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{{short description|Diamonds mined in a war zone and sold to finance conflict}}
[[Image:Hands ondiamonds 350.jpg|thumb|Panning for diamonds in [[Sierra Leone]].]]
[[File:Unsustainable Growth.webm|thumb|Diamond mining in Sierra Leone]]
'''Blood diamonds''' (also called '''conflict diamonds''', '''brown diamonds''', '''hot diamonds''', or '''red diamonds''') are [[diamond]]s [[Diamond mining|mined]] in a war zone and sold to finance an [[insurgency]], an invading army's war efforts, [[terrorism]], or a [[warlord]]'s activity. The term is used to highlight the negative consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas, or to label an individual diamond as having come from such an area. Diamonds mined during the 20th–21st century civil wars in [[Angola]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]], [[Guinea]], and [[Guinea-Bissau]] have been given the label.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023004513/http://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html Conflict Diamonds].'' United Nations Department of Public Information, March 21, 2001, archived online 23 October 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/january-2007/conflict-resources-%E2%80%98curse%E2%80%99-blessing "Conflict resources: from 'curse' to blessing"] by Ernest Harsch. Africa Renewal: January 2007.</ref><ref name="KPSCStatistics">{{cite web |url=https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |title=Global Summary 2008 |work=[[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726231200/https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref> The term [[conflict resource]] refers to analogous situations involving other natural resources. Blood diamonds can also be smuggled by [[organized crime]] syndicates so that they could be sold on the black market.
== Financing conflict ==
[[Philippe Le Billon]] describes the 'conflict resources' argument resting on the suggestion that the most valuable resources, if available to the weaker force in a conflict, can 'motivate' and serve to sustain it.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Le Billon|first=Philippe|date=2008-04-14|title=Diamond Wars? Conflict Diamonds and Geographies of Resource Wars|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=98|issue=2|pages=345–372|doi=10.1080/00045600801922422|issn=0004-5608|doi-access=free}}</ref> Commodity prices on global markets, however, are not an adequate proxy for the economic value of a natural resource to participants in armed conflict. Critical factors include location, mode of production, and subsequent route to market. Gemstones are exceptionally light and small in relation to their value as observed by Richard Auty who presents the stark contrast – tens of thousands of times the price per kilogram – of diamonds compared to other resources and consequently how 'lootable' they are.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Auty|first=Richard|date=March 2004|title=Natural resources and civil strife: a two-stage process|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14650040412331307822|journal=Geopolitics|volume=9|issue=1|pages=29–49|doi=10.1080/14650040412331307822|s2cid=144859889|issn=1465-0045}}</ref>
Deep mining for [[gold]], [[Kimberlite|kimberlite diamonds]] or other minerals requires the operation and maintenance of a capital-intensive facility; alluvial deposits by contrast, can be exploited cheaply using artisan tools for however long the relevant land is secured. [[Alluvial diamond mining|Alluvial diamonds]] are therefore more easily exploited by rebels. These differences between primary and secondary diamonds in resource diffusion and cost of extraction are the basis for Lujana et al.'s rejection of non-resource based claims for Botswana and Sierra Leone's different experience of stability and conflict, since both countries have extensive diamond resources but in different formations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lujala|first1=Päivi|last2=Gleditsch|first2=Nils Petter|last3=Gilmore|first3=Elisabeth|date=August 2005|title=A Diamond Curse?|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002705277548|journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution|volume=49|issue=4|pages=538–562|doi=10.1177/0022002705277548|s2cid=154150846|issn=0022-0027}}</ref>
Despite efforts to frustrate the sale of resources emerging from conflicts, a notable workaround is the agreement of what Michael Ross terms 'booty futures',<ref>Ross, Michael L. (2005). Booty futures. Working Paper, University of California, p30.</ref> citing examples mostly from the 1990s concerning diamonds and oil from conflicts in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, the Congo Republic, and Democratic Republic of Congo. In these agreements, worth tens of millions of dollars, both rebels and government parties to conflict negotiate deals to realize value now from the prospect of resource exploitation in the future. This enables the presence of valuable natural resources to finance fighting for either side without being in production or even in the possession and control of said fighters. Natural resources still funding fighters who don't possess them he argues is particularly 'dangerous' because this finance is available to those otherwise losing, or even yet to initiate armed conflict, so can make new conflicts possible or have the effect of lengthening those where defeat may have come sooner.
The different mode of production of kimberlite and alluvial diamonds explains why the presence of the latter in fought over areas fuels conflict in ways the former does not. The need to realise financial value from the resource, means that the availability of 'futures' contracts, and suitability for looting, are key to its influence. Gemstones and rare minerals are much better suited to this activity than heavier or otherwise less portable resources, however valuable those may be in times of peace.
These findings have moved campaigners, policymakers and diplomats to devise regulatory interventions intended to prevent natural resources from funding continued fighting in the hope that this might hasten an end to those conflicts. In the twelve years that followed the end of the Cold War, resolutions imposing sanctions on resource exporters in ten different conflicts were passed by the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref>Le Billon, Philippe (2003) Fuelling war: Natural resources and armed conflict. Adelphi Paper 357, Table 3 p66</ref>
==History==
===Angola===
Reports estimated that as much as 21% of the total diamond production in the 1980s was being sold for illegal and unethical purposes and 19% was specifically ''conflict'' in nature.<ref name=PACWEB>{{cite web |url=http://blooddiamond.pacweb.org/kimberlyprocess/ |title=The Kimberley Controls: How Effective? |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=[[Partnership Africa Canada]] |access-date=8 October 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116014842/http://blooddiamond.pacweb.org/kimberlyprocess/ |archive-date=16 January 2007}}</ref> By 1999, the illegal diamond trade was estimated by the [[World Diamond Council]] to have been reduced to 4% of the world's diamond production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/estimate.shtml%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7c%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com|title=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM|access-date=2015-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219221913/http://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/estimate.shtml%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7c%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com|archive-date=2016-12-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.diamondfacts.org/conflict/index.html |title=Conflict Diamonds - DiamondFacts.org |access-date=2006-12-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211002030/http://www.diamondfacts.org/conflict/index.html |archive-date=2006-12-11 }}</ref> The [[World Diamond Council]] reported that by 2004 this percentage had fallen to approximately 1% and up to today the World Diamond Council refers to this illegal trade to be virtually eliminated, meaning that more than 99% of diamonds being sold have a legal background.<ref name=PACWEB/><ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.venetiamajor.com.au/services/diamonds-gemstones/conflict-diamonds/|title=Conflict Diamonds|work=Venetia Major – Bespoke Jewellery|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410042847/http://www.venetiamajor.com.au/services/diamonds-gemstones/conflict-diamonds/|archive-date=2013-04-10}}</ref>
Despite the UN Resolution, [[UNITA]] was able to continue to sell or trade some diamonds in order to finance its war effort. The UN set out to find how this remaining illicit trade was being conducted and appointed Canadian ambassador [[Robert Fowler (diplomat)|Robert Fowler]] to investigate. In 2000, he produced the [[Fowler Report]], which named those countries, organizations and individuals involved in the trade. The report is credited with establishing the link between diamonds and third world conflicts,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kNErbPSzUUC|title=Diamonds and Conflict: Problems and Solutions|author=Arthur V. Levy|pages=5–6|publisher=N ova Publishers|year=2003 |isbn=1-59033-715-8}}</ref> and led directly to [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295]], as well as the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]]. Still, after the report was published in 2013, smugglers from these African countries were selling blood diamonds through channels less sophisticated, such as social media posts. Rhinestones from Angola, produced by UNITA, were being traded to Cameroon for acquisition of a Cameroonian certificate naturalization to then be sold as legitimate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chutel |first1=Lynsey |title=Selling blood diamonds is as simple as a Facebook post and a WhatsApp message |url=https://qz.com/africa/1014548/blood-diamonds-from-central-african-republic-are-sold-over-facebook-and-whatsapp/ |website=Quartz Africa |date=26 June 2017 |access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref>
===Ivory Coast===
[[Ivory Coast]] began to develop a fledgling diamond mining industry in the early 1990s. A [[Coup d'état|coup]] overthrew the government in 1999, starting a civil war. The country became a route for exporting diamonds from Liberia and war-torn Sierra Leone.<ref name=DFORGConflictbackground>{{cite web |url=http://www.diamondfacts.org/conflict/background.html |title=Background - Conflict Diamonds- DiamondFacts.org |access-date=2006-12-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213064137/http://www.diamondfacts.org/conflict/background.html |archive-date=2006-12-13 }}</ref><ref name=heartmatter>{{cite web |url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/heartmatter.html |title=The Heart of the Matter: Sierra Leone, Diamonds and Human Security - Partnership Africa Canada - Sierra Leone Web |access-date=2006-12-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120121759/http://www.sierra-leone.org/heartmatter.html |archive-date=2007-01-20 }}</ref> Foreign investment begin to withdraw from Ivory Coast. To curtail the illegal trade, the nation stopped all diamond mining and the [[UN Security Council]] banned all exports of diamonds from Ivory Coast in December 2005. This ban lasted about ten years but it was later lifted in April 2014 when members of the UN council voted to suspend the sanction. The Kimberley process officials also notified in November 2013 that Ivory Coast was right producing artisanal diamonds.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Land of Conflict: Ivory Coast Diamonds |url=https://en.israelidiamond.co.il/wikidiamond/diamond-industry-history/land-conflict-ivory-coast-diamonds/ |website=Israeli Diamond Industry |date=10 October 2016 |publisher=The Israeli Diamond Industry |access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=DFORGConflictbackground/>
Despite UN sanctions, the illicit diamond trade still exists in Ivory Coast. Rough diamonds are exported out of the country to neighboring states and international trading centers through the northern [[Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire|Forces Nouvelles]] controlled section of the country, a group which is reported to be using these funds to re-arm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_detail.php/861/en/campaigners_call_for_urgent_action_on_zimbabwe_blo |title=Campaigners call for urgent action on Zimbabwe blood diamonds and wider reform of the Kimberley Process to prevent abuse - media library - global witness |access-date=2011-05-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902191501/http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_detail.php/861/en/campaigners_call_for_urgent_action_on_zimbabwe_blo |archive-date=2010-09-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/550/99/PDF/N0955099.pdf?OpenElement|title=Home Page|author=ODS Team|work=un.org}}</ref>
===Democratic Republic of Congo===
The [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (formerly [[Zaire]]) has suffered numerous looting wars in the 1990s,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.miningafrica.net/mining-countries-africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/ |title=Democratic Republic of Congo |work=Mining Africa |language=en-US |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131192900/http://www.miningafrica.net/mining-countries-africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> but has been a member of the Kimberley Process since 2003 and now exports about 8% of the world's diamonds.<ref name=DFORGConflictbackground/> {{As of|2021}}, there is a warning concerning diamonds proceeding from this area<ref>{{cite web |title=Enforcement |url=https://www.kimberleyprocess.com/en/enforcement |website=Kimberley Process |access-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> since there have been multiple cases of fake Kimberley certificates accompanying the gems. One of [[De Beers]] most celebrated diamonds, the D-colour {{convert|777|carat|g}} [[Millennium Star]] was discovered in the DRC and sold to De Beers, in open competition with other diamond buyers, between 1991 and 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=MacAskill |first1=Ewen |last2=McGreal |first2=Chris |last3=Vidal |first3=John |title=Blood, sweat and ice |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2000/nov/09/features11.g2 |work=The Guardian |date=9 November 2000}}</ref>
===Liberia===
From 1989 to 2003, [[Liberia]] was engaged in [[Second Liberian Civil War|a civil war]]. In 2000, the UN accused Liberian president [[Charles G. Taylor]] of supporting the [[Revolutionary United Front]] (RUF) insurgency in neighboring [[Sierra Leone]] with weapons and training in exchange for diamonds.<ref name="pssure">{{cite news
| title = Pressure Makes Diamonds
| first = Maya
| last = Bornstein
| url = http://cashfordiamondsusa.com/blog/2012/09/pressure-makes-diamonds/
| date = September 2012
| access-date = 2012-09-22
| archive-date = 2012-11-09
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121109082813/http://cashfordiamondsusa.com/blog/2012/09/pressure-makes-diamonds/
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> In 2001, the [[United Nations]] applied sanctions on the Liberian diamond trade. In August 2003, Taylor stepped down as president and, after being exiled to [[Nigeria]], faced trial in [[The Hague]]. On July 21, 2006, he pleaded not guilty to [[crimes against humanity]] and [[war crime]]s,<ref name=DFORGConflictbackground/> of which he was found guilty in April 2012. On May 30, 2012, he began a 50-year sentence in a high security prison in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="nyt">{{cite news
| title = Ex-Liberian Leader Gets 50 Years for War Crimes
| first = Marlise
| last = Simons
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/31/world/africa/charles-taylor-sentenced-to-50-years-for-war-crimes.html?pagewanted=all&_moc.semityn.www
| newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
| date = May 30, 2012
}}</ref>
Around the time of the [[1998 United States embassy bombings]], [[al-Qaeda]] allegedly bought gems from Liberia as some of its other financial assets were frozen.<ref name="BBCal">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2775763.stm|title= Al-Qaeda 'traded blood diamonds'|work=bbc.co.uk|date= 20 February 2003}}</ref>
Having regained peace, Liberia is attempting to construct a legitimate diamond mining industry. The UN has lifted sanctions and Liberia is now a member of the [[Kimberley Process]].<ref>{{cite web|title=UN Security Council votes to lift ban on Liberian diamond exports|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/un-security-council-votes-to-lift-ban-on-liberian-diamond-exports-1.689632|publisher=Associated Press|access-date=11 December 2013}}</ref>
In December 2014 however, Liberian diamonds were reported to be partly [[Child labour in the diamond industry|produced using child labor]] according to the [[United States Department of Labor|U.S. Department of Labor]]'s ''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]''.
=== Sierra Leone ===
The [[Sierra Leone Civil War]] started in 1991 and continued until 2002, costing at least 50,000 lives and causing local people to suffer killings, mutilation, rape, torture and abduction, mainly due to the brutal warfare waged by rebel group, the [[Revolutionary United Front]] (RUF). The Revolutionary United Front (RUF) claimed that they supported causes of justice and democracy in the beginning, but later on they started to control the villages and to prevent local people from voting for the new government by chopping off their limbs. Victims included children and infants. It created numerous examples of physical and psychological harm across Sierra Leone.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/22/world/sierra-leone-measures-terror-in-severed-limbs.html |title=Sierra Leone Measures Terror in Severed Limbs |last=Onishi |first=Norimitsu |date=22 August 1999 |work=The New York Times |access-date=19 December 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
Moreover, they also occupied the diamond mines in order to get access to funding and continued support of their actions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smillie|first=I|date=2013|title=Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law|journal=Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law|volume=46|issue=4|pages=1004}}</ref> For example, during that time, RUF was mining up to $125 million of diamonds yearly. Since diamonds are used as a funding source, they also created opportunities for tax evasion and financial support of crime.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Global Witness|date=2006|title=The Truth About Diamonds : Conflict and Development.|url=https://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/import/the_truth_about_diamonds.pdf|journal=Global Witness}}</ref> Therefore, [[United Nations Security Council]] imposed diamond sanctions in 2000, which were then lifted in 2003. According to [[National Geographic News]], all of these civil wars and conflicts created by rebel groups resulted in over four million deaths in the African population and injuries to over two million civilians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://money.howstuffworks.com/african-diamond-trade2.htm|title=How the African Diamond Trade Works|last=Hoyt|first=A|website=Howstuffworks.com|date=21 April 2008}}</ref> Another latest conflict diamond statistic from Statistic Brain, revealed that Sierra Leone has been listed as second highest in the production of conflict diamonds, which is shown as 1% of the world's production, after Angola, which produced 2.1% in 2016. 15% of Sierra Leone's diamond production are conflict diamonds. It shows that the production of conflict diamonds still exists in Sierra Leone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statisticbrain.com/conflict-diamond-statistics/|title=Conflict Diamond statistics|last=Statistics Brain|date=2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314173102/http://www.statisticbrain.com/conflict-diamond-statistics|archive-date=2012-03-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>
According to the 2005 [[Country Reports on Human Rights Practices|Country Reports on Human Right Practices of Africa from the United States]], serious human rights issues still exist in Sierra Leone, even though the 11-year civil conflict had officially ended by 2002. Sierra Leone remains in an unstable political situation, although the country has elected a new government. The huge consequences of blood diamonds still remains a mainstream issue in Sierra Leone. One of the biggest issues is people still being abused by the security forces, including rape and the use of excessive force on detainees, including teenagers. Child abuse and child labor are other serious issues which took place in Sierra Leone after the civil conflicts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61591.htm|title=2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices in Africa : Sierra Leone|last=U.S. Department of State|date=2006}}</ref> As they need a huge number of workers, the security forces started kidnapping and forcing young adults to be their slaves; children were forced to join their army as soldiers, and women were raped. They even burned entire villages. Thousands of men, women, and children are used as slaves to collect diamonds, and they are forced to use their bare hands to dig in mud along river banks instead of digging with tools.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/26/world/africa/blood-diamonds/index.html|title=How diamonds fuel Africa's conflicts|last=Paul|first=Armstrong|date=2012|website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/89089538/Ethical-Issue-Analyis-Blood-Diamond-Analysis|title=Ethical Issue Analysis: Blood Diamond Analysis|last=Tammy|first=Hanna|date=2012}}</ref>
Based on the report, The Truth About Diamonds: Conflict and Development from Global Witness, it mentioned that Sierra Leone is listed as second from the bottom of the [[United Nations Human Development Index|United Nation Human Development Index]]. It also shows that Sierra Leone still makes slow progress, in 2016, in such different aspects as, for example, education, health, and human rights, since 1990, which is also the year that conflicts took place in Sierra Leone. It shows that it is a huge consequence of blood diamonds that it brought into Sierra Leone.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/SLE |title=Human Development Report - Sierra Leone |date=2016 |website=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |access-date=8 October 2020}}</ref> Even though the war had ended in 2002 and the government tried to improve and adjust the cooperation of the diamond industry. Sierra Leone resulted in an increase of over US$140 million in 2005 and attempted a percentage return of export tax to diamond mining communities. However, it does not improve anything{{snd}}the money is not reaching the public and it has not provided benefit to anyone in the communities. For instance, the Kono district in Sierra Leone has been mined for 70 years, but they still have no basic facilities, like electricity and repairing of roads. Houses are destroyed because of the civil wars.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=November 2006 |title=The Truth About Diamonds: Conflict and Development |url=https://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/import/the_truth_about_diamonds.pdf |publisher=[[Global Witness]] |access-date=8 October 2020}}</ref> It also examines the ethical issues of how rebel groups treat those locals. They used brainwashing of inexperienced young children and forced them to be child soldiers as they lost their personal freedom and rights under command that included violence and intimidation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/89089538/Ethical-Issue-Analyis-Blood-Diamond-Analysis |title=Ethical Issue Analysis – Blood Diamond Analysis |last=Tammy |first=Hanna |date=Spring 2012 |website=[[Scribd]] |access-date=8 October 2020}}</ref>
=== Republic of Congo ===
The [[Republic of the Congo]] (Congo-Brazzaville) was expelled from the Kimberley Process in 2004<ref name=IPS/> because, despite having no official diamond mining industry, the country was [[export]]ing large quantities of diamonds, the origin of which it could not detail. It was also accused of falsifying certificates of origin. The Republic of the Congo was readmitted in 2007.<ref name=IPS>{{cite news|publisher=IPS|access-date=2010-08-11|url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40296|title=Blood Diamonds No Longer Congo-Brazzaville's Best Friend|date=30 Nov 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117091311/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40296|archive-date=2009-01-17}}</ref>
===Zimbabwe===
[[Zimbabwe]] Diamonds are not considered conflict diamonds by the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]].
In July 2010, the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] agreed that diamonds from the country's disputed [[Marange Diamond Fields]] could be sold on the international market,<ref name=TheIndependent>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/zimbabwe-gets-goahead-to-sell-diamonds-again-2028699.html|title=Zimbabwe gets go-ahead to sell diamonds again|work=The Independent|date=23 October 2011}}</ref> after a report from the Scheme's monitor a month earlier described diamonds mined from the fields as [[Conflict-free diamond|conflict-free]].<ref name=WSJ>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703630304575270681883985308|title=Zimbabwe Nears Approval for Marange-Field Diamond Exports |author1=Farai Mutsaka |author2=Peter Wonacott |author3=Sarah Childress |date=28 May 2010|work=WSJ}}</ref>
===Central African Republic===
{{Empty section|date=November 2023}}
==Conflict diamond campaign==
[[Global Witness]] was one of the first organizations to pick up on the link between diamonds and conflicts in Africa in its 1998 report entitled "A Rough Trade".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/A_Rough_Trade.pdf|title=A Rough Trade: The Role of Companies and Governments in the Angolan Conflict|author=Dan Brown|publisher=[[Global Witness]]|access-date=2011-04-11|date=1998-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=raO8jHBdDhYC|page=233|title=Glitter & Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Empire|author=Janine P. Roberts|publisher=The Disinformation Company|year=2003|isbn=0-9713942-9-6}}</ref> With the passing of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173]] in 1998, the United Nations identified the conflict diamond issue as a funding for war. The [[Fowler Report]] in 2000 detailed in depth how [[UNITA]] was financing its war activities, and in May 2000, led directly to the passing of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295]] and the diamond producing countries of southern Africa meeting in [[Kimberley, South Africa|Kimberley]], [[South Africa]] to plan a method by which the trade in conflict diamonds could be halted, and buyers of diamonds could be assured that their diamonds have not contributed to violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/202/41606.html|title=Final Report of the UN Panel of Experts ("The "Fowler Report")|publisher=Global Policy Forum|date=2000-03-10|access-date=2010-03-20|author=Robert Fowler|author-link=Robert Fowler (diplomat)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N00/396/56/PDF/N0039656.pdf |title=Resolution 1295 (2000) }}</ref> In this resolution the Security Council wrote:
<blockquote>Welcomes the proposal that a meeting of experts be convened for the purpose of devising a system of controls to facilitate the implementation of the measures contained in [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173|Resolution 1173]] (1998), including arrangements that would allow for increased transparency and accountability in the control of diamonds from their point of origin to the bourses, emphasizes that it is important that, in devising such controls, every effort be made to avoid inflicting collateral damage on the legitimate diamond trade, and welcomes the intention of the Republic of South Africa to host a relevant conference this year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/SC6988.doc.htm|title=Resolution and Statements of the Security Council 2000|work=un.org}}</ref></blockquote>
===Kimberley Process Certification Scheme===
{{Main|Kimberley Process Certification Scheme}}
On July 19, 2000, the [[World Diamond Congress]] at [[Antwerp]] adopted a resolution to strengthen the diamond industry's ability to block sales of conflict diamonds.<ref name=wdcongress2000>{{cite web|url=http://www.diamondfacts.org/facts/fact_06.html|title=Fact #6 – The Facts |work=DiamondFacts.org|access-date=2006-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153143/http://diamondfacts.org/facts/fact_06.html|archive-date=2007-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=CNNJuly2000>{{cite web|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2000-07-19/world/africa.diamonds.01.reut_1_conflict-diamonds-diamond-industry-rough-diamonds?_s=PM:WORLD|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403165546/http://articles.cnn.com/2000-07-19/world/africa.diamonds.01.reut_1_conflict-diamonds-diamond-industry-rough-diamonds?_s=PM%3AWORLD|title=Diamond leaders in pact to ban 'conflict gems' funding African wars|archive-date=3 April 2012|work=CNN|url-status=dead}}</ref> The resolution called for an international certification system on the export and import of diamonds, legislation in all countries to accept only officially sealed packages of diamonds, for countries to impose criminal charges on anyone trafficking in conflict diamonds, and instituted a ban on any individual found trading in conflict diamonds from the diamond [[Exchange (organized market)|bourses]] of the [[World Federation of Diamond Bourses]].<ref name=CNNJuly2000/> The Kimberley Process was at the start led by South Africa and Canada as vice president and since then every year a new chair and vice chair country are elected to maintain the legitimacy of their practices.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chair |url=https://www.kimberleyprocess.com/en/chair |website=Kimberley Process |access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref> This system tracks diamonds from the mine to the market and regulates the policing surrounding the export, manufacture and sale of the products. Also in tourist countries like the [[United Arab Emirates]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. All the Kimberley member states are not allowed to trade with non members.{{Clarify|date=January 2014}} Before a gemstone is allowed through the airports to other countries, the Kimberley Certification must be presented by the gem's owner or obtained from a renowned attorney. The certificate should also be requested by the customer when the gems have reached a retail store to ensure its provenance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.debeersgroup.com/ImageVaultFiles/id_841/cf_5/Diamonds-_development_and_democracy_April_2008.PDF |title=Diamonds, Development, and Democracy |first=Nicky |last=Oppenheimer |publisher=debeersgroup.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005102236/http://www.debeersgroup.com/ImageVaultFiles/id_841/cf_5/Diamonds-_development_and_democracy_April_2008.PDF |archive-date=2012-10-05 }}</ref>
On January 17–18 of 2001, diamond industry figures convened and formed the new organization, the [[World Diamond Council]]. This new body set out to draft a new process, whereby all diamond rough could be certified as coming from a non-conflict source.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/chairmansreportforlondon.shtml%257|title=World Diamond Council |website=www.worlddiamondcouncil.com|access-date=2017-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515044024/http://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/chairmansreportforlondon.shtml%257|archive-date=2018-05-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The KPCS was given approval by the UN on March 13, 2002,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/497/66/PDF/N0149766.pdf |title=UN Resolution 56/263 – The role of diamonds in fueling conflict: breaking the link between the illicit transaction of rough diamonds and armed conflict as a contribution to prevention and settlement of conflicts }} UN 96th plenary meeting, 13 March 2002, accessed online November 6, 2006</ref> and in November, after two years of negotiation between governments, diamond producers, and Non-Government organizations, the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] was created.
The Kimberley Process attempted to curtail the flow of conflict diamonds, help stabilize fragile countries and support their development. As the Kimberley Process has made life harder for criminals, it has brought large volumes of diamonds onto the legal market that would not otherwise have made it there. This has increased the revenues of poor governments, and helped them to address their countries’ development challenges. For instance, around $125 million worth of diamonds were legally exported from Sierra Leone in 2006, compared to almost none at the end of the 1990s.<ref name="kimberly">{{cite news
|title = Kimberley Process basics
|url = http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/web/kimberley-process/kp-basics
|newspaper = [[Kimberley Process]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120905181753/http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/web/kimberley-process/kp-basics
|archive-date = 2012-09-05
}}</ref>
===Shortcomings and criticism===
The Kimberley Process has ultimately failed to stem the flow of blood diamonds, leading key proponents such as Global Witness to abandon the scheme.<ref name="Failed">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16027011|title=NGO Global Witness leaves diamond vetting scheme|date=5 December 2011|access-date=5 December 2011|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> In addition, there is no guarantee that diamonds with a Kimberley Process Certification are in fact conflict-free. This is due to the nature of the corrupt government officials in the leading diamond producing countries. It is common for these officials to be bribed with $50 to $100 a day in exchange for paperwork declaring that blood diamonds are Kimberley Process Certified.<ref name="Ryan">{{cite web|author=Ryan, E. Kieron|title=Blood Diamond Farce|date=11 August 2010|access-date=12 December 2011|url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/orig11/ryan-k1.1.1.html}}</ref>
===Transparency===
The Kimberley system attempted to increase governments' [[Transparency (market)|transparency]] by forcing them to keep records of the diamonds they are exporting and importing and how much they are worth. In theory, this would show governments their finances so that they can be held accountable for how much they are spending for the benefit of the country's population. However non-compliance by countries such as Venezuela has led to the failure of accountability.<ref name="Failed"/>
The company Materialytics claims that it can trace the origin of virtually any diamond using [[laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://materialytics.com/gsa2015determinationofdiamondprovenance/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404201008/http://materialytics.com/gsa2015determinationofdiamondprovenance/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-04-04|title=Diamonds: GSA 2015: Determination of Diamond Provenance|work=materialytics.com}}</ref> However, there is no way to know whether a diamond purchased online is blood free or not.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thediamondringreview.com/2017/10/the-real-story-history-of-conflict_14.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020191028/http://www.thediamondringreview.com/2017/10/the-real-story-history-of-conflict_14.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-10-20|title=The Real Story & History of Conflict Blood Diamonds|website=www.thediamondringreview.com|access-date=2017-10-20}}</ref>
== Policy responses ==
=== American policy ===
{{Wikisource|Executive Order 13194}}
On January 18, 2001, President [[Bill Clinton]] issued Executive Order 13194 which prohibited the importation of rough diamonds from Sierra Leone into the United States in accordance with the UN resolutions.<ref>Clinton, William {{cite web|url= http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr23ja01-143.pdf |title=FR Doc. 01–2140 – Executive Order 13194 of January 18, 2001 – Prohibiting the Importation of Rough Diamonds From Sierra Leone }} The White House, January 18, 2001, accessed online December 24, 2006</ref> On May 22, 2001, President [[George W. Bush]] issued Executive Order 13213 which banned rough diamond importation from Liberia into the United States. Liberia had been recognized by the United Nations as acting as a pipeline for conflict diamonds from Sierra Leone.<ref>Bush, George W. {{cite web|url= http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr24my01-113.pdf |title=FR Doc. 01–13381 – Executive Order 13213 – Additional Measures With Respect To Prohibiting the Importation of Rough Diamonds From Sierra Leone }} The White House, May 22, 2001, accessed online December 24, 2006</ref>
The [[United States]] enacted the [[Clean Diamond Trade Act]] (CDTA) on April 25, 2003,<ref name=CDTA>{{cite web|url= http://www.fas.org/asmp/resources/govern/108th/pl_108_19.pdf |title=Public Law 108-19 – An Act To implement effective measures to stop trade in conflict diamonds, and for other purposes. Apr. 25, 2003 }} {{small|(42.1 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])}} 108th Congress of the United States, April 25, 2003, accessed online December 24, 2006</ref> implemented on July 29, 2003, by [[Executive Order 13312]].<ref>Bush, George W {{cite web |url= http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-19676.pdf |title= FR Doc. 03-19676 – Executive Order 13312 of July 29, 2003 – Implementing the Clean Diamond Trade Act |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120409/http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-19676.pdf |archive-date= September 29, 2007 }} {{small|(26.3 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])}} The White House, July 29, 2003, accessed online December 24, 2006</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gao.gov/htext/d06978.html|title=GAO-06-978, Conflict Diamonds: Agency Actions Needed to Enhance Implementation of the Clean Diamond Trade Act|date=27 September 2006|work=gao.gov|access-date=9 December 2006|archive-date=14 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214000648/http://www.gao.gov/htext/d06978.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The CDTA installed the legislation to implement the KPCS in law in the United States. The implementation of this legislation was key to the success of the KPCS, as the United States is the largest consumer of diamonds. The CDTA states: 'As the consumer of a majority of the world's supply of diamonds, the United States has an obligation to help sever the link between diamonds and conflict and press for implementation of an effective solution.<ref name=CDTA/>
The [[United States Department of State]] also maintains an office for a Special Adviser for Conflict Diamonds. As of October 14, 2015, the position is held by Ashley Orbach.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/diamonds/ United States Department of State]</ref>
=== Canadian policy ===
During the 1990s, diamond-rich areas were discovered in Northern Canada. [[Canada]] is one of the key players in the diamond industry. [[Partnership Africa Canada]] was created in 1986 to help with the crisis in Africa. This organization is also part of the Diamond Development Initiative. The Diamond Development Initiative helps improve and regulate the legal diamond industry.
The [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme|Kimberley Process]] was initiated in May 2000 by [[South Africa]] with Canada, a major supporter of instituting the scheme. Canada has now passed several laws that help stop the trade of conflict diamonds. The laws deal with the export and import of rough diamonds, and also how they are transferred. In December 2002, the Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act was passed by the Canadian government. This law acts as a system that helps control the importing, exporting and transporting of rough diamonds through Canada. The Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act also states that the Kimberley Process is the minimum requirement of certifying rough diamonds and a certificate is also required for all shipments of diamonds. This certificate is called the Canadian Certificate, it gives permission for an officer to seize any shipment of diamonds that does not meet the requirements of the Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act.<ref name="stop">{{cite web|url=http://www.stopblooddiamonds.org/Canadian-Policy-Laws.asp|title=Stop Blood Diamonds – Creating a Conflict Free Diamond World|work=stopblooddiamonds.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510200002/http://www.stopblooddiamonds.org/Canadian-Policy-Laws.asp|archive-date=2007-05-10}}</ref>
The Government of the Northwest Territories of Canada (GNWT) also has a unique certification program. They offer a Government certificate on all diamonds that are mined, cut, and polished in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Canadian diamonds are tracked from the mine, through the refining process, to the retail jeweler with a unique diamond identification number (DIN) laser inscribed on the diamond's girdle. To obtain this certificate one must cut and polish the diamond in the NWT.
== Technology response ==
Technical services have emerged that may act as a solution for tracking diamond movement across borders. A service was launched in July 2016 that allows managers to build systems using a [[blockchain]] database for tracking high-value or highly regulated items through a [[supply chain]]. Everledger is one using such a system to "record the movement of diamonds from mines to jewelry stores" and is one of the inaugural clients of a new blockchain-based tracking service from [[IBM]].<ref name=wsj20160714>{{cite news |last=Nash |first=Kim S. |date=14 July 2016 |title=IBM Pushes Blockchain into the Supply Chain |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-pushes-blockchain-into-the-supply-chain-1468528824 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>
In addition, the rise of lab-grown diamonds presents an alternative to mined diamonds. Lab-grown diamonds are chemically and physically identical to mined diamonds but without the ethical and environmental downsides of traditional mining.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCreddie-Doak |first=Laura |date=2020-09-28 |title=Can lab-grown diamonds replace the real thing? |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/lab-grown-diamonds-ethical-luxury-sept/index.html |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
==In popular culture==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}
* "[[Diamonds from Sierra Leone]]" is a [[Grammy]]-winning song by American rapper [[Kanye West]] about blood diamonds in [[Sierra Leone]]. The remix version has verses that detail the blood diamond trade in Sierra Leone, and comments about the Western public unawareness of the origins of the diamonds linked to the conflict.
* Conflict diamonds are a central plot point throughout the [[James Bond]] film ''[[Die Another Day]]'' (2002).
* The origins of the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme|Kimberley Process]] were dramatized in [[Ed Zwick]]'s motion picture ''[[Blood Diamond]]'' (2006), starring [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] and [[Djimon Hounsou]]. The film helped to publicize the controversy surrounding conflict diamonds and led to worldwide awareness of the Western African involvement in the diamond trade.
* The ''[[CSI: Miami]]'' episode "Man Down" (2007) involves the trafficking of African blood diamonds.
* Season 3, episode 2 of ''[[CSI: NY]]'', first started out as a jewelry store robbery soon uncovered a group of criminals desperate to reacquire a blood diamond stolen during the commission of the robbery.
* Law & Order episode "Soldier of Fortune" (2001) involves the murder of a diamond broker who has knowledge of a blood diamond connection between Sierra Leone and a Swiss diamond company.
* Danish filmmaker [[Mads Brügger]]'s documentary ''[[The Ambassador (2011 film)|Ambassadøren]]'' (2011, in English: "The Ambassador") addresses the trade in [[diplomatic passport]]s in order to make money with blood diamonds.
* Players compete in ''[[Diamond Trust of London]]'' to extract diamonds out of Angola before the implementation of the Kimberley Process.
*
* ''Blood Diamonds'' is a thriller fiction book title by Jon Land, copyright 2002; {{ISBN|0-765-30226-8}}
* The [[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)|Hawaii Five-0 (2010)]] episode [[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 2)#Episodes|Kalele]] revolves around the smuggling of conflict diamonds.
* The 2009 Tamil movie ''[[Ayan (film)|Ayan]]'' portrays an insurgent group in [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] selling blood diamonds to international buyers to purchase [[AK-47]]s in exchange.
* The video game ''[[Far Cry 2]]'' uses blood diamonds as a currency and it also serves a plot point in the main story.
* In the video games ''[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]'', ''[[Grand Theft Auto: The Lost and Damned]]'', and ''[[Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony]]'', there are a few missions involving blood diamonds being traded on the [[black market]].
* The 2018 film ''[[Uncut Gems]]'' features blood diamonds being traded on the black market.
==See also==
* [[List of diamonds]]
==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}
===Literature===
{{Refbegin|40em}}
*{{cite journal|author=Bell, Udy|title=Sierra Leone: Building on a Hard-Won Peace|year=2000|journal=UN Chronicle Online Edition|issue=4|access-date=2007-05-31|url=https://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2005/issue4/0405p42.html}}
*{{cite book |first=Daniel |last=Bergner |title=In the Land of Magic Soldiers: A Story of White and Black in West Africa |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |location=New York |year=2003 |isbn=0-374-26653-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/inlandofmagicsol00berg }}
*{{cite book|first=Greg |last=Campbell |title=Blood Diamonds: Tracing the Deadly Path of the World's Most Precious Stones|publisher=[[Westview Press]] |location=Boulder, Colo |year=2002 |isbn=0-8133-3939-1 }}
*{{cite book|author=Cilliers, Jakkie|author2=Christian Dietrich|title=Angola's War Economy|location=Pretoria|publisher=Institute for Security Studies|year=2000|url=http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/BOOKS/ANGOLA.HTML|isbn=978-0-620-26645-1|access-date=2006-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923170249/http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/BOOKS/Angola.html|archive-date=2006-09-23|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book |first=Edward Jay|last=Epstein|title=The Rise and Fall of Diamonds: The Shattering of a Brilliant Illusion|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|location=New York|year=1982|isbn=0-671-41289-2}}
*{{cite book|first=Philippe Le|last=Billon|title=Fuelling War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflicts|publisher=Routledge|location=London|year=2005|isbn=0-415-37970-9}}
*{{cite book|first=Arthur V.|last=Levy|title=Diamonds and Conflict: Problems and Solutions|publisher=Hauppauge |location=New York|year=2003|isbn=1-59033-715-8}}
*{{cite journal|author=Le Billon, Philippe|title=Fatal Transactions: Conflict Diamonds and the (Anti)terrorist Consumer|journal=Antipode|year=2006|volume=38|issue=4|pages=778–801|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8330.2006.00476.x}}
*{{cite book|first=William|last=Reno|title=Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone |publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK |year=1995|isbn=0-521-47179-6}}
*{{cite book|first=Janine |last=Roberts |title=Glitter and Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Cartel |publisher=Disinformation |location=New York |year=2007 |orig-year=2003 |isbn=978-1-932857-60-3}}
*{{cite book|first=Ingrid J. |last=Tamm|title=Diamonds In Peace and War: Severing the Conflict Diamond Connection |publisher=World peace foundation|location=Cambridge, Mass|year=2002|isbn=0-9721033-5-X}}{{cite web|url= http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/cchrp/Web%20Working%20Papers/WPF-Tamm%20Diamond%20Report.pdf |title=PDF |date=11 September 2023 }} {{small|(673 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}
*{{cite journal|author=Unruh, Jon|title=Housing, land and property rights as war-financing commodities: A typology with lessons from Darfur, Colombia and Syria|year=2022|journal=Stability: International Journal of Security and Development |volume=10|issue=10|doi=10.5334/sta.811|s2cid=247565996|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite book|first=Tom|last=Zoellner|title=The Heartless Stone: A Journey the Money Through the World of Diamonds, Deceit and Desire|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|year=2006|isbn=0-312-33969-0|url=https://archive.org/details/heartlessstonejo00zoel}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
*[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703589404575417460834079500 The Truth About Blood Diamonds – The international focus on "conflict minerals" is a self-serving charade.; The Wall Street Journal]
*[http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/diamond/index.htm Diamonds in Conflict – Global Policy Forum]
*[http://pawss.hampshire.edu/topics/conflictdiamonds/index.html PAWSS Conflict Topics – Conflict Diamonds]
*[http://www.diamondfacts.org DiamondFacts.org] – World Diamond Council
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110630113046/http://www.allasone.org/diamond.php AllAsOne.org] – Blood diamond trade awareness
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061026183958/http://www.stopblooddiamonds.org/ Stop Blood Diamonds] – Blood diamonds awareness initiative
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070418170222/http://www.israelidiamond.co.il/English/news.aspx?boneId=741&objid=1710 Stopping Blood Diamonds] – The success of the Kimberley Process
*[http://www.thediamondringcompany.co.uk/conflict-diamonds Africa's War with Blood Diamonds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404084005/http://www.thediamondringcompany.co.uk/conflict-diamonds |date=2019-04-04 }}
*[http://www.seattlediamonds.com/diamonds/canadian-diamonds Canadian Mined Diamonds]
*[http://www.icij.org/project/swiss-leaks/diamond-dealers-deep-trouble-bank-documents-shine-light-secret-ways Diamond Dealers in Deep Trouble as Bank Documents Shine Light on Secret Ways] ''– Documentation about financial flows between [[HSBC Private Bank]] and blood diamond dealers (see also [[Swiss Leaks]])''
*[https://time.com/blood-diamonds/ Blood Diamonds] – Time magazine
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091753/http://www.makaangola.org/images/files/Diamantes%20de%20Sangue_Rafael%20Marques.pdf Editora Oferece "Diamantes de Sangue" em Formato Digital a Todos]. ''Maka Angola'', ''Editora da Tinta da China'' {{in lang|pt|nocat=true}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Blood Diamond}}
[[Category:Blood diamonds| ]]
[[Category:Diamond mines]]
[[Category:Politics of mining in Africa]]
[[Category:Ethically disputed business practices]]
[[Category:Aftermath of war]]
[[Category:Luxury brands]]
[[Category:Mining in Angola]]
[[Category:Mining in Liberia]]
[[Category:Mining in Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:Natural resources in Africa]]
[[Category:Mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Resource extraction]]
[[Category:Smuggling]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Illegal mining]]
[[Category:Funding of terrorism]]
[[Category:Organized crime activity]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Angola]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Liberia]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:War crimes in the Sierra Leone Civil War]]
[[Category:Mining in Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Ivory Coast]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{About|diamonds mined in war zones|the 2006 film|Blood Diamond|other uses|Blood diamond (disambiguation)}}
{{short description|Diamonds mined in a war zone and sold to finance conflict}}
[[Image:Hands ondiamonds 350.jpg|thumb|Panning for diamonds in [[Sierra Leone]].]]
[[File:Unsustainable Growth.webm|thumb|Diamond mining in Sierra Leone]]
'''Blood diamonds''' (also called '''conflict diamonds''', '''brown diamonds''', '''hot diamonds''', or '''red diamonds''') are [[diamond]]s [[Diamond mining|mined]] in a war zone and sold to finance an [[insurgency]], an invading army's war efforts, [[terrorism]], or a [[warlord]]'s activity. The term is used ching chong ling longs mine in native consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas, or to label an individual diamond as having come from such an area. Diamonds mined during the 20th–21st century civil wars in [[Angola]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]], [[Guinea]], and [[Guinea-Bissau]] have been given the label.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023004513/http://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html Conflict Diamonds].'' United Nations Department of Public Information, March 21, 2001, archived online 23 October 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/january-2007/conflict-resources-%E2%80%98curse%E2%80%99-blessing "Conflict resources: from 'curse' to blessing"] by Ernest Harsch. Africa Renewal: January 2007.</ref><ref name="KPSCStatistics">{{cite web |url=https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |title=Global Summary 2008 |work=[[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726231200/https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref> The term [[conflict resource]] refers to analogous situations involving other natural resources. Blood diamonds can also be smuggled by [[organized crime]] syndicates so that they could be sold on the black market.
== Financing conflict ==
[[Philippe Le Billon]] describes the 'conflict resources' argument resting on the suggestion that the most valuable resources, if available to the weaker force in a conflict, can 'motivate' and serve to sustain it.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Le Billon|first=Philippe|date=2008-04-14|title=Diamond Wars? Conflict Diamonds and Geographies of Resource Wars|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=98|issue=2|pages=345–372|doi=10.1080/00045600801922422|issn=0004-5608|doi-access=free}}</ref> Commodity prices on global markets, however, are not an adequate proxy for the economic value of a natural resource to participants in armed conflict. Critical factors include location, mode of production, and subsequent route to market. Gemstones are exceptionally light and small in relation to their value as observed by Richard Auty who presents the stark contrast – tens of thousands of times the price per kilogram – of diamonds compared to other resources and consequently how 'lootable' they are.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Auty|first=Richard|date=March 2004|title=Natural resources and civil strife: a two-stage process|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14650040412331307822|journal=Geopolitics|volume=9|issue=1|pages=29–49|doi=10.1080/14650040412331307822|s2cid=144859889|issn=1465-0045}}</ref>
Deep mining for [[gold]], [[Kimberlite|kimberlite diamonds]] or other minerals requires the operation and maintenance of a capital-intensive facility; alluvial deposits by contrast, can be exploited cheaply using artisan tools for however long the relevant land is secured. [[Alluvial diamond mining|Alluvial diamonds]] are therefore more easily exploited by rebels. These differences between primary and secondary diamonds in resource diffusion and cost of extraction are the basis for Lujana et al.'s rejection of non-resource based claims for Botswana and Sierra Leone's different experience of stability and conflict, since both countries have extensive diamond resources but in different formations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lujala|first1=Päivi|last2=Gleditsch|first2=Nils Petter|last3=Gilmore|first3=Elisabeth|date=August 2005|title=A Diamond Curse?|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002705277548|journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution|volume=49|issue=4|pages=538–562|doi=10.1177/0022002705277548|s2cid=154150846|issn=0022-0027}}</ref>
Despite efforts to frustrate the sale of resources emerging from conflicts, a notable workaround is the agreement of what Michael Ross terms 'booty futures',<ref>Ross, Michael L. (2005). Booty futures. Working Paper, University of California, p30.</ref> citing examples mostly from the 1990s concerning diamonds and oil from conflicts in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, the Congo Republic, and Democratic Republic of Congo. In these agreements, worth tens of millions of dollars, both rebels and government parties to conflict negotiate deals to realize value now from the prospect of resource exploitation in the future. This enables the presence of valuable natural resources to finance fighting for either side without being in production or even in the possession and control of said fighters. Natural resources still funding fighters who don't possess them he argues is particularly 'dangerous' because this finance is available to those otherwise losing, or even yet to initiate armed conflict, so can make new conflicts possible or have the effect of lengthening those where defeat may have come sooner.
The different mode of production of kimberlite and alluvial diamonds explains why the presence of the latter in fought over areas fuels conflict in ways the former does not. The need to realise financial value from the resource, means that the availability of 'futures' contracts, and suitability for looting, are key to its influence. Gemstones and rare minerals are much better suited to this activity than heavier or otherwise less portable resources, however valuable those may be in times of peace.
These findings have moved campaigners, policymakers and diplomats to devise regulatory interventions intended to prevent natural resources from funding continued fighting in the hope that this might hasten an end to those conflicts. In the twelve years that followed the end of the Cold War, resolutions imposing sanctions on resource exporters in ten different conflicts were passed by the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref>Le Billon, Philippe (2003) Fuelling war: Natural resources and armed conflict. Adelphi Paper 357, Table 3 p66</ref>
==History==
===Angola===
Reports estimated that as much as 21% of the total diamond production in the 1980s was being sold for illegal and unethical purposes and 19% was specifically ''conflict'' in nature.<ref name=PACWEB>{{cite web |url=http://blooddiamond.pacweb.org/kimberlyprocess/ |title=The Kimberley Controls: How Effective? |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=[[Partnership Africa Canada]] |access-date=8 October 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116014842/http://blooddiamond.pacweb.org/kimberlyprocess/ |archive-date=16 January 2007}}</ref> By 1999, the illegal diamond trade was estimated by the [[World Diamond Council]] to have been reduced to 4% of the world's diamond production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/estimate.shtml%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7c%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com|title=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM|access-date=2015-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219221913/http://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/estimate.shtml%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7c%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com|archive-date=2016-12-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.diamondfacts.org/conflict/index.html |title=Conflict Diamonds - DiamondFacts.org |access-date=2006-12-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211002030/http://www.diamondfacts.org/conflict/index.html |archive-date=2006-12-11 }}</ref> The [[World Diamond Council]] reported that by 2004 this percentage had fallen to approximately 1% and up to today the World Diamond Council refers to this illegal trade to be virtually eliminated, meaning that more than 99% of diamonds being sold have a legal background.<ref name=PACWEB/><ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.venetiamajor.com.au/services/diamonds-gemstones/conflict-diamonds/|title=Conflict Diamonds|work=Venetia Major – Bespoke Jewellery|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410042847/http://www.venetiamajor.com.au/services/diamonds-gemstones/conflict-diamonds/|archive-date=2013-04-10}}</ref>
Despite the UN Resolution, [[UNITA]] was able to continue to sell or trade some diamonds in order to finance its war effort. The UN set out to find how this remaining illicit trade was being conducted and appointed Canadian ambassador [[Robert Fowler (diplomat)|Robert Fowler]] to investigate. In 2000, he produced the [[Fowler Report]], which named those countries, organizations and individuals involved in the trade. The report is credited with establishing the link between diamonds and third world conflicts,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kNErbPSzUUC|title=Diamonds and Conflict: Problems and Solutions|author=Arthur V. Levy|pages=5–6|publisher=N ova Publishers|year=2003 |isbn=1-59033-715-8}}</ref> and led directly to [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295]], as well as the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]]. Still, after the report was published in 2013, smugglers from these African countries were selling blood diamonds through channels less sophisticated, such as social media posts. Rhinestones from Angola, produced by UNITA, were being traded to Cameroon for acquisition of a Cameroonian certificate naturalization to then be sold as legitimate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chutel |first1=Lynsey |title=Selling blood diamonds is as simple as a Facebook post and a WhatsApp message |url=https://qz.com/africa/1014548/blood-diamonds-from-central-african-republic-are-sold-over-facebook-and-whatsapp/ |website=Quartz Africa |date=26 June 2017 |access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref>
===Ivory Coast===
[[Ivory Coast]] began to develop a fledgling diamond mining industry in the early 1990s. A [[Coup d'état|coup]] overthrew the government in 1999, starting a civil war. The country became a route for exporting diamonds from Liberia and war-torn Sierra Leone.<ref name=DFORGConflictbackground>{{cite web |url=http://www.diamondfacts.org/conflict/background.html |title=Background - Conflict Diamonds- DiamondFacts.org |access-date=2006-12-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213064137/http://www.diamondfacts.org/conflict/background.html |archive-date=2006-12-13 }}</ref><ref name=heartmatter>{{cite web |url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/heartmatter.html |title=The Heart of the Matter: Sierra Leone, Diamonds and Human Security - Partnership Africa Canada - Sierra Leone Web |access-date=2006-12-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120121759/http://www.sierra-leone.org/heartmatter.html |archive-date=2007-01-20 }}</ref> Foreign investment begin to withdraw from Ivory Coast. To curtail the illegal trade, the nation stopped all diamond mining and the [[UN Security Council]] banned all exports of diamonds from Ivory Coast in December 2005. This ban lasted about ten years but it was later lifted in April 2014 when members of the UN council voted to suspend the sanction. The Kimberley process officials also notified in November 2013 that Ivory Coast was right producing artisanal diamonds.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Land of Conflict: Ivory Coast Diamonds |url=https://en.israelidiamond.co.il/wikidiamond/diamond-industry-history/land-conflict-ivory-coast-diamonds/ |website=Israeli Diamond Industry |date=10 October 2016 |publisher=The Israeli Diamond Industry |access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=DFORGConflictbackground/>
Despite UN sanctions, the illicit diamond trade still exists in Ivory Coast. Rough diamonds are exported out of the country to neighboring states and international trading centers through the northern [[Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire|Forces Nouvelles]] controlled section of the country, a group which is reported to be using these funds to re-arm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_detail.php/861/en/campaigners_call_for_urgent_action_on_zimbabwe_blo |title=Campaigners call for urgent action on Zimbabwe blood diamonds and wider reform of the Kimberley Process to prevent abuse - media library - global witness |access-date=2011-05-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902191501/http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_detail.php/861/en/campaigners_call_for_urgent_action_on_zimbabwe_blo |archive-date=2010-09-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/550/99/PDF/N0955099.pdf?OpenElement|title=Home Page|author=ODS Team|work=un.org}}</ref>
===Democratic Republic of Congo===
The [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (formerly [[Zaire]]) has suffered numerous looting wars in the 1990s,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.miningafrica.net/mining-countries-africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/ |title=Democratic Republic of Congo |work=Mining Africa |language=en-US |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131192900/http://www.miningafrica.net/mining-countries-africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> but has been a member of the Kimberley Process since 2003 and now exports about 8% of the world's diamonds.<ref name=DFORGConflictbackground/> {{As of|2021}}, there is a warning concerning diamonds proceeding from this area<ref>{{cite web |title=Enforcement |url=https://www.kimberleyprocess.com/en/enforcement |website=Kimberley Process |access-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> since there have been multiple cases of fake Kimberley certificates accompanying the gems. One of [[De Beers]] most celebrated diamonds, the D-colour {{convert|777|carat|g}} [[Millennium Star]] was discovered in the DRC and sold to De Beers, in open competition with other diamond buyers, between 1991 and 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=MacAskill |first1=Ewen |last2=McGreal |first2=Chris |last3=Vidal |first3=John |title=Blood, sweat and ice |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2000/nov/09/features11.g2 |work=The Guardian |date=9 November 2000}}</ref>
===Liberia===
From 1989 to 2003, [[Liberia]] was engaged in [[Second Liberian Civil War|a civil war]]. In 2000, the UN accused Liberian president [[Charles G. Taylor]] of supporting the [[Revolutionary United Front]] (RUF) insurgency in neighboring [[Sierra Leone]] with weapons and training in exchange for diamonds.<ref name="pssure">{{cite news
| title = Pressure Makes Diamonds
| first = Maya
| last = Bornstein
| url = http://cashfordiamondsusa.com/blog/2012/09/pressure-makes-diamonds/
| date = September 2012
| access-date = 2012-09-22
| archive-date = 2012-11-09
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121109082813/http://cashfordiamondsusa.com/blog/2012/09/pressure-makes-diamonds/
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> In 2001, the [[United Nations]] applied sanctions on the Liberian diamond trade. In August 2003, Taylor stepped down as president and, after being exiled to [[Nigeria]], faced trial in [[The Hague]]. On July 21, 2006, he pleaded not guilty to [[crimes against humanity]] and [[war crime]]s,<ref name=DFORGConflictbackground/> of which he was found guilty in April 2012. On May 30, 2012, he began a 50-year sentence in a high security prison in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="nyt">{{cite news
| title = Ex-Liberian Leader Gets 50 Years for War Crimes
| first = Marlise
| last = Simons
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/31/world/africa/charles-taylor-sentenced-to-50-years-for-war-crimes.html?pagewanted=all&_moc.semityn.www
| newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
| date = May 30, 2012
}}</ref>
Around the time of the [[1998 United States embassy bombings]], [[al-Qaeda]] allegedly bought gems from Liberia as some of its other financial assets were frozen.<ref name="BBCal">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2775763.stm|title= Al-Qaeda 'traded blood diamonds'|work=bbc.co.uk|date= 20 February 2003}}</ref>
Having regained peace, Liberia is attempting to construct a legitimate diamond mining industry. The UN has lifted sanctions and Liberia is now a member of the [[Kimberley Process]].<ref>{{cite web|title=UN Security Council votes to lift ban on Liberian diamond exports|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/un-security-council-votes-to-lift-ban-on-liberian-diamond-exports-1.689632|publisher=Associated Press|access-date=11 December 2013}}</ref>
In December 2014 however, Liberian diamonds were reported to be partly [[Child labour in the diamond industry|produced using child labor]] according to the [[United States Department of Labor|U.S. Department of Labor]]'s ''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]''.
=== Sierra Leone ===
The [[Sierra Leone Civil War]] started in 1991 and continued until 2002, costing at least 50,000 lives and causing local people to suffer killings, mutilation, rape, torture and abduction, mainly due to the brutal warfare waged by rebel group, the [[Revolutionary United Front]] (RUF). The Revolutionary United Front (RUF) claimed that they supported causes of justice and democracy in the beginning, but later on they started to control the villages and to prevent local people from voting for the new government by chopping off their limbs. Victims included children and infants. It created numerous examples of physical and psychological harm across Sierra Leone.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/22/world/sierra-leone-measures-terror-in-severed-limbs.html |title=Sierra Leone Measures Terror in Severed Limbs |last=Onishi |first=Norimitsu |date=22 August 1999 |work=The New York Times |access-date=19 December 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
Moreover, they also occupied the diamond mines in order to get access to funding and continued support of their actions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smillie|first=I|date=2013|title=Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law|journal=Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law|volume=46|issue=4|pages=1004}}</ref> For example, during that time, RUF was mining up to $125 million of diamonds yearly. Since diamonds are used as a funding source, they also created opportunities for tax evasion and financial support of crime.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Global Witness|date=2006|title=The Truth About Diamonds : Conflict and Development.|url=https://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/import/the_truth_about_diamonds.pdf|journal=Global Witness}}</ref> Therefore, [[United Nations Security Council]] imposed diamond sanctions in 2000, which were then lifted in 2003. According to [[National Geographic News]], all of these civil wars and conflicts created by rebel groups resulted in over four million deaths in the African population and injuries to over two million civilians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://money.howstuffworks.com/african-diamond-trade2.htm|title=How the African Diamond Trade Works|last=Hoyt|first=A|website=Howstuffworks.com|date=21 April 2008}}</ref> Another latest conflict diamond statistic from Statistic Brain, revealed that Sierra Leone has been listed as second highest in the production of conflict diamonds, which is shown as 1% of the world's production, after Angola, which produced 2.1% in 2016. 15% of Sierra Leone's diamond production are conflict diamonds. It shows that the production of conflict diamonds still exists in Sierra Leone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statisticbrain.com/conflict-diamond-statistics/|title=Conflict Diamond statistics|last=Statistics Brain|date=2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314173102/http://www.statisticbrain.com/conflict-diamond-statistics|archive-date=2012-03-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>
According to the 2005 [[Country Reports on Human Rights Practices|Country Reports on Human Right Practices of Africa from the United States]], serious human rights issues still exist in Sierra Leone, even though the 11-year civil conflict had officially ended by 2002. Sierra Leone remains in an unstable political situation, although the country has elected a new government. The huge consequences of blood diamonds still remains a mainstream issue in Sierra Leone. One of the biggest issues is people still being abused by the security forces, including rape and the use of excessive force on detainees, including teenagers. Child abuse and child labor are other serious issues which took place in Sierra Leone after the civil conflicts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61591.htm|title=2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices in Africa : Sierra Leone|last=U.S. Department of State|date=2006}}</ref> As they need a huge number of workers, the security forces started kidnapping and forcing young adults to be their slaves; children were forced to join their army as soldiers, and women were raped. They even burned entire villages. Thousands of men, women, and children are used as slaves to collect diamonds, and they are forced to use their bare hands to dig in mud along river banks instead of digging with tools.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/26/world/africa/blood-diamonds/index.html|title=How diamonds fuel Africa's conflicts|last=Paul|first=Armstrong|date=2012|website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/89089538/Ethical-Issue-Analyis-Blood-Diamond-Analysis|title=Ethical Issue Analysis: Blood Diamond Analysis|last=Tammy|first=Hanna|date=2012}}</ref>
Based on the report, The Truth About Diamonds: Conflict and Development from Global Witness, it mentioned that Sierra Leone is listed as second from the bottom of the [[United Nations Human Development Index|United Nation Human Development Index]]. It also shows that Sierra Leone still makes slow progress, in 2016, in such different aspects as, for example, education, health, and human rights, since 1990, which is also the year that conflicts took place in Sierra Leone. It shows that it is a huge consequence of blood diamonds that it brought into Sierra Leone.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/SLE |title=Human Development Report - Sierra Leone |date=2016 |website=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |access-date=8 October 2020}}</ref> Even though the war had ended in 2002 and the government tried to improve and adjust the cooperation of the diamond industry. Sierra Leone resulted in an increase of over US$140 million in 2005 and attempted a percentage return of export tax to diamond mining communities. However, it does not improve anything{{snd}}the money is not reaching the public and it has not provided benefit to anyone in the communities. For instance, the Kono district in Sierra Leone has been mined for 70 years, but they still have no basic facilities, like electricity and repairing of roads. Houses are destroyed because of the civil wars.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=November 2006 |title=The Truth About Diamonds: Conflict and Development |url=https://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/import/the_truth_about_diamonds.pdf |publisher=[[Global Witness]] |access-date=8 October 2020}}</ref> It also examines the ethical issues of how rebel groups treat those locals. They used brainwashing of inexperienced young children and forced them to be child soldiers as they lost their personal freedom and rights under command that included violence and intimidation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/89089538/Ethical-Issue-Analyis-Blood-Diamond-Analysis |title=Ethical Issue Analysis – Blood Diamond Analysis |last=Tammy |first=Hanna |date=Spring 2012 |website=[[Scribd]] |access-date=8 October 2020}}</ref>
=== Republic of Congo ===
The [[Republic of the Congo]] (Congo-Brazzaville) was expelled from the Kimberley Process in 2004<ref name=IPS/> because, despite having no official diamond mining industry, the country was [[export]]ing large quantities of diamonds, the origin of which it could not detail. It was also accused of falsifying certificates of origin. The Republic of the Congo was readmitted in 2007.<ref name=IPS>{{cite news|publisher=IPS|access-date=2010-08-11|url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40296|title=Blood Diamonds No Longer Congo-Brazzaville's Best Friend|date=30 Nov 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117091311/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40296|archive-date=2009-01-17}}</ref>
===Zimbabwe===
[[Zimbabwe]] Diamonds are not considered conflict diamonds by the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]].
In July 2010, the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] agreed that diamonds from the country's disputed [[Marange Diamond Fields]] could be sold on the international market,<ref name=TheIndependent>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/zimbabwe-gets-goahead-to-sell-diamonds-again-2028699.html|title=Zimbabwe gets go-ahead to sell diamonds again|work=The Independent|date=23 October 2011}}</ref> after a report from the Scheme's monitor a month earlier described diamonds mined from the fields as [[Conflict-free diamond|conflict-free]].<ref name=WSJ>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703630304575270681883985308|title=Zimbabwe Nears Approval for Marange-Field Diamond Exports |author1=Farai Mutsaka |author2=Peter Wonacott |author3=Sarah Childress |date=28 May 2010|work=WSJ}}</ref>
===Central African Republic===
{{Empty section|date=November 2023}}
==Conflict diamond campaign==
[[Global Witness]] was one of the first organizations to pick up on the link between diamonds and conflicts in Africa in its 1998 report entitled "A Rough Trade".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/A_Rough_Trade.pdf|title=A Rough Trade: The Role of Companies and Governments in the Angolan Conflict|author=Dan Brown|publisher=[[Global Witness]]|access-date=2011-04-11|date=1998-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=raO8jHBdDhYC|page=233|title=Glitter & Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Empire|author=Janine P. Roberts|publisher=The Disinformation Company|year=2003|isbn=0-9713942-9-6}}</ref> With the passing of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173]] in 1998, the United Nations identified the conflict diamond issue as a funding for war. The [[Fowler Report]] in 2000 detailed in depth how [[UNITA]] was financing its war activities, and in May 2000, led directly to the passing of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295]] and the diamond producing countries of southern Africa meeting in [[Kimberley, South Africa|Kimberley]], [[South Africa]] to plan a method by which the trade in conflict diamonds could be halted, and buyers of diamonds could be assured that their diamonds have not contributed to violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/202/41606.html|title=Final Report of the UN Panel of Experts ("The "Fowler Report")|publisher=Global Policy Forum|date=2000-03-10|access-date=2010-03-20|author=Robert Fowler|author-link=Robert Fowler (diplomat)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N00/396/56/PDF/N0039656.pdf |title=Resolution 1295 (2000) }}</ref> In this resolution the Security Council wrote:
<blockquote>Welcomes the proposal that a meeting of experts be convened for the purpose of devising a system of controls to facilitate the implementation of the measures contained in [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173|Resolution 1173]] (1998), including arrangements that would allow for increased transparency and accountability in the control of diamonds from their point of origin to the bourses, emphasizes that it is important that, in devising such controls, every effort be made to avoid inflicting collateral damage on the legitimate diamond trade, and welcomes the intention of the Republic of South Africa to host a relevant conference this year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/SC6988.doc.htm|title=Resolution and Statements of the Security Council 2000|work=un.org}}</ref></blockquote>
===Kimberley Process Certification Scheme===
{{Main|Kimberley Process Certification Scheme}}
On July 19, 2000, the [[World Diamond Congress]] at [[Antwerp]] adopted a resolution to strengthen the diamond industry's ability to block sales of conflict diamonds.<ref name=wdcongress2000>{{cite web|url=http://www.diamondfacts.org/facts/fact_06.html|title=Fact #6 – The Facts |work=DiamondFacts.org|access-date=2006-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153143/http://diamondfacts.org/facts/fact_06.html|archive-date=2007-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=CNNJuly2000>{{cite web|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2000-07-19/world/africa.diamonds.01.reut_1_conflict-diamonds-diamond-industry-rough-diamonds?_s=PM:WORLD|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403165546/http://articles.cnn.com/2000-07-19/world/africa.diamonds.01.reut_1_conflict-diamonds-diamond-industry-rough-diamonds?_s=PM%3AWORLD|title=Diamond leaders in pact to ban 'conflict gems' funding African wars|archive-date=3 April 2012|work=CNN|url-status=dead}}</ref> The resolution called for an international certification system on the export and import of diamonds, legislation in all countries to accept only officially sealed packages of diamonds, for countries to impose criminal charges on anyone trafficking in conflict diamonds, and instituted a ban on any individual found trading in conflict diamonds from the diamond [[Exchange (organized market)|bourses]] of the [[World Federation of Diamond Bourses]].<ref name=CNNJuly2000/> The Kimberley Process was at the start led by South Africa and Canada as vice president and since then every year a new chair and vice chair country are elected to maintain the legitimacy of their practices.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chair |url=https://www.kimberleyprocess.com/en/chair |website=Kimberley Process |access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref> This system tracks diamonds from the mine to the market and regulates the policing surrounding the export, manufacture and sale of the products. Also in tourist countries like the [[United Arab Emirates]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. All the Kimberley member states are not allowed to trade with non members.{{Clarify|date=January 2014}} Before a gemstone is allowed through the airports to other countries, the Kimberley Certification must be presented by the gem's owner or obtained from a renowned attorney. The certificate should also be requested by the customer when the gems have reached a retail store to ensure its provenance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.debeersgroup.com/ImageVaultFiles/id_841/cf_5/Diamonds-_development_and_democracy_April_2008.PDF |title=Diamonds, Development, and Democracy |first=Nicky |last=Oppenheimer |publisher=debeersgroup.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005102236/http://www.debeersgroup.com/ImageVaultFiles/id_841/cf_5/Diamonds-_development_and_democracy_April_2008.PDF |archive-date=2012-10-05 }}</ref>
On January 17–18 of 2001, diamond industry figures convened and formed the new organization, the [[World Diamond Council]]. This new body set out to draft a new process, whereby all diamond rough could be certified as coming from a non-conflict source.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/chairmansreportforlondon.shtml%257|title=World Diamond Council |website=www.worlddiamondcouncil.com|access-date=2017-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515044024/http://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/chairmansreportforlondon.shtml%257|archive-date=2018-05-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The KPCS was given approval by the UN on March 13, 2002,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/497/66/PDF/N0149766.pdf |title=UN Resolution 56/263 – The role of diamonds in fueling conflict: breaking the link between the illicit transaction of rough diamonds and armed conflict as a contribution to prevention and settlement of conflicts }} UN 96th plenary meeting, 13 March 2002, accessed online November 6, 2006</ref> and in November, after two years of negotiation between governments, diamond producers, and Non-Government organizations, the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] was created.
The Kimberley Process attempted to curtail the flow of conflict diamonds, help stabilize fragile countries and support their development. As the Kimberley Process has made life harder for criminals, it has brought large volumes of diamonds onto the legal market that would not otherwise have made it there. This has increased the revenues of poor governments, and helped them to address their countries’ development challenges. For instance, around $125 million worth of diamonds were legally exported from Sierra Leone in 2006, compared to almost none at the end of the 1990s.<ref name="kimberly">{{cite news
|title = Kimberley Process basics
|url = http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/web/kimberley-process/kp-basics
|newspaper = [[Kimberley Process]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120905181753/http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/web/kimberley-process/kp-basics
|archive-date = 2012-09-05
}}</ref>
===Shortcomings and criticism===
The Kimberley Process has ultimately failed to stem the flow of blood diamonds, leading key proponents such as Global Witness to abandon the scheme.<ref name="Failed">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16027011|title=NGO Global Witness leaves diamond vetting scheme|date=5 December 2011|access-date=5 December 2011|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> In addition, there is no guarantee that diamonds with a Kimberley Process Certification are in fact conflict-free. This is due to the nature of the corrupt government officials in the leading diamond producing countries. It is common for these officials to be bribed with $50 to $100 a day in exchange for paperwork declaring that blood diamonds are Kimberley Process Certified.<ref name="Ryan">{{cite web|author=Ryan, E. Kieron|title=Blood Diamond Farce|date=11 August 2010|access-date=12 December 2011|url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/orig11/ryan-k1.1.1.html}}</ref>
===Transparency===
The Kimberley system attempted to increase governments' [[Transparency (market)|transparency]] by forcing them to keep records of the diamonds they are exporting and importing and how much they are worth. In theory, this would show governments their finances so that they can be held accountable for how much they are spending for the benefit of the country's population. However non-compliance by countries such as Venezuela has led to the failure of accountability.<ref name="Failed"/>
The company Materialytics claims that it can trace the origin of virtually any diamond using [[laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://materialytics.com/gsa2015determinationofdiamondprovenance/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404201008/http://materialytics.com/gsa2015determinationofdiamondprovenance/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-04-04|title=Diamonds: GSA 2015: Determination of Diamond Provenance|work=materialytics.com}}</ref> However, there is no way to know whether a diamond purchased online is blood free or not.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thediamondringreview.com/2017/10/the-real-story-history-of-conflict_14.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020191028/http://www.thediamondringreview.com/2017/10/the-real-story-history-of-conflict_14.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-10-20|title=The Real Story & History of Conflict Blood Diamonds|website=www.thediamondringreview.com|access-date=2017-10-20}}</ref>
== Policy responses ==
=== American policy ===
{{Wikisource|Executive Order 13194}}
On January 18, 2001, President [[Bill Clinton]] issued Executive Order 13194 which prohibited the importation of rough diamonds from Sierra Leone into the United States in accordance with the UN resolutions.<ref>Clinton, William {{cite web|url= http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr23ja01-143.pdf |title=FR Doc. 01–2140 – Executive Order 13194 of January 18, 2001 – Prohibiting the Importation of Rough Diamonds From Sierra Leone }} The White House, January 18, 2001, accessed online December 24, 2006</ref> On May 22, 2001, President [[George W. Bush]] issued Executive Order 13213 which banned rough diamond importation from Liberia into the United States. Liberia had been recognized by the United Nations as acting as a pipeline for conflict diamonds from Sierra Leone.<ref>Bush, George W. {{cite web|url= http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr24my01-113.pdf |title=FR Doc. 01–13381 – Executive Order 13213 – Additional Measures With Respect To Prohibiting the Importation of Rough Diamonds From Sierra Leone }} The White House, May 22, 2001, accessed online December 24, 2006</ref>
The [[United States]] enacted the [[Clean Diamond Trade Act]] (CDTA) on April 25, 2003,<ref name=CDTA>{{cite web|url= http://www.fas.org/asmp/resources/govern/108th/pl_108_19.pdf |title=Public Law 108-19 – An Act To implement effective measures to stop trade in conflict diamonds, and for other purposes. Apr. 25, 2003 }} {{small|(42.1 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])}} 108th Congress of the United States, April 25, 2003, accessed online December 24, 2006</ref> implemented on July 29, 2003, by [[Executive Order 13312]].<ref>Bush, George W {{cite web |url= http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-19676.pdf |title= FR Doc. 03-19676 – Executive Order 13312 of July 29, 2003 – Implementing the Clean Diamond Trade Act |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120409/http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-19676.pdf |archive-date= September 29, 2007 }} {{small|(26.3 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])}} The White House, July 29, 2003, accessed online December 24, 2006</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gao.gov/htext/d06978.html|title=GAO-06-978, Conflict Diamonds: Agency Actions Needed to Enhance Implementation of the Clean Diamond Trade Act|date=27 September 2006|work=gao.gov|access-date=9 December 2006|archive-date=14 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214000648/http://www.gao.gov/htext/d06978.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The CDTA installed the legislation to implement the KPCS in law in the United States. The implementation of this legislation was key to the success of the KPCS, as the United States is the largest consumer of diamonds. The CDTA states: 'As the consumer of a majority of the world's supply of diamonds, the United States has an obligation to help sever the link between diamonds and conflict and press for implementation of an effective solution.<ref name=CDTA/>
The [[United States Department of State]] also maintains an office for a Special Adviser for Conflict Diamonds. As of October 14, 2015, the position is held by Ashley Orbach.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/diamonds/ United States Department of State]</ref>
=== Canadian policy ===
During the 1990s, diamond-rich areas were discovered in Northern Canada. [[Canada]] is one of the key players in the diamond industry. [[Partnership Africa Canada]] was created in 1986 to help with the crisis in Africa. This organization is also part of the Diamond Development Initiative. The Diamond Development Initiative helps improve and regulate the legal diamond industry.
The [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme|Kimberley Process]] was initiated in May 2000 by [[South Africa]] with Canada, a major supporter of instituting the scheme. Canada has now passed several laws that help stop the trade of conflict diamonds. The laws deal with the export and import of rough diamonds, and also how they are transferred. In December 2002, the Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act was passed by the Canadian government. This law acts as a system that helps control the importing, exporting and transporting of rough diamonds through Canada. The Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act also states that the Kimberley Process is the minimum requirement of certifying rough diamonds and a certificate is also required for all shipments of diamonds. This certificate is called the Canadian Certificate, it gives permission for an officer to seize any shipment of diamonds that does not meet the requirements of the Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act.<ref name="stop">{{cite web|url=http://www.stopblooddiamonds.org/Canadian-Policy-Laws.asp|title=Stop Blood Diamonds – Creating a Conflict Free Diamond World|work=stopblooddiamonds.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510200002/http://www.stopblooddiamonds.org/Canadian-Policy-Laws.asp|archive-date=2007-05-10}}</ref>
The Government of the Northwest Territories of Canada (GNWT) also has a unique certification program. They offer a Government certificate on all diamonds that are mined, cut, and polished in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Canadian diamonds are tracked from the mine, through the refining process, to the retail jeweler with a unique diamond identification number (DIN) laser inscribed on the diamond's girdle. To obtain this certificate one must cut and polish the diamond in the NWT.
== Technology response ==
Technical services have emerged that may act as a solution for tracking diamond movement across borders. A service was launched in July 2016 that allows managers to build systems using a [[blockchain]] database for tracking high-value or highly regulated items through a [[supply chain]]. Everledger is one using such a system to "record the movement of diamonds from mines to jewelry stores" and is one of the inaugural clients of a new blockchain-based tracking service from [[IBM]].<ref name=wsj20160714>{{cite news |last=Nash |first=Kim S. |date=14 July 2016 |title=IBM Pushes Blockchain into the Supply Chain |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-pushes-blockchain-into-the-supply-chain-1468528824 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>
In addition, the rise of lab-grown diamonds presents an alternative to mined diamonds. Lab-grown diamonds are chemically and physically identical to mined diamonds but without the ethical and environmental downsides of traditional mining.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCreddie-Doak |first=Laura |date=2020-09-28 |title=Can lab-grown diamonds replace the real thing? |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/lab-grown-diamonds-ethical-luxury-sept/index.html |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
==In popular culture==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}
* "[[Diamonds from Sierra Leone]]" is a [[Grammy]]-winning song by American rapper [[Kanye West]] about blood diamonds in [[Sierra Leone]]. The remix version has verses that detail the blood diamond trade in Sierra Leone, and comments about the Western public unawareness of the origins of the diamonds linked to the conflict.
* Conflict diamonds are a central plot point throughout the [[James Bond]] film ''[[Die Another Day]]'' (2002).
* The origins of the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme|Kimberley Process]] were dramatized in [[Ed Zwick]]'s motion picture ''[[Blood Diamond]]'' (2006), starring [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] and [[Djimon Hounsou]]. The film helped to publicize the controversy surrounding conflict diamonds and led to worldwide awareness of the Western African involvement in the diamond trade.
* The ''[[CSI: Miami]]'' episode "Man Down" (2007) involves the trafficking of African blood diamonds.
* Season 3, episode 2 of ''[[CSI: NY]]'', first started out as a jewelry store robbery soon uncovered a group of criminals desperate to reacquire a blood diamond stolen during the commission of the robbery.
* Law & Order episode "Soldier of Fortune" (2001) involves the murder of a diamond broker who has knowledge of a blood diamond connection between Sierra Leone and a Swiss diamond company.
* Danish filmmaker [[Mads Brügger]]'s documentary ''[[The Ambassador (2011 film)|Ambassadøren]]'' (2011, in English: "The Ambassador") addresses the trade in [[diplomatic passport]]s in order to make money with blood diamonds.
* Players compete in ''[[Diamond Trust of London]]'' to extract diamonds out of Angola before the implementation of the Kimberley Process.
*
* ''Blood Diamonds'' is a thriller fiction book title by Jon Land, copyright 2002; {{ISBN|0-765-30226-8}}
* The [[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)|Hawaii Five-0 (2010)]] episode [[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 2)#Episodes|Kalele]] revolves around the smuggling of conflict diamonds.
* The 2009 Tamil movie ''[[Ayan (film)|Ayan]]'' portrays an insurgent group in [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] selling blood diamonds to international buyers to purchase [[AK-47]]s in exchange.
* The video game ''[[Far Cry 2]]'' uses blood diamonds as a currency and it also serves a plot point in the main story.
* In the video games ''[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]'', ''[[Grand Theft Auto: The Lost and Damned]]'', and ''[[Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony]]'', there are a few missions involving blood diamonds being traded on the [[black market]].
* The 2018 film ''[[Uncut Gems]]'' features blood diamonds being traded on the black market.
==See also==
* [[List of diamonds]]
==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}
===Literature===
{{Refbegin|40em}}
*{{cite journal|author=Bell, Udy|title=Sierra Leone: Building on a Hard-Won Peace|year=2000|journal=UN Chronicle Online Edition|issue=4|access-date=2007-05-31|url=https://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2005/issue4/0405p42.html}}
*{{cite book |first=Daniel |last=Bergner |title=In the Land of Magic Soldiers: A Story of White and Black in West Africa |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |location=New York |year=2003 |isbn=0-374-26653-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/inlandofmagicsol00berg }}
*{{cite book|first=Greg |last=Campbell |title=Blood Diamonds: Tracing the Deadly Path of the World's Most Precious Stones|publisher=[[Westview Press]] |location=Boulder, Colo |year=2002 |isbn=0-8133-3939-1 }}
*{{cite book|author=Cilliers, Jakkie|author2=Christian Dietrich|title=Angola's War Economy|location=Pretoria|publisher=Institute for Security Studies|year=2000|url=http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/BOOKS/ANGOLA.HTML|isbn=978-0-620-26645-1|access-date=2006-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923170249/http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/BOOKS/Angola.html|archive-date=2006-09-23|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book |first=Edward Jay|last=Epstein|title=The Rise and Fall of Diamonds: The Shattering of a Brilliant Illusion|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|location=New York|year=1982|isbn=0-671-41289-2}}
*{{cite book|first=Philippe Le|last=Billon|title=Fuelling War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflicts|publisher=Routledge|location=London|year=2005|isbn=0-415-37970-9}}
*{{cite book|first=Arthur V.|last=Levy|title=Diamonds and Conflict: Problems and Solutions|publisher=Hauppauge |location=New York|year=2003|isbn=1-59033-715-8}}
*{{cite journal|author=Le Billon, Philippe|title=Fatal Transactions: Conflict Diamonds and the (Anti)terrorist Consumer|journal=Antipode|year=2006|volume=38|issue=4|pages=778–801|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8330.2006.00476.x}}
*{{cite book|first=William|last=Reno|title=Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone |publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK |year=1995|isbn=0-521-47179-6}}
*{{cite book|first=Janine |last=Roberts |title=Glitter and Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Cartel |publisher=Disinformation |location=New York |year=2007 |orig-year=2003 |isbn=978-1-932857-60-3}}
*{{cite book|first=Ingrid J. |last=Tamm|title=Diamonds In Peace and War: Severing the Conflict Diamond Connection |publisher=World peace foundation|location=Cambridge, Mass|year=2002|isbn=0-9721033-5-X}}{{cite web|url= http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/cchrp/Web%20Working%20Papers/WPF-Tamm%20Diamond%20Report.pdf |title=PDF |date=11 September 2023 }} {{small|(673 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}
*{{cite journal|author=Unruh, Jon|title=Housing, land and property rights as war-financing commodities: A typology with lessons from Darfur, Colombia and Syria|year=2022|journal=Stability: International Journal of Security and Development |volume=10|issue=10|doi=10.5334/sta.811|s2cid=247565996|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite book|first=Tom|last=Zoellner|title=The Heartless Stone: A Journey the Money Through the World of Diamonds, Deceit and Desire|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|year=2006|isbn=0-312-33969-0|url=https://archive.org/details/heartlessstonejo00zoel}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
*[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703589404575417460834079500 The Truth About Blood Diamonds – The international focus on "conflict minerals" is a self-serving charade.; The Wall Street Journal]
*[http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/diamond/index.htm Diamonds in Conflict – Global Policy Forum]
*[http://pawss.hampshire.edu/topics/conflictdiamonds/index.html PAWSS Conflict Topics – Conflict Diamonds]
*[http://www.diamondfacts.org DiamondFacts.org] – World Diamond Council
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110630113046/http://www.allasone.org/diamond.php AllAsOne.org] – Blood diamond trade awareness
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061026183958/http://www.stopblooddiamonds.org/ Stop Blood Diamonds] – Blood diamonds awareness initiative
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070418170222/http://www.israelidiamond.co.il/English/news.aspx?boneId=741&objid=1710 Stopping Blood Diamonds] – The success of the Kimberley Process
*[http://www.thediamondringcompany.co.uk/conflict-diamonds Africa's War with Blood Diamonds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404084005/http://www.thediamondringcompany.co.uk/conflict-diamonds |date=2019-04-04 }}
*[http://www.seattlediamonds.com/diamonds/canadian-diamonds Canadian Mined Diamonds]
*[http://www.icij.org/project/swiss-leaks/diamond-dealers-deep-trouble-bank-documents-shine-light-secret-ways Diamond Dealers in Deep Trouble as Bank Documents Shine Light on Secret Ways] ''– Documentation about financial flows between [[HSBC Private Bank]] and blood diamond dealers (see also [[Swiss Leaks]])''
*[https://time.com/blood-diamonds/ Blood Diamonds] – Time magazine
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091753/http://www.makaangola.org/images/files/Diamantes%20de%20Sangue_Rafael%20Marques.pdf Editora Oferece "Diamantes de Sangue" em Formato Digital a Todos]. ''Maka Angola'', ''Editora da Tinta da China'' {{in lang|pt|nocat=true}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Blood Diamond}}
[[Category:Blood diamonds| ]]
[[Category:Diamond mines]]
[[Category:Politics of mining in Africa]]
[[Category:Ethically disputed business practices]]
[[Category:Aftermath of war]]
[[Category:Luxury brands]]
[[Category:Mining in Angola]]
[[Category:Mining in Liberia]]
[[Category:Mining in Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:Natural resources in Africa]]
[[Category:Mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Resource extraction]]
[[Category:Smuggling]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Illegal mining]]
[[Category:Funding of terrorism]]
[[Category:Organized crime activity]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Angola]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Liberia]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:War crimes in the Sierra Leone Civil War]]
[[Category:Mining in Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Ivory Coast]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@
[[Image:Hands ondiamonds 350.jpg|thumb|Panning for diamonds in [[Sierra Leone]].]]
[[File:Unsustainable Growth.webm|thumb|Diamond mining in Sierra Leone]]
-'''Blood diamonds''' (also called '''conflict diamonds''', '''brown diamonds''', '''hot diamonds''', or '''red diamonds''') are [[diamond]]s [[Diamond mining|mined]] in a war zone and sold to finance an [[insurgency]], an invading army's war efforts, [[terrorism]], or a [[warlord]]'s activity. The term is used to highlight the negative consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas, or to label an individual diamond as having come from such an area. Diamonds mined during the 20th–21st century civil wars in [[Angola]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]], [[Guinea]], and [[Guinea-Bissau]] have been given the label.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023004513/http://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html Conflict Diamonds].'' United Nations Department of Public Information, March 21, 2001, archived online 23 October 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/january-2007/conflict-resources-%E2%80%98curse%E2%80%99-blessing "Conflict resources: from 'curse' to blessing"] by Ernest Harsch. Africa Renewal: January 2007.</ref><ref name="KPSCStatistics">{{cite web |url=https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |title=Global Summary 2008 |work=[[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726231200/https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref> The term [[conflict resource]] refers to analogous situations involving other natural resources. Blood diamonds can also be smuggled by [[organized crime]] syndicates so that they could be sold on the black market.
+'''Blood diamonds''' (also called '''conflict diamonds''', '''brown diamonds''', '''hot diamonds''', or '''red diamonds''') are [[diamond]]s [[Diamond mining|mined]] in a war zone and sold to finance an [[insurgency]], an invading army's war efforts, [[terrorism]], or a [[warlord]]'s activity. The term is used ching chong ling longs mine in native consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas, or to label an individual diamond as having come from such an area. Diamonds mined during the 20th–21st century civil wars in [[Angola]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]], [[Guinea]], and [[Guinea-Bissau]] have been given the label.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023004513/http://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html Conflict Diamonds].'' United Nations Department of Public Information, March 21, 2001, archived online 23 October 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/january-2007/conflict-resources-%E2%80%98curse%E2%80%99-blessing "Conflict resources: from 'curse' to blessing"] by Ernest Harsch. Africa Renewal: January 2007.</ref><ref name="KPSCStatistics">{{cite web |url=https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |title=Global Summary 2008 |work=[[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726231200/https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref> The term [[conflict resource]] refers to analogous situations involving other natural resources. Blood diamonds can also be smuggled by [[organized crime]] syndicates so that they could be sold on the black market.
== Financing conflict ==
' |
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0 => ''''Blood diamonds''' (also called '''conflict diamonds''', '''brown diamonds''', '''hot diamonds''', or '''red diamonds''') are [[diamond]]s [[Diamond mining|mined]] in a war zone and sold to finance an [[insurgency]], an invading army's war efforts, [[terrorism]], or a [[warlord]]'s activity. The term is used ching chong ling longs mine in native consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas, or to label an individual diamond as having come from such an area. Diamonds mined during the 20th–21st century civil wars in [[Angola]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]], [[Guinea]], and [[Guinea-Bissau]] have been given the label.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023004513/http://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html Conflict Diamonds].'' United Nations Department of Public Information, March 21, 2001, archived online 23 October 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/january-2007/conflict-resources-%E2%80%98curse%E2%80%99-blessing "Conflict resources: from 'curse' to blessing"] by Ernest Harsch. Africa Renewal: January 2007.</ref><ref name="KPSCStatistics">{{cite web |url=https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |title=Global Summary 2008 |work=[[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726231200/https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref> The term [[conflict resource]] refers to analogous situations involving other natural resources. Blood diamonds can also be smuggled by [[organized crime]] syndicates so that they could be sold on the black market.'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => ''''Blood diamonds''' (also called '''conflict diamonds''', '''brown diamonds''', '''hot diamonds''', or '''red diamonds''') are [[diamond]]s [[Diamond mining|mined]] in a war zone and sold to finance an [[insurgency]], an invading army's war efforts, [[terrorism]], or a [[warlord]]'s activity. The term is used to highlight the negative consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas, or to label an individual diamond as having come from such an area. Diamonds mined during the 20th–21st century civil wars in [[Angola]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]], [[Guinea]], and [[Guinea-Bissau]] have been given the label.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023004513/http://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html Conflict Diamonds].'' United Nations Department of Public Information, March 21, 2001, archived online 23 October 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/january-2007/conflict-resources-%E2%80%98curse%E2%80%99-blessing "Conflict resources: from 'curse' to blessing"] by Ernest Harsch. Africa Renewal: January 2007.</ref><ref name="KPSCStatistics">{{cite web |url=https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |title=Global Summary 2008 |work=[[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726231200/https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref> The term [[conflict resource]] refers to analogous situations involving other natural resources. Blood diamonds can also be smuggled by [[organized crime]] syndicates so that they could be sold on the black market.'
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78 => 'http://www.sierra-leone.org/heartmatter.html',
79 => 'https://en.israelidiamond.co.il/wikidiamond/diamond-industry-history/land-conflict-ivory-coast-diamonds/',
80 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100902191501/http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_detail.php/861/en/campaigners_call_for_urgent_action_on_zimbabwe_blo',
81 => 'http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_detail.php/861/en/campaigners_call_for_urgent_action_on_zimbabwe_blo',
82 => 'http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/550/99/PDF/N0955099.pdf?OpenElement',
83 => 'http://www.miningafrica.net/mining-countries-africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/',
84 => 'https://www.kimberleyprocess.com/en/enforcement',
85 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2000/nov/09/features11.g2',
86 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121109082813/http://cashfordiamondsusa.com/blog/2012/09/pressure-makes-diamonds/',
87 => 'http://cashfordiamondsusa.com/blog/2012/09/pressure-makes-diamonds/',
88 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/31/world/africa/charles-taylor-sentenced-to-50-years-for-war-crimes.html?pagewanted=all&_moc.semityn.www',
89 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2775763.stm',
90 => 'http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/un-security-council-votes-to-lift-ban-on-liberian-diamond-exports-1.689632',
91 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/22/world/sierra-leone-measures-terror-in-severed-limbs.html',
92 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331',
93 => 'https://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/import/the_truth_about_diamonds.pdf',
94 => 'http://money.howstuffworks.com/african-diamond-trade2.htm',
95 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120314173102/http://www.statisticbrain.com/conflict-diamond-statistics',
96 => 'http://www.statisticbrain.com/conflict-diamond-statistics/',
97 => 'https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61591.htm',
98 => 'http://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/26/world/africa/blood-diamonds/index.html',
99 => 'https://www.scribd.com/doc/89089538/Ethical-Issue-Analyis-Blood-Diamond-Analysis',
100 => 'http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/SLE',
101 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090117091311/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40296',
102 => 'http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40296',
103 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/zimbabwe-gets-goahead-to-sell-diamonds-again-2028699.html',
104 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703630304575270681883985308',
105 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00045600801922422',
106 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-5608',
107 => 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14650040412331307822',
108 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14650040412331307822',
109 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1465-0045',
110 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144859889',
111 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2007000030',
112 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170131192900/http://www.miningafrica.net/mining-countries-africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/',
113 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007544885505171',
114 => 'https://www.cnn.com/style/article/lab-grown-diamonds-ethical-luxury-sept/index.html'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about diamonds mined in war zones. For the 2006 film, see <a href="/info/en/?search=Blood_Diamond" title="Blood Diamond">Blood Diamond</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/info/en/?search=Blood_diamond_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Blood diamond (disambiguation)">Blood diamond (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Diamonds mined in a war zone and sold to finance conflict</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Hands_ondiamonds_350.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hands_ondiamonds_350.jpg/220px-Hands_ondiamonds_350.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hands_ondiamonds_350.jpg/330px-Hands_ondiamonds_350.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hands_ondiamonds_350.jpg/440px-Hands_ondiamonds_350.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>Panning for diamonds in <a href="/info/en/?search=Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Unsustainable_Growth.webm/220px--Unsustainable_Growth.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="285" data-mwtitle="Unsustainable_Growth.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Unsustainable_Growth.webm"><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Unsustainable_Growth.webm/Unsustainable_Growth.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="298" data-height="168" /><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Unsustainable_Growth.webm/Unsustainable_Growth.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="298" data-height="168" /><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Unsustainable_Growth.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="298" data-height="168" /><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Unsustainable_Growth.webm/Unsustainable_Growth.webm.m3u8" type="application/vnd.apple.mpegurl" data-transcodekey="m3u8" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></video></span><figcaption>Diamond mining in Sierra Leone</figcaption></figure>
<p><b>Blood diamonds</b> (also called <b>conflict diamonds</b>, <b>brown diamonds</b>, <b>hot diamonds</b>, or <b>red diamonds</b>) are <a href="/info/en/?search=Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Diamond_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond mining">mined</a> in a war zone and sold to finance an <a href="/info/en/?search=Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a>, an invading army's war efforts, <a href="/info/en/?search=Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, or a <a href="/info/en/?search=Warlord" title="Warlord">warlord</a>'s activity. The term is used ching chong ling longs mine in native consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas, or to label an individual diamond as having come from such an area. Diamonds mined during the 20th–21st century civil wars in <a href="/info/en/?search=Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> have been given the label.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KPSCStatistics_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KPSCStatistics-3">[3]</a></sup> The term <a href="/info/en/?search=Conflict_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">conflict resource</a> refers to analogous situations involving other natural resources. Blood diamonds can also be smuggled by <a href="/info/en/?search=Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a> syndicates so that they could be sold on the black market.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Financing_conflict"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Financing conflict</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Angola"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Angola</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Ivory_Coast"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ivory Coast</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Democratic_Republic_of_Congo"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Democratic Republic of Congo</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Liberia"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Liberia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Sierra_Leone"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Sierra Leone</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Republic_of_Congo"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Republic of Congo</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Zimbabwe"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Zimbabwe</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Central_African_Republic"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Central African Republic</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Conflict_diamond_campaign"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Conflict diamond campaign</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Kimberley_Process_Certification_Scheme"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Kimberley Process Certification Scheme</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Shortcomings_and_criticism"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Shortcomings and criticism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Transparency"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Transparency</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Policy_responses"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Policy responses</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#American_policy"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">American policy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Canadian_policy"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Canadian policy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Technology_response"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Technology response</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Literature"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Literature</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financing_conflict">Financing conflict</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Financing conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/info/en/?search=Philippe_Le_Billon" title="Philippe Le Billon">Philippe Le Billon</a> describes the 'conflict resources' argument resting on the suggestion that the most valuable resources, if available to the weaker force in a conflict, can 'motivate' and serve to sustain it.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Commodity prices on global markets, however, are not an adequate proxy for the economic value of a natural resource to participants in armed conflict. Critical factors include location, mode of production, and subsequent route to market. Gemstones are exceptionally light and small in relation to their value as observed by Richard Auty who presents the stark contrast – tens of thousands of times the price per kilogram – of diamonds compared to other resources and consequently how 'lootable' they are.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>Deep mining for <a href="/info/en/?search=Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">kimberlite diamonds</a> or other minerals requires the operation and maintenance of a capital-intensive facility; alluvial deposits by contrast, can be exploited cheaply using artisan tools for however long the relevant land is secured. <a href="/info/en/?search=Alluvial_diamond_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial diamond mining">Alluvial diamonds</a> are therefore more easily exploited by rebels. These differences between primary and secondary diamonds in resource diffusion and cost of extraction are the basis for Lujana et al.'s rejection of non-resource based claims for Botswana and Sierra Leone's different experience of stability and conflict, since both countries have extensive diamond resources but in different formations.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Despite efforts to frustrate the sale of resources emerging from conflicts, a notable workaround is the agreement of what Michael Ross terms 'booty futures',<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> citing examples mostly from the 1990s concerning diamonds and oil from conflicts in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, the Congo Republic, and Democratic Republic of Congo. In these agreements, worth tens of millions of dollars, both rebels and government parties to conflict negotiate deals to realize value now from the prospect of resource exploitation in the future. This enables the presence of valuable natural resources to finance fighting for either side without being in production or even in the possession and control of said fighters. Natural resources still funding fighters who don't possess them he argues is particularly 'dangerous' because this finance is available to those otherwise losing, or even yet to initiate armed conflict, so can make new conflicts possible or have the effect of lengthening those where defeat may have come sooner.
</p><p>The different mode of production of kimberlite and alluvial diamonds explains why the presence of the latter in fought over areas fuels conflict in ways the former does not. The need to realise financial value from the resource, means that the availability of 'futures' contracts, and suitability for looting, are key to its influence. Gemstones and rare minerals are much better suited to this activity than heavier or otherwise less portable resources, however valuable those may be in times of peace.
</p><p>These findings have moved campaigners, policymakers and diplomats to devise regulatory interventions intended to prevent natural resources from funding continued fighting in the hope that this might hasten an end to those conflicts. In the twelve years that followed the end of the Cold War, resolutions imposing sanctions on resource exporters in ten different conflicts were passed by the <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angola">Angola</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Angola"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Reports estimated that as much as 21% of the total diamond production in the 1980s was being sold for illegal and unethical purposes and 19% was specifically <i>conflict</i> in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-PACWEB_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PACWEB-9">[9]</a></sup> By 1999, the illegal diamond trade was estimated by the <a href="/info/en/?search=World_Diamond_Council" title="World Diamond Council">World Diamond Council</a> to have been reduced to 4% of the world's diamond production.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-11">[11]</a></sup> The <a href="/info/en/?search=World_Diamond_Council" title="World Diamond Council">World Diamond Council</a> reported that by 2004 this percentage had fallen to approximately 1% and up to today the World Diamond Council refers to this illegal trade to be virtually eliminated, meaning that more than 99% of diamonds being sold have a legal background.<sup id="cite_ref-PACWEB_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PACWEB-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>Despite the UN Resolution, <a href="/info/en/?search=UNITA" title="UNITA">UNITA</a> was able to continue to sell or trade some diamonds in order to finance its war effort. The UN set out to find how this remaining illicit trade was being conducted and appointed Canadian ambassador <a href="/info/en/?search=Robert_Fowler_(diplomat)" title="Robert Fowler (diplomat)">Robert Fowler</a> to investigate. In 2000, he produced the <a href="/info/en/?search=Fowler_Report" title="Fowler Report">Fowler Report</a>, which named those countries, organizations and individuals involved in the trade. The report is credited with establishing the link between diamonds and third world conflicts,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> and led directly to <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1295" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295</a>, as well as the <a href="/info/en/?search=Kimberley_Process_Certification_Scheme" title="Kimberley Process Certification Scheme">Kimberley Process Certification Scheme</a>. Still, after the report was published in 2013, smugglers from these African countries were selling blood diamonds through channels less sophisticated, such as social media posts. Rhinestones from Angola, produced by UNITA, were being traded to Cameroon for acquisition of a Cameroonian certificate naturalization to then be sold as legitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ivory_Coast">Ivory Coast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ivory Coast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/info/en/?search=Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> began to develop a fledgling diamond mining industry in the early 1990s. A <a href="/info/en/?search=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a> overthrew the government in 1999, starting a civil war. The country became a route for exporting diamonds from Liberia and war-torn Sierra Leone.<sup id="cite_ref-DFORGConflictbackground_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFORGConflictbackground-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heartmatter_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heartmatter-16">[16]</a></sup> Foreign investment begin to withdraw from Ivory Coast. To curtail the illegal trade, the nation stopped all diamond mining and the <a href="/info/en/?search=UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> banned all exports of diamonds from Ivory Coast in December 2005. This ban lasted about ten years but it was later lifted in April 2014 when members of the UN council voted to suspend the sanction. The Kimberley process officials also notified in November 2013 that Ivory Coast was right producing artisanal diamonds.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DFORGConflictbackground_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFORGConflictbackground-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>Despite UN sanctions, the illicit diamond trade still exists in Ivory Coast. Rough diamonds are exported out of the country to neighboring states and international trading centers through the northern <a href="/info/en/?search=Forces_Nouvelles_de_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire">Forces Nouvelles</a> controlled section of the country, a group which is reported to be using these funds to re-arm.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Democratic Republic of Congo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (formerly <a href="/info/en/?search=Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a>) has suffered numerous looting wars in the 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> but has been a member of the Kimberley Process since 2003 and now exports about 8% of the world's diamonds.<sup id="cite_ref-DFORGConflictbackground_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFORGConflictbackground-15">[15]</a></sup> As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there is a warning concerning diamonds proceeding from this area<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> since there have been multiple cases of fake Kimberley certificates accompanying the gems. One of <a href="/info/en/?search=De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a> most celebrated diamonds, the D-colour 777 carats (155.4 g) <a href="/info/en/?search=Millennium_Star" title="Millennium Star">Millennium Star</a> was discovered in the DRC and sold to De Beers, in open competition with other diamond buyers, between 1991 and 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberia">Liberia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Liberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>From 1989 to 2003, <a href="/info/en/?search=Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> was engaged in <a href="/info/en/?search=Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">a civil war</a>. In 2000, the UN accused Liberian president <a href="/info/en/?search=Charles_G._Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles G. Taylor">Charles G. Taylor</a> of supporting the <a href="/info/en/?search=Revolutionary_United_Front" title="Revolutionary United Front">Revolutionary United Front</a> (RUF) insurgency in neighboring <a href="/info/en/?search=Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> with weapons and training in exchange for diamonds.<sup id="cite_ref-pssure_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pssure-23">[23]</a></sup> In 2001, the <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> applied sanctions on the Liberian diamond trade. In August 2003, Taylor stepped down as president and, after being exiled to <a href="/info/en/?search=Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, faced trial in <a href="/info/en/?search=The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>. On July 21, 2006, he pleaded not guilty to <a href="/info/en/?search=Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DFORGConflictbackground_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFORGConflictbackground-15">[15]</a></sup> of which he was found guilty in April 2012. On May 30, 2012, he began a 50-year sentence in a high security prison in the <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>Around the time of the <a href="/info/en/?search=1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">1998 United States embassy bombings</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> allegedly bought gems from Liberia as some of its other financial assets were frozen.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCal_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCal-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>Having regained peace, Liberia is attempting to construct a legitimate diamond mining industry. The UN has lifted sanctions and Liberia is now a member of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Kimberley_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberley Process">Kimberley Process</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2014 however, Liberian diamonds were reported to be partly <a href="/info/en/?search=Child_labour_in_the_diamond_industry" title="Child labour in the diamond industry">produced using child labor</a> according to the <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">U.S. Department of Labor</a>'s <i><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Goods_Produced_by_Child_Labor_or_Forced_Labor" title="List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor">List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor</a></i>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sierra_Leone">Sierra Leone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sierra Leone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a> started in 1991 and continued until 2002, costing at least 50,000 lives and causing local people to suffer killings, mutilation, rape, torture and abduction, mainly due to the brutal warfare waged by rebel group, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Revolutionary_United_Front" title="Revolutionary United Front">Revolutionary United Front</a> (RUF). The Revolutionary United Front (RUF) claimed that they supported causes of justice and democracy in the beginning, but later on they started to control the villages and to prevent local people from voting for the new government by chopping off their limbs. Victims included children and infants. It created numerous examples of physical and psychological harm across Sierra Leone.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>Moreover, they also occupied the diamond mines in order to get access to funding and continued support of their actions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> For example, during that time, RUF was mining up to $125 million of diamonds yearly. Since diamonds are used as a funding source, they also created opportunities for tax evasion and financial support of crime.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> Therefore, <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> imposed diamond sanctions in 2000, which were then lifted in 2003. According to <a href="/info/en/?search=National_Geographic_News" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic News">National Geographic News</a>, all of these civil wars and conflicts created by rebel groups resulted in over four million deaths in the African population and injuries to over two million civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> Another latest conflict diamond statistic from Statistic Brain, revealed that Sierra Leone has been listed as second highest in the production of conflict diamonds, which is shown as 1% of the world's production, after Angola, which produced 2.1% in 2016. 15% of Sierra Leone's diamond production are conflict diamonds. It shows that the production of conflict diamonds still exists in Sierra Leone.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to the 2005 <a href="/info/en/?search=Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices" title="Country Reports on Human Rights Practices">Country Reports on Human Right Practices of Africa from the United States</a>, serious human rights issues still exist in Sierra Leone, even though the 11-year civil conflict had officially ended by 2002. Sierra Leone remains in an unstable political situation, although the country has elected a new government. The huge consequences of blood diamonds still remains a mainstream issue in Sierra Leone. One of the biggest issues is people still being abused by the security forces, including rape and the use of excessive force on detainees, including teenagers. Child abuse and child labor are other serious issues which took place in Sierra Leone after the civil conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> As they need a huge number of workers, the security forces started kidnapping and forcing young adults to be their slaves; children were forced to join their army as soldiers, and women were raped. They even burned entire villages. Thousands of men, women, and children are used as slaves to collect diamonds, and they are forced to use their bare hands to dig in mud along river banks instead of digging with tools.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p><p>Based on the report, The Truth About Diamonds: Conflict and Development from Global Witness, it mentioned that Sierra Leone is listed as second from the bottom of the <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Nations_Human_Development_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Human Development Index">United Nation Human Development Index</a>. It also shows that Sierra Leone still makes slow progress, in 2016, in such different aspects as, for example, education, health, and human rights, since 1990, which is also the year that conflicts took place in Sierra Leone. It shows that it is a huge consequence of blood diamonds that it brought into Sierra Leone.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> Even though the war had ended in 2002 and the government tried to improve and adjust the cooperation of the diamond industry. Sierra Leone resulted in an increase of over US$140 million in 2005 and attempted a percentage return of export tax to diamond mining communities. However, it does not improve anything – the money is not reaching the public and it has not provided benefit to anyone in the communities. For instance, the Kono district in Sierra Leone has been mined for 70 years, but they still have no basic facilities, like electricity and repairing of roads. Houses are destroyed because of the civil wars.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> It also examines the ethical issues of how rebel groups treat those locals. They used brainwashing of inexperienced young children and forced them to be child soldiers as they lost their personal freedom and rights under command that included violence and intimidation.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Congo">Republic of Congo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Republic of Congo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a> (Congo-Brazzaville) was expelled from the Kimberley Process in 2004<sup id="cite_ref-IPS_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPS-38">[38]</a></sup> because, despite having no official diamond mining industry, the country was <a href="/info/en/?search=Export" title="Export">exporting</a> large quantities of diamonds, the origin of which it could not detail. It was also accused of falsifying certificates of origin. The Republic of the Congo was readmitted in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-IPS_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPS-38">[38]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Zimbabwe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/info/en/?search=Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> Diamonds are not considered conflict diamonds by the <a href="/info/en/?search=Kimberley_Process_Certification_Scheme" title="Kimberley Process Certification Scheme">Kimberley Process Certification Scheme</a>.
</p><p>In July 2010, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Kimberley_Process_Certification_Scheme" title="Kimberley Process Certification Scheme">Kimberley Process Certification Scheme</a> agreed that diamonds from the country's disputed <a href="/info/en/?search=Marange_Diamond_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Marange Diamond Fields">Marange Diamond Fields</a> could be sold on the international market,<sup id="cite_ref-TheIndependent_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheIndependent-39">[39]</a></sup> after a report from the Scheme's monitor a month earlier described diamonds mined from the fields as <a href="/info/en/?search=Conflict-free_diamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict-free diamond">conflict-free</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_African_Republic">Central African Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Central African Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflict_diamond_campaign">Conflict diamond campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Conflict diamond campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/info/en/?search=Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a> was one of the first organizations to pick up on the link between diamonds and conflicts in Africa in its 1998 report entitled "A Rough Trade".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> With the passing of <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1173" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173</a> in 1998, the United Nations identified the conflict diamond issue as a funding for war. The <a href="/info/en/?search=Fowler_Report" title="Fowler Report">Fowler Report</a> in 2000 detailed in depth how <a href="/info/en/?search=UNITA" title="UNITA">UNITA</a> was financing its war activities, and in May 2000, led directly to the passing of <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1295" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295</a> and the diamond producing countries of southern Africa meeting in <a href="/info/en/?search=Kimberley,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberley, South Africa">Kimberley</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> to plan a method by which the trade in conflict diamonds could be halted, and buyers of diamonds could be assured that their diamonds have not contributed to violence.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> In this resolution the Security Council wrote:
</p>
<blockquote><p>Welcomes the proposal that a meeting of experts be convened for the purpose of devising a system of controls to facilitate the implementation of the measures contained in <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1173" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173">Resolution 1173</a> (1998), including arrangements that would allow for increased transparency and accountability in the control of diamonds from their point of origin to the bourses, emphasizes that it is important that, in devising such controls, every effort be made to avoid inflicting collateral damage on the legitimate diamond trade, and welcomes the intention of the Republic of South Africa to host a relevant conference this year.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kimberley_Process_Certification_Scheme">Kimberley Process Certification Scheme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kimberley Process Certification Scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Kimberley_Process_Certification_Scheme" title="Kimberley Process Certification Scheme">Kimberley Process Certification Scheme</a></div>
<p>On July 19, 2000, the <a href="/info/en/?search=World_Diamond_Congress" title="World Diamond Congress">World Diamond Congress</a> at <a href="/info/en/?search=Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> adopted a resolution to strengthen the diamond industry's ability to block sales of conflict diamonds.<sup id="cite_ref-wdcongress2000_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wdcongress2000-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNNJuly2000_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNJuly2000-47">[47]</a></sup> The resolution called for an international certification system on the export and import of diamonds, legislation in all countries to accept only officially sealed packages of diamonds, for countries to impose criminal charges on anyone trafficking in conflict diamonds, and instituted a ban on any individual found trading in conflict diamonds from the diamond <a href="/info/en/?search=Exchange_(organized_market)" title="Exchange (organized market)">bourses</a> of the <a href="/info/en/?search=World_Federation_of_Diamond_Bourses" title="World Federation of Diamond Bourses">World Federation of Diamond Bourses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNJuly2000_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNJuly2000-47">[47]</a></sup> The Kimberley Process was at the start led by South Africa and Canada as vice president and since then every year a new chair and vice chair country are elected to maintain the legitimacy of their practices.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> This system tracks diamonds from the mine to the market and regulates the policing surrounding the export, manufacture and sale of the products. Also in tourist countries like the <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> and the <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. All the Kimberley member states are not allowed to trade with non members.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Before a gemstone is allowed through the airports to other countries, the Kimberley Certification must be presented by the gem's owner or obtained from a renowned attorney. The certificate should also be requested by the customer when the gems have reached a retail store to ensure its provenance.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup>
</p><p>On January 17–18 of 2001, diamond industry figures convened and formed the new organization, the <a href="/info/en/?search=World_Diamond_Council" title="World Diamond Council">World Diamond Council</a>. This new body set out to draft a new process, whereby all diamond rough could be certified as coming from a non-conflict source.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup>
</p><p>The KPCS was given approval by the UN on March 13, 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> and in November, after two years of negotiation between governments, diamond producers, and Non-Government organizations, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Kimberley_Process_Certification_Scheme" title="Kimberley Process Certification Scheme">Kimberley Process Certification Scheme</a> was created.
</p><p>The Kimberley Process attempted to curtail the flow of conflict diamonds, help stabilize fragile countries and support their development. As the Kimberley Process has made life harder for criminals, it has brought large volumes of diamonds onto the legal market that would not otherwise have made it there. This has increased the revenues of poor governments, and helped them to address their countries’ development challenges. For instance, around $125 million worth of diamonds were legally exported from Sierra Leone in 2006, compared to almost none at the end of the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-kimberly_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimberly-52">[52]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shortcomings_and_criticism">Shortcomings and criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Shortcomings and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The Kimberley Process has ultimately failed to stem the flow of blood diamonds, leading key proponents such as Global Witness to abandon the scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-Failed_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Failed-53">[53]</a></sup> In addition, there is no guarantee that diamonds with a Kimberley Process Certification are in fact conflict-free. This is due to the nature of the corrupt government officials in the leading diamond producing countries. It is common for these officials to be bribed with $50 to $100 a day in exchange for paperwork declaring that blood diamonds are Kimberley Process Certified.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan-54">[54]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transparency">Transparency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transparency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The Kimberley system attempted to increase governments' <a href="/info/en/?search=Transparency_(market)" title="Transparency (market)">transparency</a> by forcing them to keep records of the diamonds they are exporting and importing and how much they are worth. In theory, this would show governments their finances so that they can be held accountable for how much they are spending for the benefit of the country's population. However non-compliance by countries such as Venezuela has led to the failure of accountability.<sup id="cite_ref-Failed_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Failed-53">[53]</a></sup>
</p><p>The company Materialytics claims that it can trace the origin of virtually any diamond using <a href="/info/en/?search=Laser-induced_breakdown_spectroscopy" title="Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy">laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> However, there is no way to know whether a diamond purchased online is blood free or not.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policy_responses">Policy responses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Policy responses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_policy">American policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: American policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13194" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Executive Order 13194">Executive Order 13194</a></b></div></div></div>
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<p>On January 18, 2001, President <a href="/info/en/?search=Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> issued Executive Order 13194 which prohibited the importation of rough diamonds from Sierra Leone into the United States in accordance with the UN resolutions.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> On May 22, 2001, President <a href="/info/en/?search=George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> issued Executive Order 13213 which banned rough diamond importation from Liberia into the United States. Liberia had been recognized by the United Nations as acting as a pipeline for conflict diamonds from Sierra Leone.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States" title="United States">United States</a> enacted the <a href="/info/en/?search=Clean_Diamond_Trade_Act" title="Clean Diamond Trade Act">Clean Diamond Trade Act</a> (CDTA) on April 25, 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-CDTA_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDTA-59">[59]</a></sup> implemented on July 29, 2003, by <a href="/info/en/?search=Executive_Order_13312" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Order 13312">Executive Order 13312</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup> The CDTA installed the legislation to implement the KPCS in law in the United States. The implementation of this legislation was key to the success of the KPCS, as the United States is the largest consumer of diamonds. The CDTA states: 'As the consumer of a majority of the world's supply of diamonds, the United States has an obligation to help sever the link between diamonds and conflict and press for implementation of an effective solution.<sup id="cite_ref-CDTA_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDTA-59">[59]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> also maintains an office for a Special Adviser for Conflict Diamonds. As of October 14, 2015, the position is held by Ashley Orbach.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_policy">Canadian policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Canadian policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>During the 1990s, diamond-rich areas were discovered in Northern Canada. <a href="/info/en/?search=Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> is one of the key players in the diamond industry. <a href="/info/en/?search=Partnership_Africa_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Partnership Africa Canada">Partnership Africa Canada</a> was created in 1986 to help with the crisis in Africa. This organization is also part of the Diamond Development Initiative. The Diamond Development Initiative helps improve and regulate the legal diamond industry.
</p><p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Kimberley_Process_Certification_Scheme" title="Kimberley Process Certification Scheme">Kimberley Process</a> was initiated in May 2000 by <a href="/info/en/?search=South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> with Canada, a major supporter of instituting the scheme. Canada has now passed several laws that help stop the trade of conflict diamonds. The laws deal with the export and import of rough diamonds, and also how they are transferred. In December 2002, the Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act was passed by the Canadian government. This law acts as a system that helps control the importing, exporting and transporting of rough diamonds through Canada. The Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act also states that the Kimberley Process is the minimum requirement of certifying rough diamonds and a certificate is also required for all shipments of diamonds. This certificate is called the Canadian Certificate, it gives permission for an officer to seize any shipment of diamonds that does not meet the requirements of the Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act.<sup id="cite_ref-stop_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stop-63">[63]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Government of the Northwest Territories of Canada (GNWT) also has a unique certification program. They offer a Government certificate on all diamonds that are mined, cut, and polished in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Canadian diamonds are tracked from the mine, through the refining process, to the retail jeweler with a unique diamond identification number (DIN) laser inscribed on the diamond's girdle. To obtain this certificate one must cut and polish the diamond in the NWT.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology_response">Technology response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Technology response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Technical services have emerged that may act as a solution for tracking diamond movement across borders. A service was launched in July 2016 that allows managers to build systems using a <a href="/info/en/?search=Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a> database for tracking high-value or highly regulated items through a <a href="/info/en/?search=Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a>. Everledger is one using such a system to "record the movement of diamonds from mines to jewelry stores" and is one of the inaugural clients of a new blockchain-based tracking service from <a href="/info/en/?search=IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj20160714_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj20160714-64">[64]</a></sup>
</p><p>In addition, the rise of lab-grown diamonds presents an alternative to mined diamonds. Lab-grown diamonds are chemically and physically identical to mined diamonds but without the ethical and environmental downsides of traditional mining.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<ul><li>"<a href="/info/en/?search=Diamonds_from_Sierra_Leone" title="Diamonds from Sierra Leone">Diamonds from Sierra Leone</a>" is a <a href="/info/en/?search=Grammy" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy">Grammy</a>-winning song by American rapper <a href="/info/en/?search=Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a> about blood diamonds in <a href="/info/en/?search=Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>. The remix version has verses that detail the blood diamond trade in Sierra Leone, and comments about the Western public unawareness of the origins of the diamonds linked to the conflict.</li>
<li>Conflict diamonds are a central plot point throughout the <a href="/info/en/?search=James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> film <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Die_Another_Day" title="Die Another Day">Die Another Day</a></i> (2002).</li>
<li>The origins of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Kimberley_Process_Certification_Scheme" title="Kimberley Process Certification Scheme">Kimberley Process</a> were dramatized in <a href="/info/en/?search=Ed_Zwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed Zwick">Ed Zwick</a>'s motion picture <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Blood_Diamond" title="Blood Diamond">Blood Diamond</a></i> (2006), starring <a href="/info/en/?search=Leonardo_DiCaprio" title="Leonardo DiCaprio">Leonardo DiCaprio</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Djimon_Hounsou" title="Djimon Hounsou">Djimon Hounsou</a>. The film helped to publicize the controversy surrounding conflict diamonds and led to worldwide awareness of the Western African involvement in the diamond trade.</li>
<li>The <i><a href="/info/en/?search=CSI:_Miami" title="CSI: Miami">CSI: Miami</a></i> episode "Man Down" (2007) involves the trafficking of African blood diamonds.</li>
<li>Season 3, episode 2 of <i><a href="/info/en/?search=CSI:_NY" title="CSI: NY">CSI: NY</a></i>, first started out as a jewelry store robbery soon uncovered a group of criminals desperate to reacquire a blood diamond stolen during the commission of the robbery.</li>
<li>Law & Order episode "Soldier of Fortune" (2001) involves the murder of a diamond broker who has knowledge of a blood diamond connection between Sierra Leone and a Swiss diamond company.</li>
<li>Danish filmmaker <a href="/info/en/?search=Mads_Br%C3%BCgger" title="Mads Brügger">Mads Brügger</a>'s documentary <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Ambassador_(2011_film)" title="The Ambassador (2011 film)">Ambassadøren</a></i> (2011, in English: "The Ambassador") addresses the trade in <a href="/info/en/?search=Diplomatic_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic passport">diplomatic passports</a> in order to make money with blood diamonds.</li>
<li>Players compete in <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Diamond_Trust_of_London" title="Diamond Trust of London">Diamond Trust of London</a></i> to extract diamonds out of Angola before the implementation of the Kimberley Process.</li>
<li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
<li><i>Blood Diamonds</i> is a thriller fiction book title by Jon Land, copyright 2002; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-765-30226-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-765-30226-8">0-765-30226-8</a></li>
<li>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Hawaii_Five-0_(2010_TV_series)" title="Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)">Hawaii Five-0 (2010)</a> episode <a href="/info/en/?search=Hawaii_Five-0_(2010_TV_series,_season_2)#Episodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 2)">Kalele</a> revolves around the smuggling of conflict diamonds.</li>
<li>The 2009 Tamil movie <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Ayan_(film)" title="Ayan (film)">Ayan</a></i> portrays an insurgent group in <a href="/info/en/?search=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> selling blood diamonds to international buyers to purchase <a href="/info/en/?search=AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47s</a> in exchange.</li>
<li>The video game <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Far_Cry_2" title="Far Cry 2">Far Cry 2</a></i> uses blood diamonds as a currency and it also serves a plot point in the main story.</li>
<li>In the video games <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Grand_Theft_Auto_IV" title="Grand Theft Auto IV">Grand Theft Auto IV</a></i>, <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Grand_Theft_Auto:_The_Lost_and_Damned" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Theft Auto: The Lost and Damned">Grand Theft Auto: The Lost and Damned</a></i>, and <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Grand_Theft_Auto:_The_Ballad_of_Gay_Tony" title="Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony">Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony</a></i>, there are a few missions involving blood diamonds being traded on the <a href="/info/en/?search=Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a>.</li>
<li>The 2018 film <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Uncut_Gems" title="Uncut Gems">Uncut Gems</a></i> features blood diamonds being traded on the black market.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_diamonds" title="List of diamonds">List of diamonds</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023004513/http://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html">Conflict Diamonds</a>.</i> United Nations Department of Public Information, March 21, 2001, archived online 23 October 2013.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/january-2007/conflict-resources-%E2%80%98curse%E2%80%99-blessing">"Conflict resources: from 'curse' to blessing"</a> by Ernest Harsch. Africa Renewal: January 2007.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-KPSCStatistics-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KPSCStatistics_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726231200/https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf">"Global Summary 2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Kimberley_Process_Certification_Scheme" title="Kimberley Process Certification Scheme">Kimberley Process Certification Scheme</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kimberley+Process+Certification+Scheme&rft.atitle=Global+Summary+2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkimberleyprocessstatistics.org%2Fstatic%2Fpdfs%2FAnnualTables%2F2008GlobalSummary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Billon2008" class="citation journal cs1">Le Billon, Philippe (2008-04-14). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00045600801922422">"Diamond Wars? Conflict Diamonds and Geographies of Resource Wars"</a>. <i>Annals of the Association of American Geographers</i>. <b>98</b> (2): 345–372. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00045600801922422">10.1080/00045600801922422</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-5608">0004-5608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.atitle=Diamond+Wars%3F+Conflict+Diamonds+and+Geographies+of+Resource+Wars&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=345-372&rft.date=2008-04-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00045600801922422&rft.issn=0004-5608&rft.aulast=Le+Billon&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00045600801922422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-PACWEB-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PACWEB_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PACWEB_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070116014842/http://blooddiamond.pacweb.org/kimberlyprocess/">"The Kimberley Controls: How Effective?"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Partnership_Africa_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Partnership Africa Canada">Partnership Africa Canada</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://blooddiamond.pacweb.org/kimberlyprocess/">the original</a> on 16 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kimberley+Controls%3A+How+Effective%3F&rft.pub=Partnership+Africa+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblooddiamond.pacweb.org%2Fkimberlyprocess%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-pssure-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pssure_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBornstein2012" class="citation news cs1">Bornstein, Maya (September 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109082813/http://cashfordiamondsusa.com/blog/2012/09/pressure-makes-diamonds/">"Pressure Makes Diamonds"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://cashfordiamondsusa.com/blog/2012/09/pressure-makes-diamonds/">the original</a> on 2012-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pressure+Makes+Diamonds&rft.date=2012-09&rft.aulast=Bornstein&rft.aufirst=Maya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcashfordiamondsusa.com%2Fblog%2F2012%2F09%2Fpressure-makes-diamonds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-nyt-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSimons2012" class="citation news cs1">Simons, Marlise (May 30, 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/31/world/africa/charles-taylor-sentenced-to-50-years-for-war-crimes.html?pagewanted=all&_moc.semityn.www">"Ex-Liberian Leader Gets 50 Years for War Crimes"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-Liberian+Leader+Gets+50+Years+for+War+Crimes&rft.date=2012-05-30&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Marlise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F05%2F31%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fcharles-taylor-sentenced-to-50-years-for-war-crimes.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26_moc.semityn.www&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BBCal-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBCal_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2775763.stm">"Al-Qaeda 'traded blood diamonds'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>bbc.co.uk</i>. 20 February 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Al-Qaeda+%27traded+blood+diamonds%27&rft.date=2003-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F2775763.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/un-security-council-votes-to-lift-ban-on-liberian-diamond-exports-1.689632">"UN Security Council votes to lift ban on Liberian diamond exports"</a>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+Security+Council+votes+to+lift+ban+on+Liberian+diamond+exports&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fun-security-council-votes-to-lift-ban-on-liberian-diamond-exports-1.689632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Department_of_State2006" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Department of State (2006). <a class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61591.htm">"2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices in Africa : Sierra Leone"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2005+Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices+in+Africa+%3A+Sierra+Leone&rft.date=2006&rft.au=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2005%2F61591.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/SLE">"Human Development Report - Sierra Leone"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a></i>. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Report+-+Sierra+Leone&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Fprofiles%2FSLE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bush, George W. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr24my01-113.pdf">"FR Doc. 01–13381 – Executive Order 13213 – Additional Measures With Respect To Prohibiting the Importation of Rough Diamonds From Sierra Leone"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FR+Doc.+01%E2%80%9313381+%E2%80%93+Executive+Order+13213+%E2%80%93+Additional+Measures+With+Respect+To+Prohibiting+the+Importation+of+Rough+Diamonds+From+Sierra+Leone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrwebgate.access.gpo.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetdoc.cgi%3Fdbname%3D2001_register%26docid%3Dfr24my01-113.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span> The White House, May 22, 2001, accessed online December 24, 2006</span>
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<li id="cite_note-CDTA-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDTA_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDTA_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.fas.org/asmp/resources/govern/108th/pl_108_19.pdf">"Public Law 108-19 – An Act To implement effective measures to stop trade in conflict diamonds, and for other purposes. Apr. 25, 2003"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Law+108-19+%E2%80%93+An+Act+To+implement+effective+measures+to+stop+trade+in+conflict+diamonds%2C+and+for+other+purposes.+Apr.+25%2C+2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fasmp%2Fresources%2Fgovern%2F108th%2Fpl_108_19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(42.1 <a href="/info/en/?search=Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KiB</a>)</span> 108th Congress of the United States, April 25, 2003, accessed online December 24, 2006</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bush, George W <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120409/http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-19676.pdf">"FR Doc. 03-19676 – Executive Order 13312 of July 29, 2003 – Implementing the Clean Diamond Trade Act"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-19676.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 29, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FR+Doc.+03-19676+%E2%80%93+Executive+Order+13312+of+July+29%2C+2003+%E2%80%93+Implementing+the+Clean+Diamond+Trade+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fa257.g.akamaitech.net%2F7%2F257%2F2422%2F14mar20010800%2Fedocket.access.gpo.gov%2F2003%2Fpdf%2F03-19676.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(26.3 <a href="/info/en/?search=Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KiB</a>)</span> The White House, July 29, 2003, accessed online December 24, 2006</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214000648/http://www.gao.gov/htext/d06978.html">"GAO-06-978, Conflict Diamonds: Agency Actions Needed to Enhance Implementation of the Clean Diamond Trade Act"</a>. <i>gao.gov</i>. 27 September 2006. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.gao.gov/htext/d06978.html">the original</a> on 14 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gao.gov&rft.atitle=GAO-06-978%2C+Conflict+Diamonds%3A+Agency+Actions+Needed+to+Enhance+Implementation+of+the+Clean+Diamond+Trade+Act&rft.date=2006-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Fhtext%2Fd06978.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/diamonds/">United States Department of State</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-stop-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stop_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070510200002/http://www.stopblooddiamonds.org/Canadian-Policy-Laws.asp">"Stop Blood Diamonds – Creating a Conflict Free Diamond World"</a>. <i>stopblooddiamonds.org</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.stopblooddiamonds.org/Canadian-Policy-Laws.asp">the original</a> on 2007-05-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stopblooddiamonds.org&rft.atitle=Stop+Blood+Diamonds+%E2%80%93+Creating+a+Conflict+Free+Diamond+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stopblooddiamonds.org%2FCanadian-Policy-Laws.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wsj20160714-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wsj20160714_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNash2016" class="citation news cs1">Nash, Kim S. (14 July 2016). <a class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-pushes-blockchain-into-the-supply-chain-1468528824">"IBM Pushes Blockchain into the Supply Chain"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=IBM+Pushes+Blockchain+into+the+Supply+Chain&rft.date=2016-07-14&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Kim+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fibm-pushes-blockchain-into-the-supply-chain-1468528824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMcCreddie-Doak2020" class="citation web cs1">McCreddie-Doak, Laura (2020-09-28). <a class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/style/article/lab-grown-diamonds-ethical-luxury-sept/index.html">"Can lab-grown diamonds replace the real thing?"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Can+lab-grown+diamonds+replace+the+real+thing%3F&rft.date=2020-09-28&rft.aulast=McCreddie-Doak&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fstyle%2Farticle%2Flab-grown-diamonds-ethical-luxury-sept%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBell,_Udy2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Udy (2000). <a class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2005/issue4/0405p42.html">"Sierra Leone: Building on a Hard-Won Peace"</a>. <i>UN Chronicle Online Edition</i> (4)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UN+Chronicle+Online+Edition&rft.atitle=Sierra+Leone%3A+Building+on+a+Hard-Won+Peace&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Bell%2C+Udy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FPubs%2Fchronicle%2F2005%2Fissue4%2F0405p42.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBergner2003" class="citation book cs1">Bergner, Daniel (2003). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inlandofmagicsol00berg"><i>In the Land of Magic Soldiers: A Story of White and Black in West Africa</i></a>. New York: <a href="/info/en/?search=Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-374-26653-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-26653-0"><bdi>0-374-26653-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Land+of+Magic+Soldiers%3A+A+Story+of+White+and+Black+in+West+Africa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-374-26653-0&rft.aulast=Bergner&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finlandofmagicsol00berg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2002" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Greg (2002). <i>Blood Diamonds: Tracing the Deadly Path of the World's Most Precious Stones</i>. Boulder, Colo: <a href="/info/en/?search=Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-8133-3939-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3939-1"><bdi>0-8133-3939-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+Diamonds%3A+Tracing+the+Deadly+Path+of+the+World%27s+Most+Precious+Stones&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8133-3939-1&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCilliers,_JakkieChristian_Dietrich2000" class="citation book cs1">Cilliers, Jakkie; Christian Dietrich (2000). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923170249/http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/BOOKS/Angola.html"><i>Angola's War Economy</i></a>. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-620-26645-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-620-26645-1"><bdi>978-0-620-26645-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/BOOKS/ANGOLA.HTML">the original</a> on 2006-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angola%27s+War+Economy&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pub=Institute+for+Security+Studies&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-620-26645-1&rft.au=Cilliers%2C+Jakkie&rft.au=Christian+Dietrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iss.co.za%2FPubs%2FBOOKS%2FANGOLA.HTML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1982" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, Edward Jay (1982). <i>The Rise and Fall of Diamonds: The Shattering of a Brilliant Illusion</i>. New York: <a href="/info/en/?search=Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-671-41289-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-41289-2"><bdi>0-671-41289-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Diamonds%3A+The+Shattering+of+a+Brilliant+Illusion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-671-41289-2&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Edward+Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBillon2005" class="citation book cs1">Billon, Philippe Le (2005). <i>Fuelling War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflicts</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-415-37970-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-37970-9"><bdi>0-415-37970-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fuelling+War%3A+Natural+Resources+and+Armed+Conflicts&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-37970-9&rft.aulast=Billon&rft.aufirst=Philippe+Le&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2003" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Arthur V. (2003). <i>Diamonds and Conflict: Problems and Solutions</i>. New York: Hauppauge. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/1-59033-715-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-59033-715-8"><bdi>1-59033-715-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diamonds+and+Conflict%3A+Problems+and+Solutions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hauppauge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-59033-715-8&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Arthur+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Billon,_Philippe2006" class="citation journal cs1">Le Billon, Philippe (2006). "Fatal Transactions: Conflict Diamonds and the (Anti)terrorist Consumer". <i>Antipode</i>. <b>38</b> (4): 778–801. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8330.2006.00476.x">10.1111/j.1467-8330.2006.00476.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antipode&rft.atitle=Fatal+Transactions%3A+Conflict+Diamonds+and+the+%28Anti%29terrorist+Consumer&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=778-801&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8330.2006.00476.x&rft.au=Le+Billon%2C+Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFReno1995" class="citation book cs1">Reno, William (1995). <i>Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-521-47179-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47179-6"><bdi>0-521-47179-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corruption+and+State+Politics+in+Sierra+Leone&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-47179-6&rft.aulast=Reno&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2007" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Janine (2007) [2003]. <i>Glitter and Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Cartel</i>. New York: Disinformation. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-932857-60-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932857-60-3"><bdi>978-1-932857-60-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glitter+and+Greed%3A+The+Secret+World+of+the+Diamond+Cartel&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Disinformation&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-932857-60-3&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Janine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTamm2002" class="citation book cs1">Tamm, Ingrid J. (2002). <i>Diamonds In Peace and War: Severing the Conflict Diamond Connection</i>. Cambridge, Mass: World peace foundation. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-9721033-5-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9721033-5-X"><bdi>0-9721033-5-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diamonds+In+Peace+and+War%3A+Severing+the+Conflict+Diamond+Connection&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pub=World+peace+foundation&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-9721033-5-X&rft.aulast=Tamm&rft.aufirst=Ingrid+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ksg.harvard.edu/cchrp/Web%20Working%20Papers/WPF-Tamm%20Diamond%20Report.pdf">"PDF"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 11 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PDF&rft.date=2023-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksg.harvard.edu%2Fcchrp%2FWeb%2520Working%2520Papers%2FWPF-Tamm%2520Diamond%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(673 <a href="/info/en/?search=Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KiB</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFUnruh,_Jon2022" class="citation journal cs1">Unruh, Jon (2022). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fsta.811">"Housing, land and property rights as war-financing commodities: A typology with lessons from Darfur, Colombia and Syria"</a>. <i>Stability: International Journal of Security and Development</i>. <b>10</b> (10). <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fsta.811">10.5334/sta.811</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247565996">247565996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stability%3A+International+Journal+of+Security+and+Development&rft.atitle=Housing%2C+land+and+property+rights+as+war-financing+commodities%3A+A+typology+with+lessons+from+Darfur%2C+Colombia+and+Syria&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5334%2Fsta.811&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247565996%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Unruh%2C+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5334%252Fsta.811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFZoellner2006" class="citation book cs1">Zoellner, Tom (2006). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heartlessstonejo00zoel"><i>The Heartless Stone: A Journey the Money Through the World of Diamonds, Deceit and Desire</i></a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-312-33969-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-33969-0"><bdi>0-312-33969-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heartless+Stone%3A+A+Journey+the+Money+Through+the+World+of+Diamonds%2C+Deceit+and+Desire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-312-33969-0&rft.aulast=Zoellner&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheartlessstonejo00zoel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703589404575417460834079500">The Truth About Blood Diamonds – The international focus on "conflict minerals" is a self-serving charade.; The Wall Street Journal</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/diamond/index.htm">Diamonds in Conflict – Global Policy Forum</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://pawss.hampshire.edu/topics/conflictdiamonds/index.html">PAWSS Conflict Topics – Conflict Diamonds</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.diamondfacts.org">DiamondFacts.org</a> – World Diamond Council</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110630113046/http://www.allasone.org/diamond.php">AllAsOne.org</a> – Blood diamond trade awareness</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061026183958/http://www.stopblooddiamonds.org/">Stop Blood Diamonds</a> – Blood diamonds awareness initiative</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070418170222/http://www.israelidiamond.co.il/English/news.aspx?boneId=741&objid=1710">Stopping Blood Diamonds</a> – The success of the Kimberley Process</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.thediamondringcompany.co.uk/conflict-diamonds">Africa's War with Blood Diamonds</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404084005/http://www.thediamondringcompany.co.uk/conflict-diamonds">Archived</a> 2019-04-04 at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.seattlediamonds.com/diamonds/canadian-diamonds">Canadian Mined Diamonds</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.icij.org/project/swiss-leaks/diamond-dealers-deep-trouble-bank-documents-shine-light-secret-ways">Diamond Dealers in Deep Trouble as Bank Documents Shine Light on Secret Ways</a> <i>– Documentation about financial flows between <a href="/info/en/?search=HSBC_Private_Bank" title="HSBC Private Bank">HSBC Private Bank</a> and blood diamond dealers (see also <a href="/info/en/?search=Swiss_Leaks" title="Swiss Leaks">Swiss Leaks</a>)</i></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://time.com/blood-diamonds/">Blood Diamonds</a> – Time magazine</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091753/http://www.makaangola.org/images/files/Diamantes%20de%20Sangue_Rafael%20Marques.pdf">Editora Oferece "Diamantes de Sangue" em Formato Digital a Todos</a>. <i>Maka Angola</i>, <i>Editora da Tinta da China</i> <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span></li></ul>
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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{About|diamonds mined in war zones|the 2006 film|Blood Diamond|other uses|Blood diamond (disambiguation)}}
{{short description|Diamonds mined in a war zone and sold to finance conflict}}
[[Image:Hands ondiamonds 350.jpg|thumb|Panning for diamonds in [[Sierra Leone]].]]
[[File:Unsustainable Growth.webm|thumb|Diamond mining in Sierra Leone]]
'''Blood diamonds''' (also called '''conflict diamonds''', '''brown diamonds''', '''hot diamonds''', or '''red diamonds''') are [[diamond]]s [[Diamond mining|mined]] in a war zone and sold to finance an [[insurgency]], an invading army's war efforts, [[terrorism]], or a [[warlord]]'s activity. The term is used to highlight the negative consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas, or to label an individual diamond as having come from such an area. Diamonds mined during the 20th–21st century civil wars in [[Angola]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]], [[Guinea]], and [[Guinea-Bissau]] have been given the label.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023004513/http://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html Conflict Diamonds].'' United Nations Department of Public Information, March 21, 2001, archived online 23 October 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/january-2007/conflict-resources-%E2%80%98curse%E2%80%99-blessing "Conflict resources: from 'curse' to blessing"] by Ernest Harsch. Africa Renewal: January 2007.</ref><ref name="KPSCStatistics">{{cite web |url=https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |title=Global Summary 2008 |work=[[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726231200/https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref> The term [[conflict resource]] refers to analogous situations involving other natural resources. Blood diamonds can also be smuggled by [[organized crime]] syndicates so that they could be sold on the black market.
== Financing conflict ==
[[Philippe Le Billon]] describes the 'conflict resources' argument resting on the suggestion that the most valuable resources, if available to the weaker force in a conflict, can 'motivate' and serve to sustain it.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Le Billon|first=Philippe|date=2008-04-14|title=Diamond Wars? Conflict Diamonds and Geographies of Resource Wars|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=98|issue=2|pages=345–372|doi=10.1080/00045600801922422|issn=0004-5608|doi-access=free}}</ref> Commodity prices on global markets, however, are not an adequate proxy for the economic value of a natural resource to participants in armed conflict. Critical factors include location, mode of production, and subsequent route to market. Gemstones are exceptionally light and small in relation to their value as observed by Richard Auty who presents the stark contrast – tens of thousands of times the price per kilogram – of diamonds compared to other resources and consequently how 'lootable' they are.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Auty|first=Richard|date=March 2004|title=Natural resources and civil strife: a two-stage process|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14650040412331307822|journal=Geopolitics|volume=9|issue=1|pages=29–49|doi=10.1080/14650040412331307822|s2cid=144859889|issn=1465-0045}}</ref>
Deep mining for [[gold]], [[Kimberlite|kimberlite diamonds]] or other minerals requires the operation and maintenance of a capital-intensive facility; alluvial deposits by contrast, can be exploited cheaply using artisan tools for however long the relevant land is secured. [[Alluvial diamond mining|Alluvial diamonds]] are therefore more easily exploited by rebels. These differences between primary and secondary diamonds in resource diffusion and cost of extraction are the basis for Lujana et al.'s rejection of non-resource based claims for Botswana and Sierra Leone's different experience of stability and conflict, since both countries have extensive diamond resources but in different formations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lujala|first1=Päivi|last2=Gleditsch|first2=Nils Petter|last3=Gilmore|first3=Elisabeth|date=August 2005|title=A Diamond Curse?|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002705277548|journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution|volume=49|issue=4|pages=538–562|doi=10.1177/0022002705277548|s2cid=154150846|issn=0022-0027}}</ref>
Despite efforts to frustrate the sale of resources emerging from conflicts, a notable workaround is the agreement of what Michael Ross terms 'booty futures',<ref>Ross, Michael L. (2005). Booty futures. Working Paper, University of California, p30.</ref> citing examples mostly from the 1990s concerning diamonds and oil from conflicts in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, the Congo Republic, and Democratic Republic of Congo. In these agreements, worth tens of millions of dollars, both rebels and government parties to conflict negotiate deals to realize value now from the prospect of resource exploitation in the future. This enables the presence of valuable natural resources to finance fighting for either side without being in production or even in the possession and control of said fighters. Natural resources still funding fighters who don't possess them he argues is particularly 'dangerous' because this finance is available to those otherwise losing, or even yet to initiate armed conflict, so can make new conflicts possible or have the effect of lengthening those where defeat may have come sooner.
The different mode of production of kimberlite and alluvial diamonds explains why the presence of the latter in fought over areas fuels conflict in ways the former does not. The need to realise financial value from the resource, means that the availability of 'futures' contracts, and suitability for looting, are key to its influence. Gemstones and rare minerals are much better suited to this activity than heavier or otherwise less portable resources, however valuable those may be in times of peace.
These findings have moved campaigners, policymakers and diplomats to devise regulatory interventions intended to prevent natural resources from funding continued fighting in the hope that this might hasten an end to those conflicts. In the twelve years that followed the end of the Cold War, resolutions imposing sanctions on resource exporters in ten different conflicts were passed by the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref>Le Billon, Philippe (2003) Fuelling war: Natural resources and armed conflict. Adelphi Paper 357, Table 3 p66</ref>
==History==
===Angola===
Reports estimated that as much as 21% of the total diamond production in the 1980s was being sold for illegal and unethical purposes and 19% was specifically ''conflict'' in nature.<ref name=PACWEB>{{cite web |url=http://blooddiamond.pacweb.org/kimberlyprocess/ |title=The Kimberley Controls: How Effective? |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=[[Partnership Africa Canada]] |access-date=8 October 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116014842/http://blooddiamond.pacweb.org/kimberlyprocess/ |archive-date=16 January 2007}}</ref> By 1999, the illegal diamond trade was estimated by the [[World Diamond Council]] to have been reduced to 4% of the world's diamond production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/estimate.shtml%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7c%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com|title=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM|access-date=2015-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219221913/http://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/estimate.shtml%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7c%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com|archive-date=2016-12-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.diamondfacts.org/conflict/index.html |title=Conflict Diamonds - DiamondFacts.org |access-date=2006-12-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211002030/http://www.diamondfacts.org/conflict/index.html |archive-date=2006-12-11 }}</ref> The [[World Diamond Council]] reported that by 2004 this percentage had fallen to approximately 1% and up to today the World Diamond Council refers to this illegal trade to be virtually eliminated, meaning that more than 99% of diamonds being sold have a legal background.<ref name=PACWEB/><ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.venetiamajor.com.au/services/diamonds-gemstones/conflict-diamonds/|title=Conflict Diamonds|work=Venetia Major – Bespoke Jewellery|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410042847/http://www.venetiamajor.com.au/services/diamonds-gemstones/conflict-diamonds/|archive-date=2013-04-10}}</ref>
Despite the UN Resolution, [[UNITA]] was able to continue to sell or trade some diamonds in order to finance its war effort. The UN set out to find how this remaining illicit trade was being conducted and appointed Canadian ambassador [[Robert Fowler (diplomat)|Robert Fowler]] to investigate. In 2000, he produced the [[Fowler Report]], which named those countries, organizations and individuals involved in the trade. The report is credited with establishing the link between diamonds and third world conflicts,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kNErbPSzUUC|title=Diamonds and Conflict: Problems and Solutions|author=Arthur V. Levy|pages=5–6|publisher=N ova Publishers|year=2003 |isbn=1-59033-715-8}}</ref> and led directly to [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295]], as well as the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]]. Still, after the report was published in 2013, smugglers from these African countries were selling blood diamonds through channels less sophisticated, such as social media posts. Rhinestones from Angola, produced by UNITA, were being traded to Cameroon for acquisition of a Cameroonian certificate naturalization to then be sold as legitimate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chutel |first1=Lynsey |title=Selling blood diamonds is as simple as a Facebook post and a WhatsApp message |url=https://qz.com/africa/1014548/blood-diamonds-from-central-african-republic-are-sold-over-facebook-and-whatsapp/ |website=Quartz Africa |date=26 June 2017 |access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref>
===Ivory Coast===
[[Ivory Coast]] began to develop a fledgling diamond mining industry in the early 1990s. A [[Coup d'état|coup]] overthrew the government in 1999, starting a civil war. The country became a route for exporting diamonds from Liberia and war-torn Sierra Leone.<ref name=DFORGConflictbackground>{{cite web |url=http://www.diamondfacts.org/conflict/background.html |title=Background - Conflict Diamonds- DiamondFacts.org |access-date=2006-12-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213064137/http://www.diamondfacts.org/conflict/background.html |archive-date=2006-12-13 }}</ref><ref name=heartmatter>{{cite web |url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/heartmatter.html |title=The Heart of the Matter: Sierra Leone, Diamonds and Human Security - Partnership Africa Canada - Sierra Leone Web |access-date=2006-12-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120121759/http://www.sierra-leone.org/heartmatter.html |archive-date=2007-01-20 }}</ref> Foreign investment begin to withdraw from Ivory Coast. To curtail the illegal trade, the nation stopped all diamond mining and the [[UN Security Council]] banned all exports of diamonds from Ivory Coast in December 2005. This ban lasted about ten years but it was later lifted in April 2014 when members of the UN council voted to suspend the sanction. The Kimberley process officials also notified in November 2013 that Ivory Coast was right producing artisanal diamonds.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Land of Conflict: Ivory Coast Diamonds |url=https://en.israelidiamond.co.il/wikidiamond/diamond-industry-history/land-conflict-ivory-coast-diamonds/ |website=Israeli Diamond Industry |date=10 October 2016 |publisher=The Israeli Diamond Industry |access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=DFORGConflictbackground/>
Despite UN sanctions, the illicit diamond trade still exists in Ivory Coast. Rough diamonds are exported out of the country to neighboring states and international trading centers through the northern [[Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire|Forces Nouvelles]] controlled section of the country, a group which is reported to be using these funds to re-arm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_detail.php/861/en/campaigners_call_for_urgent_action_on_zimbabwe_blo |title=Campaigners call for urgent action on Zimbabwe blood diamonds and wider reform of the Kimberley Process to prevent abuse - media library - global witness |access-date=2011-05-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902191501/http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_detail.php/861/en/campaigners_call_for_urgent_action_on_zimbabwe_blo |archive-date=2010-09-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/550/99/PDF/N0955099.pdf?OpenElement|title=Home Page|author=ODS Team|work=un.org}}</ref>
===Democratic Republic of Congo===
The [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (formerly [[Zaire]]) has suffered numerous looting wars in the 1990s,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.miningafrica.net/mining-countries-africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/ |title=Democratic Republic of Congo |work=Mining Africa |language=en-US |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131192900/http://www.miningafrica.net/mining-countries-africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> but has been a member of the Kimberley Process since 2003 and now exports about 8% of the world's diamonds.<ref name=DFORGConflictbackground/> {{As of|2021}}, there is a warning concerning diamonds proceeding from this area<ref>{{cite web |title=Enforcement |url=https://www.kimberleyprocess.com/en/enforcement |website=Kimberley Process |access-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> since there have been multiple cases of fake Kimberley certificates accompanying the gems. One of [[De Beers]] most celebrated diamonds, the D-colour {{convert|777|carat|g}} [[Millennium Star]] was discovered in the DRC and sold to De Beers, in open competition with other diamond buyers, between 1991 and 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=MacAskill |first1=Ewen |last2=McGreal |first2=Chris |last3=Vidal |first3=John |title=Blood, sweat and ice |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2000/nov/09/features11.g2 |work=The Guardian |date=9 November 2000}}</ref>
===Liberia===
From 1989 to 2003, [[Liberia]] was engaged in [[Second Liberian Civil War|a civil war]]. In 2000, the UN accused Liberian president [[Charles G. Taylor]] of supporting the [[Revolutionary United Front]] (RUF) insurgency in neighboring [[Sierra Leone]] with weapons and training in exchange for diamonds.<ref name="pssure">{{cite news
| title = Pressure Makes Diamonds
| first = Maya
| last = Bornstein
| url = http://cashfordiamondsusa.com/blog/2012/09/pressure-makes-diamonds/
| date = September 2012
| access-date = 2012-09-22
| archive-date = 2012-11-09
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121109082813/http://cashfordiamondsusa.com/blog/2012/09/pressure-makes-diamonds/
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> In 2001, the [[United Nations]] applied sanctions on the Liberian diamond trade. In August 2003, Taylor stepped down as president and, after being exiled to [[Nigeria]], faced trial in [[The Hague]]. On July 21, 2006, he pleaded not guilty to [[crimes against humanity]] and [[war crime]]s,<ref name=DFORGConflictbackground/> of which he was found guilty in April 2012. On May 30, 2012, he began a 50-year sentence in a high security prison in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="nyt">{{cite news
| title = Ex-Liberian Leader Gets 50 Years for War Crimes
| first = Marlise
| last = Simons
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/31/world/africa/charles-taylor-sentenced-to-50-years-for-war-crimes.html?pagewanted=all&_moc.semityn.www
| newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
| date = May 30, 2012
}}</ref>
Around the time of the [[1998 United States embassy bombings]], [[al-Qaeda]] allegedly bought gems from Liberia as some of its other financial assets were frozen.<ref name="BBCal">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2775763.stm|title= Al-Qaeda 'traded blood diamonds'|work=bbc.co.uk|date= 20 February 2003}}</ref>
Having regained peace, Liberia is attempting to construct a legitimate diamond mining industry. The UN has lifted sanctions and Liberia is now a member of the [[Kimberley Process]].<ref>{{cite web|title=UN Security Council votes to lift ban on Liberian diamond exports|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/un-security-council-votes-to-lift-ban-on-liberian-diamond-exports-1.689632|publisher=Associated Press|access-date=11 December 2013}}</ref>
In December 2014 however, Liberian diamonds were reported to be partly [[Child labour in the diamond industry|produced using child labor]] according to the [[United States Department of Labor|U.S. Department of Labor]]'s ''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]''.
=== Sierra Leone ===
The [[Sierra Leone Civil War]] started in 1991 and continued until 2002, costing at least 50,000 lives and causing local people to suffer killings, mutilation, rape, torture and abduction, mainly due to the brutal warfare waged by rebel group, the [[Revolutionary United Front]] (RUF). The Revolutionary United Front (RUF) claimed that they supported causes of justice and democracy in the beginning, but later on they started to control the villages and to prevent local people from voting for the new government by chopping off their limbs. Victims included children and infants. It created numerous examples of physical and psychological harm across Sierra Leone.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/22/world/sierra-leone-measures-terror-in-severed-limbs.html |title=Sierra Leone Measures Terror in Severed Limbs |last=Onishi |first=Norimitsu |date=22 August 1999 |work=The New York Times |access-date=19 December 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
Moreover, they also occupied the diamond mines in order to get access to funding and continued support of their actions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smillie|first=I|date=2013|title=Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law|journal=Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law|volume=46|issue=4|pages=1004}}</ref> For example, during that time, RUF was mining up to $125 million of diamonds yearly. Since diamonds are used as a funding source, they also created opportunities for tax evasion and financial support of crime.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Global Witness|date=2006|title=The Truth About Diamonds : Conflict and Development.|url=https://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/import/the_truth_about_diamonds.pdf|journal=Global Witness}}</ref> Therefore, [[United Nations Security Council]] imposed diamond sanctions in 2000, which were then lifted in 2003. According to [[National Geographic News]], all of these civil wars and conflicts created by rebel groups resulted in over four million deaths in the African population and injuries to over two million civilians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://money.howstuffworks.com/african-diamond-trade2.htm|title=How the African Diamond Trade Works|last=Hoyt|first=A|website=Howstuffworks.com|date=21 April 2008}}</ref> Another latest conflict diamond statistic from Statistic Brain, revealed that Sierra Leone has been listed as second highest in the production of conflict diamonds, which is shown as 1% of the world's production, after Angola, which produced 2.1% in 2016. 15% of Sierra Leone's diamond production are conflict diamonds. It shows that the production of conflict diamonds still exists in Sierra Leone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statisticbrain.com/conflict-diamond-statistics/|title=Conflict Diamond statistics|last=Statistics Brain|date=2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314173102/http://www.statisticbrain.com/conflict-diamond-statistics|archive-date=2012-03-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>
According to the 2005 [[Country Reports on Human Rights Practices|Country Reports on Human Right Practices of Africa from the United States]], serious human rights issues still exist in Sierra Leone, even though the 11-year civil conflict had officially ended by 2002. Sierra Leone remains in an unstable political situation, although the country has elected a new government. The huge consequences of blood diamonds still remains a mainstream issue in Sierra Leone. One of the biggest issues is people still being abused by the security forces, including rape and the use of excessive force on detainees, including teenagers. Child abuse and child labor are other serious issues which took place in Sierra Leone after the civil conflicts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61591.htm|title=2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices in Africa : Sierra Leone|last=U.S. Department of State|date=2006}}</ref> As they need a huge number of workers, the security forces started kidnapping and forcing young adults to be their slaves; children were forced to join their army as soldiers, and women were raped. They even burned entire villages. Thousands of men, women, and children are used as slaves to collect diamonds, and they are forced to use their bare hands to dig in mud along river banks instead of digging with tools.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/26/world/africa/blood-diamonds/index.html|title=How diamonds fuel Africa's conflicts|last=Paul|first=Armstrong|date=2012|website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/89089538/Ethical-Issue-Analyis-Blood-Diamond-Analysis|title=Ethical Issue Analysis: Blood Diamond Analysis|last=Tammy|first=Hanna|date=2012}}</ref>
Based on the report, The Truth About Diamonds: Conflict and Development from Global Witness, it mentioned that Sierra Leone is listed as second from the bottom of the [[United Nations Human Development Index|United Nation Human Development Index]]. It also shows that Sierra Leone still makes slow progress, in 2016, in such different aspects as, for example, education, health, and human rights, since 1990, which is also the year that conflicts took place in Sierra Leone. It shows that it is a huge consequence of blood diamonds that it brought into Sierra Leone.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/SLE |title=Human Development Report - Sierra Leone |date=2016 |website=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |access-date=8 October 2020}}</ref> Even though the war had ended in 2002 and the government tried to improve and adjust the cooperation of the diamond industry. Sierra Leone resulted in an increase of over US$140 million in 2005 and attempted a percentage return of export tax to diamond mining communities. However, it does not improve anything{{snd}}the money is not reaching the public and it has not provided benefit to anyone in the communities. For instance, the Kono district in Sierra Leone has been mined for 70 years, but they still have no basic facilities, like electricity and repairing of roads. Houses are destroyed because of the civil wars.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=November 2006 |title=The Truth About Diamonds: Conflict and Development |url=https://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/import/the_truth_about_diamonds.pdf |publisher=[[Global Witness]] |access-date=8 October 2020}}</ref> It also examines the ethical issues of how rebel groups treat those locals. They used brainwashing of inexperienced young children and forced them to be child soldiers as they lost their personal freedom and rights under command that included violence and intimidation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/89089538/Ethical-Issue-Analyis-Blood-Diamond-Analysis |title=Ethical Issue Analysis – Blood Diamond Analysis |last=Tammy |first=Hanna |date=Spring 2012 |website=[[Scribd]] |access-date=8 October 2020}}</ref>
=== Republic of Congo ===
The [[Republic of the Congo]] (Congo-Brazzaville) was expelled from the Kimberley Process in 2004<ref name=IPS/> because, despite having no official diamond mining industry, the country was [[export]]ing large quantities of diamonds, the origin of which it could not detail. It was also accused of falsifying certificates of origin. The Republic of the Congo was readmitted in 2007.<ref name=IPS>{{cite news|publisher=IPS|access-date=2010-08-11|url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40296|title=Blood Diamonds No Longer Congo-Brazzaville's Best Friend|date=30 Nov 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117091311/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40296|archive-date=2009-01-17}}</ref>
===Zimbabwe===
[[Zimbabwe]] Diamonds are not considered conflict diamonds by the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]].
In July 2010, the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] agreed that diamonds from the country's disputed [[Marange Diamond Fields]] could be sold on the international market,<ref name=TheIndependent>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/zimbabwe-gets-goahead-to-sell-diamonds-again-2028699.html|title=Zimbabwe gets go-ahead to sell diamonds again|work=The Independent|date=23 October 2011}}</ref> after a report from the Scheme's monitor a month earlier described diamonds mined from the fields as [[Conflict-free diamond|conflict-free]].<ref name=WSJ>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703630304575270681883985308|title=Zimbabwe Nears Approval for Marange-Field Diamond Exports |author1=Farai Mutsaka |author2=Peter Wonacott |author3=Sarah Childress |date=28 May 2010|work=WSJ}}</ref>
===Central African Republic===
{{Empty section|date=November 2023}}
==Conflict diamond campaign==
[[Global Witness]] was one of the first organizations to pick up on the link between diamonds and conflicts in Africa in its 1998 report entitled "A Rough Trade".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/A_Rough_Trade.pdf|title=A Rough Trade: The Role of Companies and Governments in the Angolan Conflict|author=Dan Brown|publisher=[[Global Witness]]|access-date=2011-04-11|date=1998-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=raO8jHBdDhYC|page=233|title=Glitter & Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Empire|author=Janine P. Roberts|publisher=The Disinformation Company|year=2003|isbn=0-9713942-9-6}}</ref> With the passing of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173]] in 1998, the United Nations identified the conflict diamond issue as a funding for war. The [[Fowler Report]] in 2000 detailed in depth how [[UNITA]] was financing its war activities, and in May 2000, led directly to the passing of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295]] and the diamond producing countries of southern Africa meeting in [[Kimberley, South Africa|Kimberley]], [[South Africa]] to plan a method by which the trade in conflict diamonds could be halted, and buyers of diamonds could be assured that their diamonds have not contributed to violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/202/41606.html|title=Final Report of the UN Panel of Experts ("The "Fowler Report")|publisher=Global Policy Forum|date=2000-03-10|access-date=2010-03-20|author=Robert Fowler|author-link=Robert Fowler (diplomat)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N00/396/56/PDF/N0039656.pdf |title=Resolution 1295 (2000) }}</ref> In this resolution the Security Council wrote:
<blockquote>Welcomes the proposal that a meeting of experts be convened for the purpose of devising a system of controls to facilitate the implementation of the measures contained in [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173|Resolution 1173]] (1998), including arrangements that would allow for increased transparency and accountability in the control of diamonds from their point of origin to the bourses, emphasizes that it is important that, in devising such controls, every effort be made to avoid inflicting collateral damage on the legitimate diamond trade, and welcomes the intention of the Republic of South Africa to host a relevant conference this year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/SC6988.doc.htm|title=Resolution and Statements of the Security Council 2000|work=un.org}}</ref></blockquote>
===Kimberley Process Certification Scheme===
{{Main|Kimberley Process Certification Scheme}}
On July 19, 2000, the [[World Diamond Congress]] at [[Antwerp]] adopted a resolution to strengthen the diamond industry's ability to block sales of conflict diamonds.<ref name=wdcongress2000>{{cite web|url=http://www.diamondfacts.org/facts/fact_06.html|title=Fact #6 – The Facts |work=DiamondFacts.org|access-date=2006-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153143/http://diamondfacts.org/facts/fact_06.html|archive-date=2007-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=CNNJuly2000>{{cite web|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2000-07-19/world/africa.diamonds.01.reut_1_conflict-diamonds-diamond-industry-rough-diamonds?_s=PM:WORLD|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403165546/http://articles.cnn.com/2000-07-19/world/africa.diamonds.01.reut_1_conflict-diamonds-diamond-industry-rough-diamonds?_s=PM%3AWORLD|title=Diamond leaders in pact to ban 'conflict gems' funding African wars|archive-date=3 April 2012|work=CNN|url-status=dead}}</ref> The resolution called for an international certification system on the export and import of diamonds, legislation in all countries to accept only officially sealed packages of diamonds, for countries to impose criminal charges on anyone trafficking in conflict diamonds, and instituted a ban on any individual found trading in conflict diamonds from the diamond [[Exchange (organized market)|bourses]] of the [[World Federation of Diamond Bourses]].<ref name=CNNJuly2000/> The Kimberley Process was at the start led by South Africa and Canada as vice president and since then every year a new chair and vice chair country are elected to maintain the legitimacy of their practices.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chair |url=https://www.kimberleyprocess.com/en/chair |website=Kimberley Process |access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref> This system tracks diamonds from the mine to the market and regulates the policing surrounding the export, manufacture and sale of the products. Also in tourist countries like the [[United Arab Emirates]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. All the Kimberley member states are not allowed to trade with non members.{{Clarify|date=January 2014}} Before a gemstone is allowed through the airports to other countries, the Kimberley Certification must be presented by the gem's owner or obtained from a renowned attorney. The certificate should also be requested by the customer when the gems have reached a retail store to ensure its provenance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.debeersgroup.com/ImageVaultFiles/id_841/cf_5/Diamonds-_development_and_democracy_April_2008.PDF |title=Diamonds, Development, and Democracy |first=Nicky |last=Oppenheimer |publisher=debeersgroup.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005102236/http://www.debeersgroup.com/ImageVaultFiles/id_841/cf_5/Diamonds-_development_and_democracy_April_2008.PDF |archive-date=2012-10-05 }}</ref>
On January 17–18 of 2001, diamond industry figures convened and formed the new organization, the [[World Diamond Council]]. This new body set out to draft a new process, whereby all diamond rough could be certified as coming from a non-conflict source.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/chairmansreportforlondon.shtml%257|title=World Diamond Council |website=www.worlddiamondcouncil.com|access-date=2017-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515044024/http://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/chairmansreportforlondon.shtml%257|archive-date=2018-05-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The KPCS was given approval by the UN on March 13, 2002,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/497/66/PDF/N0149766.pdf |title=UN Resolution 56/263 – The role of diamonds in fueling conflict: breaking the link between the illicit transaction of rough diamonds and armed conflict as a contribution to prevention and settlement of conflicts }} UN 96th plenary meeting, 13 March 2002, accessed online November 6, 2006</ref> and in November, after two years of negotiation between governments, diamond producers, and Non-Government organizations, the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] was created.
The Kimberley Process attempted to curtail the flow of conflict diamonds, help stabilize fragile countries and support their development. As the Kimberley Process has made life harder for criminals, it has brought large volumes of diamonds onto the legal market that would not otherwise have made it there. This has increased the revenues of poor governments, and helped them to address their countries’ development challenges. For instance, around $125 million worth of diamonds were legally exported from Sierra Leone in 2006, compared to almost none at the end of the 1990s.<ref name="kimberly">{{cite news
|title = Kimberley Process basics
|url = http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/web/kimberley-process/kp-basics
|newspaper = [[Kimberley Process]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120905181753/http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/web/kimberley-process/kp-basics
|archive-date = 2012-09-05
}}</ref>
===Shortcomings and criticism===
The Kimberley Process has ultimately failed to stem the flow of blood diamonds, leading key proponents such as Global Witness to abandon the scheme.<ref name="Failed">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16027011|title=NGO Global Witness leaves diamond vetting scheme|date=5 December 2011|access-date=5 December 2011|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> In addition, there is no guarantee that diamonds with a Kimberley Process Certification are in fact conflict-free. This is due to the nature of the corrupt government officials in the leading diamond producing countries. It is common for these officials to be bribed with $50 to $100 a day in exchange for paperwork declaring that blood diamonds are Kimberley Process Certified.<ref name="Ryan">{{cite web|author=Ryan, E. Kieron|title=Blood Diamond Farce|date=11 August 2010|access-date=12 December 2011|url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/orig11/ryan-k1.1.1.html}}</ref>
===Transparency===
The Kimberley system attempted to increase governments' [[Transparency (market)|transparency]] by forcing them to keep records of the diamonds they are exporting and importing and how much they are worth. In theory, this would show governments their finances so that they can be held accountable for how much they are spending for the benefit of the country's population. However non-compliance by countries such as Venezuela has led to the failure of accountability.<ref name="Failed"/>
The company Materialytics claims that it can trace the origin of virtually any diamond using [[laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://materialytics.com/gsa2015determinationofdiamondprovenance/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404201008/http://materialytics.com/gsa2015determinationofdiamondprovenance/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-04-04|title=Diamonds: GSA 2015: Determination of Diamond Provenance|work=materialytics.com}}</ref> However, there is no way to know whether a diamond purchased online is blood free or not.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thediamondringreview.com/2017/10/the-real-story-history-of-conflict_14.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020191028/http://www.thediamondringreview.com/2017/10/the-real-story-history-of-conflict_14.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-10-20|title=The Real Story & History of Conflict Blood Diamonds|website=www.thediamondringreview.com|access-date=2017-10-20}}</ref>
== Policy responses ==
=== American policy ===
{{Wikisource|Executive Order 13194}}
On January 18, 2001, President [[Bill Clinton]] issued Executive Order 13194 which prohibited the importation of rough diamonds from Sierra Leone into the United States in accordance with the UN resolutions.<ref>Clinton, William {{cite web|url= http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr23ja01-143.pdf |title=FR Doc. 01–2140 – Executive Order 13194 of January 18, 2001 – Prohibiting the Importation of Rough Diamonds From Sierra Leone }} The White House, January 18, 2001, accessed online December 24, 2006</ref> On May 22, 2001, President [[George W. Bush]] issued Executive Order 13213 which banned rough diamond importation from Liberia into the United States. Liberia had been recognized by the United Nations as acting as a pipeline for conflict diamonds from Sierra Leone.<ref>Bush, George W. {{cite web|url= http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr24my01-113.pdf |title=FR Doc. 01–13381 – Executive Order 13213 – Additional Measures With Respect To Prohibiting the Importation of Rough Diamonds From Sierra Leone }} The White House, May 22, 2001, accessed online December 24, 2006</ref>
The [[United States]] enacted the [[Clean Diamond Trade Act]] (CDTA) on April 25, 2003,<ref name=CDTA>{{cite web|url= http://www.fas.org/asmp/resources/govern/108th/pl_108_19.pdf |title=Public Law 108-19 – An Act To implement effective measures to stop trade in conflict diamonds, and for other purposes. Apr. 25, 2003 }} {{small|(42.1 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])}} 108th Congress of the United States, April 25, 2003, accessed online December 24, 2006</ref> implemented on July 29, 2003, by [[Executive Order 13312]].<ref>Bush, George W {{cite web |url= http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-19676.pdf |title= FR Doc. 03-19676 – Executive Order 13312 of July 29, 2003 – Implementing the Clean Diamond Trade Act |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120409/http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-19676.pdf |archive-date= September 29, 2007 }} {{small|(26.3 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])}} The White House, July 29, 2003, accessed online December 24, 2006</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gao.gov/htext/d06978.html|title=GAO-06-978, Conflict Diamonds: Agency Actions Needed to Enhance Implementation of the Clean Diamond Trade Act|date=27 September 2006|work=gao.gov|access-date=9 December 2006|archive-date=14 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214000648/http://www.gao.gov/htext/d06978.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The CDTA installed the legislation to implement the KPCS in law in the United States. The implementation of this legislation was key to the success of the KPCS, as the United States is the largest consumer of diamonds. The CDTA states: 'As the consumer of a majority of the world's supply of diamonds, the United States has an obligation to help sever the link between diamonds and conflict and press for implementation of an effective solution.<ref name=CDTA/>
The [[United States Department of State]] also maintains an office for a Special Adviser for Conflict Diamonds. As of October 14, 2015, the position is held by Ashley Orbach.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/diamonds/ United States Department of State]</ref>
=== Canadian policy ===
During the 1990s, diamond-rich areas were discovered in Northern Canada. [[Canada]] is one of the key players in the diamond industry. [[Partnership Africa Canada]] was created in 1986 to help with the crisis in Africa. This organization is also part of the Diamond Development Initiative. The Diamond Development Initiative helps improve and regulate the legal diamond industry.
The [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme|Kimberley Process]] was initiated in May 2000 by [[South Africa]] with Canada, a major supporter of instituting the scheme. Canada has now passed several laws that help stop the trade of conflict diamonds. The laws deal with the export and import of rough diamonds, and also how they are transferred. In December 2002, the Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act was passed by the Canadian government. This law acts as a system that helps control the importing, exporting and transporting of rough diamonds through Canada. The Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act also states that the Kimberley Process is the minimum requirement of certifying rough diamonds and a certificate is also required for all shipments of diamonds. This certificate is called the Canadian Certificate, it gives permission for an officer to seize any shipment of diamonds that does not meet the requirements of the Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act.<ref name="stop">{{cite web|url=http://www.stopblooddiamonds.org/Canadian-Policy-Laws.asp|title=Stop Blood Diamonds – Creating a Conflict Free Diamond World|work=stopblooddiamonds.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510200002/http://www.stopblooddiamonds.org/Canadian-Policy-Laws.asp|archive-date=2007-05-10}}</ref>
The Government of the Northwest Territories of Canada (GNWT) also has a unique certification program. They offer a Government certificate on all diamonds that are mined, cut, and polished in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Canadian diamonds are tracked from the mine, through the refining process, to the retail jeweler with a unique diamond identification number (DIN) laser inscribed on the diamond's girdle. To obtain this certificate one must cut and polish the diamond in the NWT.
== Technology response ==
Technical services have emerged that may act as a solution for tracking diamond movement across borders. A service was launched in July 2016 that allows managers to build systems using a [[blockchain]] database for tracking high-value or highly regulated items through a [[supply chain]]. Everledger is one using such a system to "record the movement of diamonds from mines to jewelry stores" and is one of the inaugural clients of a new blockchain-based tracking service from [[IBM]].<ref name=wsj20160714>{{cite news |last=Nash |first=Kim S. |date=14 July 2016 |title=IBM Pushes Blockchain into the Supply Chain |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-pushes-blockchain-into-the-supply-chain-1468528824 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>
In addition, the rise of lab-grown diamonds presents an alternative to mined diamonds. Lab-grown diamonds are chemically and physically identical to mined diamonds but without the ethical and environmental downsides of traditional mining.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCreddie-Doak |first=Laura |date=2020-09-28 |title=Can lab-grown diamonds replace the real thing? |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/lab-grown-diamonds-ethical-luxury-sept/index.html |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
==In popular culture==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}
* "[[Diamonds from Sierra Leone]]" is a [[Grammy]]-winning song by American rapper [[Kanye West]] about blood diamonds in [[Sierra Leone]]. The remix version has verses that detail the blood diamond trade in Sierra Leone, and comments about the Western public unawareness of the origins of the diamonds linked to the conflict.
* Conflict diamonds are a central plot point throughout the [[James Bond]] film ''[[Die Another Day]]'' (2002).
* The origins of the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme|Kimberley Process]] were dramatized in [[Ed Zwick]]'s motion picture ''[[Blood Diamond]]'' (2006), starring [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] and [[Djimon Hounsou]]. The film helped to publicize the controversy surrounding conflict diamonds and led to worldwide awareness of the Western African involvement in the diamond trade.
* The ''[[CSI: Miami]]'' episode "Man Down" (2007) involves the trafficking of African blood diamonds.
* Season 3, episode 2 of ''[[CSI: NY]]'', first started out as a jewelry store robbery soon uncovered a group of criminals desperate to reacquire a blood diamond stolen during the commission of the robbery.
* Law & Order episode "Soldier of Fortune" (2001) involves the murder of a diamond broker who has knowledge of a blood diamond connection between Sierra Leone and a Swiss diamond company.
* Danish filmmaker [[Mads Brügger]]'s documentary ''[[The Ambassador (2011 film)|Ambassadøren]]'' (2011, in English: "The Ambassador") addresses the trade in [[diplomatic passport]]s in order to make money with blood diamonds.
* Players compete in ''[[Diamond Trust of London]]'' to extract diamonds out of Angola before the implementation of the Kimberley Process.
*
* ''Blood Diamonds'' is a thriller fiction book title by Jon Land, copyright 2002; {{ISBN|0-765-30226-8}}
* The [[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)|Hawaii Five-0 (2010)]] episode [[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 2)#Episodes|Kalele]] revolves around the smuggling of conflict diamonds.
* The 2009 Tamil movie ''[[Ayan (film)|Ayan]]'' portrays an insurgent group in [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] selling blood diamonds to international buyers to purchase [[AK-47]]s in exchange.
* The video game ''[[Far Cry 2]]'' uses blood diamonds as a currency and it also serves a plot point in the main story.
* In the video games ''[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]'', ''[[Grand Theft Auto: The Lost and Damned]]'', and ''[[Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony]]'', there are a few missions involving blood diamonds being traded on the [[black market]].
* The 2018 film ''[[Uncut Gems]]'' features blood diamonds being traded on the black market.
==See also==
* [[List of diamonds]]
==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}
===Literature===
{{Refbegin|40em}}
*{{cite journal|author=Bell, Udy|title=Sierra Leone: Building on a Hard-Won Peace|year=2000|journal=UN Chronicle Online Edition|issue=4|access-date=2007-05-31|url=https://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2005/issue4/0405p42.html}}
*{{cite book |first=Daniel |last=Bergner |title=In the Land of Magic Soldiers: A Story of White and Black in West Africa |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |location=New York |year=2003 |isbn=0-374-26653-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/inlandofmagicsol00berg }}
*{{cite book|first=Greg |last=Campbell |title=Blood Diamonds: Tracing the Deadly Path of the World's Most Precious Stones|publisher=[[Westview Press]] |location=Boulder, Colo |year=2002 |isbn=0-8133-3939-1 }}
*{{cite book|author=Cilliers, Jakkie|author2=Christian Dietrich|title=Angola's War Economy|location=Pretoria|publisher=Institute for Security Studies|year=2000|url=http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/BOOKS/ANGOLA.HTML|isbn=978-0-620-26645-1|access-date=2006-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923170249/http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/BOOKS/Angola.html|archive-date=2006-09-23|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book |first=Edward Jay|last=Epstein|title=The Rise and Fall of Diamonds: The Shattering of a Brilliant Illusion|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|location=New York|year=1982|isbn=0-671-41289-2}}
*{{cite book|first=Philippe Le|last=Billon|title=Fuelling War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflicts|publisher=Routledge|location=London|year=2005|isbn=0-415-37970-9}}
*{{cite book|first=Arthur V.|last=Levy|title=Diamonds and Conflict: Problems and Solutions|publisher=Hauppauge |location=New York|year=2003|isbn=1-59033-715-8}}
*{{cite journal|author=Le Billon, Philippe|title=Fatal Transactions: Conflict Diamonds and the (Anti)terrorist Consumer|journal=Antipode|year=2006|volume=38|issue=4|pages=778–801|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8330.2006.00476.x}}
*{{cite book|first=William|last=Reno|title=Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone |publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK |year=1995|isbn=0-521-47179-6}}
*{{cite book|first=Janine |last=Roberts |title=Glitter and Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Cartel |publisher=Disinformation |location=New York |year=2007 |orig-year=2003 |isbn=978-1-932857-60-3}}
*{{cite book|first=Ingrid J. |last=Tamm|title=Diamonds In Peace and War: Severing the Conflict Diamond Connection |publisher=World peace foundation|location=Cambridge, Mass|year=2002|isbn=0-9721033-5-X}}{{cite web|url= http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/cchrp/Web%20Working%20Papers/WPF-Tamm%20Diamond%20Report.pdf |title=PDF |date=11 September 2023 }} {{small|(673 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}
*{{cite journal|author=Unruh, Jon|title=Housing, land and property rights as war-financing commodities: A typology with lessons from Darfur, Colombia and Syria|year=2022|journal=Stability: International Journal of Security and Development |volume=10|issue=10|doi=10.5334/sta.811|s2cid=247565996|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite book|first=Tom|last=Zoellner|title=The Heartless Stone: A Journey the Money Through the World of Diamonds, Deceit and Desire|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|year=2006|isbn=0-312-33969-0|url=https://archive.org/details/heartlessstonejo00zoel}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
*[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703589404575417460834079500 The Truth About Blood Diamonds – The international focus on "conflict minerals" is a self-serving charade.; The Wall Street Journal]
*[http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/diamond/index.htm Diamonds in Conflict – Global Policy Forum]
*[http://pawss.hampshire.edu/topics/conflictdiamonds/index.html PAWSS Conflict Topics – Conflict Diamonds]
*[http://www.diamondfacts.org DiamondFacts.org] – World Diamond Council
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110630113046/http://www.allasone.org/diamond.php AllAsOne.org] – Blood diamond trade awareness
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061026183958/http://www.stopblooddiamonds.org/ Stop Blood Diamonds] – Blood diamonds awareness initiative
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070418170222/http://www.israelidiamond.co.il/English/news.aspx?boneId=741&objid=1710 Stopping Blood Diamonds] – The success of the Kimberley Process
*[http://www.thediamondringcompany.co.uk/conflict-diamonds Africa's War with Blood Diamonds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404084005/http://www.thediamondringcompany.co.uk/conflict-diamonds |date=2019-04-04 }}
*[http://www.seattlediamonds.com/diamonds/canadian-diamonds Canadian Mined Diamonds]
*[http://www.icij.org/project/swiss-leaks/diamond-dealers-deep-trouble-bank-documents-shine-light-secret-ways Diamond Dealers in Deep Trouble as Bank Documents Shine Light on Secret Ways] ''– Documentation about financial flows between [[HSBC Private Bank]] and blood diamond dealers (see also [[Swiss Leaks]])''
*[https://time.com/blood-diamonds/ Blood Diamonds] – Time magazine
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091753/http://www.makaangola.org/images/files/Diamantes%20de%20Sangue_Rafael%20Marques.pdf Editora Oferece "Diamantes de Sangue" em Formato Digital a Todos]. ''Maka Angola'', ''Editora da Tinta da China'' {{in lang|pt|nocat=true}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Blood Diamond}}
[[Category:Blood diamonds| ]]
[[Category:Diamond mines]]
[[Category:Politics of mining in Africa]]
[[Category:Ethically disputed business practices]]
[[Category:Aftermath of war]]
[[Category:Luxury brands]]
[[Category:Mining in Angola]]
[[Category:Mining in Liberia]]
[[Category:Mining in Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:Natural resources in Africa]]
[[Category:Mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Resource extraction]]
[[Category:Smuggling]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Illegal mining]]
[[Category:Funding of terrorism]]
[[Category:Organized crime activity]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Angola]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Liberia]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:War crimes in the Sierra Leone Civil War]]
[[Category:Mining in Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Ivory Coast]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{About|diamonds mined in war zones|the 2006 film|Blood Diamond|other uses|Blood diamond (disambiguation)}}
{{short description|Diamonds mined in a war zone and sold to finance conflict}}
[[Image:Hands ondiamonds 350.jpg|thumb|Panning for diamonds in [[Sierra Leone]].]]
[[File:Unsustainable Growth.webm|thumb|Diamond mining in Sierra Leone]]
'''Blood diamonds''' (also called '''conflict diamonds''', '''brown diamonds''', '''hot diamonds''', or '''red diamonds''') are [[diamond]]s [[Diamond mining|mined]] in a war zone and sold to finance an [[insurgency]], an invading army's war efforts, [[terrorism]], or a [[warlord]]'s activity. The term is used ching chong ling longs mine in native consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas, or to label an individual diamond as having come from such an area. Diamonds mined during the 20th–21st century civil wars in [[Angola]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]], [[Guinea]], and [[Guinea-Bissau]] have been given the label.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023004513/http://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html Conflict Diamonds].'' United Nations Department of Public Information, March 21, 2001, archived online 23 October 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/january-2007/conflict-resources-%E2%80%98curse%E2%80%99-blessing "Conflict resources: from 'curse' to blessing"] by Ernest Harsch. Africa Renewal: January 2007.</ref><ref name="KPSCStatistics">{{cite web |url=https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |title=Global Summary 2008 |work=[[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726231200/https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref> The term [[conflict resource]] refers to analogous situations involving other natural resources. Blood diamonds can also be smuggled by [[organized crime]] syndicates so that they could be sold on the black market.
== Financing conflict ==
[[Philippe Le Billon]] describes the 'conflict resources' argument resting on the suggestion that the most valuable resources, if available to the weaker force in a conflict, can 'motivate' and serve to sustain it.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Le Billon|first=Philippe|date=2008-04-14|title=Diamond Wars? Conflict Diamonds and Geographies of Resource Wars|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=98|issue=2|pages=345–372|doi=10.1080/00045600801922422|issn=0004-5608|doi-access=free}}</ref> Commodity prices on global markets, however, are not an adequate proxy for the economic value of a natural resource to participants in armed conflict. Critical factors include location, mode of production, and subsequent route to market. Gemstones are exceptionally light and small in relation to their value as observed by Richard Auty who presents the stark contrast – tens of thousands of times the price per kilogram – of diamonds compared to other resources and consequently how 'lootable' they are.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Auty|first=Richard|date=March 2004|title=Natural resources and civil strife: a two-stage process|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14650040412331307822|journal=Geopolitics|volume=9|issue=1|pages=29–49|doi=10.1080/14650040412331307822|s2cid=144859889|issn=1465-0045}}</ref>
Deep mining for [[gold]], [[Kimberlite|kimberlite diamonds]] or other minerals requires the operation and maintenance of a capital-intensive facility; alluvial deposits by contrast, can be exploited cheaply using artisan tools for however long the relevant land is secured. [[Alluvial diamond mining|Alluvial diamonds]] are therefore more easily exploited by rebels. These differences between primary and secondary diamonds in resource diffusion and cost of extraction are the basis for Lujana et al.'s rejection of non-resource based claims for Botswana and Sierra Leone's different experience of stability and conflict, since both countries have extensive diamond resources but in different formations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lujala|first1=Päivi|last2=Gleditsch|first2=Nils Petter|last3=Gilmore|first3=Elisabeth|date=August 2005|title=A Diamond Curse?|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002705277548|journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution|volume=49|issue=4|pages=538–562|doi=10.1177/0022002705277548|s2cid=154150846|issn=0022-0027}}</ref>
Despite efforts to frustrate the sale of resources emerging from conflicts, a notable workaround is the agreement of what Michael Ross terms 'booty futures',<ref>Ross, Michael L. (2005). Booty futures. Working Paper, University of California, p30.</ref> citing examples mostly from the 1990s concerning diamonds and oil from conflicts in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, the Congo Republic, and Democratic Republic of Congo. In these agreements, worth tens of millions of dollars, both rebels and government parties to conflict negotiate deals to realize value now from the prospect of resource exploitation in the future. This enables the presence of valuable natural resources to finance fighting for either side without being in production or even in the possession and control of said fighters. Natural resources still funding fighters who don't possess them he argues is particularly 'dangerous' because this finance is available to those otherwise losing, or even yet to initiate armed conflict, so can make new conflicts possible or have the effect of lengthening those where defeat may have come sooner.
The different mode of production of kimberlite and alluvial diamonds explains why the presence of the latter in fought over areas fuels conflict in ways the former does not. The need to realise financial value from the resource, means that the availability of 'futures' contracts, and suitability for looting, are key to its influence. Gemstones and rare minerals are much better suited to this activity than heavier or otherwise less portable resources, however valuable those may be in times of peace.
These findings have moved campaigners, policymakers and diplomats to devise regulatory interventions intended to prevent natural resources from funding continued fighting in the hope that this might hasten an end to those conflicts. In the twelve years that followed the end of the Cold War, resolutions imposing sanctions on resource exporters in ten different conflicts were passed by the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref>Le Billon, Philippe (2003) Fuelling war: Natural resources and armed conflict. Adelphi Paper 357, Table 3 p66</ref>
==History==
===Angola===
Reports estimated that as much as 21% of the total diamond production in the 1980s was being sold for illegal and unethical purposes and 19% was specifically ''conflict'' in nature.<ref name=PACWEB>{{cite web |url=http://blooddiamond.pacweb.org/kimberlyprocess/ |title=The Kimberley Controls: How Effective? |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=[[Partnership Africa Canada]] |access-date=8 October 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116014842/http://blooddiamond.pacweb.org/kimberlyprocess/ |archive-date=16 January 2007}}</ref> By 1999, the illegal diamond trade was estimated by the [[World Diamond Council]] to have been reduced to 4% of the world's diamond production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/estimate.shtml%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7c%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com|title=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM|access-date=2015-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219221913/http://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/estimate.shtml%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7c%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com|archive-date=2016-12-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.diamondfacts.org/conflict/index.html |title=Conflict Diamonds - DiamondFacts.org |access-date=2006-12-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211002030/http://www.diamondfacts.org/conflict/index.html |archive-date=2006-12-11 }}</ref> The [[World Diamond Council]] reported that by 2004 this percentage had fallen to approximately 1% and up to today the World Diamond Council refers to this illegal trade to be virtually eliminated, meaning that more than 99% of diamonds being sold have a legal background.<ref name=PACWEB/><ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.venetiamajor.com.au/services/diamonds-gemstones/conflict-diamonds/|title=Conflict Diamonds|work=Venetia Major – Bespoke Jewellery|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410042847/http://www.venetiamajor.com.au/services/diamonds-gemstones/conflict-diamonds/|archive-date=2013-04-10}}</ref>
Despite the UN Resolution, [[UNITA]] was able to continue to sell or trade some diamonds in order to finance its war effort. The UN set out to find how this remaining illicit trade was being conducted and appointed Canadian ambassador [[Robert Fowler (diplomat)|Robert Fowler]] to investigate. In 2000, he produced the [[Fowler Report]], which named those countries, organizations and individuals involved in the trade. The report is credited with establishing the link between diamonds and third world conflicts,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kNErbPSzUUC|title=Diamonds and Conflict: Problems and Solutions|author=Arthur V. Levy|pages=5–6|publisher=N ova Publishers|year=2003 |isbn=1-59033-715-8}}</ref> and led directly to [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295]], as well as the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]]. Still, after the report was published in 2013, smugglers from these African countries were selling blood diamonds through channels less sophisticated, such as social media posts. Rhinestones from Angola, produced by UNITA, were being traded to Cameroon for acquisition of a Cameroonian certificate naturalization to then be sold as legitimate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chutel |first1=Lynsey |title=Selling blood diamonds is as simple as a Facebook post and a WhatsApp message |url=https://qz.com/africa/1014548/blood-diamonds-from-central-african-republic-are-sold-over-facebook-and-whatsapp/ |website=Quartz Africa |date=26 June 2017 |access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref>
===Ivory Coast===
[[Ivory Coast]] began to develop a fledgling diamond mining industry in the early 1990s. A [[Coup d'état|coup]] overthrew the government in 1999, starting a civil war. The country became a route for exporting diamonds from Liberia and war-torn Sierra Leone.<ref name=DFORGConflictbackground>{{cite web |url=http://www.diamondfacts.org/conflict/background.html |title=Background - Conflict Diamonds- DiamondFacts.org |access-date=2006-12-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213064137/http://www.diamondfacts.org/conflict/background.html |archive-date=2006-12-13 }}</ref><ref name=heartmatter>{{cite web |url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/heartmatter.html |title=The Heart of the Matter: Sierra Leone, Diamonds and Human Security - Partnership Africa Canada - Sierra Leone Web |access-date=2006-12-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120121759/http://www.sierra-leone.org/heartmatter.html |archive-date=2007-01-20 }}</ref> Foreign investment begin to withdraw from Ivory Coast. To curtail the illegal trade, the nation stopped all diamond mining and the [[UN Security Council]] banned all exports of diamonds from Ivory Coast in December 2005. This ban lasted about ten years but it was later lifted in April 2014 when members of the UN council voted to suspend the sanction. The Kimberley process officials also notified in November 2013 that Ivory Coast was right producing artisanal diamonds.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Land of Conflict: Ivory Coast Diamonds |url=https://en.israelidiamond.co.il/wikidiamond/diamond-industry-history/land-conflict-ivory-coast-diamonds/ |website=Israeli Diamond Industry |date=10 October 2016 |publisher=The Israeli Diamond Industry |access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=DFORGConflictbackground/>
Despite UN sanctions, the illicit diamond trade still exists in Ivory Coast. Rough diamonds are exported out of the country to neighboring states and international trading centers through the northern [[Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire|Forces Nouvelles]] controlled section of the country, a group which is reported to be using these funds to re-arm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_detail.php/861/en/campaigners_call_for_urgent_action_on_zimbabwe_blo |title=Campaigners call for urgent action on Zimbabwe blood diamonds and wider reform of the Kimberley Process to prevent abuse - media library - global witness |access-date=2011-05-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902191501/http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_detail.php/861/en/campaigners_call_for_urgent_action_on_zimbabwe_blo |archive-date=2010-09-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/550/99/PDF/N0955099.pdf?OpenElement|title=Home Page|author=ODS Team|work=un.org}}</ref>
===Democratic Republic of Congo===
The [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (formerly [[Zaire]]) has suffered numerous looting wars in the 1990s,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.miningafrica.net/mining-countries-africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/ |title=Democratic Republic of Congo |work=Mining Africa |language=en-US |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131192900/http://www.miningafrica.net/mining-countries-africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> but has been a member of the Kimberley Process since 2003 and now exports about 8% of the world's diamonds.<ref name=DFORGConflictbackground/> {{As of|2021}}, there is a warning concerning diamonds proceeding from this area<ref>{{cite web |title=Enforcement |url=https://www.kimberleyprocess.com/en/enforcement |website=Kimberley Process |access-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> since there have been multiple cases of fake Kimberley certificates accompanying the gems. One of [[De Beers]] most celebrated diamonds, the D-colour {{convert|777|carat|g}} [[Millennium Star]] was discovered in the DRC and sold to De Beers, in open competition with other diamond buyers, between 1991 and 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=MacAskill |first1=Ewen |last2=McGreal |first2=Chris |last3=Vidal |first3=John |title=Blood, sweat and ice |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2000/nov/09/features11.g2 |work=The Guardian |date=9 November 2000}}</ref>
===Liberia===
From 1989 to 2003, [[Liberia]] was engaged in [[Second Liberian Civil War|a civil war]]. In 2000, the UN accused Liberian president [[Charles G. Taylor]] of supporting the [[Revolutionary United Front]] (RUF) insurgency in neighboring [[Sierra Leone]] with weapons and training in exchange for diamonds.<ref name="pssure">{{cite news
| title = Pressure Makes Diamonds
| first = Maya
| last = Bornstein
| url = http://cashfordiamondsusa.com/blog/2012/09/pressure-makes-diamonds/
| date = September 2012
| access-date = 2012-09-22
| archive-date = 2012-11-09
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121109082813/http://cashfordiamondsusa.com/blog/2012/09/pressure-makes-diamonds/
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> In 2001, the [[United Nations]] applied sanctions on the Liberian diamond trade. In August 2003, Taylor stepped down as president and, after being exiled to [[Nigeria]], faced trial in [[The Hague]]. On July 21, 2006, he pleaded not guilty to [[crimes against humanity]] and [[war crime]]s,<ref name=DFORGConflictbackground/> of which he was found guilty in April 2012. On May 30, 2012, he began a 50-year sentence in a high security prison in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="nyt">{{cite news
| title = Ex-Liberian Leader Gets 50 Years for War Crimes
| first = Marlise
| last = Simons
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/31/world/africa/charles-taylor-sentenced-to-50-years-for-war-crimes.html?pagewanted=all&_moc.semityn.www
| newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
| date = May 30, 2012
}}</ref>
Around the time of the [[1998 United States embassy bombings]], [[al-Qaeda]] allegedly bought gems from Liberia as some of its other financial assets were frozen.<ref name="BBCal">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2775763.stm|title= Al-Qaeda 'traded blood diamonds'|work=bbc.co.uk|date= 20 February 2003}}</ref>
Having regained peace, Liberia is attempting to construct a legitimate diamond mining industry. The UN has lifted sanctions and Liberia is now a member of the [[Kimberley Process]].<ref>{{cite web|title=UN Security Council votes to lift ban on Liberian diamond exports|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/un-security-council-votes-to-lift-ban-on-liberian-diamond-exports-1.689632|publisher=Associated Press|access-date=11 December 2013}}</ref>
In December 2014 however, Liberian diamonds were reported to be partly [[Child labour in the diamond industry|produced using child labor]] according to the [[United States Department of Labor|U.S. Department of Labor]]'s ''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]''.
=== Sierra Leone ===
The [[Sierra Leone Civil War]] started in 1991 and continued until 2002, costing at least 50,000 lives and causing local people to suffer killings, mutilation, rape, torture and abduction, mainly due to the brutal warfare waged by rebel group, the [[Revolutionary United Front]] (RUF). The Revolutionary United Front (RUF) claimed that they supported causes of justice and democracy in the beginning, but later on they started to control the villages and to prevent local people from voting for the new government by chopping off their limbs. Victims included children and infants. It created numerous examples of physical and psychological harm across Sierra Leone.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/22/world/sierra-leone-measures-terror-in-severed-limbs.html |title=Sierra Leone Measures Terror in Severed Limbs |last=Onishi |first=Norimitsu |date=22 August 1999 |work=The New York Times |access-date=19 December 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
Moreover, they also occupied the diamond mines in order to get access to funding and continued support of their actions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smillie|first=I|date=2013|title=Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law|journal=Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law|volume=46|issue=4|pages=1004}}</ref> For example, during that time, RUF was mining up to $125 million of diamonds yearly. Since diamonds are used as a funding source, they also created opportunities for tax evasion and financial support of crime.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Global Witness|date=2006|title=The Truth About Diamonds : Conflict and Development.|url=https://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/import/the_truth_about_diamonds.pdf|journal=Global Witness}}</ref> Therefore, [[United Nations Security Council]] imposed diamond sanctions in 2000, which were then lifted in 2003. According to [[National Geographic News]], all of these civil wars and conflicts created by rebel groups resulted in over four million deaths in the African population and injuries to over two million civilians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://money.howstuffworks.com/african-diamond-trade2.htm|title=How the African Diamond Trade Works|last=Hoyt|first=A|website=Howstuffworks.com|date=21 April 2008}}</ref> Another latest conflict diamond statistic from Statistic Brain, revealed that Sierra Leone has been listed as second highest in the production of conflict diamonds, which is shown as 1% of the world's production, after Angola, which produced 2.1% in 2016. 15% of Sierra Leone's diamond production are conflict diamonds. It shows that the production of conflict diamonds still exists in Sierra Leone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statisticbrain.com/conflict-diamond-statistics/|title=Conflict Diamond statistics|last=Statistics Brain|date=2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314173102/http://www.statisticbrain.com/conflict-diamond-statistics|archive-date=2012-03-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>
According to the 2005 [[Country Reports on Human Rights Practices|Country Reports on Human Right Practices of Africa from the United States]], serious human rights issues still exist in Sierra Leone, even though the 11-year civil conflict had officially ended by 2002. Sierra Leone remains in an unstable political situation, although the country has elected a new government. The huge consequences of blood diamonds still remains a mainstream issue in Sierra Leone. One of the biggest issues is people still being abused by the security forces, including rape and the use of excessive force on detainees, including teenagers. Child abuse and child labor are other serious issues which took place in Sierra Leone after the civil conflicts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61591.htm|title=2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices in Africa : Sierra Leone|last=U.S. Department of State|date=2006}}</ref> As they need a huge number of workers, the security forces started kidnapping and forcing young adults to be their slaves; children were forced to join their army as soldiers, and women were raped. They even burned entire villages. Thousands of men, women, and children are used as slaves to collect diamonds, and they are forced to use their bare hands to dig in mud along river banks instead of digging with tools.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/26/world/africa/blood-diamonds/index.html|title=How diamonds fuel Africa's conflicts|last=Paul|first=Armstrong|date=2012|website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/89089538/Ethical-Issue-Analyis-Blood-Diamond-Analysis|title=Ethical Issue Analysis: Blood Diamond Analysis|last=Tammy|first=Hanna|date=2012}}</ref>
Based on the report, The Truth About Diamonds: Conflict and Development from Global Witness, it mentioned that Sierra Leone is listed as second from the bottom of the [[United Nations Human Development Index|United Nation Human Development Index]]. It also shows that Sierra Leone still makes slow progress, in 2016, in such different aspects as, for example, education, health, and human rights, since 1990, which is also the year that conflicts took place in Sierra Leone. It shows that it is a huge consequence of blood diamonds that it brought into Sierra Leone.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/SLE |title=Human Development Report - Sierra Leone |date=2016 |website=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |access-date=8 October 2020}}</ref> Even though the war had ended in 2002 and the government tried to improve and adjust the cooperation of the diamond industry. Sierra Leone resulted in an increase of over US$140 million in 2005 and attempted a percentage return of export tax to diamond mining communities. However, it does not improve anything{{snd}}the money is not reaching the public and it has not provided benefit to anyone in the communities. For instance, the Kono district in Sierra Leone has been mined for 70 years, but they still have no basic facilities, like electricity and repairing of roads. Houses are destroyed because of the civil wars.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=November 2006 |title=The Truth About Diamonds: Conflict and Development |url=https://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/import/the_truth_about_diamonds.pdf |publisher=[[Global Witness]] |access-date=8 October 2020}}</ref> It also examines the ethical issues of how rebel groups treat those locals. They used brainwashing of inexperienced young children and forced them to be child soldiers as they lost their personal freedom and rights under command that included violence and intimidation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/89089538/Ethical-Issue-Analyis-Blood-Diamond-Analysis |title=Ethical Issue Analysis – Blood Diamond Analysis |last=Tammy |first=Hanna |date=Spring 2012 |website=[[Scribd]] |access-date=8 October 2020}}</ref>
=== Republic of Congo ===
The [[Republic of the Congo]] (Congo-Brazzaville) was expelled from the Kimberley Process in 2004<ref name=IPS/> because, despite having no official diamond mining industry, the country was [[export]]ing large quantities of diamonds, the origin of which it could not detail. It was also accused of falsifying certificates of origin. The Republic of the Congo was readmitted in 2007.<ref name=IPS>{{cite news|publisher=IPS|access-date=2010-08-11|url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40296|title=Blood Diamonds No Longer Congo-Brazzaville's Best Friend|date=30 Nov 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117091311/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40296|archive-date=2009-01-17}}</ref>
===Zimbabwe===
[[Zimbabwe]] Diamonds are not considered conflict diamonds by the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]].
In July 2010, the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] agreed that diamonds from the country's disputed [[Marange Diamond Fields]] could be sold on the international market,<ref name=TheIndependent>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/zimbabwe-gets-goahead-to-sell-diamonds-again-2028699.html|title=Zimbabwe gets go-ahead to sell diamonds again|work=The Independent|date=23 October 2011}}</ref> after a report from the Scheme's monitor a month earlier described diamonds mined from the fields as [[Conflict-free diamond|conflict-free]].<ref name=WSJ>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703630304575270681883985308|title=Zimbabwe Nears Approval for Marange-Field Diamond Exports |author1=Farai Mutsaka |author2=Peter Wonacott |author3=Sarah Childress |date=28 May 2010|work=WSJ}}</ref>
===Central African Republic===
{{Empty section|date=November 2023}}
==Conflict diamond campaign==
[[Global Witness]] was one of the first organizations to pick up on the link between diamonds and conflicts in Africa in its 1998 report entitled "A Rough Trade".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/A_Rough_Trade.pdf|title=A Rough Trade: The Role of Companies and Governments in the Angolan Conflict|author=Dan Brown|publisher=[[Global Witness]]|access-date=2011-04-11|date=1998-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=raO8jHBdDhYC|page=233|title=Glitter & Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Empire|author=Janine P. Roberts|publisher=The Disinformation Company|year=2003|isbn=0-9713942-9-6}}</ref> With the passing of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173]] in 1998, the United Nations identified the conflict diamond issue as a funding for war. The [[Fowler Report]] in 2000 detailed in depth how [[UNITA]] was financing its war activities, and in May 2000, led directly to the passing of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295]] and the diamond producing countries of southern Africa meeting in [[Kimberley, South Africa|Kimberley]], [[South Africa]] to plan a method by which the trade in conflict diamonds could be halted, and buyers of diamonds could be assured that their diamonds have not contributed to violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/202/41606.html|title=Final Report of the UN Panel of Experts ("The "Fowler Report")|publisher=Global Policy Forum|date=2000-03-10|access-date=2010-03-20|author=Robert Fowler|author-link=Robert Fowler (diplomat)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N00/396/56/PDF/N0039656.pdf |title=Resolution 1295 (2000) }}</ref> In this resolution the Security Council wrote:
<blockquote>Welcomes the proposal that a meeting of experts be convened for the purpose of devising a system of controls to facilitate the implementation of the measures contained in [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173|Resolution 1173]] (1998), including arrangements that would allow for increased transparency and accountability in the control of diamonds from their point of origin to the bourses, emphasizes that it is important that, in devising such controls, every effort be made to avoid inflicting collateral damage on the legitimate diamond trade, and welcomes the intention of the Republic of South Africa to host a relevant conference this year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/SC6988.doc.htm|title=Resolution and Statements of the Security Council 2000|work=un.org}}</ref></blockquote>
===Kimberley Process Certification Scheme===
{{Main|Kimberley Process Certification Scheme}}
On July 19, 2000, the [[World Diamond Congress]] at [[Antwerp]] adopted a resolution to strengthen the diamond industry's ability to block sales of conflict diamonds.<ref name=wdcongress2000>{{cite web|url=http://www.diamondfacts.org/facts/fact_06.html|title=Fact #6 – The Facts |work=DiamondFacts.org|access-date=2006-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153143/http://diamondfacts.org/facts/fact_06.html|archive-date=2007-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=CNNJuly2000>{{cite web|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2000-07-19/world/africa.diamonds.01.reut_1_conflict-diamonds-diamond-industry-rough-diamonds?_s=PM:WORLD|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403165546/http://articles.cnn.com/2000-07-19/world/africa.diamonds.01.reut_1_conflict-diamonds-diamond-industry-rough-diamonds?_s=PM%3AWORLD|title=Diamond leaders in pact to ban 'conflict gems' funding African wars|archive-date=3 April 2012|work=CNN|url-status=dead}}</ref> The resolution called for an international certification system on the export and import of diamonds, legislation in all countries to accept only officially sealed packages of diamonds, for countries to impose criminal charges on anyone trafficking in conflict diamonds, and instituted a ban on any individual found trading in conflict diamonds from the diamond [[Exchange (organized market)|bourses]] of the [[World Federation of Diamond Bourses]].<ref name=CNNJuly2000/> The Kimberley Process was at the start led by South Africa and Canada as vice president and since then every year a new chair and vice chair country are elected to maintain the legitimacy of their practices.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chair |url=https://www.kimberleyprocess.com/en/chair |website=Kimberley Process |access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref> This system tracks diamonds from the mine to the market and regulates the policing surrounding the export, manufacture and sale of the products. Also in tourist countries like the [[United Arab Emirates]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. All the Kimberley member states are not allowed to trade with non members.{{Clarify|date=January 2014}} Before a gemstone is allowed through the airports to other countries, the Kimberley Certification must be presented by the gem's owner or obtained from a renowned attorney. The certificate should also be requested by the customer when the gems have reached a retail store to ensure its provenance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.debeersgroup.com/ImageVaultFiles/id_841/cf_5/Diamonds-_development_and_democracy_April_2008.PDF |title=Diamonds, Development, and Democracy |first=Nicky |last=Oppenheimer |publisher=debeersgroup.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005102236/http://www.debeersgroup.com/ImageVaultFiles/id_841/cf_5/Diamonds-_development_and_democracy_April_2008.PDF |archive-date=2012-10-05 }}</ref>
On January 17–18 of 2001, diamond industry figures convened and formed the new organization, the [[World Diamond Council]]. This new body set out to draft a new process, whereby all diamond rough could be certified as coming from a non-conflict source.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/chairmansreportforlondon.shtml%257|title=World Diamond Council |website=www.worlddiamondcouncil.com|access-date=2017-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515044024/http://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/chairmansreportforlondon.shtml%257|archive-date=2018-05-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The KPCS was given approval by the UN on March 13, 2002,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/497/66/PDF/N0149766.pdf |title=UN Resolution 56/263 – The role of diamonds in fueling conflict: breaking the link between the illicit transaction of rough diamonds and armed conflict as a contribution to prevention and settlement of conflicts }} UN 96th plenary meeting, 13 March 2002, accessed online November 6, 2006</ref> and in November, after two years of negotiation between governments, diamond producers, and Non-Government organizations, the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] was created.
The Kimberley Process attempted to curtail the flow of conflict diamonds, help stabilize fragile countries and support their development. As the Kimberley Process has made life harder for criminals, it has brought large volumes of diamonds onto the legal market that would not otherwise have made it there. This has increased the revenues of poor governments, and helped them to address their countries’ development challenges. For instance, around $125 million worth of diamonds were legally exported from Sierra Leone in 2006, compared to almost none at the end of the 1990s.<ref name="kimberly">{{cite news
|title = Kimberley Process basics
|url = http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/web/kimberley-process/kp-basics
|newspaper = [[Kimberley Process]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120905181753/http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/web/kimberley-process/kp-basics
|archive-date = 2012-09-05
}}</ref>
===Shortcomings and criticism===
The Kimberley Process has ultimately failed to stem the flow of blood diamonds, leading key proponents such as Global Witness to abandon the scheme.<ref name="Failed">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16027011|title=NGO Global Witness leaves diamond vetting scheme|date=5 December 2011|access-date=5 December 2011|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> In addition, there is no guarantee that diamonds with a Kimberley Process Certification are in fact conflict-free. This is due to the nature of the corrupt government officials in the leading diamond producing countries. It is common for these officials to be bribed with $50 to $100 a day in exchange for paperwork declaring that blood diamonds are Kimberley Process Certified.<ref name="Ryan">{{cite web|author=Ryan, E. Kieron|title=Blood Diamond Farce|date=11 August 2010|access-date=12 December 2011|url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/orig11/ryan-k1.1.1.html}}</ref>
===Transparency===
The Kimberley system attempted to increase governments' [[Transparency (market)|transparency]] by forcing them to keep records of the diamonds they are exporting and importing and how much they are worth. In theory, this would show governments their finances so that they can be held accountable for how much they are spending for the benefit of the country's population. However non-compliance by countries such as Venezuela has led to the failure of accountability.<ref name="Failed"/>
The company Materialytics claims that it can trace the origin of virtually any diamond using [[laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://materialytics.com/gsa2015determinationofdiamondprovenance/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404201008/http://materialytics.com/gsa2015determinationofdiamondprovenance/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-04-04|title=Diamonds: GSA 2015: Determination of Diamond Provenance|work=materialytics.com}}</ref> However, there is no way to know whether a diamond purchased online is blood free or not.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thediamondringreview.com/2017/10/the-real-story-history-of-conflict_14.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020191028/http://www.thediamondringreview.com/2017/10/the-real-story-history-of-conflict_14.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-10-20|title=The Real Story & History of Conflict Blood Diamonds|website=www.thediamondringreview.com|access-date=2017-10-20}}</ref>
== Policy responses ==
=== American policy ===
{{Wikisource|Executive Order 13194}}
On January 18, 2001, President [[Bill Clinton]] issued Executive Order 13194 which prohibited the importation of rough diamonds from Sierra Leone into the United States in accordance with the UN resolutions.<ref>Clinton, William {{cite web|url= http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr23ja01-143.pdf |title=FR Doc. 01–2140 – Executive Order 13194 of January 18, 2001 – Prohibiting the Importation of Rough Diamonds From Sierra Leone }} The White House, January 18, 2001, accessed online December 24, 2006</ref> On May 22, 2001, President [[George W. Bush]] issued Executive Order 13213 which banned rough diamond importation from Liberia into the United States. Liberia had been recognized by the United Nations as acting as a pipeline for conflict diamonds from Sierra Leone.<ref>Bush, George W. {{cite web|url= http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr24my01-113.pdf |title=FR Doc. 01–13381 – Executive Order 13213 – Additional Measures With Respect To Prohibiting the Importation of Rough Diamonds From Sierra Leone }} The White House, May 22, 2001, accessed online December 24, 2006</ref>
The [[United States]] enacted the [[Clean Diamond Trade Act]] (CDTA) on April 25, 2003,<ref name=CDTA>{{cite web|url= http://www.fas.org/asmp/resources/govern/108th/pl_108_19.pdf |title=Public Law 108-19 – An Act To implement effective measures to stop trade in conflict diamonds, and for other purposes. Apr. 25, 2003 }} {{small|(42.1 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])}} 108th Congress of the United States, April 25, 2003, accessed online December 24, 2006</ref> implemented on July 29, 2003, by [[Executive Order 13312]].<ref>Bush, George W {{cite web |url= http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-19676.pdf |title= FR Doc. 03-19676 – Executive Order 13312 of July 29, 2003 – Implementing the Clean Diamond Trade Act |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120409/http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-19676.pdf |archive-date= September 29, 2007 }} {{small|(26.3 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])}} The White House, July 29, 2003, accessed online December 24, 2006</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gao.gov/htext/d06978.html|title=GAO-06-978, Conflict Diamonds: Agency Actions Needed to Enhance Implementation of the Clean Diamond Trade Act|date=27 September 2006|work=gao.gov|access-date=9 December 2006|archive-date=14 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214000648/http://www.gao.gov/htext/d06978.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The CDTA installed the legislation to implement the KPCS in law in the United States. The implementation of this legislation was key to the success of the KPCS, as the United States is the largest consumer of diamonds. The CDTA states: 'As the consumer of a majority of the world's supply of diamonds, the United States has an obligation to help sever the link between diamonds and conflict and press for implementation of an effective solution.<ref name=CDTA/>
The [[United States Department of State]] also maintains an office for a Special Adviser for Conflict Diamonds. As of October 14, 2015, the position is held by Ashley Orbach.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/diamonds/ United States Department of State]</ref>
=== Canadian policy ===
During the 1990s, diamond-rich areas were discovered in Northern Canada. [[Canada]] is one of the key players in the diamond industry. [[Partnership Africa Canada]] was created in 1986 to help with the crisis in Africa. This organization is also part of the Diamond Development Initiative. The Diamond Development Initiative helps improve and regulate the legal diamond industry.
The [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme|Kimberley Process]] was initiated in May 2000 by [[South Africa]] with Canada, a major supporter of instituting the scheme. Canada has now passed several laws that help stop the trade of conflict diamonds. The laws deal with the export and import of rough diamonds, and also how they are transferred. In December 2002, the Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act was passed by the Canadian government. This law acts as a system that helps control the importing, exporting and transporting of rough diamonds through Canada. The Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act also states that the Kimberley Process is the minimum requirement of certifying rough diamonds and a certificate is also required for all shipments of diamonds. This certificate is called the Canadian Certificate, it gives permission for an officer to seize any shipment of diamonds that does not meet the requirements of the Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act.<ref name="stop">{{cite web|url=http://www.stopblooddiamonds.org/Canadian-Policy-Laws.asp|title=Stop Blood Diamonds – Creating a Conflict Free Diamond World|work=stopblooddiamonds.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510200002/http://www.stopblooddiamonds.org/Canadian-Policy-Laws.asp|archive-date=2007-05-10}}</ref>
The Government of the Northwest Territories of Canada (GNWT) also has a unique certification program. They offer a Government certificate on all diamonds that are mined, cut, and polished in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Canadian diamonds are tracked from the mine, through the refining process, to the retail jeweler with a unique diamond identification number (DIN) laser inscribed on the diamond's girdle. To obtain this certificate one must cut and polish the diamond in the NWT.
== Technology response ==
Technical services have emerged that may act as a solution for tracking diamond movement across borders. A service was launched in July 2016 that allows managers to build systems using a [[blockchain]] database for tracking high-value or highly regulated items through a [[supply chain]]. Everledger is one using such a system to "record the movement of diamonds from mines to jewelry stores" and is one of the inaugural clients of a new blockchain-based tracking service from [[IBM]].<ref name=wsj20160714>{{cite news |last=Nash |first=Kim S. |date=14 July 2016 |title=IBM Pushes Blockchain into the Supply Chain |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-pushes-blockchain-into-the-supply-chain-1468528824 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>
In addition, the rise of lab-grown diamonds presents an alternative to mined diamonds. Lab-grown diamonds are chemically and physically identical to mined diamonds but without the ethical and environmental downsides of traditional mining.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCreddie-Doak |first=Laura |date=2020-09-28 |title=Can lab-grown diamonds replace the real thing? |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/lab-grown-diamonds-ethical-luxury-sept/index.html |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
==In popular culture==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}
* "[[Diamonds from Sierra Leone]]" is a [[Grammy]]-winning song by American rapper [[Kanye West]] about blood diamonds in [[Sierra Leone]]. The remix version has verses that detail the blood diamond trade in Sierra Leone, and comments about the Western public unawareness of the origins of the diamonds linked to the conflict.
* Conflict diamonds are a central plot point throughout the [[James Bond]] film ''[[Die Another Day]]'' (2002).
* The origins of the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme|Kimberley Process]] were dramatized in [[Ed Zwick]]'s motion picture ''[[Blood Diamond]]'' (2006), starring [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] and [[Djimon Hounsou]]. The film helped to publicize the controversy surrounding conflict diamonds and led to worldwide awareness of the Western African involvement in the diamond trade.
* The ''[[CSI: Miami]]'' episode "Man Down" (2007) involves the trafficking of African blood diamonds.
* Season 3, episode 2 of ''[[CSI: NY]]'', first started out as a jewelry store robbery soon uncovered a group of criminals desperate to reacquire a blood diamond stolen during the commission of the robbery.
* Law & Order episode "Soldier of Fortune" (2001) involves the murder of a diamond broker who has knowledge of a blood diamond connection between Sierra Leone and a Swiss diamond company.
* Danish filmmaker [[Mads Brügger]]'s documentary ''[[The Ambassador (2011 film)|Ambassadøren]]'' (2011, in English: "The Ambassador") addresses the trade in [[diplomatic passport]]s in order to make money with blood diamonds.
* Players compete in ''[[Diamond Trust of London]]'' to extract diamonds out of Angola before the implementation of the Kimberley Process.
*
* ''Blood Diamonds'' is a thriller fiction book title by Jon Land, copyright 2002; {{ISBN|0-765-30226-8}}
* The [[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)|Hawaii Five-0 (2010)]] episode [[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 2)#Episodes|Kalele]] revolves around the smuggling of conflict diamonds.
* The 2009 Tamil movie ''[[Ayan (film)|Ayan]]'' portrays an insurgent group in [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] selling blood diamonds to international buyers to purchase [[AK-47]]s in exchange.
* The video game ''[[Far Cry 2]]'' uses blood diamonds as a currency and it also serves a plot point in the main story.
* In the video games ''[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]'', ''[[Grand Theft Auto: The Lost and Damned]]'', and ''[[Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony]]'', there are a few missions involving blood diamonds being traded on the [[black market]].
* The 2018 film ''[[Uncut Gems]]'' features blood diamonds being traded on the black market.
==See also==
* [[List of diamonds]]
==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}
===Literature===
{{Refbegin|40em}}
*{{cite journal|author=Bell, Udy|title=Sierra Leone: Building on a Hard-Won Peace|year=2000|journal=UN Chronicle Online Edition|issue=4|access-date=2007-05-31|url=https://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2005/issue4/0405p42.html}}
*{{cite book |first=Daniel |last=Bergner |title=In the Land of Magic Soldiers: A Story of White and Black in West Africa |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |location=New York |year=2003 |isbn=0-374-26653-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/inlandofmagicsol00berg }}
*{{cite book|first=Greg |last=Campbell |title=Blood Diamonds: Tracing the Deadly Path of the World's Most Precious Stones|publisher=[[Westview Press]] |location=Boulder, Colo |year=2002 |isbn=0-8133-3939-1 }}
*{{cite book|author=Cilliers, Jakkie|author2=Christian Dietrich|title=Angola's War Economy|location=Pretoria|publisher=Institute for Security Studies|year=2000|url=http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/BOOKS/ANGOLA.HTML|isbn=978-0-620-26645-1|access-date=2006-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923170249/http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/BOOKS/Angola.html|archive-date=2006-09-23|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book |first=Edward Jay|last=Epstein|title=The Rise and Fall of Diamonds: The Shattering of a Brilliant Illusion|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|location=New York|year=1982|isbn=0-671-41289-2}}
*{{cite book|first=Philippe Le|last=Billon|title=Fuelling War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflicts|publisher=Routledge|location=London|year=2005|isbn=0-415-37970-9}}
*{{cite book|first=Arthur V.|last=Levy|title=Diamonds and Conflict: Problems and Solutions|publisher=Hauppauge |location=New York|year=2003|isbn=1-59033-715-8}}
*{{cite journal|author=Le Billon, Philippe|title=Fatal Transactions: Conflict Diamonds and the (Anti)terrorist Consumer|journal=Antipode|year=2006|volume=38|issue=4|pages=778–801|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8330.2006.00476.x}}
*{{cite book|first=William|last=Reno|title=Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone |publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK |year=1995|isbn=0-521-47179-6}}
*{{cite book|first=Janine |last=Roberts |title=Glitter and Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Cartel |publisher=Disinformation |location=New York |year=2007 |orig-year=2003 |isbn=978-1-932857-60-3}}
*{{cite book|first=Ingrid J. |last=Tamm|title=Diamonds In Peace and War: Severing the Conflict Diamond Connection |publisher=World peace foundation|location=Cambridge, Mass|year=2002|isbn=0-9721033-5-X}}{{cite web|url= http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/cchrp/Web%20Working%20Papers/WPF-Tamm%20Diamond%20Report.pdf |title=PDF |date=11 September 2023 }} {{small|(673 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}
*{{cite journal|author=Unruh, Jon|title=Housing, land and property rights as war-financing commodities: A typology with lessons from Darfur, Colombia and Syria|year=2022|journal=Stability: International Journal of Security and Development |volume=10|issue=10|doi=10.5334/sta.811|s2cid=247565996|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite book|first=Tom|last=Zoellner|title=The Heartless Stone: A Journey the Money Through the World of Diamonds, Deceit and Desire|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|year=2006|isbn=0-312-33969-0|url=https://archive.org/details/heartlessstonejo00zoel}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
*[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703589404575417460834079500 The Truth About Blood Diamonds – The international focus on "conflict minerals" is a self-serving charade.; The Wall Street Journal]
*[http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/diamond/index.htm Diamonds in Conflict – Global Policy Forum]
*[http://pawss.hampshire.edu/topics/conflictdiamonds/index.html PAWSS Conflict Topics – Conflict Diamonds]
*[http://www.diamondfacts.org DiamondFacts.org] – World Diamond Council
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110630113046/http://www.allasone.org/diamond.php AllAsOne.org] – Blood diamond trade awareness
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061026183958/http://www.stopblooddiamonds.org/ Stop Blood Diamonds] – Blood diamonds awareness initiative
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070418170222/http://www.israelidiamond.co.il/English/news.aspx?boneId=741&objid=1710 Stopping Blood Diamonds] – The success of the Kimberley Process
*[http://www.thediamondringcompany.co.uk/conflict-diamonds Africa's War with Blood Diamonds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404084005/http://www.thediamondringcompany.co.uk/conflict-diamonds |date=2019-04-04 }}
*[http://www.seattlediamonds.com/diamonds/canadian-diamonds Canadian Mined Diamonds]
*[http://www.icij.org/project/swiss-leaks/diamond-dealers-deep-trouble-bank-documents-shine-light-secret-ways Diamond Dealers in Deep Trouble as Bank Documents Shine Light on Secret Ways] ''– Documentation about financial flows between [[HSBC Private Bank]] and blood diamond dealers (see also [[Swiss Leaks]])''
*[https://time.com/blood-diamonds/ Blood Diamonds] – Time magazine
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091753/http://www.makaangola.org/images/files/Diamantes%20de%20Sangue_Rafael%20Marques.pdf Editora Oferece "Diamantes de Sangue" em Formato Digital a Todos]. ''Maka Angola'', ''Editora da Tinta da China'' {{in lang|pt|nocat=true}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Blood Diamond}}
[[Category:Blood diamonds| ]]
[[Category:Diamond mines]]
[[Category:Politics of mining in Africa]]
[[Category:Ethically disputed business practices]]
[[Category:Aftermath of war]]
[[Category:Luxury brands]]
[[Category:Mining in Angola]]
[[Category:Mining in Liberia]]
[[Category:Mining in Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:Natural resources in Africa]]
[[Category:Mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Resource extraction]]
[[Category:Smuggling]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Illegal mining]]
[[Category:Funding of terrorism]]
[[Category:Organized crime activity]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Angola]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Liberia]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:War crimes in the Sierra Leone Civil War]]
[[Category:Mining in Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Ivory Coast]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@
[[Image:Hands ondiamonds 350.jpg|thumb|Panning for diamonds in [[Sierra Leone]].]]
[[File:Unsustainable Growth.webm|thumb|Diamond mining in Sierra Leone]]
-'''Blood diamonds''' (also called '''conflict diamonds''', '''brown diamonds''', '''hot diamonds''', or '''red diamonds''') are [[diamond]]s [[Diamond mining|mined]] in a war zone and sold to finance an [[insurgency]], an invading army's war efforts, [[terrorism]], or a [[warlord]]'s activity. The term is used to highlight the negative consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas, or to label an individual diamond as having come from such an area. Diamonds mined during the 20th–21st century civil wars in [[Angola]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]], [[Guinea]], and [[Guinea-Bissau]] have been given the label.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023004513/http://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html Conflict Diamonds].'' United Nations Department of Public Information, March 21, 2001, archived online 23 October 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/january-2007/conflict-resources-%E2%80%98curse%E2%80%99-blessing "Conflict resources: from 'curse' to blessing"] by Ernest Harsch. Africa Renewal: January 2007.</ref><ref name="KPSCStatistics">{{cite web |url=https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |title=Global Summary 2008 |work=[[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726231200/https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref> The term [[conflict resource]] refers to analogous situations involving other natural resources. Blood diamonds can also be smuggled by [[organized crime]] syndicates so that they could be sold on the black market.
+'''Blood diamonds''' (also called '''conflict diamonds''', '''brown diamonds''', '''hot diamonds''', or '''red diamonds''') are [[diamond]]s [[Diamond mining|mined]] in a war zone and sold to finance an [[insurgency]], an invading army's war efforts, [[terrorism]], or a [[warlord]]'s activity. The term is used ching chong ling longs mine in native consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas, or to label an individual diamond as having come from such an area. Diamonds mined during the 20th–21st century civil wars in [[Angola]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]], [[Guinea]], and [[Guinea-Bissau]] have been given the label.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023004513/http://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html Conflict Diamonds].'' United Nations Department of Public Information, March 21, 2001, archived online 23 October 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/january-2007/conflict-resources-%E2%80%98curse%E2%80%99-blessing "Conflict resources: from 'curse' to blessing"] by Ernest Harsch. Africa Renewal: January 2007.</ref><ref name="KPSCStatistics">{{cite web |url=https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |title=Global Summary 2008 |work=[[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726231200/https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref> The term [[conflict resource]] refers to analogous situations involving other natural resources. Blood diamonds can also be smuggled by [[organized crime]] syndicates so that they could be sold on the black market.
== Financing conflict ==
' |
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0 => ''''Blood diamonds''' (also called '''conflict diamonds''', '''brown diamonds''', '''hot diamonds''', or '''red diamonds''') are [[diamond]]s [[Diamond mining|mined]] in a war zone and sold to finance an [[insurgency]], an invading army's war efforts, [[terrorism]], or a [[warlord]]'s activity. The term is used ching chong ling longs mine in native consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas, or to label an individual diamond as having come from such an area. Diamonds mined during the 20th–21st century civil wars in [[Angola]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]], [[Guinea]], and [[Guinea-Bissau]] have been given the label.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023004513/http://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html Conflict Diamonds].'' United Nations Department of Public Information, March 21, 2001, archived online 23 October 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/january-2007/conflict-resources-%E2%80%98curse%E2%80%99-blessing "Conflict resources: from 'curse' to blessing"] by Ernest Harsch. Africa Renewal: January 2007.</ref><ref name="KPSCStatistics">{{cite web |url=https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |title=Global Summary 2008 |work=[[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726231200/https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref> The term [[conflict resource]] refers to analogous situations involving other natural resources. Blood diamonds can also be smuggled by [[organized crime]] syndicates so that they could be sold on the black market.'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => ''''Blood diamonds''' (also called '''conflict diamonds''', '''brown diamonds''', '''hot diamonds''', or '''red diamonds''') are [[diamond]]s [[Diamond mining|mined]] in a war zone and sold to finance an [[insurgency]], an invading army's war efforts, [[terrorism]], or a [[warlord]]'s activity. The term is used to highlight the negative consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas, or to label an individual diamond as having come from such an area. Diamonds mined during the 20th–21st century civil wars in [[Angola]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]], [[Guinea]], and [[Guinea-Bissau]] have been given the label.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023004513/http://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html Conflict Diamonds].'' United Nations Department of Public Information, March 21, 2001, archived online 23 October 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/january-2007/conflict-resources-%E2%80%98curse%E2%80%99-blessing "Conflict resources: from 'curse' to blessing"] by Ernest Harsch. Africa Renewal: January 2007.</ref><ref name="KPSCStatistics">{{cite web |url=https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |title=Global Summary 2008 |work=[[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726231200/https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/AnnualTables/2008GlobalSummary.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref> The term [[conflict resource]] refers to analogous situations involving other natural resources. Blood diamonds can also be smuggled by [[organized crime]] syndicates so that they could be sold on the black market.'
] |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about diamonds mined in war zones. For the 2006 film, see <a href="/info/en/?search=Blood_Diamond" title="Blood Diamond">Blood Diamond</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/info/en/?search=Blood_diamond_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Blood diamond (disambiguation)">Blood diamond (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Diamonds mined in a war zone and sold to finance conflict</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/info/en/?search=File:Hands_ondiamonds_350.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hands_ondiamonds_350.jpg/220px-Hands_ondiamonds_350.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hands_ondiamonds_350.jpg/330px-Hands_ondiamonds_350.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hands_ondiamonds_350.jpg/440px-Hands_ondiamonds_350.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>Panning for diamonds in <a href="/info/en/?search=Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Unsustainable_Growth.webm/220px--Unsustainable_Growth.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="285" data-mwtitle="Unsustainable_Growth.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Unsustainable_Growth.webm"><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Unsustainable_Growth.webm/Unsustainable_Growth.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="298" data-height="168" /><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Unsustainable_Growth.webm/Unsustainable_Growth.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="298" data-height="168" /><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Unsustainable_Growth.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="298" data-height="168" /><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Unsustainable_Growth.webm/Unsustainable_Growth.webm.m3u8" type="application/vnd.apple.mpegurl" data-transcodekey="m3u8" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></video></span><figcaption>Diamond mining in Sierra Leone</figcaption></figure>
<p><b>Blood diamonds</b> (also called <b>conflict diamonds</b>, <b>brown diamonds</b>, <b>hot diamonds</b>, or <b>red diamonds</b>) are <a href="/info/en/?search=Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Diamond_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond mining">mined</a> in a war zone and sold to finance an <a href="/info/en/?search=Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a>, an invading army's war efforts, <a href="/info/en/?search=Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, or a <a href="/info/en/?search=Warlord" title="Warlord">warlord</a>'s activity. The term is used ching chong ling longs mine in native consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas, or to label an individual diamond as having come from such an area. Diamonds mined during the 20th–21st century civil wars in <a href="/info/en/?search=Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, and <a href="/info/en/?search=Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> have been given the label.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KPSCStatistics_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KPSCStatistics-3">[3]</a></sup> The term <a href="/info/en/?search=Conflict_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">conflict resource</a> refers to analogous situations involving other natural resources. Blood diamonds can also be smuggled by <a href="/info/en/?search=Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a> syndicates so that they could be sold on the black market.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Financing_conflict"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Financing conflict</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Angola"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Angola</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Ivory_Coast"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ivory Coast</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Democratic_Republic_of_Congo"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Democratic Republic of Congo</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Liberia"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Liberia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Sierra_Leone"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Sierra Leone</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Republic_of_Congo"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Republic of Congo</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Zimbabwe"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Zimbabwe</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Central_African_Republic"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Central African Republic</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Conflict_diamond_campaign"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Conflict diamond campaign</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Kimberley_Process_Certification_Scheme"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Kimberley Process Certification Scheme</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Shortcomings_and_criticism"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Shortcomings and criticism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Transparency"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Transparency</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Policy_responses"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Policy responses</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#American_policy"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">American policy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Canadian_policy"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Canadian policy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Technology_response"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Technology response</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Literature"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Literature</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financing_conflict">Financing conflict</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Financing conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/info/en/?search=Philippe_Le_Billon" title="Philippe Le Billon">Philippe Le Billon</a> describes the 'conflict resources' argument resting on the suggestion that the most valuable resources, if available to the weaker force in a conflict, can 'motivate' and serve to sustain it.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Commodity prices on global markets, however, are not an adequate proxy for the economic value of a natural resource to participants in armed conflict. Critical factors include location, mode of production, and subsequent route to market. Gemstones are exceptionally light and small in relation to their value as observed by Richard Auty who presents the stark contrast – tens of thousands of times the price per kilogram – of diamonds compared to other resources and consequently how 'lootable' they are.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>Deep mining for <a href="/info/en/?search=Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">kimberlite diamonds</a> or other minerals requires the operation and maintenance of a capital-intensive facility; alluvial deposits by contrast, can be exploited cheaply using artisan tools for however long the relevant land is secured. <a href="/info/en/?search=Alluvial_diamond_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial diamond mining">Alluvial diamonds</a> are therefore more easily exploited by rebels. These differences between primary and secondary diamonds in resource diffusion and cost of extraction are the basis for Lujana et al.'s rejection of non-resource based claims for Botswana and Sierra Leone's different experience of stability and conflict, since both countries have extensive diamond resources but in different formations.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Despite efforts to frustrate the sale of resources emerging from conflicts, a notable workaround is the agreement of what Michael Ross terms 'booty futures',<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> citing examples mostly from the 1990s concerning diamonds and oil from conflicts in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, the Congo Republic, and Democratic Republic of Congo. In these agreements, worth tens of millions of dollars, both rebels and government parties to conflict negotiate deals to realize value now from the prospect of resource exploitation in the future. This enables the presence of valuable natural resources to finance fighting for either side without being in production or even in the possession and control of said fighters. Natural resources still funding fighters who don't possess them he argues is particularly 'dangerous' because this finance is available to those otherwise losing, or even yet to initiate armed conflict, so can make new conflicts possible or have the effect of lengthening those where defeat may have come sooner.
</p><p>The different mode of production of kimberlite and alluvial diamonds explains why the presence of the latter in fought over areas fuels conflict in ways the former does not. The need to realise financial value from the resource, means that the availability of 'futures' contracts, and suitability for looting, are key to its influence. Gemstones and rare minerals are much better suited to this activity than heavier or otherwise less portable resources, however valuable those may be in times of peace.
</p><p>These findings have moved campaigners, policymakers and diplomats to devise regulatory interventions intended to prevent natural resources from funding continued fighting in the hope that this might hasten an end to those conflicts. In the twelve years that followed the end of the Cold War, resolutions imposing sanctions on resource exporters in ten different conflicts were passed by the <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angola">Angola</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Angola"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Reports estimated that as much as 21% of the total diamond production in the 1980s was being sold for illegal and unethical purposes and 19% was specifically <i>conflict</i> in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-PACWEB_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PACWEB-9">[9]</a></sup> By 1999, the illegal diamond trade was estimated by the <a href="/info/en/?search=World_Diamond_Council" title="World Diamond Council">World Diamond Council</a> to have been reduced to 4% of the world's diamond production.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-11">[11]</a></sup> The <a href="/info/en/?search=World_Diamond_Council" title="World Diamond Council">World Diamond Council</a> reported that by 2004 this percentage had fallen to approximately 1% and up to today the World Diamond Council refers to this illegal trade to be virtually eliminated, meaning that more than 99% of diamonds being sold have a legal background.<sup id="cite_ref-PACWEB_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PACWEB-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>Despite the UN Resolution, <a href="/info/en/?search=UNITA" title="UNITA">UNITA</a> was able to continue to sell or trade some diamonds in order to finance its war effort. The UN set out to find how this remaining illicit trade was being conducted and appointed Canadian ambassador <a href="/info/en/?search=Robert_Fowler_(diplomat)" title="Robert Fowler (diplomat)">Robert Fowler</a> to investigate. In 2000, he produced the <a href="/info/en/?search=Fowler_Report" title="Fowler Report">Fowler Report</a>, which named those countries, organizations and individuals involved in the trade. The report is credited with establishing the link between diamonds and third world conflicts,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> and led directly to <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1295" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295</a>, as well as the <a href="/info/en/?search=Kimberley_Process_Certification_Scheme" title="Kimberley Process Certification Scheme">Kimberley Process Certification Scheme</a>. Still, after the report was published in 2013, smugglers from these African countries were selling blood diamonds through channels less sophisticated, such as social media posts. Rhinestones from Angola, produced by UNITA, were being traded to Cameroon for acquisition of a Cameroonian certificate naturalization to then be sold as legitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ivory_Coast">Ivory Coast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ivory Coast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/info/en/?search=Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> began to develop a fledgling diamond mining industry in the early 1990s. A <a href="/info/en/?search=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a> overthrew the government in 1999, starting a civil war. The country became a route for exporting diamonds from Liberia and war-torn Sierra Leone.<sup id="cite_ref-DFORGConflictbackground_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFORGConflictbackground-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heartmatter_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heartmatter-16">[16]</a></sup> Foreign investment begin to withdraw from Ivory Coast. To curtail the illegal trade, the nation stopped all diamond mining and the <a href="/info/en/?search=UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> banned all exports of diamonds from Ivory Coast in December 2005. This ban lasted about ten years but it was later lifted in April 2014 when members of the UN council voted to suspend the sanction. The Kimberley process officials also notified in November 2013 that Ivory Coast was right producing artisanal diamonds.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DFORGConflictbackground_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFORGConflictbackground-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>Despite UN sanctions, the illicit diamond trade still exists in Ivory Coast. Rough diamonds are exported out of the country to neighboring states and international trading centers through the northern <a href="/info/en/?search=Forces_Nouvelles_de_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire">Forces Nouvelles</a> controlled section of the country, a group which is reported to be using these funds to re-arm.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Democratic Republic of Congo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (formerly <a href="/info/en/?search=Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a>) has suffered numerous looting wars in the 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> but has been a member of the Kimberley Process since 2003 and now exports about 8% of the world's diamonds.<sup id="cite_ref-DFORGConflictbackground_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFORGConflictbackground-15">[15]</a></sup> As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there is a warning concerning diamonds proceeding from this area<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> since there have been multiple cases of fake Kimberley certificates accompanying the gems. One of <a href="/info/en/?search=De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a> most celebrated diamonds, the D-colour 777 carats (155.4 g) <a href="/info/en/?search=Millennium_Star" title="Millennium Star">Millennium Star</a> was discovered in the DRC and sold to De Beers, in open competition with other diamond buyers, between 1991 and 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberia">Liberia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Liberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>From 1989 to 2003, <a href="/info/en/?search=Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> was engaged in <a href="/info/en/?search=Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">a civil war</a>. In 2000, the UN accused Liberian president <a href="/info/en/?search=Charles_G._Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles G. Taylor">Charles G. Taylor</a> of supporting the <a href="/info/en/?search=Revolutionary_United_Front" title="Revolutionary United Front">Revolutionary United Front</a> (RUF) insurgency in neighboring <a href="/info/en/?search=Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> with weapons and training in exchange for diamonds.<sup id="cite_ref-pssure_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pssure-23">[23]</a></sup> In 2001, the <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> applied sanctions on the Liberian diamond trade. In August 2003, Taylor stepped down as president and, after being exiled to <a href="/info/en/?search=Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, faced trial in <a href="/info/en/?search=The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>. On July 21, 2006, he pleaded not guilty to <a href="/info/en/?search=Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DFORGConflictbackground_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFORGConflictbackground-15">[15]</a></sup> of which he was found guilty in April 2012. On May 30, 2012, he began a 50-year sentence in a high security prison in the <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>Around the time of the <a href="/info/en/?search=1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">1998 United States embassy bombings</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> allegedly bought gems from Liberia as some of its other financial assets were frozen.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCal_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCal-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>Having regained peace, Liberia is attempting to construct a legitimate diamond mining industry. The UN has lifted sanctions and Liberia is now a member of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Kimberley_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberley Process">Kimberley Process</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2014 however, Liberian diamonds were reported to be partly <a href="/info/en/?search=Child_labour_in_the_diamond_industry" title="Child labour in the diamond industry">produced using child labor</a> according to the <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">U.S. Department of Labor</a>'s <i><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_Goods_Produced_by_Child_Labor_or_Forced_Labor" title="List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor">List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor</a></i>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sierra_Leone">Sierra Leone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sierra Leone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a> started in 1991 and continued until 2002, costing at least 50,000 lives and causing local people to suffer killings, mutilation, rape, torture and abduction, mainly due to the brutal warfare waged by rebel group, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Revolutionary_United_Front" title="Revolutionary United Front">Revolutionary United Front</a> (RUF). The Revolutionary United Front (RUF) claimed that they supported causes of justice and democracy in the beginning, but later on they started to control the villages and to prevent local people from voting for the new government by chopping off their limbs. Victims included children and infants. It created numerous examples of physical and psychological harm across Sierra Leone.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>Moreover, they also occupied the diamond mines in order to get access to funding and continued support of their actions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> For example, during that time, RUF was mining up to $125 million of diamonds yearly. Since diamonds are used as a funding source, they also created opportunities for tax evasion and financial support of crime.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> Therefore, <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> imposed diamond sanctions in 2000, which were then lifted in 2003. According to <a href="/info/en/?search=National_Geographic_News" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic News">National Geographic News</a>, all of these civil wars and conflicts created by rebel groups resulted in over four million deaths in the African population and injuries to over two million civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> Another latest conflict diamond statistic from Statistic Brain, revealed that Sierra Leone has been listed as second highest in the production of conflict diamonds, which is shown as 1% of the world's production, after Angola, which produced 2.1% in 2016. 15% of Sierra Leone's diamond production are conflict diamonds. It shows that the production of conflict diamonds still exists in Sierra Leone.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to the 2005 <a href="/info/en/?search=Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices" title="Country Reports on Human Rights Practices">Country Reports on Human Right Practices of Africa from the United States</a>, serious human rights issues still exist in Sierra Leone, even though the 11-year civil conflict had officially ended by 2002. Sierra Leone remains in an unstable political situation, although the country has elected a new government. The huge consequences of blood diamonds still remains a mainstream issue in Sierra Leone. One of the biggest issues is people still being abused by the security forces, including rape and the use of excessive force on detainees, including teenagers. Child abuse and child labor are other serious issues which took place in Sierra Leone after the civil conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> As they need a huge number of workers, the security forces started kidnapping and forcing young adults to be their slaves; children were forced to join their army as soldiers, and women were raped. They even burned entire villages. Thousands of men, women, and children are used as slaves to collect diamonds, and they are forced to use their bare hands to dig in mud along river banks instead of digging with tools.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p><p>Based on the report, The Truth About Diamonds: Conflict and Development from Global Witness, it mentioned that Sierra Leone is listed as second from the bottom of the <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Nations_Human_Development_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Human Development Index">United Nation Human Development Index</a>. It also shows that Sierra Leone still makes slow progress, in 2016, in such different aspects as, for example, education, health, and human rights, since 1990, which is also the year that conflicts took place in Sierra Leone. It shows that it is a huge consequence of blood diamonds that it brought into Sierra Leone.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> Even though the war had ended in 2002 and the government tried to improve and adjust the cooperation of the diamond industry. Sierra Leone resulted in an increase of over US$140 million in 2005 and attempted a percentage return of export tax to diamond mining communities. However, it does not improve anything – the money is not reaching the public and it has not provided benefit to anyone in the communities. For instance, the Kono district in Sierra Leone has been mined for 70 years, but they still have no basic facilities, like electricity and repairing of roads. Houses are destroyed because of the civil wars.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> It also examines the ethical issues of how rebel groups treat those locals. They used brainwashing of inexperienced young children and forced them to be child soldiers as they lost their personal freedom and rights under command that included violence and intimidation.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Congo">Republic of Congo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Republic of Congo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a> (Congo-Brazzaville) was expelled from the Kimberley Process in 2004<sup id="cite_ref-IPS_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPS-38">[38]</a></sup> because, despite having no official diamond mining industry, the country was <a href="/info/en/?search=Export" title="Export">exporting</a> large quantities of diamonds, the origin of which it could not detail. It was also accused of falsifying certificates of origin. The Republic of the Congo was readmitted in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-IPS_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPS-38">[38]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Zimbabwe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/info/en/?search=Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> Diamonds are not considered conflict diamonds by the <a href="/info/en/?search=Kimberley_Process_Certification_Scheme" title="Kimberley Process Certification Scheme">Kimberley Process Certification Scheme</a>.
</p><p>In July 2010, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Kimberley_Process_Certification_Scheme" title="Kimberley Process Certification Scheme">Kimberley Process Certification Scheme</a> agreed that diamonds from the country's disputed <a href="/info/en/?search=Marange_Diamond_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Marange Diamond Fields">Marange Diamond Fields</a> could be sold on the international market,<sup id="cite_ref-TheIndependent_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheIndependent-39">[39]</a></sup> after a report from the Scheme's monitor a month earlier described diamonds mined from the fields as <a href="/info/en/?search=Conflict-free_diamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict-free diamond">conflict-free</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_African_Republic">Central African Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Central African Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflict_diamond_campaign">Conflict diamond campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Conflict diamond campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/info/en/?search=Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a> was one of the first organizations to pick up on the link between diamonds and conflicts in Africa in its 1998 report entitled "A Rough Trade".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> With the passing of <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1173" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173</a> in 1998, the United Nations identified the conflict diamond issue as a funding for war. The <a href="/info/en/?search=Fowler_Report" title="Fowler Report">Fowler Report</a> in 2000 detailed in depth how <a href="/info/en/?search=UNITA" title="UNITA">UNITA</a> was financing its war activities, and in May 2000, led directly to the passing of <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1295" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295</a> and the diamond producing countries of southern Africa meeting in <a href="/info/en/?search=Kimberley,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberley, South Africa">Kimberley</a>, <a href="/info/en/?search=South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> to plan a method by which the trade in conflict diamonds could be halted, and buyers of diamonds could be assured that their diamonds have not contributed to violence.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> In this resolution the Security Council wrote:
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<blockquote><p>Welcomes the proposal that a meeting of experts be convened for the purpose of devising a system of controls to facilitate the implementation of the measures contained in <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1173" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173">Resolution 1173</a> (1998), including arrangements that would allow for increased transparency and accountability in the control of diamonds from their point of origin to the bourses, emphasizes that it is important that, in devising such controls, every effort be made to avoid inflicting collateral damage on the legitimate diamond trade, and welcomes the intention of the Republic of South Africa to host a relevant conference this year.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kimberley_Process_Certification_Scheme">Kimberley Process Certification Scheme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kimberley Process Certification Scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/info/en/?search=Kimberley_Process_Certification_Scheme" title="Kimberley Process Certification Scheme">Kimberley Process Certification Scheme</a></div>
<p>On July 19, 2000, the <a href="/info/en/?search=World_Diamond_Congress" title="World Diamond Congress">World Diamond Congress</a> at <a href="/info/en/?search=Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> adopted a resolution to strengthen the diamond industry's ability to block sales of conflict diamonds.<sup id="cite_ref-wdcongress2000_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wdcongress2000-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNNJuly2000_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNJuly2000-47">[47]</a></sup> The resolution called for an international certification system on the export and import of diamonds, legislation in all countries to accept only officially sealed packages of diamonds, for countries to impose criminal charges on anyone trafficking in conflict diamonds, and instituted a ban on any individual found trading in conflict diamonds from the diamond <a href="/info/en/?search=Exchange_(organized_market)" title="Exchange (organized market)">bourses</a> of the <a href="/info/en/?search=World_Federation_of_Diamond_Bourses" title="World Federation of Diamond Bourses">World Federation of Diamond Bourses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNJuly2000_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNJuly2000-47">[47]</a></sup> The Kimberley Process was at the start led by South Africa and Canada as vice president and since then every year a new chair and vice chair country are elected to maintain the legitimacy of their practices.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> This system tracks diamonds from the mine to the market and regulates the policing surrounding the export, manufacture and sale of the products. Also in tourist countries like the <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> and the <a href="/info/en/?search=United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. All the Kimberley member states are not allowed to trade with non members.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/info/en/?search=Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Before a gemstone is allowed through the airports to other countries, the Kimberley Certification must be presented by the gem's owner or obtained from a renowned attorney. The certificate should also be requested by the customer when the gems have reached a retail store to ensure its provenance.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup>
</p><p>On January 17–18 of 2001, diamond industry figures convened and formed the new organization, the <a href="/info/en/?search=World_Diamond_Council" title="World Diamond Council">World Diamond Council</a>. This new body set out to draft a new process, whereby all diamond rough could be certified as coming from a non-conflict source.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup>
</p><p>The KPCS was given approval by the UN on March 13, 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> and in November, after two years of negotiation between governments, diamond producers, and Non-Government organizations, the <a href="/info/en/?search=Kimberley_Process_Certification_Scheme" title="Kimberley Process Certification Scheme">Kimberley Process Certification Scheme</a> was created.
</p><p>The Kimberley Process attempted to curtail the flow of conflict diamonds, help stabilize fragile countries and support their development. As the Kimberley Process has made life harder for criminals, it has brought large volumes of diamonds onto the legal market that would not otherwise have made it there. This has increased the revenues of poor governments, and helped them to address their countries’ development challenges. For instance, around $125 million worth of diamonds were legally exported from Sierra Leone in 2006, compared to almost none at the end of the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-kimberly_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimberly-52">[52]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shortcomings_and_criticism">Shortcomings and criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Shortcomings and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The Kimberley Process has ultimately failed to stem the flow of blood diamonds, leading key proponents such as Global Witness to abandon the scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-Failed_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Failed-53">[53]</a></sup> In addition, there is no guarantee that diamonds with a Kimberley Process Certification are in fact conflict-free. This is due to the nature of the corrupt government officials in the leading diamond producing countries. It is common for these officials to be bribed with $50 to $100 a day in exchange for paperwork declaring that blood diamonds are Kimberley Process Certified.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan-54">[54]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transparency">Transparency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transparency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The Kimberley system attempted to increase governments' <a href="/info/en/?search=Transparency_(market)" title="Transparency (market)">transparency</a> by forcing them to keep records of the diamonds they are exporting and importing and how much they are worth. In theory, this would show governments their finances so that they can be held accountable for how much they are spending for the benefit of the country's population. However non-compliance by countries such as Venezuela has led to the failure of accountability.<sup id="cite_ref-Failed_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Failed-53">[53]</a></sup>
</p><p>The company Materialytics claims that it can trace the origin of virtually any diamond using <a href="/info/en/?search=Laser-induced_breakdown_spectroscopy" title="Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy">laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> However, there is no way to know whether a diamond purchased online is blood free or not.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policy_responses">Policy responses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Policy responses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_policy">American policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: American policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13194" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Executive Order 13194">Executive Order 13194</a></b></div></div></div>
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<p>On January 18, 2001, President <a href="/info/en/?search=Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> issued Executive Order 13194 which prohibited the importation of rough diamonds from Sierra Leone into the United States in accordance with the UN resolutions.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> On May 22, 2001, President <a href="/info/en/?search=George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> issued Executive Order 13213 which banned rough diamond importation from Liberia into the United States. Liberia had been recognized by the United Nations as acting as a pipeline for conflict diamonds from Sierra Leone.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States" title="United States">United States</a> enacted the <a href="/info/en/?search=Clean_Diamond_Trade_Act" title="Clean Diamond Trade Act">Clean Diamond Trade Act</a> (CDTA) on April 25, 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-CDTA_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDTA-59">[59]</a></sup> implemented on July 29, 2003, by <a href="/info/en/?search=Executive_Order_13312" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Order 13312">Executive Order 13312</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup> The CDTA installed the legislation to implement the KPCS in law in the United States. The implementation of this legislation was key to the success of the KPCS, as the United States is the largest consumer of diamonds. The CDTA states: 'As the consumer of a majority of the world's supply of diamonds, the United States has an obligation to help sever the link between diamonds and conflict and press for implementation of an effective solution.<sup id="cite_ref-CDTA_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDTA-59">[59]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> also maintains an office for a Special Adviser for Conflict Diamonds. As of October 14, 2015, the position is held by Ashley Orbach.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_policy">Canadian policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Canadian policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>During the 1990s, diamond-rich areas were discovered in Northern Canada. <a href="/info/en/?search=Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> is one of the key players in the diamond industry. <a href="/info/en/?search=Partnership_Africa_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Partnership Africa Canada">Partnership Africa Canada</a> was created in 1986 to help with the crisis in Africa. This organization is also part of the Diamond Development Initiative. The Diamond Development Initiative helps improve and regulate the legal diamond industry.
</p><p>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Kimberley_Process_Certification_Scheme" title="Kimberley Process Certification Scheme">Kimberley Process</a> was initiated in May 2000 by <a href="/info/en/?search=South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> with Canada, a major supporter of instituting the scheme. Canada has now passed several laws that help stop the trade of conflict diamonds. The laws deal with the export and import of rough diamonds, and also how they are transferred. In December 2002, the Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act was passed by the Canadian government. This law acts as a system that helps control the importing, exporting and transporting of rough diamonds through Canada. The Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act also states that the Kimberley Process is the minimum requirement of certifying rough diamonds and a certificate is also required for all shipments of diamonds. This certificate is called the Canadian Certificate, it gives permission for an officer to seize any shipment of diamonds that does not meet the requirements of the Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act.<sup id="cite_ref-stop_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stop-63">[63]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Government of the Northwest Territories of Canada (GNWT) also has a unique certification program. They offer a Government certificate on all diamonds that are mined, cut, and polished in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Canadian diamonds are tracked from the mine, through the refining process, to the retail jeweler with a unique diamond identification number (DIN) laser inscribed on the diamond's girdle. To obtain this certificate one must cut and polish the diamond in the NWT.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology_response">Technology response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Technology response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Technical services have emerged that may act as a solution for tracking diamond movement across borders. A service was launched in July 2016 that allows managers to build systems using a <a href="/info/en/?search=Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a> database for tracking high-value or highly regulated items through a <a href="/info/en/?search=Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a>. Everledger is one using such a system to "record the movement of diamonds from mines to jewelry stores" and is one of the inaugural clients of a new blockchain-based tracking service from <a href="/info/en/?search=IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj20160714_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj20160714-64">[64]</a></sup>
</p><p>In addition, the rise of lab-grown diamonds presents an alternative to mined diamonds. Lab-grown diamonds are chemically and physically identical to mined diamonds but without the ethical and environmental downsides of traditional mining.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<ul><li>"<a href="/info/en/?search=Diamonds_from_Sierra_Leone" title="Diamonds from Sierra Leone">Diamonds from Sierra Leone</a>" is a <a href="/info/en/?search=Grammy" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy">Grammy</a>-winning song by American rapper <a href="/info/en/?search=Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a> about blood diamonds in <a href="/info/en/?search=Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>. The remix version has verses that detail the blood diamond trade in Sierra Leone, and comments about the Western public unawareness of the origins of the diamonds linked to the conflict.</li>
<li>Conflict diamonds are a central plot point throughout the <a href="/info/en/?search=James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> film <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Die_Another_Day" title="Die Another Day">Die Another Day</a></i> (2002).</li>
<li>The origins of the <a href="/info/en/?search=Kimberley_Process_Certification_Scheme" title="Kimberley Process Certification Scheme">Kimberley Process</a> were dramatized in <a href="/info/en/?search=Ed_Zwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed Zwick">Ed Zwick</a>'s motion picture <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Blood_Diamond" title="Blood Diamond">Blood Diamond</a></i> (2006), starring <a href="/info/en/?search=Leonardo_DiCaprio" title="Leonardo DiCaprio">Leonardo DiCaprio</a> and <a href="/info/en/?search=Djimon_Hounsou" title="Djimon Hounsou">Djimon Hounsou</a>. The film helped to publicize the controversy surrounding conflict diamonds and led to worldwide awareness of the Western African involvement in the diamond trade.</li>
<li>The <i><a href="/info/en/?search=CSI:_Miami" title="CSI: Miami">CSI: Miami</a></i> episode "Man Down" (2007) involves the trafficking of African blood diamonds.</li>
<li>Season 3, episode 2 of <i><a href="/info/en/?search=CSI:_NY" title="CSI: NY">CSI: NY</a></i>, first started out as a jewelry store robbery soon uncovered a group of criminals desperate to reacquire a blood diamond stolen during the commission of the robbery.</li>
<li>Law & Order episode "Soldier of Fortune" (2001) involves the murder of a diamond broker who has knowledge of a blood diamond connection between Sierra Leone and a Swiss diamond company.</li>
<li>Danish filmmaker <a href="/info/en/?search=Mads_Br%C3%BCgger" title="Mads Brügger">Mads Brügger</a>'s documentary <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Ambassador_(2011_film)" title="The Ambassador (2011 film)">Ambassadøren</a></i> (2011, in English: "The Ambassador") addresses the trade in <a href="/info/en/?search=Diplomatic_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic passport">diplomatic passports</a> in order to make money with blood diamonds.</li>
<li>Players compete in <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Diamond_Trust_of_London" title="Diamond Trust of London">Diamond Trust of London</a></i> to extract diamonds out of Angola before the implementation of the Kimberley Process.</li>
<li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
<li><i>Blood Diamonds</i> is a thriller fiction book title by Jon Land, copyright 2002; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-765-30226-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-765-30226-8">0-765-30226-8</a></li>
<li>The <a href="/info/en/?search=Hawaii_Five-0_(2010_TV_series)" title="Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)">Hawaii Five-0 (2010)</a> episode <a href="/info/en/?search=Hawaii_Five-0_(2010_TV_series,_season_2)#Episodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 2)">Kalele</a> revolves around the smuggling of conflict diamonds.</li>
<li>The 2009 Tamil movie <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Ayan_(film)" title="Ayan (film)">Ayan</a></i> portrays an insurgent group in <a href="/info/en/?search=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> selling blood diamonds to international buyers to purchase <a href="/info/en/?search=AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47s</a> in exchange.</li>
<li>The video game <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Far_Cry_2" title="Far Cry 2">Far Cry 2</a></i> uses blood diamonds as a currency and it also serves a plot point in the main story.</li>
<li>In the video games <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Grand_Theft_Auto_IV" title="Grand Theft Auto IV">Grand Theft Auto IV</a></i>, <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Grand_Theft_Auto:_The_Lost_and_Damned" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Theft Auto: The Lost and Damned">Grand Theft Auto: The Lost and Damned</a></i>, and <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Grand_Theft_Auto:_The_Ballad_of_Gay_Tony" title="Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony">Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony</a></i>, there are a few missions involving blood diamonds being traded on the <a href="/info/en/?search=Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a>.</li>
<li>The 2018 film <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Uncut_Gems" title="Uncut Gems">Uncut Gems</a></i> features blood diamonds being traded on the black market.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><a href="/info/en/?search=List_of_diamonds" title="List of diamonds">List of diamonds</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAuty2004" class="citation journal cs1">Auty, Richard (March 2004). <a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14650040412331307822">"Natural resources and civil strife: a two-stage process"</a>. <i>Geopolitics</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 29–49. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14650040412331307822">10.1080/14650040412331307822</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1465-0045">1465-0045</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144859889">144859889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geopolitics&rft.atitle=Natural+resources+and+civil+strife%3A+a+two-stage+process&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-49&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144859889%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1465-0045&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14650040412331307822&rft.aulast=Auty&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F14650040412331307822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLujalaGleditschGilmore2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lujala, Päivi; Gleditsch, Nils Petter; Gilmore, Elisabeth (August 2005). <a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002705277548">"A Diamond Curse?"</a>. <i>Journal of Conflict Resolution</i>. <b>49</b> (4): 538–562. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022002705277548">10.1177/0022002705277548</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0027">0022-0027</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154150846">154150846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conflict+Resolution&rft.atitle=A+Diamond+Curse%3F&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=538-562&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154150846%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-0027&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022002705277548&rft.aulast=Lujala&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A4ivi&rft.au=Gleditsch%2C+Nils+Petter&rft.au=Gilmore%2C+Elisabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1177%2F0022002705277548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, Michael L. (2005). Booty futures. Working Paper, University of California, p30.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Billon, Philippe (2003) Fuelling war: Natural resources and armed conflict. Adelphi Paper 357, Table 3 p66</span>
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<li id="cite_note-PACWEB-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PACWEB_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PACWEB_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070116014842/http://blooddiamond.pacweb.org/kimberlyprocess/">"The Kimberley Controls: How Effective?"</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Partnership_Africa_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Partnership Africa Canada">Partnership Africa Canada</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://blooddiamond.pacweb.org/kimberlyprocess/">the original</a> on 16 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kimberley+Controls%3A+How+Effective%3F&rft.pub=Partnership+Africa+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblooddiamond.pacweb.org%2Fkimberlyprocess%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161219221913/http://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/estimate.shtml%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7c%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com">"WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/estimate.shtml%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7c%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com">the original</a> on 2016-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worlddiamondcouncil.com%2Festimate.shtml%257ctitle%3DWORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%257c%257ctitle%3DWORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%257cwork%3Dworlddiamondcouncil.com%257ctitle%3DWORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%257cwork%3Dworlddiamondcouncil.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061211002030/http://www.diamondfacts.org/conflict/index.html">"Conflict Diamonds - DiamondFacts.org"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.diamondfacts.org/conflict/index.html">the original</a> on 2006-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conflict+Diamonds+-+DiamondFacts.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diamondfacts.org%2Fconflict%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130410042847/http://www.venetiamajor.com.au/services/diamonds-gemstones/conflict-diamonds/">"Conflict Diamonds"</a>. <i>Venetia Major – Bespoke Jewellery</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.venetiamajor.com.au/services/diamonds-gemstones/conflict-diamonds/">the original</a> on 2013-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Venetia+Major+%E2%80%93+Bespoke+Jewellery&rft.atitle=Conflict+Diamonds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.venetiamajor.com.au%2Fservices%2Fdiamonds-gemstones%2Fconflict-diamonds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Department_of_State2006" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Department of State (2006). <a class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61591.htm">"2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices in Africa : Sierra Leone"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2005+Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices+in+Africa+%3A+Sierra+Leone&rft.date=2006&rft.au=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2005%2F61591.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2012" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Armstrong (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/26/world/africa/blood-diamonds/index.html">"How diamonds fuel Africa's conflicts"</a>. <i>CNN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=How+diamonds+fuel+Africa%27s+conflicts&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Armstrong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2012%2F04%2F26%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fblood-diamonds%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTammy2012" class="citation web cs1">Tammy, Hanna (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/89089538/Ethical-Issue-Analyis-Blood-Diamond-Analysis">"Ethical Issue Analysis: Blood Diamond Analysis"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethical+Issue+Analysis%3A+Blood+Diamond+Analysis&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Tammy&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F89089538%2FEthical-Issue-Analyis-Blood-Diamond-Analysis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/SLE">"Human Development Report - Sierra Leone"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a></i>. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Report+-+Sierra+Leone&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Fprofiles%2FSLE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/import/the_truth_about_diamonds.pdf">"The Truth About Diamonds: Conflict and Development"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a>. November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Truth+About+Diamonds%3A+Conflict+and+Development&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalwitness.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fimport%2Fthe_truth_about_diamonds.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/info/en/?search=Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/info/en/?search=Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTammy2012" class="citation web cs1">Tammy, Hanna (Spring 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/89089538/Ethical-Issue-Analyis-Blood-Diamond-Analysis">"Ethical Issue Analysis – Blood Diamond Analysis"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Scribd" title="Scribd">Scribd</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribd&rft.atitle=Ethical+Issue+Analysis+%E2%80%93+Blood+Diamond+Analysis&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Tammy&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F89089538%2FEthical-Issue-Analyis-Blood-Diamond-Analysis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-IPS-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IPS_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPS_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090117091311/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40296">"Blood Diamonds No Longer Congo-Brazzaville's Best Friend"</a>. IPS. 30 Nov 2007. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40296">the original</a> on 2009-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Blood+Diamonds+No+Longer+Congo-Brazzaville%27s+Best+Friend&rft.date=2007-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fipsnews.net%2Fnews.asp%3Fidnews%3D40296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-TheIndependent-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheIndependent_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/zimbabwe-gets-goahead-to-sell-diamonds-again-2028699.html">"Zimbabwe gets go-ahead to sell diamonds again"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 23 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+gets+go-ahead+to+sell+diamonds+again&rft.date=2011-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fzimbabwe-gets-goahead-to-sell-diamonds-again-2028699.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WSJ-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFarai_MutsakaPeter_WonacottSarah_Childress2010" class="citation web cs1">Farai Mutsaka; Peter Wonacott; Sarah Childress (28 May 2010). <a class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703630304575270681883985308">"Zimbabwe Nears Approval for Marange-Field Diamond Exports"</a>. <i>WSJ</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WSJ&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+Nears+Approval+for+Marange-Field+Diamond+Exports&rft.date=2010-05-28&rft.au=Farai+Mutsaka&rft.au=Peter+Wonacott&rft.au=Sarah+Childress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052748703630304575270681883985308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Brown1998" class="citation web cs1">Dan Brown (1998-12-01). <a class="external text" href="https://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/A_Rough_Trade.pdf">"A Rough Trade: The Role of Companies and Governments in the Angolan Conflict"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Rough+Trade%3A+The+Role+of+Companies+and+Governments+in+the+Angolan+Conflict&rft.pub=Global+Witness&rft.date=1998-12-01&rft.au=Dan+Brown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalwitness.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdfs%2FA_Rough_Trade.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJanine_P._Roberts2003" class="citation book cs1">Janine P. Roberts (2003). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=raO8jHBdDhYC"><i>Glitter & Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Empire</i></a>. The Disinformation Company. p. 233. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-9713942-9-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9713942-9-6"><bdi>0-9713942-9-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glitter+%26+Greed%3A+The+Secret+World+of+the+Diamond+Empire&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=The+Disinformation+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-9713942-9-6&rft.au=Janine+P.+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DraO8jHBdDhYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515044024/http://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/chairmansreportforlondon.shtml%257">"World Diamond Council"</a>. <i>www.worlddiamondcouncil.com</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/chairmansreportforlondon.shtml%257">the original</a> on 2018-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worlddiamondcouncil.com&rft.atitle=World+Diamond+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worlddiamondcouncil.com%2Fchairmansreportforlondon.shtml%25257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/497/66/PDF/N0149766.pdf">"UN Resolution 56/263 – The role of diamonds in fueling conflict: breaking the link between the illicit transaction of rough diamonds and armed conflict as a contribution to prevention and settlement of conflicts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+Resolution+56%2F263+%E2%80%93+The+role+of+diamonds+in+fueling+conflict%3A+breaking+the+link+between+the+illicit+transaction+of+rough+diamonds+and+armed+conflict+as+a+contribution+to+prevention+and+settlement+of+conflicts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocuments-dds-ny.un.org%2Fdoc%2FUNDOC%2FGEN%2FN01%2F497%2F66%2FPDF%2FN0149766.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span> UN 96th plenary meeting, 13 March 2002, accessed online November 6, 2006</span>
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<li id="cite_note-kimberly-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kimberly_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905181753/http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/web/kimberley-process/kp-basics">"Kimberley Process basics"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=Kimberley_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberley Process">Kimberley Process</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.kimberleyprocess.com/web/kimberley-process/kp-basics">the original</a> on 2012-09-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kimberley+Process&rft.atitle=Kimberley+Process+basics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kimberleyprocess.com%2Fweb%2Fkimberley-process%2Fkp-basics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Failed-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Failed_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Failed_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16027011">"NGO Global Witness leaves diamond vetting scheme"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 5 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=NGO+Global+Witness+leaves+diamond+vetting+scheme&rft.date=2011-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-16027011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ryan-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ryan_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRyan,_E._Kieron2010" class="citation web cs1">Ryan, E. Kieron (11 August 2010). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.lewrockwell.com/orig11/ryan-k1.1.1.html">"Blood Diamond Farce"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blood+Diamond+Farce&rft.date=2010-08-11&rft.au=Ryan%2C+E.+Kieron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.lewrockwell.com%2Forig11%2Fryan-k1.1.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180404201008/http://materialytics.com/gsa2015determinationofdiamondprovenance/">"Diamonds: GSA 2015: Determination of Diamond Provenance"</a>. <i>materialytics.com</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://materialytics.com/gsa2015determinationofdiamondprovenance/">the original</a> on 2018-04-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=materialytics.com&rft.atitle=Diamonds%3A+GSA+2015%3A+Determination+of+Diamond+Provenance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaterialytics.com%2Fgsa2015determinationofdiamondprovenance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020191028/http://www.thediamondringreview.com/2017/10/the-real-story-history-of-conflict_14.html">"The Real Story & History of Conflict Blood Diamonds"</a>. <i>www.thediamondringreview.com</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.thediamondringreview.com/2017/10/the-real-story-history-of-conflict_14.html">the original</a> on 2017-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thediamondringreview.com&rft.atitle=The+Real+Story+%26+History+of+Conflict+Blood+Diamonds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thediamondringreview.com%2F2017%2F10%2Fthe-real-story-history-of-conflict_14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clinton, William <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr23ja01-143.pdf">"FR Doc. 01–2140 – Executive Order 13194 of January 18, 2001 – Prohibiting the Importation of Rough Diamonds From Sierra Leone"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FR+Doc.+01%E2%80%932140+%E2%80%93+Executive+Order+13194+of+January+18%2C+2001+%E2%80%93+Prohibiting+the+Importation+of+Rough+Diamonds+From+Sierra+Leone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrwebgate.access.gpo.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetdoc.cgi%3Fdbname%3D2001_register%26docid%3Dfr23ja01-143.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span> The White House, January 18, 2001, accessed online December 24, 2006</span>
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bush, George W. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr24my01-113.pdf">"FR Doc. 01–13381 – Executive Order 13213 – Additional Measures With Respect To Prohibiting the Importation of Rough Diamonds From Sierra Leone"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FR+Doc.+01%E2%80%9313381+%E2%80%93+Executive+Order+13213+%E2%80%93+Additional+Measures+With+Respect+To+Prohibiting+the+Importation+of+Rough+Diamonds+From+Sierra+Leone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrwebgate.access.gpo.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetdoc.cgi%3Fdbname%3D2001_register%26docid%3Dfr24my01-113.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span> The White House, May 22, 2001, accessed online December 24, 2006</span>
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<li id="cite_note-CDTA-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDTA_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDTA_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.fas.org/asmp/resources/govern/108th/pl_108_19.pdf">"Public Law 108-19 – An Act To implement effective measures to stop trade in conflict diamonds, and for other purposes. Apr. 25, 2003"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Law+108-19+%E2%80%93+An+Act+To+implement+effective+measures+to+stop+trade+in+conflict+diamonds%2C+and+for+other+purposes.+Apr.+25%2C+2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fasmp%2Fresources%2Fgovern%2F108th%2Fpl_108_19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(42.1 <a href="/info/en/?search=Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KiB</a>)</span> 108th Congress of the United States, April 25, 2003, accessed online December 24, 2006</span>
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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bush, George W <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120409/http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-19676.pdf">"FR Doc. 03-19676 – Executive Order 13312 of July 29, 2003 – Implementing the Clean Diamond Trade Act"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-19676.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 29, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FR+Doc.+03-19676+%E2%80%93+Executive+Order+13312+of+July+29%2C+2003+%E2%80%93+Implementing+the+Clean+Diamond+Trade+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fa257.g.akamaitech.net%2F7%2F257%2F2422%2F14mar20010800%2Fedocket.access.gpo.gov%2F2003%2Fpdf%2F03-19676.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(26.3 <a href="/info/en/?search=Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KiB</a>)</span> The White House, July 29, 2003, accessed online December 24, 2006</span>
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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214000648/http://www.gao.gov/htext/d06978.html">"GAO-06-978, Conflict Diamonds: Agency Actions Needed to Enhance Implementation of the Clean Diamond Trade Act"</a>. <i>gao.gov</i>. 27 September 2006. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.gao.gov/htext/d06978.html">the original</a> on 14 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gao.gov&rft.atitle=GAO-06-978%2C+Conflict+Diamonds%3A+Agency+Actions+Needed+to+Enhance+Implementation+of+the+Clean+Diamond+Trade+Act&rft.date=2006-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Fhtext%2Fd06978.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/diamonds/">United States Department of State</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-stop-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stop_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070510200002/http://www.stopblooddiamonds.org/Canadian-Policy-Laws.asp">"Stop Blood Diamonds – Creating a Conflict Free Diamond World"</a>. <i>stopblooddiamonds.org</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.stopblooddiamonds.org/Canadian-Policy-Laws.asp">the original</a> on 2007-05-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stopblooddiamonds.org&rft.atitle=Stop+Blood+Diamonds+%E2%80%93+Creating+a+Conflict+Free+Diamond+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stopblooddiamonds.org%2FCanadian-Policy-Laws.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-wsj20160714-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wsj20160714_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNash2016" class="citation news cs1">Nash, Kim S. (14 July 2016). <a class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-pushes-blockchain-into-the-supply-chain-1468528824">"IBM Pushes Blockchain into the Supply Chain"</a>. <i><a href="/info/en/?search=The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=IBM+Pushes+Blockchain+into+the+Supply+Chain&rft.date=2016-07-14&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Kim+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fibm-pushes-blockchain-into-the-supply-chain-1468528824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMcCreddie-Doak2020" class="citation web cs1">McCreddie-Doak, Laura (2020-09-28). <a class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/style/article/lab-grown-diamonds-ethical-luxury-sept/index.html">"Can lab-grown diamonds replace the real thing?"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Can+lab-grown+diamonds+replace+the+real+thing%3F&rft.date=2020-09-28&rft.aulast=McCreddie-Doak&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fstyle%2Farticle%2Flab-grown-diamonds-ethical-luxury-sept%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBell,_Udy2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Udy (2000). <a class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2005/issue4/0405p42.html">"Sierra Leone: Building on a Hard-Won Peace"</a>. <i>UN Chronicle Online Edition</i> (4)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UN+Chronicle+Online+Edition&rft.atitle=Sierra+Leone%3A+Building+on+a+Hard-Won+Peace&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Bell%2C+Udy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FPubs%2Fchronicle%2F2005%2Fissue4%2F0405p42.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBergner2003" class="citation book cs1">Bergner, Daniel (2003). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inlandofmagicsol00berg"><i>In the Land of Magic Soldiers: A Story of White and Black in West Africa</i></a>. New York: <a href="/info/en/?search=Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-374-26653-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-26653-0"><bdi>0-374-26653-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Land+of+Magic+Soldiers%3A+A+Story+of+White+and+Black+in+West+Africa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-374-26653-0&rft.aulast=Bergner&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finlandofmagicsol00berg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2002" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Greg (2002). <i>Blood Diamonds: Tracing the Deadly Path of the World's Most Precious Stones</i>. Boulder, Colo: <a href="/info/en/?search=Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-8133-3939-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3939-1"><bdi>0-8133-3939-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+Diamonds%3A+Tracing+the+Deadly+Path+of+the+World%27s+Most+Precious+Stones&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8133-3939-1&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCilliers,_JakkieChristian_Dietrich2000" class="citation book cs1">Cilliers, Jakkie; Christian Dietrich (2000). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923170249/http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/BOOKS/Angola.html"><i>Angola's War Economy</i></a>. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-0-620-26645-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-620-26645-1"><bdi>978-0-620-26645-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/BOOKS/ANGOLA.HTML">the original</a> on 2006-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angola%27s+War+Economy&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pub=Institute+for+Security+Studies&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-620-26645-1&rft.au=Cilliers%2C+Jakkie&rft.au=Christian+Dietrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iss.co.za%2FPubs%2FBOOKS%2FANGOLA.HTML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1982" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, Edward Jay (1982). <i>The Rise and Fall of Diamonds: The Shattering of a Brilliant Illusion</i>. New York: <a href="/info/en/?search=Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-671-41289-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-41289-2"><bdi>0-671-41289-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Diamonds%3A+The+Shattering+of+a+Brilliant+Illusion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-671-41289-2&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Edward+Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBillon2005" class="citation book cs1">Billon, Philippe Le (2005). <i>Fuelling War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflicts</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-415-37970-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-37970-9"><bdi>0-415-37970-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fuelling+War%3A+Natural+Resources+and+Armed+Conflicts&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-37970-9&rft.aulast=Billon&rft.aufirst=Philippe+Le&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2003" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Arthur V. (2003). <i>Diamonds and Conflict: Problems and Solutions</i>. New York: Hauppauge. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/1-59033-715-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-59033-715-8"><bdi>1-59033-715-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diamonds+and+Conflict%3A+Problems+and+Solutions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hauppauge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-59033-715-8&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Arthur+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Billon,_Philippe2006" class="citation journal cs1">Le Billon, Philippe (2006). "Fatal Transactions: Conflict Diamonds and the (Anti)terrorist Consumer". <i>Antipode</i>. <b>38</b> (4): 778–801. <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8330.2006.00476.x">10.1111/j.1467-8330.2006.00476.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antipode&rft.atitle=Fatal+Transactions%3A+Conflict+Diamonds+and+the+%28Anti%29terrorist+Consumer&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=778-801&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8330.2006.00476.x&rft.au=Le+Billon%2C+Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFReno1995" class="citation book cs1">Reno, William (1995). <i>Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-521-47179-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47179-6"><bdi>0-521-47179-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corruption+and+State+Politics+in+Sierra+Leone&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-47179-6&rft.aulast=Reno&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2007" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Janine (2007) [2003]. <i>Glitter and Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Cartel</i>. New York: Disinformation. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/978-1-932857-60-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932857-60-3"><bdi>978-1-932857-60-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glitter+and+Greed%3A+The+Secret+World+of+the+Diamond+Cartel&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Disinformation&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-932857-60-3&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Janine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTamm2002" class="citation book cs1">Tamm, Ingrid J. (2002). <i>Diamonds In Peace and War: Severing the Conflict Diamond Connection</i>. Cambridge, Mass: World peace foundation. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-9721033-5-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9721033-5-X"><bdi>0-9721033-5-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diamonds+In+Peace+and+War%3A+Severing+the+Conflict+Diamond+Connection&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pub=World+peace+foundation&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-9721033-5-X&rft.aulast=Tamm&rft.aufirst=Ingrid+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ksg.harvard.edu/cchrp/Web%20Working%20Papers/WPF-Tamm%20Diamond%20Report.pdf">"PDF"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 11 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PDF&rft.date=2023-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksg.harvard.edu%2Fcchrp%2FWeb%2520Working%2520Papers%2FWPF-Tamm%2520Diamond%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(673 <a href="/info/en/?search=Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KiB</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFUnruh,_Jon2022" class="citation journal cs1">Unruh, Jon (2022). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fsta.811">"Housing, land and property rights as war-financing commodities: A typology with lessons from Darfur, Colombia and Syria"</a>. <i>Stability: International Journal of Security and Development</i>. <b>10</b> (10). <a href="/info/en/?search=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fsta.811">10.5334/sta.811</a></span>. <a href="/info/en/?search=S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247565996">247565996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stability%3A+International+Journal+of+Security+and+Development&rft.atitle=Housing%2C+land+and+property+rights+as+war-financing+commodities%3A+A+typology+with+lessons+from+Darfur%2C+Colombia+and+Syria&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5334%2Fsta.811&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247565996%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Unruh%2C+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5334%252Fsta.811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFZoellner2006" class="citation book cs1">Zoellner, Tom (2006). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heartlessstonejo00zoel"><i>The Heartless Stone: A Journey the Money Through the World of Diamonds, Deceit and Desire</i></a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/info/en/?search=ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/info/en/?search=Special:BookSources/0-312-33969-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-33969-0"><bdi>0-312-33969-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heartless+Stone%3A+A+Journey+the+Money+Through+the+World+of+Diamonds%2C+Deceit+and+Desire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-312-33969-0&rft.aulast=Zoellner&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheartlessstonejo00zoel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+diamond" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Blood_diamond&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703589404575417460834079500">The Truth About Blood Diamonds – The international focus on "conflict minerals" is a self-serving charade.; The Wall Street Journal</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/diamond/index.htm">Diamonds in Conflict – Global Policy Forum</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://pawss.hampshire.edu/topics/conflictdiamonds/index.html">PAWSS Conflict Topics – Conflict Diamonds</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.diamondfacts.org">DiamondFacts.org</a> – World Diamond Council</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110630113046/http://www.allasone.org/diamond.php">AllAsOne.org</a> – Blood diamond trade awareness</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061026183958/http://www.stopblooddiamonds.org/">Stop Blood Diamonds</a> – Blood diamonds awareness initiative</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070418170222/http://www.israelidiamond.co.il/English/news.aspx?boneId=741&objid=1710">Stopping Blood Diamonds</a> – The success of the Kimberley Process</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.thediamondringcompany.co.uk/conflict-diamonds">Africa's War with Blood Diamonds</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404084005/http://www.thediamondringcompany.co.uk/conflict-diamonds">Archived</a> 2019-04-04 at the <a href="/info/en/?search=Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.seattlediamonds.com/diamonds/canadian-diamonds">Canadian Mined Diamonds</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.icij.org/project/swiss-leaks/diamond-dealers-deep-trouble-bank-documents-shine-light-secret-ways">Diamond Dealers in Deep Trouble as Bank Documents Shine Light on Secret Ways</a> <i>– Documentation about financial flows between <a href="/info/en/?search=HSBC_Private_Bank" title="HSBC Private Bank">HSBC Private Bank</a> and blood diamond dealers (see also <a href="/info/en/?search=Swiss_Leaks" title="Swiss Leaks">Swiss Leaks</a>)</i></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://time.com/blood-diamonds/">Blood Diamonds</a> – Time magazine</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091753/http://www.makaangola.org/images/files/Diamantes%20de%20Sangue_Rafael%20Marques.pdf">Editora Oferece "Diamantes de Sangue" em Formato Digital a Todos</a>. <i>Maka Angola</i>, <i>Editora da Tinta da China</i> <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span></li></ul>
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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/info/en/?search=Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464026#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007544885505171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2007000030">United States</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1722385204' |