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Smart materials)
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Smart materials, also called intelligent or responsive materials, [1][ page needed] are designed materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress, moisture, electric or magnetic fields, light, temperature, pH, or chemical compounds. [2] [3] Smart materials are the basis of many applications, including sensors and actuators, or artificial muscles, particularly as electroactive polymers (EAPs). [4][ page needed] [5][ page needed] [6][ page needed] [7][ page needed] [8][ page needed] [9][ page needed]
Types
There are a number of types of smart material, of which are already common. Some examples are as following:
- Piezoelectric materials are materials that produce a voltage when stress is applied. Since this effect also applies in a reverse manner, a voltage across the sample will produce stress within sample. Suitably designed structures made from these materials can, therefore, be made that bend, expand or contract when a voltage is applied.
- Shape-memory alloys and shape-memory polymers are materials in which large deformation can be induced and recovered through temperature changes or stress changes ( pseudoelasticity). The shape memory effect results due to respectively martensitic phase change and induced elasticity at higher temperatures.
- Photovoltaic materials or optoelectronics convert light to electrical current.
- Electroactive polymers (EAPs) change their volume by voltage or electric fields.
- Magnetostrictive materials exhibit a change in shape under the influence of magnetic field and also exhibit a change in their magnetization under the influence of mechanical stress.
- Magnetic shape memory alloys are materials that change their shape in response to a significant change in the magnetic field.
- Smart inorganic polymers showing tunable and responsive properties.
- pH-sensitive polymers are materials that change in volume when the pH of the surrounding medium changes. [10]
- Temperature-responsive polymers are materials which undergo changes upon temperature.
- Halochromic materials are commonly used materials that change their color as a result of changing acidity. One suggested application is for paints that can change color to indicate corrosion in the metal underneath them.
- Chromogenic systems change color in response to electrical, optical or thermal changes. These include electrochromic materials, which change their colour or opacity on the application of a voltage (e.g., liquid crystal displays), thermochromic materials change in colour depending on their temperature, and photochromic materials, which change colour in response to light—for example, light-sensitive sunglasses that darken when exposed to bright sunlight.
- Ferrofluids are magnetic fluids (affected by magnets and magnetic fields).
- Photomechanical materials change shape under exposure to light.
- Polycaprolactone (polymorph) can be molded by immersion in hot water.
- Self-healing materials have the intrinsic ability to repair damage due to normal usage, thus expanding the material's lifetime.
- Dielectric elastomers (DEs) are smart material systems which produce large strains (up to 500%) under the influence of an external electric field.
- Magnetocaloric materials are compounds that undergo a reversible change in temperature upon exposure to a changing magnetic field.
- Smart self-healing coatings heal without human intervention. [11] [12]
- Thermoelectric materials are used to build devices that convert temperature differences into electricity and vice versa.
- Chemoresponsive materials change size or volume under the influence of external chemical or biological compound. [13]
See also
- Smart polymer
- Programmable matter
- Sensors
- Actuators
- Artificial muscles
- Thermally induced shape-memory effect (polymers)
References
- ^ Bengisu, Murat; Ferrara, Marinella (2018). Materials that move : smart materials, intelligent design. Springer International Publishing. ISBN 9783319768885.
- ^ Brizzi, Silvia; Cavozzi, Cristian; Storti, Fabrizio (2023-09-29). "Smart materials for experimental tectonics: Viscous behavior of magnetorheological silicones". Tectonophysics: 230038. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2023.230038. ISSN 0040-1951.
- ^ Bahl, Shashi; Nagar, Himanshu; Singh, Inderpreet; Sehgal, Shankar (2020-01-01). "Smart materials types, properties and applications: A review". Materials Today: Proceedings. International Conference on Aspects of Materials Science and Engineering. 28: 1302–1306. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.505. ISSN 2214-7853.
- ^ Shahinpoor, Mohsen; Schneider, Hans-Jorg, eds. (2007). Intelligent materials. RSC Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85404-335-4.
- ^ Schwartz, Mel, ed. (2002). Encyclopedia of smart materials. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 9780471177807.
- ^ Nakanishi, Takashi (2011). Supramolecular soft matter : applications in materials and organic electronics. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470559741.
- ^ Gaudenzi, Paolo (2009). Smart structures : physical behaviour, mathematical modelling and applications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-05982-1.
- ^ Janocha, Hartmut (2007). Adaptronics and smart structures : basics, materials, design, and applications (2nd, revised ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-71967-0.
- ^ Schwartz, Mel (2009). Smart materials. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420043723.
- ^ Bordbar-Khiabani A, Gasik M. "Smart hydrogels for advanced drug delivery systems". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (7): 3665. doi: 10.3390/ijms23073665.
- ^ Tatiya, Pyus D.; Hedaoo, Rahul K; Mahulikar, Pramod P.; Gite, Vikas V. (16 January 2013). "Novel Polyurea Microcapsules Using Dendritic Functional Monomer: Synthesis, Characterization, and Its Use in Self-healing and Anticorrosive Polyurethane Coatings". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 52 (4): 1562–1570. doi: 10.1021/ie301813a.
- ^ Chaudhari, Ashok B.; Tatiya, Pyus D.; Hedaoo, Rahul K.; Kulkarni, Ravindra D.; Gite, Vikas V. (16 July 2013). "Polyurethane Prepared from Neem Oil Polyesteramides for Self-Healing Anticorrosive Coatings". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 52 (30): 10189–10197. doi: 10.1021/ie401237s.
- ^ Chemoresponsive Materials /Stimulation by Chemical and Biological Signals, Schneider, H.-J.; Ed:, (2015)The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/97817828822420
External links
- Smart Materials Book Series, Royal Society of Chemistry
(Redirected from
Smart materials)
| This article needs additional citations for
verification. (November 2013) |
Smart materials, also called intelligent or responsive materials, [1][ page needed] are designed materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress, moisture, electric or magnetic fields, light, temperature, pH, or chemical compounds. [2] [3] Smart materials are the basis of many applications, including sensors and actuators, or artificial muscles, particularly as electroactive polymers (EAPs). [4][ page needed] [5][ page needed] [6][ page needed] [7][ page needed] [8][ page needed] [9][ page needed]
Types
There are a number of types of smart material, of which are already common. Some examples are as following:
- Piezoelectric materials are materials that produce a voltage when stress is applied. Since this effect also applies in a reverse manner, a voltage across the sample will produce stress within sample. Suitably designed structures made from these materials can, therefore, be made that bend, expand or contract when a voltage is applied.
- Shape-memory alloys and shape-memory polymers are materials in which large deformation can be induced and recovered through temperature changes or stress changes ( pseudoelasticity). The shape memory effect results due to respectively martensitic phase change and induced elasticity at higher temperatures.
- Photovoltaic materials or optoelectronics convert light to electrical current.
- Electroactive polymers (EAPs) change their volume by voltage or electric fields.
- Magnetostrictive materials exhibit a change in shape under the influence of magnetic field and also exhibit a change in their magnetization under the influence of mechanical stress.
- Magnetic shape memory alloys are materials that change their shape in response to a significant change in the magnetic field.
- Smart inorganic polymers showing tunable and responsive properties.
- pH-sensitive polymers are materials that change in volume when the pH of the surrounding medium changes. [10]
- Temperature-responsive polymers are materials which undergo changes upon temperature.
- Halochromic materials are commonly used materials that change their color as a result of changing acidity. One suggested application is for paints that can change color to indicate corrosion in the metal underneath them.
- Chromogenic systems change color in response to electrical, optical or thermal changes. These include electrochromic materials, which change their colour or opacity on the application of a voltage (e.g., liquid crystal displays), thermochromic materials change in colour depending on their temperature, and photochromic materials, which change colour in response to light—for example, light-sensitive sunglasses that darken when exposed to bright sunlight.
- Ferrofluids are magnetic fluids (affected by magnets and magnetic fields).
- Photomechanical materials change shape under exposure to light.
- Polycaprolactone (polymorph) can be molded by immersion in hot water.
- Self-healing materials have the intrinsic ability to repair damage due to normal usage, thus expanding the material's lifetime.
- Dielectric elastomers (DEs) are smart material systems which produce large strains (up to 500%) under the influence of an external electric field.
- Magnetocaloric materials are compounds that undergo a reversible change in temperature upon exposure to a changing magnetic field.
- Smart self-healing coatings heal without human intervention. [11] [12]
- Thermoelectric materials are used to build devices that convert temperature differences into electricity and vice versa.
- Chemoresponsive materials change size or volume under the influence of external chemical or biological compound. [13]
See also
- Smart polymer
- Programmable matter
- Sensors
- Actuators
- Artificial muscles
- Thermally induced shape-memory effect (polymers)
References
- ^ Bengisu, Murat; Ferrara, Marinella (2018). Materials that move : smart materials, intelligent design. Springer International Publishing. ISBN 9783319768885.
- ^ Brizzi, Silvia; Cavozzi, Cristian; Storti, Fabrizio (2023-09-29). "Smart materials for experimental tectonics: Viscous behavior of magnetorheological silicones". Tectonophysics: 230038. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2023.230038. ISSN 0040-1951.
- ^ Bahl, Shashi; Nagar, Himanshu; Singh, Inderpreet; Sehgal, Shankar (2020-01-01). "Smart materials types, properties and applications: A review". Materials Today: Proceedings. International Conference on Aspects of Materials Science and Engineering. 28: 1302–1306. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.505. ISSN 2214-7853.
- ^ Shahinpoor, Mohsen; Schneider, Hans-Jorg, eds. (2007). Intelligent materials. RSC Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85404-335-4.
- ^ Schwartz, Mel, ed. (2002). Encyclopedia of smart materials. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 9780471177807.
- ^ Nakanishi, Takashi (2011). Supramolecular soft matter : applications in materials and organic electronics. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470559741.
- ^ Gaudenzi, Paolo (2009). Smart structures : physical behaviour, mathematical modelling and applications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-05982-1.
- ^ Janocha, Hartmut (2007). Adaptronics and smart structures : basics, materials, design, and applications (2nd, revised ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-71967-0.
- ^ Schwartz, Mel (2009). Smart materials. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420043723.
- ^ Bordbar-Khiabani A, Gasik M. "Smart hydrogels for advanced drug delivery systems". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (7): 3665. doi: 10.3390/ijms23073665.
- ^ Tatiya, Pyus D.; Hedaoo, Rahul K; Mahulikar, Pramod P.; Gite, Vikas V. (16 January 2013). "Novel Polyurea Microcapsules Using Dendritic Functional Monomer: Synthesis, Characterization, and Its Use in Self-healing and Anticorrosive Polyurethane Coatings". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 52 (4): 1562–1570. doi: 10.1021/ie301813a.
- ^ Chaudhari, Ashok B.; Tatiya, Pyus D.; Hedaoo, Rahul K.; Kulkarni, Ravindra D.; Gite, Vikas V. (16 July 2013). "Polyurethane Prepared from Neem Oil Polyesteramides for Self-Healing Anticorrosive Coatings". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 52 (30): 10189–10197. doi: 10.1021/ie401237s.
- ^ Chemoresponsive Materials /Stimulation by Chemical and Biological Signals, Schneider, H.-J.; Ed:, (2015)The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/97817828822420
External links
- Smart Materials Book Series, Royal Society of Chemistry