The second Achaemenid conquest of Egypt took place in 340 or 339 BC. [1] [2]
Egypt had broken away from the Persian Empire in the early fourth century BC, and since then the Persians had made several unsuccessful attempts to reconquer it. Artaxerxes III, after a failed attempt in 351, conducted the conquest in person following years of extensive and meticulous preparations. [3] [4] His force included Greek mercenaries from Thebes, Argos and Asia Minor, as well as a war fleet and a number of transport ships. [5] Although the Persian army was said to have outnumbered that of the Egyptian pharaoh Nectanebo II, the invasion started inauspiciously when Artaxerxes lost some troops to quicksand at Barathra, and the fortress of Pelusium resisted an attempt to take it. [6]
Artaxerxes deployed three divisions of shock troops, each with a Greek commander and a Persian supervisor. One unit, to which he assigned the Thebans, a force of cavalry and Asiatic infantry, was tasked with taking Pelusium, while a second, commanded by turncoat mercenary Mentor of Rhodes and the eunuch Bagoas, was sent against Bubastis. The third division, which comprised the Argives, some unspecified elite troops and 80 triremes, was to establish a bridgehead on the opposite bank of the Nile. [8] [9] The Theban force set about diverting a nearby canal so that siege engines could be brought up, and although the walls of Pelusium were battered, the defenders (apparently commanded by a Spartan) were able to set up new walls and wooden defensive towers further inside. [10] The Argive troops landed in their destination and beat off an Egyptian attempt to dislodge them; Nectanebo failed to mount an effective counterattack and fell back to Memphis. At this, the Egyptians became demoralized, which caused the besieged at Pelusium to surrender. Bubastis capitulated with little resistance to Mentor and Bagoas, and this was followed by a wave of surrenders, which opened the Nile to Artaxerxes's fleet. The pharaoh Nectanebo lost heart and abandoned his country. [8] [11]
After his victory, Artaxerxes was said to have demolished the walls of important Egyptian cities, plundered temples and even murdered the sacred Apis bull, [12] although the latter is likely to have been a propaganda invention of Egyptian priests. [13]
Notes
- ^ Colburn 2020, pp. 247, 249.
- ^ Jacobs & Rollinger 2021, p. 159.
- ^ Briant 2002, p. 685.
- ^ Lloyd 2019, p. 120.
- ^ Lloyd 2019, pp. 120–121.
- ^ Briant 2002, p. 685; Lloyd 2019, p. 121.
- ^ Kovacs, Frank L. (2002). "Two Persian Pharaonic Portraits". Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte. R. Pflaum. pp. 55–60.
- ^ a b Briant 2002, p. 686.
- ^ Lloyd 2019, pp. 121–122.
- ^ Lloyd 2019, p. 122.
- ^ Lloyd 2019, pp. 122–123.
- ^ Briant 2002, pp. 687–688.
- ^ Jacobs & Rollinger 2021, p. 464.
References
- Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Translated by Peter T. Daniels. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 1-57506-031-0.
- Colburn, Henry P. (2020). Archaeology of Empire in Achaemenid Egypt. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-5236-6.
- Jacobs, Bruno & Rollinger, Robert, eds. (2021). A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. doi: 10.1002/9781119071860. ISBN 978-1-119-17428-8. S2CID 241844714.
- Lloyd, Alan B. (2019). "The Defence of Egypt in the Fourth Century BC: Forts and Sundry Failures". In Jeremy Armstrong & Matthew Trundle (eds.). Brill's Companion to Sieges in the Ancient Mediterranean. Leiden: Brill. pp. 111–134. ISBN 978-90-04-37361-7.
- Ruzicka, Stephen (2012). Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire, 525–332 BC. Oxford University Press.
The second Achaemenid conquest of Egypt took place in 340 or 339 BC. [1] [2]
Egypt had broken away from the Persian Empire in the early fourth century BC, and since then the Persians had made several unsuccessful attempts to reconquer it. Artaxerxes III, after a failed attempt in 351, conducted the conquest in person following years of extensive and meticulous preparations. [3] [4] His force included Greek mercenaries from Thebes, Argos and Asia Minor, as well as a war fleet and a number of transport ships. [5] Although the Persian army was said to have outnumbered that of the Egyptian pharaoh Nectanebo II, the invasion started inauspiciously when Artaxerxes lost some troops to quicksand at Barathra, and the fortress of Pelusium resisted an attempt to take it. [6]
Artaxerxes deployed three divisions of shock troops, each with a Greek commander and a Persian supervisor. One unit, to which he assigned the Thebans, a force of cavalry and Asiatic infantry, was tasked with taking Pelusium, while a second, commanded by turncoat mercenary Mentor of Rhodes and the eunuch Bagoas, was sent against Bubastis. The third division, which comprised the Argives, some unspecified elite troops and 80 triremes, was to establish a bridgehead on the opposite bank of the Nile. [8] [9] The Theban force set about diverting a nearby canal so that siege engines could be brought up, and although the walls of Pelusium were battered, the defenders (apparently commanded by a Spartan) were able to set up new walls and wooden defensive towers further inside. [10] The Argive troops landed in their destination and beat off an Egyptian attempt to dislodge them; Nectanebo failed to mount an effective counterattack and fell back to Memphis. At this, the Egyptians became demoralized, which caused the besieged at Pelusium to surrender. Bubastis capitulated with little resistance to Mentor and Bagoas, and this was followed by a wave of surrenders, which opened the Nile to Artaxerxes's fleet. The pharaoh Nectanebo lost heart and abandoned his country. [8] [11]
After his victory, Artaxerxes was said to have demolished the walls of important Egyptian cities, plundered temples and even murdered the sacred Apis bull, [12] although the latter is likely to have been a propaganda invention of Egyptian priests. [13]
Notes
- ^ Colburn 2020, pp. 247, 249.
- ^ Jacobs & Rollinger 2021, p. 159.
- ^ Briant 2002, p. 685.
- ^ Lloyd 2019, p. 120.
- ^ Lloyd 2019, pp. 120–121.
- ^ Briant 2002, p. 685; Lloyd 2019, p. 121.
- ^ Kovacs, Frank L. (2002). "Two Persian Pharaonic Portraits". Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte. R. Pflaum. pp. 55–60.
- ^ a b Briant 2002, p. 686.
- ^ Lloyd 2019, pp. 121–122.
- ^ Lloyd 2019, p. 122.
- ^ Lloyd 2019, pp. 122–123.
- ^ Briant 2002, pp. 687–688.
- ^ Jacobs & Rollinger 2021, p. 464.
References
- Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Translated by Peter T. Daniels. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 1-57506-031-0.
- Colburn, Henry P. (2020). Archaeology of Empire in Achaemenid Egypt. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-5236-6.
- Jacobs, Bruno & Rollinger, Robert, eds. (2021). A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. doi: 10.1002/9781119071860. ISBN 978-1-119-17428-8. S2CID 241844714.
- Lloyd, Alan B. (2019). "The Defence of Egypt in the Fourth Century BC: Forts and Sundry Failures". In Jeremy Armstrong & Matthew Trundle (eds.). Brill's Companion to Sieges in the Ancient Mediterranean. Leiden: Brill. pp. 111–134. ISBN 978-90-04-37361-7.
- Ruzicka, Stephen (2012). Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire, 525–332 BC. Oxford University Press.