'{{Short description|American computer scientist, mathematician, and US Navy admiral (1906–1992)}} {{for-multi|the residential college|Grace Hopper College|the submarine cable|Grace Hopper (submarine communications cable)}} {{Use American English|date=April 2023}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2017}} {{Infobox person | name = Grace Hopper | image = Commodore Grace M. Hopper, USN (covered).jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | caption = Photograph from 1984 | birth_name = Grace Brewster Murray | birth_date = {{birth date|1906|12|9}} | death_date = {{death date and age|1992|1|1|1906|12|9}} | birth_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S. | death_place = [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington County]], [[Virginia]], U.S. | resting_place = [[Arlington National Cemetery]] | alma_mater = [[Vassar College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) <br> [[Yale University]] ([[Master of Science|MS]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]) | spouse = {{marriage|Vincent Foster Hopper|1930|1945|reason=div}} | awards = {{plainlist| * [[Defense Distinguished Service Medal]] * [[Legion of Merit]] * [[Meritorious Service Medal (USA)|Meritorious Service Medal]] * [[American Campaign Medal]] * [[World War II Victory Medal]] * [[National Defense Service Medal]] * [[Armed Forces Reserve Medal]] with two [[Hourglass Device]]s * [[Naval Reserve Medal]] * [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (posthumous) }} | module = {{Infobox military person |embed=yes | embed_title = Military career | allegiance = {{flag|United States}} | branch = {{flag|United States Navy}} | serviceyears = 1943–1986 | rank = [[File:US-O7 insignia.svg|bottom|25px]] [[Rear admiral (United States)#Rear admiral (lower half)|Rear admiral (lower half)]] | commands = }} | module2 = {{Infobox scientist | embed=yes | fields = Computer science<br>Mathematics | workplaces = {{plainlist| * [[Vassar College]] * [[Harvard University]] * [[Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation]] * [[Remington Rand]] * [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] }} | thesis_title = New Types of Irreducibility Criteria | thesis_url = https://www.proquest.com/docview/301795588/ | thesis_year = 1934 | doctoral_advisor = [[Øystein Ore]] | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = {{plainlist| * [[FLOW-MATIC]] * [[COBOL]] }} | influences = | influenced = | awards = }} }} '''Grace Brewster Hopper''' ({{née|'''Murray'''}}; December 9, 1906 – January 1, 1992) was an American [[computer scientist]], [[mathematician]], and [[United States Navy]] [[Rear admiral (United States)|rear admiral]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Cantrell |first=Mark |date=March 1, 2014 |title=Amazing Grace: Rear Adm. Grace Hopper, USN, was a pioneer in computer science |url=http://content.yudu.com/A2qfj4/201403March/resources/3.htm |magazine=Military Officer |publisher =Military Officers Association of America |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=52–55, 106 |access-date=March 1, 2014}}</ref> One of the first programmers of the [[Harvard Mark I|Harvard Mark&nbsp;I]] computer, she was a pioneer of computer programming. Hopper was the first to devise the theory of machine-independent programming languages, and the [[FLOW-MATIC]] programming language she created using this theory was later extended by others to create [[COBOL]], an early [[high-level programming language]] still in use today. Prior to joining the Navy, Hopper earned a Ph.D. in both mathematics and mathematical physics from [[Yale University]] and was a professor of mathematics at [[Vassar College]]. Hopper attempted to enlist in the Navy during [[World War II]] but was rejected because she was 34 years old. She instead joined the Navy Reserves, leaving her position at Vassar. Hopper began her computing career in 1944 when she worked on the Harvard Mark I team led by [[Howard H. Aiken]]. In 1949, she joined the [[Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation]] and was part of the team that developed the [[UNIVAC I]] computer. At Eckert–Mauchly she managed the development of one of the first [[COBOL]] compilers. She believed that programming should be simplified with an English-based computer programming language. Her compiler converted English terms into [[machine code]] understood by computers. By 1952, Hopper had finished her program linker (originally called a [[compiler]]), which was written for the [[A-0 System]].<ref name="Spencer85">{{cite book|title=Computers and Information Processing|publisher=C.E. Merrill Publishing Co|year=1985|isbn=978-0-675-20290-9|author=Donald D. Spencer}}</ref><ref name="Laplante01">{{cite book |last=Laplante |first=Phillip A. |year=2001 |title=Dictionary of computer science, engineering, and technology |location=Boca Raton, FL |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-2691-2}}</ref><ref name="Bunch93">{{cite book |last1=Bunch |first1=Bryan H. |last2=Hellemans |first2=Alexander |year=1993 |title=The Timetables of Technology: A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in the History of Technology |url=https://archive.org/details/timetablesoftech00brya |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-671-76918-5}}</ref><ref name="Booss03">{{cite book |last1=Booss-Bavnbek |first1=Bernhelm |last2=Høyrup |first2=Jens |year=2003 |title=Mathematics and War |publisher=Birkhäuser Verlag |isbn=978-3-7643-1634-1}}</ref> During her wartime service, she co-authored three papers based on her work on the Harvard Mark 1. She is accredited with writing the first computer manual, “A Manual of Operation for the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator.” In 1954, Eckert–Mauchly chose Hopper to lead their department for automatic programming, and she led the release of some of the first compiled languages like [[FLOW-MATIC]]. In 1959, she participated in the [[CODASYL]] consortium, which consulted Hopper to guide them in creating a machine-independent programming language. This led to the [[COBOL]] language, which was inspired by her idea of a language being based on English words. Hopper promoted the use of the language throughout the 60s. In 1966, she retired from the Naval Reserve, but in 1967 the Navy recalled her to active duty. She retired from the Navy in 1986 and found work as a consultant for the [[Digital Equipment Corporation]], sharing her computing experiences. The U.S. Navy {{sclass|Arleigh Burke|destroyer|0}} guided-missile destroyer {{USS|Hopper}} was named for her, as was the [[Cray XE6]] "Hopper" supercomputer at [[NERSC]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hopper |url=http://www.nersc.gov/users/computational-systems/retired-systems/hopper/ |website=National Energ Research Scientific Computing Center |language=en-US |access-date=March 19, 2016 |archive-date=March 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314142943/http://www.nersc.gov/users/computational-systems/retired-systems/hopper |url-status=dead}}</ref> and Nvidia Superchip [https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/grace-hopper-superchip/] "Grace Hopper". During her lifetime, Hopper was awarded 40 honorary degrees from universities across the world. A [[Hopper College|college]] at [[Yale University]] was renamed in her honor. In 1991, she received the [[National Medal of Technology and Innovation|National Medal of Technology]]. On November 22, 2016, she was posthumously awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Carson |first=Erin |date=November 23, 2016 |title=White House honors two of tech's female pioneers |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/white-house-medal-of-freedom-margaret-hamilton-grace-hopper/ |work=CBS News |language=en-US |access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> == Early life and education == Grace Brewster Murray was born in [[New York City]]. She was the eldest of three children. Her parents, Walter Fletcher Murray and Mary Campbell Van Horne, were of [[Scottish people|Scottish]] and [[Dutch people|Dutch]] descent, and attended [[West End Collegiate Church]].<ref name="Williams">{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Kathleen |year=2004 |title=Grace Hopper: Admiral of the Cyber Sea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKmiw-_2gYIC&q=%22Grace+Hooper%22+and+military+ranks&pg=PR9 |language=en-US |location=Annapolis, MD |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-1-61251-265-5}}</ref> Her great-grandfather, Alexander Wilson Russell, an admiral in the US Navy, fought in the [[Battle of Mobile Bay]] during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].<ref name="Williams"/>{{rp|2–3}} Grace was very curious as a child; this was a lifelong trait. At the age of seven, she decided to determine how an alarm clock worked and dismantled seven alarm clocks before her mother realized what she was doing (she was then limited to one clock).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dickason |first1=Elizabeth |url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_Grace_Murray_Hopper.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712220654/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_Grace_Murray_Hopper.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 12, 2012 |title=Looking Back: Grace Murray Hopper's Younger Years |journal=Chips |date=April 1992 }}</ref> Later in life, she was known for keeping a clock that ran backward, she explained, "Humans are allergic to change. They love to say, 'We've always done it this way.' I try to fight that. That's why I have a clock on my wall that runs counterclockwise."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-29 |title=Women's History Month: Which Women Engineers Have Succeeded by Breaking the Rules? - All Together |url=https://alltogether.swe.org/2021/03/womens-history-month-which-women-engineers-have-exceeded-by-breaking-the-rules/ |access-date=2023-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> For her [[University-preparatory school|preparatory school]] education, she attended the [[Wardlaw-Hartridge School|Hartridge School]] in [[Plainfield, New Jersey]]. Grace was initially rejected for early admission to [[Vassar College]] at age 16 (because her test scores in Latin were too low), but she was admitted the following year. She graduated [[Phi Beta Kappa Society|Phi Beta Kappa]] from Vassar in 1928 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics and earned her master's degree at [[Yale University]] in 1930. In 1930, Grace Murray married [[New York University]] professor Vincent Foster Hopper (1906–1976); they divorced in 1945.<ref name="greenladuke09">{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Judy |author1-link=Judy Green (mathematician) |last2=LaDuke |first2=Jeanne |author2-link=Jeanne LaDuke |year=2009 |title=Pioneering Women in American Mathematics: The Pre-1940 PhD's |title-link= Pioneering Women in American Mathematics |location=Providence, RI |publisher=American Mathematical Society |isbn=978-0-8218-4376-5}} Biography on p.281-289 of the [https://www.ams.org/bookpages/hmath-34-PioneeringWomen.pdf Supplementary Material] at [https://www.ams.org/publications/authors/books/postpub/hmath-34 AMS]</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Prof. Vincent Hopper of N.Y U., Literature Teacher, Dead at 69 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/01/21/archives/prof-vincent-hopper-of-nyu-literature-teacher-dead-at-69.html |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |date=January 21, 1976 |access-date=February 14, 2018}}</ref> She did not marry again and retained his surname. In 1934, Hopper earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale<ref name="NWHM">{{cite web| url=https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/grace-hopper| title=Grace Hopper | access-date=July 11, 2018| publisher=National Women's History Museum| website=womenshistory.org}}</ref> under the direction of [[Øystein Ore]].<ref name="greenladuke09"/><ref>Though some books, including Kurt Beyer's ''Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age'', reported that Hopper was the first woman to earn a Yale PhD in mathematics, the first of ten women prior to 1934 was Charlotte Cynthia Barnum (1860–1934). {{Cite news |last=Murray |first=Margaret A. M. |date=May–June 2010 |title=The first lady of math? |periodical=Yale Alumni Magazine |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=5–6 |issn=0044-0051}}</ref> Her [[dissertation]], "New Types of Irreducibility Criteria",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ams.org/journals/notices/201903/hopper_thesis.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218163518/https://www.ams.org/journals/notices/201903/hopper_thesis.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-18 |url-status=live |last=Murray Hopper |first=Grace |year=1934 |title=New Types of Irreducibility Criteria |website=American Mathematical Society |location=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale University |type=Thesis }}</ref> was published that same year.<ref>G. M. Hopper and O. Ore, "New types of irreducibility criteria," ''Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.'' 40 (1934) 216 {{cite journal |title=New types of irreducibility criteria |journal=Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=209–234 |doi=10.1090/S0002-9904-1934-05818-X |year=1934 |doi-access=free}}</ref> She began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931, and was promoted to associate professor in 1941.<ref name=Ogilvie>{{cite book|last=Ogilvie|first=Marilyn|author-link=Marilyn Ogilvie|title=The biographical dictionary of women in science: pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-415-92040-7|author2= Joy Harvey|author2-link=Joy Harvey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I4hUAAAAMAAJ&q=hopper}}{{verify source|reason=doesn't seem to support those dates|date=November 2013}}</ref> == Career == === World War II === [[File:Harvard Mark I sign-up.agr.jpg|thumb|Hopper's name on a duty roster for the Bureau of Ships Computation Project at Harvard, which built and operated the [[Harvard Mark I|Mark I]]]] Hopper tried to commission in the Navy early in [[World War II]], however she was turned down. At age 34, she was too old to enlist and her weight-to-height ratio was too low. She was also denied on the basis that her job as a mathematician and mathematics professor at Vassar College was valuable to the war effort.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thocp.net/biographies/hopper_grace.html|title=Grace Hopper|website=www.thocp.net|access-date=2016-12-12}}</ref> During the war in 1943, Hopper obtained a leave of absence from Vassar and was sworn into the [[United States Navy Reserve]]; she was one of many women who volunteered to serve in the [[WAVES]]. She had to get an exemption to commission; she was {{convert|15|lb}} below the Navy minimum weight of {{convert|120|lb}}. She reported in December and trained at the Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School at [[Smith College]] in [[Northampton, Massachusetts]]. Hopper graduated first in her class in 1944, and was assigned to the [[Bureau of Ships]] Computation Project at [[Harvard University]] as a lieutenant, junior grade. She served on the [[Harvard Mark I|Mark I computer]] programming staff headed by [[Howard H. Aiken]]. Hopper and Aiken co-authored three papers on the Mark I, also known as the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. Hopper's request to transfer to the regular Navy at the end of the war was declined due to her advanced age of 38. She continued to serve in the Navy Reserve. Hopper remained at the Harvard Computation Lab until 1949, turning down a full professorship at Vassar in favor of working as a research fellow under a Navy contract at Harvard.<ref name="KBW">{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Kathleen Broome |title=Improbable Warriors: Women Scientists and the U.S. Navy in World War II |year=2001 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=978-1-55750-961-1}}</ref> [[File: Grace Murray Hopper, in her office in Washington DC, 1978, ©Lynn Gilbert.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Hopper in a computer room in [[Washington, D.C.]], 1978, photographed by [[Lynn Gilbert]]]] === UNIVAC === In 1949, Hopper became an employee of the [[Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation]] as a senior mathematician and joined the team developing the [[UNIVAC I]].<ref name=Ogilvie /> Hopper also served as UNIVAC director of Automatic Programming Development for Remington Rand. The UNIVAC was the first known large-scale electronic computer to be on the market in 1950, and was more competitive at processing information than the Mark I.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ann. |first=Camp, Carole |date=2004 |title=American women inventors |location=Berkeley Heights, NJ |publisher=Enslow Publishers |isbn=978-0-7660-1538-8 |oclc=48398924}}</ref> When Hopper recommended the development of a new programming language that would use entirely English words, she "was told very quickly that [she] couldn't do this because computers didn't understand English." Still, she persisted. "It's much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols," she explained. "So I decided data processors ought to be able to write their programs in English, and the computers would translate them into machine code."<ref>{{cite web |title=Women in History |url=https://stories.vassar.edu/2017/assets/images/170706-legacy-of-grace-hopper-hopperpdf.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006153044/http://stories.vassar.edu/2017/assets/images/170706-legacy-of-grace-hopper-hopperpdf.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Her idea was not accepted for three years. In the meantime, she published her first paper on the subject, compilers, in 1952. In the early 1950s, the company was taken over by the [[Remington Rand]] corporation, and it was while she was working for them that her original [[compiler]] work was done. The program was known as the A compiler and its first version was [[A-0 programming language|A-0]].<ref name="mcgee2004" />{{rp|11}} In 1952, she had an operational link-loader, which at the time was referred to as a compiler. She later said that "Nobody believed that," and that she "had a running compiler and nobody would touch it. They told me computers could only do arithmetic."<ref>{{cite web |last=Schreiber |first=Philip |date=March–April 1987 |title=The Wit and Wisdom of Grace Hopper |url=http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/Files/hopper-wit.html |website=Yale University |language=en-US |access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref> In 1954 Hopper was named the company's first director of automatic programming.<ref name=Ogilvie/> Beginning in 1954, Hopper's work was influenced by the [[Laning and Zierler system]], which was the first compiler to accept algebraic notation as input.<ref name="Beyer_ch10">{{cite book |last=Beyer |first=Kurt W. |year=2012 |title=Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=9780262517263 |chapter=10}}</ref> Her department released some of the first compiler-based programming languages, including [[MATH-MATIC]] and [[FLOW-MATIC]].<ref name=Ogilvie /> Hopper said that her compiler [[A-0 System|A-0]], "translated mathematical notation into machine code. Manipulating symbols was fine for mathematicians but it was no good for data processors who were not symbol manipulators. Very few people are really symbol manipulators. If they are, they become professional mathematicians, not data processors. It's much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols. So I decided data processors ought to be able to write their programs in English, and the computers would translate them into machine code. That was the beginning of [[COBOL]], a [[computer language]] for data processors. I could say 'Subtract income tax from pay' instead of trying to write that in octal code or using all kinds of symbols. [[COBOL]] is the major language used today in data processing."<ref>{{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Lynn |date=1981 |title=Women of Wisdom: Grace Murray Hopper |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/grace-murray-hopper/id1197529986?mt=11 |publisher=Lynn Gilbert, Inc.}}</ref> === COBOL === [[File: Grace Hopper and UNIVAC.jpg|thumb|Hopper at the [[UNIVAC I]] console, c. 1960]] In the spring of 1959, computer experts from industry and government were brought together in a two-day conference known as the Conference on Data Systems Languages ([[CODASYL]]). Hopper served as a technical consultant to the committee, and many of her former employees served on the short-term committee that defined the new language [[COBOL]] (an acronym for '''CO'''mmon '''B'''usiness-'''O'''riented '''L'''anguage). The new language extended Hopper's FLOW-MATIC language with some ideas from the [[IBM]] equivalent, [[COMTRAN]]. Hopper's belief that programs should be written in a language that was close to English (rather than in [[machine code]] or in languages close to machine code, such as [[assembly language]]s) was captured in the new business language, and COBOL went on to be the most ubiquitous business language to date.<ref name="KWB">{{cite book |last=Beyer |first=Kurt W. |year=2009 |title=Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01310-9}}</ref> Among the members of the committee that worked on COBOL was [[Mount Holyoke College]] alumna [[Jean E. Sammet]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=June 4, 2017 |title=Jean Sammet, Co-Designer of a Pioneering Computer Language, Dies at 89 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/04/technology/obituary-jean-sammet-software-designer-cobol.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/04/technology/obituary-jean-sammet-software-designer-cobol.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |access-date=April 5, 2023}}{{cbignore}}</ref> From 1967 to 1977, Hopper served as the director of the Navy Programming Languages Group in the Navy's Office of Information Systems Planning and was promoted to the rank of [[Captain (United States O-6)|captain]] in 1973. She developed validation software for COBOL and its compiler as part of a COBOL standardization program for the entire Navy.<ref name="KBW" /> === Standards === In the 1970s, Hopper advocated for the Defense Department to replace large, centralized systems with networks of small, distributed computers. Any user on any computer node could access common databases located on the network.<ref name="mcgee2004">{{cite book |last=McGee |first=Russell C. |year=2004 |title=My Adventure with Dwarfs: A Personal History in Mainframe Computers |url=http://www.cbi.umn.edu/hostedpublications/pdf/McGee_Book-4.2.2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613163123/http://www.cbi.umn.edu/hostedpublications/pdf/McGee_Book-4.2.2.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-13 |url-status=live |publisher=Charles Babbage Institute |location=University of Minnesota |access-date=May 7, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|119}} She developed the implementation of [[standardization|standards]] for testing computer systems and components, most significantly for early [[programming language]]s such as [[FORTRAN]] and COBOL. The Navy tests for conformance to these standards led to significant convergence among the programming language dialects of the major computer vendors. In the 1980s, these tests (and their official administration) were assumed by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), known today as the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST). == Retirement == [[File:Grace Hopper being promoted to Commodore.JPEG|thumb|left|Hopper being promoted to the rank of commodore in 1983]] In accordance with Navy attrition regulations, Hopper retired from the Naval Reserve with the rank of [[Commander (United States)|commander]] at age 60 at the end of 1966.<ref name="urlAttrition/Retirement">{{cite web |title=Attrition/Retirement |url=http://www.public.navy.mil/BUPERS-NPC/CAREER/RESERVEPERSONNELMGMT/OFFICERS/Pages/AttritionRetirement.aspx |access-date=April 29, 2013}}</ref> She was recalled to active duty in August 1967 for a six-month period that turned into an indefinite assignment. She again retired in 1971 but was again asked to return to active duty in 1972. She was promoted to [[Captain (United States O-6)|captain]] in 1973 by [[Admiral (United States)|Admiral]] [[Elmo R. Zumwalt Jr.]]<ref name=navybio/> After [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Representative [[Philip Crane]] saw her on a March 1983 segment of ''[[60 Minutes]]'', he championed {{USBill|98|h.j.res|341}}, a joint [[resolution (law)|resolution]] originating in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] to promote Hopper to [[Commodore (United States)|commodore]] on the retired list; the resolution was referred to, but not reported out of, the [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Senate Armed Services Committee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/98th-congress/house-joint-resolution/341/actions|title=H.J.Res.341 - A joint resolution authorizing and requesting the President to appoint Captain Grace M. Hopper (United States Naval Reserve, Retired) to the grade of commodore on the retired list.|access-date=July 30, 2023|website=U.S. Congress}}</ref> Hopper was instead promoted to commodore on December 15, 1983, via the [[Appointments Clause]] by President [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/98th-congress/538|title=PN538 — Grace Hopper — Navy, 98th Congress (1983-1984)|access-date=July 30, 2023|website=U.S. Congress}}</ref><ref name=navybio>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper, USN |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/bios/hopper-grace.html |work=Biographies in Naval History |publisher=United States Navy Naval Historical Center |access-date=May 28, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/pers-us/uspers-h/g-hoppr7.htm|title=Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper, USNR, (1906–1992) Informal Images taken during the 1980s|quote=Commodore Grace M. Hopper, USNR. receives congratulations from President Ronald Reagan, following her promotion from the rank of Captain to Commodore in ceremonies at the White House, 15 December 1983|access-date=July 2, 2013|work=Biographies in Naval History|publisher=United States Navy Naval Historical Center|archive-date=December 11, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211234638/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/pers-us/uspers-h/g-hoppr7.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="commodore">{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019185550/http://www.defense.gov/specials/reagan/reaganphotoessay/grace_11.html|archive-date=October 19, 2013|url=http://www.defense.gov/specials/reagan/reaganphotoessay/grace_11.html|access-date=March 7, 2016 |title=Historic Images of Ronald Reagan|quote=President Ronald Reagan greets Navy Capt. Grace Hopper as she arrives at the White House for her promotion to Commodore, Dec. 15, 1983. Hopper was a computer technology pioneer|publisher=U.S. Defense Department}}</ref><ref name="DavidLetterman86"/> She remained on active duty for several years beyond mandatory retirement by special approval of Congress.<ref>{{Cite book|title=American Military Technology: The Life Story of a Technology|first=Barton C.|last=Hacker|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2006|isbn=978-0-313-33308-8|page=131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ufpinQqFJ_gC&pg=PA131}}</ref> Effective November 8, 1985, the rank of commodore was renamed [[Rear admiral (United States)|rear admiral]] (lower half) and Hopper became one of the Navy's few female admirals. Following a career that spanned more than 42 years, Rear Admiral Hopper took retirement from the Navy on August 14, 1986.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Taffe |first=Richard Jr. |date=August 14, 1986 |title=Navy Admiral Grace Hopper retires |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/08/14/Navy-Admiral-Grace-Hopper-retires/2916524376000/ |work=United Press International |language=en-US |access-date=December 7, 2018}}</ref> At the time, she was the oldest serving member of the Navy. At a celebration held in Boston on the {{USS|Constitution}} to commemorate her retirement, Hopper was awarded the [[Defense Distinguished Service Medal]], the highest non-combat decoration awarded by the Department of Defense.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Admiral Hopper Awarded the National Medal of Technology |url=http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/Files/hopper-medal.html |publisher=Digital Equipment Corporation |date=September 16, 1991 |access-date=December 7, 2018}}</ref> At the time of her retirement, she was the oldest active-duty commissioned officer in the United States Navy (79 years, eight months and five days), and had her retirement ceremony aboard the oldest commissioned ship in the United States Navy (188 years, nine months and 23 days).<ref>{{Cite news |work=Detroit Free Press |date=August 15, 1986 |page=4A |url=http://www.waterholes.com/~dennette/1996/hopper/860815.htm |title=Computer Whiz Retires from Navy |agency=United Press International |access-date=June 3, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204821/http://www.waterholes.com/~dennette/1996/hopper/860815.htm |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Admirals [[William D. Leahy]], [[Chester W. Nimitz]], [[Hyman G. Rickover]] and [[Charles Stewart (1778–1869)|Charles Stewart]] were the only other officers in the Navy's history to serve on active duty at a higher age. Leahy and Nimitz served on active duty for life due to their promotions to the rank of [[Fleet admiral (United States)|fleet admiral]]. Admiral Hopper was the first ever person to be profiled twice on ''60 Minutes'', first in March 1983, and the second on August 24, 1986. == Post-retirement == Following her retirement from the Navy, she was hired as a senior consultant to [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] (DEC). Hopper was initially offered a position by Rita Yavinsky, but she insisted on going through the typical formal interview process. She then proposed in jest that she would be willing to accept a position which made her available on alternating Thursdays, exhibited at their museum of computing as a pioneer, in exchange for a generous salary and unlimited expense account. Instead, she was hired as a full-time Principal Corporate Consulting Engineer, a tech-track SVP-equivalent. In this position, Hopper represented the company at industry forums, serving on various industry committees, along with other obligations.<ref name="williams">{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Kathleen |year=2004 |title=Grace Hopper: Admiral of the Cyber Sea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKmiw-_2gYIC&q=%22Grace+Hooper%22+and+military+ranks&pg=PR9 |location=Annapolis, MD |publisher=Naval Institute Press |language=en-US |isbn=978-1-61251-265-5}}</ref> She retained that position until her death at age 85 in 1992. At DEC Hopper served primarily as a goodwill ambassador. She lectured widely about the early days of computing, her career, and on efforts that computer vendors could take to make life easier for their users. She visited most of Digital's engineering facilities, where she generally received a standing ovation at the conclusion of her remarks. Although no longer a serving officer, she always wore her Navy full dress uniform to these lectures contrary to U.S. Department of Defense policy.<ref name="32CFR53.2">{{cite web |title=32 CFR § 53.2 – Policy. |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/32/53.2 |website=Legal Information Institute |publisher=Cornell University |access-date=November 26, 2019}}</ref> In 2016 Hopper received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, in recognition of her remarkable contributions to the field of computer science. "The most important thing I've accomplished, other than building the compiler," she said, "is training young people. They come to me, you know, and say, 'Do you think we can do this?' I say, 'Try it.' And I back 'em up. They need that. I keep track of them as they get older and I stir 'em up at intervals so they don't forget to take chances."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Lynn |year=2012 |title=Particular Passions: Grace Murray Hopper |edition=1st |series=Women of Wisdom Series |location=New York |publisher=Lynn Gilbert Inc. |isbn=978-1-61979-403-0}}</ref> Grace hopper tried to skibbidy rizz my ohiofanum tax gyatt.Isaw her talking to baby gronk trying to steal his skibbidy ohio rizz so she can fnum tax livvy duns gyatt. == Anecdotes == [[File:First Computer Bug, 1945.jpg |300px|thumb|Log book showing the "bug" found caught in a Mark II relay]] Throughout much of her later career, Hopper was much in demand as a speaker at various computer-related events. She was well known for her lively and irreverent speaking style, as well as a rich treasury of early war stories. She also received the nickname "Grandma COBOL".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/comic-riffs/post/grace-hopper-doodle-by-writing-computer-language-pioneering-grandma-cobol-helped-rewrite-the-history-books/2013/12/09/72a80e36-60bf-11e3-8beb-3f9a9942850f_blog.html |title=Grace Hopper: Google Doodle honors computing pioneer |last=Cavna |first=Michael |date=2013-12-09 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=2018-12-07 |language=en |df=mdy-all}}</ref> While Hopper was working on a [[Harvard Mark II|Mark II]] Computer at Harvard University in 1947,<ref name=":0" /> her associates discovered a [[moth]] that was stuck in a [[relay]] and impeding the operation of the computer. Upon extraction, the insect was affixed to a log sheet for that day with the notation, “First actual case of bug being found”. While neither she nor her crew members mentioned the exact phrase, "[[debugging]]", in their log entries, the case is held as a historical instance of "debugging" a computer and Hopper is credited with popularizing the term in computing. For many decades, the term "bug" for a malfunction had been in use in several fields before being applied to [[computer bug|computers]].<ref>Edison to Puskas, November 13, 1878, Edison papers, Edison National Laboratory, U.S. National Park Service, West Orange, N.J., cited in Thomas P. Hughes, ''American Genesis: A History of the American Genius for Invention,'' Penguin Books, 1989, {{ISBN|0-14-009741-4}}, on page 75.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/did-you-know-edison-coined-the-term-bug |title=Did You Know? Edison Coined the Term "Bug" |author=Alexander Magoun and Paul Israel |date=August 1, 2013 |access-date=August 27, 2013 |work=IEEE Spectrum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810151640/https://spectrum.ieee.org/did-you-know-edison-coined-the-term-bug |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The remains of the moth can be found taped into the group's log book at the [[Smithsonian Institution]]'s [[National Museum of American History]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url= http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_334663|title=Log Book With Computer Bug|work=[[National Museum of American History]]|access-date=May 7, 2014}}</ref> Hopper became known for her ''nanoseconds'' visual aid. People (such as generals and admirals) used to ask her why [[satellite]] communication took so long. She started handing out pieces of wire that were just under one foot long—{{Convert|11.8|in|cm}}—the distance that light travels in one [[nanosecond]]. She gave these pieces of wire the [[Metonymy|metonym]] "nanoseconds."<ref name="DavidLetterman86">{{Cite episode | title = Late Night with David Letterman | series = Late Night with David Letterman| series-link = Late Night with David Letterman| network = [[NBC]]| location = New York City| airdate = October 2, 1986| season = 5| number = 771|quote="[to President Ronald Reagan on her promotion] Sir ... I'm older than you are ... YouTube title: Grace Hopper on Letterman}}</ref> She was careful to tell her audience that the length of her nanoseconds was actually the maximum distance the signals would travel in a vacuum, and that signals would travel more slowly through the actual wires that were her teaching aids. Later she used the same pieces of wire to illustrate why computers had to be small to be fast. At many of her talks and visits, she handed out "nanoseconds" to everyone in the audience, contrasting them with a coil of wire {{convert|984|feet|meters|abbr=off}} long,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEpsKnWZrJ8| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225235722/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEpsKnWZrJ8&gl=US&hl=en| archive-date=2012-02-25 | url-status=dead|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> representing a [[microsecond]]. Later, while giving these lectures while working for DEC, she passed out packets of pepper, calling the individual grains of ground pepper [[picosecond]]s.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=InformationWeek |date=January 6, 1992 |page=4 |title=Good-Bye and Good Wishes}}</ref> Jay Elliot described Grace Hopper as appearing to be "'all Navy', but when you reach inside, you find a 'Pirate' dying to be released."<ref>{{cite book|first1 = Jay|last1 = Elliott|first2 = William L.|last2 = Simon|year = 2011|title = The Steve Jobs way: iLeadership for a new generation|place = Philadelphia|publisher = Vanguard|page = 71|isbn = 978-1-59315-639-8}}</ref> ==Death== On New Year's Day 1992, Hopper died in her sleep of natural causes at her home in Arlington County, Virginia;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yale.edu/2015/12/09/happy-109th-birthday-yale-alumna-grace-hopper-pioneer-computer-science|title=Happy 109th birthday to Yale alumna Grace Hopper, a pioneer in computer science|first=Román|last=Castellanos-Monfil|date=December 9, 2015|website=YaleNews}}</ref> she was 85 years of age. She was interred with full military honors in [[Arlington National Cemetery]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yale.edu/2017/02/10/grace-murray-hopper-1906-1992-legacy-innovation-and-service|title=Grace Murray Hopper (1906–1992): A legacy of innovation and service|date=February 10, 2017|website=YaleNews}}</ref> ==Awards and honors== ===Other awards=== * 1964: Hopper was awarded the [[Society of Women Engineers]] Achievement Award, the Society's highest honor, "In recognition of her significant contributions to the burgeoning computer industry as an engineering manager and originator of automatic programming systems."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://philadelphia.swe.org/first-ladies.html |title=First Ladies |website=SWE Philadelphia Section |language=en |access-date=2020-03-27 |archive-date=August 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806183854/http://philadelphia.swe.org/first-ladies.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In May 1955, Hopper was one of the founding members of the [[Society of Women Engineers#History|Society of Women Engineers]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=Spring 2015 |title=The Founders |url=http://oldswesite.swe.org/images/swemagazine/2015/swe_spring15_links.pdf#page=40 |journal=SWE Magazine of the Society of Women Engineers |pages=34 |issn=1070-6232 |quote=Gathering at the [[Cooper Union]]'s Green Engineering Camp on a spring weekend, the following women founded the Society of Women Engineers on May 27, 1950, known as Founders' Day: ... [[Mary Blade]] ... [[Beatrice Alice Hicks]] ... [[Grace M. Hopper]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320104131/http://oldswesite.swe.org/images/swemagazine/2015/swe_spring15_links.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> * 1969: Hopper was awarded the inaugural [[Association of Information Technology Professionals|Data Processing Management Association]] Man of the Year award (now called the Distinguished Information Sciences Award).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aitp.org/?DISA |title=DISA Recipients – Association of Information Technology Professionals |access-date=June 28, 2016}}</ref> * 1971: The annual [[Grace Murray Hopper Award |Grace Murray Hopper Award for Outstanding Young Computer Professionals]] was established in 1971 by the [[Association for Computing Machinery]].<ref name="USN">{{Cite web |url=https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=97807 |title=Computer Science Legend, Rear Adm. Grace Hopper, Posthumously Receives Presidential Medal of Freedom |last=Grant |first=April |date=2016-11-22 |website=United States Navy |language=en |access-date=2018-12-07 |df=mdy-all |archive-date=December 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123842/https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=97807 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *1973: Elected to the [[National Academy of Engineering|U.S. National Academy of Engineering]]. * 1973: First American and first woman of any nationality to be made a [[DFBCS|Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Roll of Distinguished Fellows |author=Anon |year=2016 | url=http://www.bcs.org/content/conWebDoc/1650 | publisher=British Computer Society | access-date=2014-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025814/http://www.bcs.org/content/conWebDoc/1650 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> * 1981: Received an Honorary PhD from Clarkson University. * 1982: [[American Association of University Women]] Achievement Award and an Honorary Doctor of Science from [[Marquette University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marquette.edu/universityhonors/honorary_degrees_recipients_year.shtml |title=Honorary Degrees {{!}} University Honors |publisher=Marquette University |access-date=August 19, 2014}}</ref> * 1983: Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org |publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]] |url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration}}</ref> * 1985: Honorary Doctor of Science from [[Wright State University]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wright.edu/office-of-the-provost/about/honorary-degrees |title=Honorary Degrees |publisher=Wright State University |access-date=August 29, 2023}}</ref> * 1985: Honorary Doctor of Letters from [[Western New England College]] (now [[Western New England University]]).<ref>{{cite web |last=Lee |first=J.A.N. |url=http://history.computer.org/pioneers/hopper.html |title=Computer Pioneers — Grace Brewster Murray Hopper |publisher=IEEE Computer Society and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |access-date=April 29, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.wne.edu/assets/10/WNE_History.pdf |title=Western New England: From College to University A Retrospective: 1919–2011 |publisher=Western New England University |access-date=May 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502110209/http://www1.wne.edu/assets/10/WNE_History.pdf |archive-date=May 2, 2015 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> * 1986: Received the Defense Distinguished Service Medal at her retirement. * 1986: Received an Honorary Doctor of Science from Syracuse University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://adminmanual.syr.edu/awards/honorary_1.html |title=SU Archives: Awards and Honors – Recipient of Honorary Degrees |website=adminmanual.syr.edu |language=en |access-date=2018-09-28}}</ref> * 1987: She became the first [[Computer History Museum]] Fellow Award Recipient "for contributions to the development of programming languages, for standardization efforts, and for lifelong naval service."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Grace,Hopper/ |title=Grace Hopper – Computer History Museum Fellow Award Recipient |publisher=Computerhistory.org |access-date=March 30, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403184702/http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Grace,Hopper/ |archive-date=April 3, 2015 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> * 1988: Received the Golden Gavel Award, [[Toastmasters International]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.toastmasters.org/Events/2014-International-Convention/~/media/843165263C024C3FB0AB1DC082FA61F7.ashx |format=PDF |title=Past Golden Gavel Recipients |publisher=Toastmasters International |access-date=2018-12-07 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> * 1991: [[National Medal of Technology]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=The contributions of Grace Murray Hopper to computer science and computer education |last=Mitchell |first=Carmen |publisher=University of North Texas |year=1994}}</ref> * 1991: Elected a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web |title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter H |url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterH.pdf |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008160232/http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterH.pdf |archive-date=2018-10-08}}</ref> * 1992: The [[Society of Women Engineers]] established three annual, renewable, "Admiral Grace Murray Hopper Scholarships"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://swe.org/scholarships/admiral-grace-murray-hopper-scholarship-est-1992/ |title=Admiral Grace Murray Hopper Scholarship (Est. 1992) |website=Society of Women Engineers |date=February 8, 2019 |language=en-US |access-date=2020-03-27}}</ref> * 1994: Inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/grace-hopper/ |title=Hopper, Grace |website=National Women’s Hall of Fame}}</ref> * 1996: {{USS |Hopper |DDG-70}} was launched.<ref name="USN" /> Nicknamed ''Amazing Grace'', it is on a very short [[list of U.S. military vessels named after women]]. * 2001: [[Eavan Boland]] wrote a poem dedicated to Grace Hopper titled "Code" in her 2001 release ''Against Love Poetry''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/04/books/map-of-love.html |title=Map of Love |last=Rehak |first=Melanie |date=2001-11-04 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2018-12-07 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * 2001: The Gracies, the Government Technology Leadership Award were named in her honor.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 2002 Government Technology Leadership Awards |url=http://www.govexec.com/technology/2002/04/the-2002-government-technology-leadership-awards/7622/ |publisher=Government Executive |access-date=May 20, 2014 |date=April 1, 2002}}</ref> * 2009: The Department of Energy's [[National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center]] named its flagship system "Hopper".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nersc.gov/nusers/systems/hopper/ |title=Hopper Home Page |publisher=nersc.gov |access-date=June 3, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325155710/http://www.nersc.gov/nusers/systems/hopper/ |archive-date=March 25, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2009: [[Office of Naval Intelligence]] creates the Grace Hopper Information Services Center.<ref>{{citation |title=Naval Intelligence Ramps up Activities | date=February 2009 | author=Robert K. Ackerman | journal=Signals | url=http://www.afcea.org/content/?q=node/1831}}</ref> * 2013: Google made the [[Google Doodle]] for Hopper's 107th birthday an animation of her sitting at a computer, using COBOL to print out her age. At the end of the animation, a moth flies out of the computer.<ref name="Google Doodle">{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/doodles/grace-hoppers-107th-birthday |title=Grace Hopper's 107th Birthday |access-date=December 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/google-doodle/10505145/Grace-Hopper-honoured-with-Google-doodle.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/google-doodle/10505145/Grace-Hopper-honoured-with-Google-doodle.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Grace Hopper honoured with Google doodle |author=Matthew Sparkes |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=December 9, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * 2016: On November 22, 2016, Hopper was posthumously awarded a [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] for her accomplishments in the field of computer science.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/16/502347068/these-are-the-21-people-receiving-the-nations-highest-civilian-honor |title=These Are The 21 People Receiving The Nation's Highest Civilian Honor |date=November 16, 2016 |website=NPR |access-date=November 16, 2016}}</ref> * 2017: [[Hopper College]] at [[Yale University]] was named in her honor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/03/nyregion/yale-calhoun-college-grace-hopper.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/03/nyregion/yale-calhoun-college-grace-hopper.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=Calhoun Who? Yale Drops Name of Slavery Advocate for Computer Pioneer |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=September 3, 2017 |date=September 3, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * 2021: The Admiral Grace Hopper Award was established by the chancellor of the [[College of Information and Cyberspace]] (CIC) of the [[National Defense University]] to recognize leaders in the fields of information and cybersecurity throughout the National Security community.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Admiral Grace Hopper Award |url=https://cic.ndu.edu/Events/Hopper-Award/ |website=[[College of Information and Cyberspace]] |access-date=July 14, 2021}}</ref> ==Legacy== {{prose|section|date=May 2021}} * Grace Hopper was awarded 40 honorary degrees from universities worldwide during her lifetime.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/hopper.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030217215324/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/hopper.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= February 17, 2003 |title= Inventor of the Week: Archive |publisher= Web.mit.edu |access-date= December 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Hopper.html |title= Hopper biography |publisher= History.mcs.st-and.ac.uk |access-date= December 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.history.navy.mil/bios/hopper_grace.htm#honors |title= Biography&nbsp;– Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper, USN |publisher= United States Navy |access-date= December 9, 2013 |archive-date= May 15, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130515000852/http://www.history.navy.mil/bios/hopper_grace.htm#honors |url-status= dead }}</ref> * [[Nvidia]] has named their current [[CPU]] generation Grace<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/grace-cpu/|title=Introducing Grace }}</ref> and [[GPU]] generation [[Hopper (microarchitecture)|Hopper]] after Grace Hopper. * The Navy's [[Hopper Information Services Center]] is named for her. * The Navy named a guided-missile destroyer ''[[USS Hopper|Hopper]]'' after her.<ref>🖉{{Cite web|url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2021/04/07/navy-destroyer-hoppers-1st-female-commanding-officer-fired-over-morale-problems.html/amp|title=Navy Destroyer Hopper's Commanding Officer Fired Over Morale Problems|website=www.military.com}}</ref> * On 30 June 2021, a satellite named after her ([[ÑuSat|ÑuSat 20]] or "Grace", COSPAR 2021-059AU) was launched into space. ===Places=== * Grace Hopper Avenue in [[Monterey, California]], is the location of the Navy's [[Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fnmoc.navy.mil/home/ |title=Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center |publisher=United States Navy |access-date=2018-12-07 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> as well as the [[National Weather Service]]'s San Francisco Bay Area forecast office.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.weather.gov/mtr/ |title=San Francisco Bay Area, CA |website=National Weather Service |publisher=[[NOAA]] |language=EN-US |access-date=2018-12-07 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> *Grace M. Hopper Navy Regional Data Automation Center at [[Naval Air Station, North Island]], California.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/photography/numerical-list-of-images/nhhc-series/nh-series/NH-96000/NH-96929.html |title=NH 96929 Commodore Grace M. Hopper, USNR |website=Naval History and Heritage Command |publisher=United States Navy |language=en-US |access-date=2018-12-07 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> *[[Grace Murray Hopper Park]], located on South Joyce Street in [[Arlington County, Virginia]], is a small memorial park in front of her former residence (River House Apartments) and is now owned by [[Arlington County, Virginia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://parks.arlingtonva.us/locations/grace-murray-hopper-park/ |title=Grace Murray Hopper Park |website=Parks & Recreation |publisher=Arlington County Government |language=en-US |access-date=2018-12-07 |df=mdy-all |archive-date=June 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606041013/https://parks.arlingtonva.us/locations/grace-murray-hopper-park/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Brewster Academy]], a school located in [[Wolfeboro, New Hampshire]], United States, dedicated their computer lab to her in 1985, calling it the Grace Murray Hopper Center for Computer Learning.<ref name=navybio/> The academy bestows a Grace Murray Hopper Prize to a graduate who excelled in the field of computer systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brewsteracademy.org/customized/uploads/documents/Summer2007CorrectedWithCovers.pdf|title=Brewster Connections: Summer 2007|access-date=March 20, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001753/http://www.brewsteracademy.org/customized/uploads/documents/Summer2007CorrectedWithCovers.pdf|archive-date=September 11, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hopper had spent her childhood summers at a family home in Wolfeboro. * [[Grace Hopper College]], one of the residential colleges of [[Yale University]].<ref name="yalenews_2017">{{cite web|url=http://news.yale.edu/2017/02/11/yale-change-calhoun-college-s-name-honor-grace-murray-hopper-0|title=Yale to change Calhoun College's name to honor Grace Murray Hopper|date=February 11, 2017|website=YaleNews|access-date=February 12, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://megalodon.jp/2024-0328-2347-18/https://www.navytimes.com:443/pay-benefits/military-benefits/2016/09/08/naval-academy-to-honor-computer-scientist-grace-hopper/ <!-- another: https://ghostarchive.org/archive/sPwUK -->|archive-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> * An administration building on Naval Support Activity Annapolis (previously known as Naval Station Annapolis) in Annapolis, Maryland is named the Grace Hopper Building in her honor.<ref name=navybio/> * Hopper Hall is [[United States Naval Academy|Naval Academy]]’s newest academic building that houses its cyber science department, among others. It is the first building at any service academy named after a woman.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Witte |first=Brian |date=2017-08-07 |title=Naval Academy to honor computer scientist Grace Hopper |url=https://www.navytimes.com/pay-benefits/military-benefits/2016/09/08/naval-academy-to-honor-computer-scientist-grace-hopper/ |access-date=2018-12-07 |work=Navy Times |language=en-US |agency=Associated Press |df=mdy-all}}</ref> * The US Naval Academy also owns a Cray XC-30 supercomputer named "Grace," hosted at the University of Maryland-College Park.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.hpc.mil/index.php/2013-08-29-16-06-21/press-releases/us-naval-academy-dedicates-new-supercomputer |title=US Naval Academy Dedicates New Supercomputer |date=2013-08-29 |publisher=Department of Defense High Performance Computing Modernization Program |access-date=2018-12-07 |df=mdy-all |archive-date=October 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001182238/https://www.hpc.mil/index.php/2013-08-29-16-06-21/press-releases/us-naval-academy-dedicates-new-supercomputer |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Building 1482 aboard Naval Air Station North Island, housing the Naval Computer and Telecommunication Station San Diego, is named the Grace Hopper Building, and also contains the History of Naval Communications Museum.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.public.navy.mil/fltfor/nctssandiego/Pages/Museums.aspx |title=Grace Hopper Museum |website=United States Navy |access-date=2018-12-07 |archive-date=December 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123803/https://www.public.navy.mil/fltfor/nctssandiego/Pages/Museums.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Building 6007, C2/CNT West in [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]], Maryland, is named after her.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/53927/new_campus_built_on_tradition_of_excellence |title=New campus built on tradition of excellence |website=United States Army |language=en |access-date=2018-12-07 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> * The street outside of the Nathan Deal Georgia Cyber Innovation and Training Center in Augusta, Georgia, is named Grace Hopper Lane.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/business/20180714/scuttlebiz-ribbon-was-worthy-adversary-but-not-for-deals-penknife |title=Scuttlebiz: Ribbon was worthy adversary, but not for Deal's penknife |last=Cline |first=Damon |date=2018-07-14 |work=[[The Augusta Chronicle]] |access-date=2018-12-07 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Grace Hopper Academy is a for-profit immersive programming school in New York City named in Grace Hopper's honor. It opened in January 2016 with the goal of increasing the proportion of women in software engineering careers.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Grace Hopper Academy |url= http://gracehopper.com/ |website= gracehopper.com |access-date= 2015-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Exclusive: Grace Hopper Academy, An All-Women Coding School, To Open in New York |url= http://www.ibtimes.com/exclusive-grace-hopper-academy-all-women-coding-school-open-new-york-2141588 |website= International Business Times |access-date= 2015-10-15 |df=mdy-all|date= 2015-10-15 }}</ref> * A bridge over Goose Creek, to join the north and south sides of the [[Naval Support Activity Charleston]] side of [[Joint Base Charleston]], [[South Carolina]], is named the Grace Hopper Memorial Bridge in her honor.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.charleston.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123293768 |title= Women's History Month: Beyond the bridge: Story of 'Amazing Grace' Hopper |first1= Tom |last1= Brading |date= March 13, 2012 |access-date= February 12, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130317121222/http://www.charleston.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123293768 |archive-date= March 17, 2013 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref> * Minor planet [[5773 Hopper]] discovered by [[Eleanor Helin]] is named in her honor. The official naming citation was published by the [[Minor Planet Center]] on 8 November 2019 ({{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 117229}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/2019/MPC_20191108.pdf | title=Minor Planet Circulars/Minor Planets and Comets, M.P.C 117229 |date=November 8, 2019}}</ref> * Grace Hopper Hall, a community meeting hall in Orlando, Florida (located on the site of the former Orlando Naval Training Center) is named for her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gmouen.com/the-artesia-hotel|title = Grace Hopper Hall}}</ref> * The United States Naval Academy dedicated Hopper Hall, their cyber, computer science, and computer engineering building, to RDML Hopper in 2020, and it opened to midshipmen in the spring of 2021. ===Programs=== * Women at [[Microsoft Corporation]] formed an employee group called Hoppers and established a scholarship in her honor.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://womensenews.org/2001/04/inside-microsoft-hoppers-writing-new-code/ |title=Inside Microsoft, Hoppers Writing New Code |last=Buscher |first=Ranae |date=2001-04-13 |work=Women's eNews |access-date=2018-12-07 |language=en-US |df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Beginning in 2015, one of the nine competition fields at the [[FIRST Robotics Competition]] world championship is named for Hopper.<ref>{{Cite web |title= New Subdivision Names |work= First Robotics Corporation |access-date= 2016-03-16 |date= 2015-02-09 |url= http://www.firstinspires.org/node/7951 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> * A named professorship in the Department of Computer Sciences was established at Yale University in her honor. [[Joan Feigenbaum]] was named to this chair in 2008.<ref>Yale News, July 18, 2008</ref> * In 2020, [[Google]] named its new [[undersea network cable]] [[Grace Hopper (submarine communications cable)|'Grace Hopper']]. The cable will connect the US, UK and Spain and is estimated to be completed by 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-07-28|title=Google data cable to link US, UK and Spain|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-53553580 |access-date=2020-07-28}}</ref> === In popular culture === * In his comic book series, ''Secret Coders'' by [[Gene Luen Yang]], the main character is named Hopper Gracie-Hu.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/10/07/446385092/robot-birds-teach-kids-to-program-in-secret-coders |title=Robot Birds Teach Kids To Program In 'Secret Coders' |last=Lehoczky |first=Etelka |date=2015-10-07 |work=[[NPR]] |access-date=2018-12-07 |language=en |df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Since 2013, Hopper's official portrait has been included in the [[matplotlib]] python library as sample data to replace the controversial [[Lenna]] image.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ada Lovelace and Grace Murray Hopper images in place of Lena by ivanov · Pull Request #1599 · matplotlib/matplotlib|url=https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib/pull/1599|access-date=2020-07-09|website=GitHub|language=en}}</ref> ====Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing==== Her legacy was an inspiring factor in the creation of the [[Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gracehopper.org/ |title=Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing |publisher=Gracehopper.org |access-date=December 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109154843/http://gracehopper.org/ |archive-date=January 9, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Held yearly, this conference is designed to bring the research and career interests of women in computing to the forefront.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 31, 2016 |url=https://open.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/10/31/we-went-to-the-grace-hopper-celebration-heres-what-were-bringing-back |title=We Went to the Grace Hopper Celebration. Here's What We're Bringing Back}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Biography|Science}} * [[Bug (engineering)#History]] * ''[[Code: Debugging the Gender Gap]]'' * [[List of pioneers in computer science]] * [[Futures techniques]] * [[Systems engineering]] * [[Women in computing]] * [[Hopper (microarchitecture)]] * [[Women in the United States Navy]] * [[List of female United States military generals and flag officers]] * [[Timeline of women in science]] ==Notes== {{Reflist |40em|group=n}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Obituary notices== * Betts, Mitch (''[[Computerworld]]'' 26: 14, 1992) * Bromberg, Howard (''[[IEEE Software]]'' 9: 103–104, 1992) * Danca, Richard A. (''Federal Computer Week'' 6: 26–27, 1992) * Hancock, Bill (''Digital Review'' 9: 40, 1992) * Power, Kevin (''Government Computer News'' 11: 70, 1992) * [[Jean E. Sammet|Sammet, J. E.]] (''[[Communications of the ACM]]'' 35 (4): 128–131, 1992) * Weiss, Eric A. (''[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]]'' 14: 56–58, 1992) ==Further reading== * {{Cite book |last=Beyer |first=Kurt W. |title=Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age |edition=1st |date=September 30, 2009 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-262-01310-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Marx |first=Christy |author-link=Christy Marx |title=Grace Hopper: the first woman to program the first computer in the United States | edition=1st |series=Women hall of famers in mathematics and science | date=August 2003 |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-8239-3877-3}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/hopper.htm |title=Biographies of Women Mathematicians: Grace Murray Hopper |last=Norman |first=Rebecca |publisher=[[Agnes Scott College]] |date=June 1997 |access-date=2014-11-17}} * {{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Kathleen Broome |title=Grace Hopper: Admiral of the Cyber Sea |edition=1st |date=November 15, 2004 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=978-1-55750-952-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Kathleen Broome |title=Improbable Warriors: Women Scientists and the U.S. Navy in World War II |year=2001 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=978-1-55750-961-1}} Williams' book focuses on the lives and contributions of four notable women scientists: [[Mary Sears (oceanographer)|Mary Sears]] (1905–1997); [[Florence van Straten]] (1913–1992); Grace Murray Hopper (1906–1992); [[Mina Spiegel Rees]] (1902–1997). * {{Cite book |last=Ignotofsky |first=Rachel |title=Women in Science: 50 fearless pioneers who changed the world |date=2017|publisher=Wren & Rook |location=London |isbn=978-1-9848-5615-9}} * {{cite journal |jstor = 41475535|last1 = Vining|first1 = Margaret|title = Reviewed work: Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age, Kurt W. Beyer|journal = Technology and Culture|year = 2012|volume = 53|issue = 2|pages = 516–517|doi = 10.1353/tech.2012.0051|s2cid = 111125455}} * {{cite journal |jstor = 44643011|title = Scientists in Uniform: The Harvard Computation Laboratory in World War II|last1 = Williams|first1 = Kathleen Broome|journal = Naval War College Review|year = 1999|volume = 52|issue = 3|pages = 90–110}} *{{cite book |last1=Billings |first1=Charlene |title=Grace Hopper : Navy admiral and computer pioneer |date=1989 |publisher=Enslow Publishers |isbn=0-89490-194-X |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/gracehoppernavya0000bill }} ==External links== * {{MathGenealogy|id=15664|title=Grace Murray Hopper}} {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171225202555/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Hopper_Grace/102702026.05.01.pdf Oral History of Captain Grace Hopper – Interviewed by: Angeline Pantages] 1980, Naval Data Automation Command, Maryland. * {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224101438/http://www.chips.navy.mil/links/grace_hopper/womn.htm |date=February 24, 2010 |title=RADM Grace Hopper, USN Ret.}} from ''Chips'', the United States Navy [[information technology]] magazine. * [http://usnhistory.navylive.dodlive.mil/2014/12/09/grace-hopper-navy-to-the-core-a-pirate-at-heart/ ''Grace Hopper: Navy to the Core, a Pirate at Heart''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922165446/http://usnhistory.navylive.dodlive.mil/2014/12/09/grace-hopper-navy-to-the-core-a-pirate-at-heart/ |date=September 22, 2017 }} (2014), To learn more about Hopper's story and Navy legacy [[navy.mil]]. * [http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-queen-of-code/ ''The Queen of Code''] (2015), a documentary film about Grace Hopper produced by [[FiveThirtyEight]]. * Norwood, Arlisha. [https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/grace-hopper "Grace Hopper"]. National Women's History Museum. 2017. * {{MacTutor|id=Hopper}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles related to Grace Hopper |list = {{Timelines of computing}} {{Software engineering}} {{National Women's Hall of Fame}} {{Virginia Women in History}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hopper, Grace}} [[Category:1906 births]] [[Category:1992 deaths]] [[Category:American computer programmers]] [[Category:American computer scientists]] [[Category:COBOL]] [[Category:Programming language designers]] [[Category:American women computer scientists]] [[Category:American women inventors]] [[Category:20th-century American inventors]] [[Category:United States Navy rear admirals (lower half)]] [[Category:Female admirals of the United States Navy]] [[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] [[Category:Fellows of the British Computer Society]] [[Category:National Medal of Technology recipients]] [[Category:Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal]] [[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit]] [[Category:Recipients of the Meritorious Service Medal (United States)]] [[Category:Vassar College faculty]] [[Category:Military personnel from New York City]] [[Category:Vassar College alumni]] [[Category:Yale University alumni]] [[Category:American people of Dutch descent]] [[Category:American people of Scottish descent]] [[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]] [[Category:20th-century American engineers]] [[Category:20th-century American mathematicians]] [[Category:20th-century American women scientists]] [[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]] [[Category:Computer science educators]] [[Category:American software engineers]] [[Category:20th-century American women mathematicians]] [[Category:Mathematicians from New York (state)]] [[Category:Wardlaw-Hartridge School alumni]] [[Category:WAVES personnel]] [[Category:Harvard University staff]]'