American+Strategy&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781476733920&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funthinkableiranb0000poll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2023" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Katrina Daly (11 April 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I5yUEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-denominational+or+%22just+muslims%22&pg=PT88"><i>Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America</i></a>. NYU Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781479814367" title="Special:BookSources/9781479814367"><bdi>9781479814367</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+on+the+Margins%3A+Creating+Queer+Religious+Community+in+North+America&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2023-04-11&rft.isbn=9781479814367&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Katrina+Daly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI5yUEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnon-denominational%2Bor%2B%2522just%2Bmuslims%2522%26pg%3DPT88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSeyfiMichael_Hall2020" class="citation book cs1">Seyfi, Siamak; Michael Hall, C. (28 September 2020). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14"><i>Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781000177169" title="Special:BookSources/9781000177169"><bdi>9781000177169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+and+Heritage+Tourism+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+Complexities%2C+Management+and+Practices&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-09-28&rft.isbn=9781000177169&rft.aulast=Seyfi&rft.aufirst=Siamak&rft.au=Michael+Hall%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbujyDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnon%2BdenominationaL%2Bislam%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Pew-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity">"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation"</a>. <i>The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>'s Religion & Public Life Project. August 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World%E2%80%99s+Muslims%3A+Unity+and+Diversity&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Religious+Affiliation&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F08%2F09%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation%2F%23identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Islam_in_Pakistan&oldid=1215982204">"Islam in Pakistan"</a>, <i>Wikipedia</i>, 2024-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-09</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.atitle=Islam+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2024-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DIslam_in_Pakistan%26oldid%3D1215982204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2011" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Robert (December 2011). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akWUGyN7fwEC&pg=PA55"><i>Christianity, Islam, and the West</i></a>. University Press of America. p. 55. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9780761855606" title="Special:BookSources/9780761855606"><bdi>9780761855606</bdi></a>. <q>40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%2C+Islam%2C+and+the+West&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2011-12&rft.isbn=9780761855606&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DakWUGyN7fwEC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMustapha2014" class="citation book cs1">Mustapha, Abdul (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIKfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5"><i>Sects & Social Disorder</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. p. 5. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781847011077" title="Special:BookSources/9781847011077"><bdi>9781847011077</bdi></a>. <q>of Muslims identified themselves as Sunni, 12 per cent as Shi'a, 3 per cent as Ahmadiyya but 44 per cent as 'just Muslim' (Pew Forum, 2010)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sects+%26+Social+Disorder&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781847011077&rft.aulast=Mustapha&rft.aufirst=Abdul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIKfBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMuttitt2012" class="citation book cs1">Muttitt, Greg (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fuelonfireoilpol0000mutt"><i>Fuel on the Fire: Oil and Politics in Occupied Iraq</i></a></span>. Vintage. p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fuelonfireoilpol0000mutt/page/79">79</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781595588050" title="Special:BookSources/9781595588050"><bdi>9781595588050</bdi></a>. <q>A January 2004 survey by the Iraq Centre for Research and Strategic Studies, for instance, asked people which description suited them best Sunni Muslim, Shi'a Muslim or just Muslim'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fuel+on+the+Fire%3A+Oil+and+Politics+in+Occupied+Iraq&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781595588050&rft.aulast=Muttitt&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffuelonfireoilpol0000mutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBoulting" class="citation book cs1">Boulting, Ned. <i>On the Road Bike: The Search For a Nation's Cycling Soul</i>. p. 155. <q>What is your religion, asked a UN official. Muslim. Are you Shi'a or Sunni. Just Muslim</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Road+Bike%3A+The+Search+For+a+Nation%27s+Cycling+Soul&rft.pages=155&rft.aulast=Boulting&rft.aufirst=Ned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTatari2014" class="citation book cs1">Tatari, Eren (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA111"><i>Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets</i></a>. BRILL. p. 111. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9789004272262" title="Special:BookSources/9789004272262"><bdi>9789004272262</bdi></a>. <q>Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi and two said their families are Alevi</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+British+Local+Government%3A+Representing+Minority+Interests+in+Hackney%2C+Newham+and+Tower+Hamlets&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789004272262&rft.aulast=Tatari&rft.aufirst=Eren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx_4QBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-iraqi-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iraqi_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iraqi_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLopez2008" class="citation book cs1">Lopez, Ralph (2008). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vuNfXxnYWPIC&pg=PA65"><i>Truth in the Age of Bushism</i></a>. Lulu.com. p. 65. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781434896155" title="Special:BookSources/9781434896155"><bdi>9781434896155</bdi></a>. <q>Many Iraqis take offense at reporters' efforts to identify them as Sunni or Shiite. A 2004 Iraq Centre for Research and Strategic Studies poll found the largest category of Iraqis classified themselves as "just Muslim."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+in+the+Age+of+Bushism&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781434896155&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvuNfXxnYWPIC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2002" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Peter (June 2002). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=non+sectarian+muslims&pg=PA110"><i>The World's Religions: Islam</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-134-93195-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-93195-8"><bdi>978-1-134-93195-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Religions%3A+Islam&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-06&rft.isbn=978-1-134-93195-8&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwPeJAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnon%2Bsectarian%2Bmuslims%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTan2014" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Charlene (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79"><i>Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781441146175" title="Special:BookSources/9781441146175"><bdi>9781441146175</bdi></a>. <q>This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reforms+in+Islamic+Education%3A+International+Perspectives&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781441146175&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Charlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-bMAAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTan2014" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Charlene (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79"><i>Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781441146175" title="Special:BookSources/9781441146175"><bdi>9781441146175</bdi></a>. <q>This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reforms+in+Islamic+Education%3A+International+Perspectives&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781441146175&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Charlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-bMAAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qasmi, Ali Usman. "Islamic Universalism: The ‘Amritsarī’Version of Ahl al-Qurʾān." Journal of Islamic Studies 20.2 (2009): 159-187.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maghen, Ze'ev. "See No Evil: Morality and Methodology in Ibn Al-qattān al-Fāsī's Ahkām al-nazar bi-Hāssat al-Basar." Islamic Law and Society 14.3 (2007): 342-390.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abou Zahab, Mariam. "Salafism in Pakistan." Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement, Roel Meijer (ed.)(New York: Columbia University Press, 2009) (2011): 126-142.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khan, Mohammad Sharif, and Mohammad Anwar Saleem. Muslim Philosophy and Philosophers. APH Publishing, 1994.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Meri-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meri_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meri_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Shi'ism". <i>Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia (ed. Josef W. Meri)</i>. Routledge. 2006. p. 736.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shi%27ism&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia+%28ed.+Josef+W.+Meri%29&rft.pages=736&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lapidus-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lapidus_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lapidus_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lapidus_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLapidus2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ira_M._Lapidus" title="Ira M. Lapidus">Lapidus, Ira M.</a> (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kFJNBAAAQBAJ"><i>A History of Islamic societes</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 67. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9780521514309" title="Special:BookSources/9780521514309"><bdi>9780521514309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+societes&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780521514309&rft.aulast=Lapidus&rft.aufirst=Ira+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkFJNBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hughes-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2013" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Aaron (9 April 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=95jSBFFaDkUC&pg=PA115"><i>Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 115–116. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9780231531924" title="Special:BookSources/9780231531924"><bdi>9780231531924</bdi></a>. <q>It is a mistake to assume as is commonly done that Sunni Islam arose as normative from the chaotic period following Muhammad's death... This mistake is based in... the taking of later and often highly ideological sources as accurate historical portrayals - and in part on the fact that the overwhelming majority of Muslims throughout the world follows now what emerged as Sunni Islam...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Identities%3A+An+Introduction+to+Islam&rft.pages=115-116&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013-04-09&rft.isbn=9780231531924&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D95jSBFFaDkUC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2013" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Aaron (9 April 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=95jSBFFaDkUC&pg=PA116"><i>Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 116. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9780231531924" title="Special:BookSources/9780231531924"><bdi>9780231531924</bdi></a>. <q>Each of these sectarian movements... used the other to define itself more clearly and in the process to articulate its doctrinal contents and rituals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Identities%3A+An+Introduction+to+Islam&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013-04-09&rft.isbn=9780231531924&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D95jSBFFaDkUC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGaiser2022" class="citation book cs1">Gaiser, Adam R. (24 November 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oXmaEAAAQBAJ&dq=no+sects+during+umayyad&pg=PA209"><i>Sectarianism in Islam</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781107032255" title="Special:BookSources/9781107032255"><bdi>9781107032255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sectarianism+in+Islam&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022-11-24&rft.isbn=9781107032255&rft.aulast=Gaiser&rft.aufirst=Adam+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoXmaEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dno%2Bsects%2Bduring%2Bumayyad%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMatthiesen2023" class="citation book cs1">Matthiesen, Toby (9 March 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sf-pEAAAQBAJ&dq=sunni+scholars++yazid&pg=PA26"><i>The Caliph and the Imam: The Making of Sunnism and Shiism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-19-068946-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-068946-9"><bdi>978-0-19-068946-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caliph+and+the+Imam%3A+The+Making+of+Sunnism+and+Shiism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023-03-09&rft.isbn=978-0-19-068946-9&rft.aulast=Matthiesen&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSf-pEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsunni%2Bscholars%2B%2Byazid%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRizvi1996" class="citation book cs1">Rizvi, Sayyid Saeed Akhtar (January 1996). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vTqtAgAAQBAJ&dq=sunni+scholars++yazid&pg=PA69"><i>Wahhabis Fitna Exposed</i></a>. Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9789976956764" title="Special:BookSources/9789976956764"><bdi>9789976956764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wahhabis+Fitna+Exposed&rft.pub=Bilal+Muslim+Mission+of+Tanzania&rft.date=1996-01&rft.isbn=9789976956764&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Saeed+Akhtar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvTqtAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsunni%2Bscholars%2B%2Byazid%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bartold-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bartold_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartold_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBartold1936" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/info/en/?search=Vasily_Bartold" title="Vasily Bartold">Bartold, Vasily</a> (1936). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MussulmanCulture"><i>Mussulman Culture</i></a>. University of Calcutta. pp. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MussulmanCulture/page/n171">143</a>–144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussulman+Culture&rft.pages=143-144&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Bartold&rft.aufirst=Vasily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMussulmanCulture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Copland-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Copland_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Copland_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCopland2013" class="citation book cs1">Copland, Ian (18 October 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ab6MAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA138"><i>South Asia: The Spectre of Terrorism</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 138–139. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781317967736" title="Special:BookSources/9781317967736"><bdi>9781317967736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia%3A+The+Spectre+of+Terrorism&rft.pages=138-139&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-18&rft.isbn=9781317967736&rft.aulast=Copland&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dab6MAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ikram-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ikram_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ikram_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ikram_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCughtai2005" class="citation book cs1">Cughtai, Muhammad Ikram (2005). <i>Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence</i>. p. 454. <q>Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al-Afghani refused to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jam%C4%81l+Al-D%C4%ABn+Al-Afgh%C4%81ni%3A+An+Apostle+of+Islamic+Resurgence&rft.pages=454&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Cughtai&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Ikram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHosenSalemRashidReda" class="citation web cs1">Hosen, Nadirsyah; Salem, Ahmed Ali; Rashid, Samory; Reda, Nevin. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=al+afghani+refused+sect&pg=PA32">"American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:2"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Journal+of+Islamic+Social+Sciences+21%3A2&rft.aulast=Hosen&rft.aufirst=Nadirsyah&rft.au=Salem%2C+Ahmed+Ali&rft.au=Rashid%2C+Samory&rft.au=Reda%2C+Nevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxJM4DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dal%2Bafghani%2Brefused%2Bsect%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2011" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John (13 July 2011). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA16"><i>What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam: Second Edition</i></a>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 16. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9780199794133" title="Special:BookSources/9780199794133"><bdi>9780199794133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know+about+Islam%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2011-07-13&rft.isbn=9780199794133&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2wSVQI3Ya2EC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2011" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John (13 July 2011). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA17"><i>What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam: Second Edition</i></a>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 17. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9780199794133" title="Special:BookSources/9780199794133"><bdi>9780199794133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know+about+Islam%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2011-07-13&rft.isbn=9780199794133&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2wSVQI3Ya2EC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJunid2002" class="citation journal cs1">Junid, Sanusi (2002). <a class="external text" href="https://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387">"Iqbal and Muslim Unity"</a>. <i>Intellectual Discourse</i>. <b>10</b> (2, 115–124). International Islamic University Malaysia: 116. <q>Iqbal's vision was Ummatic and hence he should be referred to as "the poet philosopher of Muslim unity."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intellectual+Discourse&rft.atitle=Iqbal+and+Muslim+Unity&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2%2C+115%E2%80%93124&rft.pages=116&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Junid&rft.aufirst=Sanusi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.iium.edu.my%2Fintdiscourse%2Findex.php%2Fislam%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F439%2F387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Jones2011-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones2011_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones2011_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Justin (24 October 2011). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&pg=PA25"><i>Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–26. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781139501231" title="Special:BookSources/9781139501231"><bdi>9781139501231</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27a+Islam+in+Colonial+India%3A+Religion%2C+Community+and+Sectarianism&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-10-24&rft.isbn=9781139501231&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrrioNz8_EwwC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJunid2002" class="citation journal cs1">Junid, Sanusi (2002). <a class="external text" href="https://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/439/387">"Iqbal and Muslim Unity"</a>. <i>Intellectual Discourse</i>. <b>10</b> (2, 115–124). International Islamic University Malaysia: 120. <q>Iqbal was no longer writing for Indian Muslims alone but for his coreligionists scattered all over the world. He had switched from Urdu to Persian to make his message available to the largest number of the adherents of Islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intellectual+Discourse&rft.atitle=Iqbal+and+Muslim+Unity&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2%2C+115%E2%80%93124&rft.pages=120&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Junid&rft.aufirst=Sanusi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.iium.edu.my%2Fintdiscourse%2Findex.php%2Fislam%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F439%2F387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed" class="citation news cs1">Ahmed, Khaled. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml">"Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?"</a>. The Friday Times. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml">the original</a> on 17 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Was+Jinnah+a+Shia+or+a+Sunni%3F&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefridaytimes.com%2F24122010%2Fpage27.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail2021" class="citation book cs1">Ismail, Raihan (2021). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vOFDEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-sectarian+islam+group&pg=PA75"><i>Rethinking Salafism: The Transnational Networks of Salafi 'Ulama in Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-19-094895-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-094895-5"><bdi>978-0-19-094895-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Salafism%3A+The+Transnational+Networks+of+Salafi+%27Ulama+in+Egypt%2C+Kuwait%2C+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-094895-5&rft.aulast=Ismail&rft.aufirst=Raihan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvOFDEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnon-sectarian%2Bislam%2Bgroup%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAbdelnour2021" class="citation book cs1">Abdelnour, Mohammed Gamal (25 May 2021). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+taqi+al+qummi&pg=PA149"><i>A Comparative History of Catholic and Aš'arī Theologies of Truth and Salvation: Inclusive Minorities, Exclusive Majorities</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9789004461765" title="Special:BookSources/9789004461765"><bdi>9789004461765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+History+of+Catholic+and+A%C5%A1%27ar%C4%AB+Theologies+of+Truth+and+Salvation%3A+Inclusive+Minorities%2C+Exclusive+Majorities&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2021-05-25&rft.isbn=9789004461765&rft.aulast=Abdelnour&rft.aufirst=Mohammed+Gamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkwwEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmuhammad%2Btaqi%2Bal%2Bqummi%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAbdelnour2021" class="citation book cs1">Abdelnour, Mohammed Gamal (25 May 2021). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+taqi+al+qummi&pg=PA149"><i>A Comparative History of Catholic and Aš'arī Theologies of Truth and Salvation: Inclusive Minorities, Exclusive Majorities</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9789004461765" title="Special:BookSources/9789004461765"><bdi>9789004461765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+History+of+Catholic+and+A%C5%A1%27ar%C4%AB+Theologies+of+Truth+and+Salvation%3A+Inclusive+Minorities%2C+Exclusive+Majorities&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2021-05-25&rft.isbn=9789004461765&rft.aulast=Abdelnour&rft.aufirst=Mohammed+Gamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkwwEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmuhammad%2Btaqi%2Bal%2Bqummi%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAbdelnour2021" class="citation book cs1">Abdelnour, Mohammed Gamal (25 May 2021). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+taqi+al+qummi&pg=PA149"><i>A Comparative History of Catholic and Aš'arī Theologies of Truth and Salvation: Inclusive Minorities, Exclusive Majorities</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9789004461765" title="Special:BookSources/9789004461765"><bdi>9789004461765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+History+of+Catholic+and+A%C5%A1%27ar%C4%AB+Theologies+of+Truth+and+Salvation%3A+Inclusive+Minorities%2C+Exclusive+Majorities&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2021-05-25&rft.isbn=9789004461765&rft.aulast=Abdelnour&rft.aufirst=Mohammed+Gamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkwwEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmuhammad%2Btaqi%2Bal%2Bqummi%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Intra-Societal Tension and National Integration, p 119, A. Jamil Qadri - 1988</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Oxford Dictionary of Islam defines <i>Talfiq</i> as "Legal term describing the derivation of rules from material of various schools of Islamic law." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170209012124/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2323?_hi=0&_pos=8">"Talfiq"</a>. <i>Oxford Islamic Studies Online</i>. 2008-05-06. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2323?_hi=0&_pos=8">the original</a> on February 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft.atitle=Talfiq&rft.date=2008-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe2323%3F_hi%3D0%26_pos%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGHAFUR1987" class="citation journal cs1">GHAFUR, ABDUL (1987). "Islamization of Laws in Pakistan: Problems and Prospects". <i>Islamic Studies</i>. <b>26</b> (3): 271. <a href="/info/en/?search=JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20839846">20839846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Islamization+of+Laws+in+Pakistan%3A+Problems+and+Prospects&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=271&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20839846%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=GHAFUR&rft.aufirst=ABDUL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGSRC2015" class="citation news cs1">GSRC (2015). <a class="external text" href="https://www.idealist.org/info/GradEducation/Resources/DegreeOverviews/TheologyReligion">"Degree overview: Theology and religion"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>Most theology schools are based in a religious tradition—a specific sect or denomination of a major religion (i.e., a branch of Rabbinical Judaism, a Catholic order, or a school of Buddhism); a general foundation in a major religion (i.e., <b>nondenominational Islam</b> or Christianity)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Degree+overview%3A+Theology+and+religion&rft.date=2015&rft.au=GSRC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idealist.org%2Finfo%2FGradEducation%2FResources%2FDegreeOverviews%2FTheologyReligion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMustapha2014" class="citation book cs1">Mustapha, Abdul Raufu (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIKfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54"><i>Sects & Social Disorder: Muslim Identities & Conflict in Northern Nigeria</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. p. 54. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781847011077" title="Special:BookSources/9781847011077"><bdi>9781847011077</bdi></a>. <q>... the Ahmadiyya (3%), the 'something else' (2%), the 'Just a Muslim' (42%), and the 'Don't Know' (4%) (Pew 2010, 21). Most of the 'Just a Muslim' are also likely to be Sunni-inclined</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sects+%26+Social+Disorder%3A+Muslim+Identities+%26+Conflict+in+Northern+Nigeria&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781847011077&rft.aulast=Mustapha&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Raufu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIKfBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTorfs2012" class="citation book cs1">Torfs, Rik (2012). <i>Islam, Europe and Emerging Legal Issues</i>. p. 29. <q>The Turkish government maintained that religious instruction was mandatory because it was objective, pluralist and neutral, that is nondenominational ... The perception of the applicants was totally different ... they argued that the teaching was done from the perspective of Sunni Islam</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Europe+and+Emerging+Legal+Issues&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Torfs&rft.aufirst=Rik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section 2: Religious Beliefs and Practices, Pew Research Center</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTesterman2014" class="citation book cs1">Testerman, Janet (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ks4xBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13"><i>Transforming From Christianity to Islam: Eight Women's Journey</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars. p. 13. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781443862004" title="Special:BookSources/9781443862004"><bdi>9781443862004</bdi></a>. <q>If people ask me "What are you, Sufi, Shiite or Sunni?" I say No, I'm just a Muslim. I follow the Quran as much as I can, and if I have questions I go to scholars, but I don't get myself involved in any divisions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transforming+From+Christianity+to+Islam%3A+Eight+Women%27s+Journey&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781443862004&rft.aulast=Testerman&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dks4xBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRoelle2006" class="citation book cs1">Roelle, Patrick (2006). <i>Islam's Mandate- a Tribute to Jihad: The Mosque at Ground Zero</i>. p. 374. <q>In a 2006 survey of 1,000 Muslim registered voters, about 12% identified themselves as Shi'a, 36% said they were Sunni, and 40% called themselves "just a Muslim", according to the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%27s+Mandate-+a+Tribute+to+Jihad%3A+The+Mosque+at+Ground+Zero&rft.pages=374&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Roelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAamirprofessor_Fatima_Mustafa2013" class="citation book cs1">Aamir, Omer; professor Fatima Mustafa (2013). <a class="external text" href="https://omerthehorizon.wordpress.com/category/uncategorized/page/2/"><i>Federalism and Pakistan</i></a>. <q>Their dream of turning the conflict into an Arab against the Shiite's is turning into a reality. A dark twisted reality for the liberal <b>non denominational Muslims</b></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism+and+Pakistan&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Aamir&rft.aufirst=Omer&rft.au=professor+Fatima+Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomerthehorizon.wordpress.com%2Fcategory%2Funcategorized%2Fpage%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2015" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Lisa (2015). <a class="external text" href="https://www.denverpost.com/movies/ci_27693072/film-review-timbuktu-depicts-beautiful-and-brutal">"Film review: "Timbuktu" depicts the beautiful and the brutal"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=The_Denver_Post" title="The Denver Post">The Denver Post</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>In town, the jihadists have begun imposing Shariah laws on the locals. Many of the citizens are already devout, if non-denominational Muslims, but this pushes them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Film+review%3A+%22Timbuktu%22+depicts+the+beautiful+and+the+brutal&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denverpost.com%2Fmovies%2Fci_27693072%2Ffilm-review-timbuktu-depicts-beautiful-and-brutal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/islam-muslims-radiclization-populism-india-news-88745/">"Do Not Mistake a Pious Muslim for a Terrorist"</a>. March 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+Not+Mistake+a+Pious+Muslim+for+a+Terrorist&rft.date=2017-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairobserver.com%2Fregion%2Fcentral_south_asia%2Fislam-muslims-radiclization-populism-india-news-88745%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-mca-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mca_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mca_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mca_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125175103/http://www.muslimcouncilofamerica.org/mca/islam-non-denominational-ndm/">"Contemporary Islam, Non-Denominational: NDM"</a>. <i>www.muslimcouncilofamerica.org</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.muslimcouncilofamerica.org/mca/islam-non-denominational-ndm/">the original</a> on 2021-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.muslimcouncilofamerica.org&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Islam%2C+Non-Denominational%3A+NDM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimcouncilofamerica.org%2Fmca%2Fislam-non-denominational-ndm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-preface/">"Preface"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>. August 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F08%2F09%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-preface%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-mib-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mib_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.muslimsinbritain.org/resources/masjid_report.pdf">"UK Mosque Statistics / Masjid Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>MuslimsInBritain.org</i>. 16 Sep 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MuslimsInBritain.org&rft.atitle=UK+Mosque+Statistics+%2F+Masjid+Statistics&rft.date=2017-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimsinbritain.org%2Fresources%2Fmasjid_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2014" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Innes (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mMSHCwAAQBAJ&q=%22%22&pg=PA7"><i>Medina in Birmingham, Najaf in Brent</i></a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 7. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781849043014" title="Special:BookSources/9781849043014"><bdi>9781849043014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medina+in+Birmingham%2C+Najaf+in+Brent&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781849043014&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Innes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmMSHCwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522%2522%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-jorg-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jorg_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen2018" class="citation book cs1">Nielsen, Jorgen S (2018). <i>Exploring the Multitude of Muslims in Europe</i>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 111–114. <q>In fact, as a large number of Lithuanian converts to Islam, who are both rank and file of "Education and Heritage", are of non-denominational and / or revivalist leanings, with some of them identifying with Salafi creed, it is best to be described as a denominationally nondescript organisation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Multitude+of+Muslims+in+Europe&rft.pages=111-114&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Jorgen+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_California" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Pierce_v._LaVallee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierce v. LaVallee (page does not exist)">University of California</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8_U3AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Non-denominational+Muslim%22"><i>Federal supplement. [First Series.]</i></a> (Volume 212 ed.). p. 868. <q>A non-denominational Muslim. I am not registered with any particular sect". He was an active member of the Muslim Brotherhood; was acquainted with its constitution and took the oath described therein</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federal+supplement.+%5BFirst+Series.%5D&rft.pages=868&rft.edition=Volume+212&rft.au=University+of+California&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8_U3AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Non-denominational%2BMuslim%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Nieuwkerk2018" class="citation book cs1">van Nieuwkerk, Karin (2018). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xEpuDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Non-denominational+Muslims%22&pg=PA73"><i>Moving In and Out of Islam</i></a>. University of Texas Press. p. 73. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781477317488" title="Special:BookSources/9781477317488"><bdi>9781477317488</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moving+In+and+Out+of+Islam&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781477317488&rft.aulast=van+Nieuwkerk&rft.aufirst=Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxEpuDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Non-denominational%2BMuslims%2522%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ansar-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ansar_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ansar_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNigerian_Institute_of_Social_and_Economic_Research1958" class="citation book cs1">Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (1958). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KRUUAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Non-denominational+Muslim%22"><i>Conference Proceedings</i></a> (Volume 6 ed.). The Institute. <q>In the library of the Ansar-ud-Din training college at Otta, a non-denominational Muslim institution, all the books in the Islamic section are by Ahmadis, with the exception of two by Western Orientalists</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conference+Proceedings&rft.edition=Volume+6&rft.pub=The+Institute&rft.date=1958&rft.au=Nigerian+Institute+of+Social+and+Economic+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKRUUAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Non-denominational%2BMuslim%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBurhani2014" class="citation book cs1">Burhani, An (2014). <i>Hating the Ahmadiyya: the place of "heretics" in contemporary Indonesian Muslim society</i>. pp. 133–152. <q>or heresy by various Muslim institutions in both India and Pakistan, the region of its origin, as well as other Muslim countries, including Indonesia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hating+the+Ahmadiyya%3A+the+place+of+%22heretics%22+in+contemporary+Indonesian+Muslim+society&rft.pages=133-152&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Burhani&rft.aufirst=An&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html">"Religious Beliefs in Morocco"</a>. 25 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Beliefs+in+Morocco&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Freligious-beliefs-in-morocco.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSeyfiMichael_Hall2020" class="citation book cs1">Seyfi, Siamak; Michael Hall, C. (28 September 2020). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14"><i>Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9781000177169" title="Special:BookSources/9781000177169"><bdi>9781000177169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+and+Heritage+Tourism+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+Complexities%2C+Management+and+Practices&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-09-28&rft.isbn=9781000177169&rft.aulast=Seyfi&rft.aufirst=Siamak&rft.au=Michael+Hall%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbujyDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnon%2BdenominationaL%2Bislam%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Islam in South Asia: A Short History - Page 491, Jamal Malik - 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Defence Journal - Volume 10, Issues 9-11 - Page 35, Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal - 2007</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Meaning of the Holy Quran, New Edition with Revised Translation and Commentary, Published by Amana Corporation, page 853</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail2021" class="citation book cs1">Ismail, Raihan (2021). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vOFDEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-sectarian+islam+group&pg=PA75"><i>Rethinking Salafism: The Transnational Networks of Salafi 'Ulama in Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-19-094895-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-094895-5"><bdi>978-0-19-094895-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Salafism%3A+The+Transnational+Networks+of+Salafi+%27Ulama+in+Egypt%2C+Kuwait%2C+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-094895-5&rft.aulast=Ismail&rft.aufirst=Raihan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvOFDEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnon-sectarian%2Bislam%2Bgroup%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAbdelnour2021" class="citation book cs1">Abdelnour, Mohammed Gamal (25 May 2021). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+taqi+al+qummi&pg=PA149"><i>A Comparative History of Catholic and Aš'arī Theologies of Truth and Salvation: Inclusive Minorities, Exclusive Majorities</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/9789004461765" title="Special:BookSources/9789004461765"><bdi>9789004461765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+History+of+Catholic+and+A%C5%A1%27ar%C4%AB+Theologies+of+Truth+and+Salvation%3A+Inclusive+Minorities%2C+Exclusive+Majorities&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2021-05-25&rft.isbn=9789004461765&rft.aulast=Abdelnour&rft.aufirst=Mohammed+Gamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkwwEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmuhammad%2Btaqi%2Bal%2Bqummi%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://tolueislam.org/the-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement/">"The aim and objective of the Tolu-e-Islam"</a>. <i>Tolu-e-Islam</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tolu-e-Islam&rft.atitle=The+aim+and+objective+of+the+Tolu-e-Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftolueislam.org%2Fthe-aim-and-objective-of-the-tolu-e-islam-movement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHunter" class="citation web cs1">Hunter, Faruq. <a class="external text" href="https://signup.theonlinemasjid.com/">"The mosque of the real imam yahya davis"</a>. <q>We are Muslims! 100% non-denominational, 100% non-judgmental, 100% dedicated to helping the people</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+mosque+of+the+real+imam+yahya+davis&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Faruq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsignup.theonlinemasjid.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBrackley2019" class="citation web cs1">Brackley, Paul (2019-12-05). <a class="external text" href="https://www.cambridgeindependent.co.uk/news/in-depth-guests-at-opening-of-cambridge-central-mosque-admire-stunning-architecture-and-eco-friendly-design-9092546/">"In-depth: Guests at opening of Cambridge Central Mosque admire stunning architecture and eco-friendly design"</a>. <i>Cambridge Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Independent&rft.atitle=In-depth%3A+Guests+at+opening+of+Cambridge+Central+Mosque+admire+stunning+architecture+and+eco-friendly+design&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft.aulast=Brackley&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgeindependent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fin-depth-guests-at-opening-of-cambridge-central-mosque-admire-stunning-architecture-and-eco-friendly-design-9092546%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-denominational+Muslim" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Islam_topics" title="Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="View this template" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:Islam_topics" title="Template talk:Islam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div><b><a href="/info/en/?search=Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Timeline_of_Islamic_history" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline of Islamic history</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate"><i>Rashidun</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Non-denominational</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam_in_association_football" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_leadership" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Kalam" title="Kalam">kalam</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span>Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam_and_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Islamophobic_incidents" title="List of Islamophobic incidents">Incidents</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> <a href="/info/en/?search=Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/info/en/?search=Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/info/en/?search=Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/info/en/?search=Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/info/en/?search=Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nondenominational_Christianity" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a>/<a href="/info/en/?search=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=British_Israelism" title="British Israelism">British Israelism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawis</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mahdawi_movement" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdawi movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Non-denominational</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pushtimarg" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nath" title="Nath">Nath</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/info/en/?search=Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/info/en/?search=Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vedda" title="Vedda">Srilankan Vedda</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/info/en/?search=Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Evenks#Religion" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Indonesian
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=M%C4%81ori_religion" title="Māori religion">Māori</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Californian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lakota_mythology" title="Lakota mythology">Lakota</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><b><a href="/info/en/?search=African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>African
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Modern Finnish paganism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzyan native religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/info/en/?search=History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish paganism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Albanian_folk_beliefs" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Zapotec_civilization#Religion" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=God" title="God">God</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> / <a href="/info/en/?search=Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/info/en/?search=Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/info/en/?search=Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/info/en/?search=Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/info/en/?search=Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/info/en/?search=Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/info/en/?search=Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1712675145' |