Name
|
Years
|
Education
[n 3]
|
College as professor
[n 4]
|
Notes
|
John Bainbridge
|
1620 or 1621 – 1643
[n 5]
|
University of Cambridge (
Emmanuel College)
|
Merton College
[n 6]
|
Bainbridge practised as a physician in Leicestershire and London after leaving Cambridge. His first book, An Astronomicall Description of the Late Comet, was published in 1619 and described the comet of the previous year. He was already known by this time to
Sir Henry Savile and
Henry Briggs (who Savile appointed as his first
geometry professor). After his appointment to the chair, Bainbridge also lectured and practised in medicine. Although only a few other publications of his survive, they have been said to "reveal an acute intellect and deep learning."
[15] He demonstrated a knowledge of contemporary developments in astronomy, such as the work of
Johannes Kepler, and studied Arabic to acquire details of astronomical observations in ancient sources. He also exposed the many mistakes that
Joseph Scaliger made when attempting to explain the origins of the
Julian calendar in observations of
Sirius from ancient Egypt – an achievement that was recorded by his successor
John Greaves on his memorial in
Merton College Chapel.
[15]
|
John Greaves
|
1643–1648
|
Balliol College
|
Merton College
|
Greaves began studying astronomical texts in Greek, Arabic and Persian at about the time that he was appointed to a
fellowship of Merton College in 1624. He was appointed
Professor of Geometry at
Gresham College, London, in 1631. He undertook an expedition to the
Levant region of the Mediterranean in 1637 to carry out astronomical observations and to acquire learned books in oriental languages for
William Laud (
Chancellor of the University of Oxford and
Archbishop of Canterbury). Some of the instruments he took with him are now held by the
Museum of the History of Science in Oxford. He returned home in 1640, and succeeded Bainbridge in 1643. During the
English Civil War, he was expelled from Oxford by the
Parliamentary authorities in charge of the university in 1648, and moved to London, where he published various works drawing upon the research carried out in his expedition.
[17] He was a friend of
Seth Ward and was able to help him succeed to the chair that he had been forced to vacate.
[18]
|
Seth Ward
|
1649–1660
|
University of Cambridge (
Sidney Sussex College)
|
Wadham College and
Trinity College
|
When still an undergraduate, Ward impressed
John Bainbridge (the first astronomy professor) during a mathematical disputation. Ward was appointed as university lecturer in mathematics at Cambridge in 1643, but was deprived of his
fellowship in the following year for refusing to agree to the religious oaths required by the
Parliamentary authorities. He spent the following years tutoring and improving his mathematical knowledge, before succeeding his friend
John Greaves in the Savilian chair, with Greaves's assistance. University lectures in astronomy were resumed under Ward, who was the first Savilian professor to teach the
Copernican discovery that the Earth and other planets revolved around the Sun. He studied comets and the movements of the planets, observing them from the room at the top of the tower of Wadham College in which he lived; he also preached and published theological works. He was elected
Principal of Jesus College, Oxford, in 1657, but
Oliver Cromwell installed
Francis Howell instead, raising Ward's stipend as compensation. He was President of
Trinity College, Oxford, from 1659 but resigned 1660 at
The Restoration in favour of his ejected predecessor; he also gave up the professorship in the same year. He later became
Bishop of Exeter and then
Bishop of Salisbury, where he did much to restore the cathedrals, but did not continue his astronomical studies.
[2]
[18]
|
Christopher Wren
|
1661–1673
|
Wadham College
|
All Souls College
|
As an undergraduate, Wren joined the circle of mathematicians and natural scientists at Wadham under the leadership of the
Warden,
John Wilkins. He developed an interest for telescopes and astronomy, building with Wilkins an 80-foot (24 m) long instrument to observe the Moon in 1655.
Oliver Cromwell appointed Wren in 1657 as
Professor of Geometry at
Gresham College, London, on the recommendation of Wilkins; Wren lectured on
Saturn (the appearance and phases of which he had earlier studied),
Kepler's works, light, and lenses. He provided partial solutions in 1658 to problems relating to curves set by
Blaise Pascal, the answers to which would help calculations for planetary orbits. He resigned from Gresham College upon his appointment to the Savilian chair, lecturing on topics such as spheres and navigation. He developed an interest in architecture from his mathematical studies, with early work including the chapel of
Pembroke College, Cambridge, and the
Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford. His architectural skills led to his role in rebuilding London after the
Great Fire of 1666 (including
St Paul's Cathedral) and his appointment as Surveyor of the King's Works in 1669.
Isaac Newton described him as "one of the foremost geometers of this age".
[19] Wren appointed
Edward Bernard as his deputy in the chair in 1669, on his appointment as Surveyor of the King's Works, and Bernard succeeded him four years later.
[20]
|
Edward Bernard
|
1673–1691
|
St John's College
|
St John's College
|
Bernard studied Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac and Coptic with
Edward Pococke (
Laudian Professor of Arabic at the university) and mathematics with
John Wallis (
Savilian Professor of Geometry). When
Christopher Wren was appointed as Surveyor of the King's Works in 1669, he appointed Bernard as his deputy in the astronomy chair; he succeeded Wren in 1673 and was elected a
Fellow of the Royal Society on the same day. Bernard's interests, as demonstrated in his lectures, were more in ancient mathematics and astronomy than in modern developments; he published comparatively few works. Tiring of his academic duties, he moved to Paris to tutor two of the illegitimate sons of
King Charles II, the
Duke of Grafton and the
Duke of Northumberland, but returned after falling out with
their mother, the King's mistress. He unsuccessfully sought other positions abroad, including the chair of Arabic at the
University of Leiden. He resigned in 1691 when appointed to a lucrative parish position as
rector of
Brightwell-cum-Sotwell near Oxford.
[20]
|
David Gregory
|
1691–1708
|
Marischal College and University of Aberdeen, and
Leiden University
|
Balliol College
|
Gregory studied in his native Scotland and befriended the Edinburgh physician
Archibald Pitcairne before travelling through Europe and continuing his education. He inherited the papers of his uncle
James Gregory, a mathematician and astronomer, which he studied carefully. He succeeded his uncle at the
University of Edinburgh in 1683, giving a history of the progress of mathematics as his inaugural lecture. In 1690, Gregory refused to swear an oath of loyalty to the regime of
William III and
Mary II but was not removed from his post. He enlisted the support of
Isaac Newton and
John Flamsteed, the
Astronomer Royal, in his efforts to obtain the Oxford chair, and was elected in December 1691, becoming a Fellow of Balliol and obtaining an Oxford doctorate in February 1692. As professor, he lectured less often than required by the terms of his appointment, and covered only relatively uncomplicated material rather than Newton's work. He moved to London in 1704 and was appointed overseer of the
Scottish Mint in 1707 to supervise
recoinage in Scotland. He died in 1708. He has been described as "not a notable observational astronomer", but instead a talented "correspondent, communicator and teacher".
[21]
|
John Caswell
|
1709–12
|
Wadham College
|
Hart Hall
|
Carswell
matriculated at
Wadham College, Oxford, when he was 16 years old, and studied with
John Wallis (
Savilian Professor of Geometry). He worked with the cartographer
John Adams on the survey of England and Wales that Adams began in the late 17th century. He was also vice-principal of Hart Hall, and wrote a book on
trigonometry.
[22]
[23]
[24]
|
John Keill
|
1712–1721
|
University of Edinburgh and
Balliol College
|
Balliol College
[n 7]
|
Keill studied in Edinburgh with
David Gregory and moved to Balliol with him in 1691 when Gregory was appointed as the Savilian astronomy professor. An accomplished pupil of Gregory, Keill was the first to teach a course on
Newtonian principles at Oxford or Cambridge, lecturing in experimental philosophy at
Hart Hall. He began deputising for
Thomas Millington (
Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy) in 1699 but after Millington died in 1704 Keill was not appointed as his successor, nor were his hopes of succeeding Gregory realised. After serving in various government roles, including decipherer to
Queen Anne, he was elected to succeed Carswell. Described as "one of the most influential natural philosophers in Britain" for his work on Newtonian principles. he was one of the first to suggest that there might be attractions between invisible particules within matter that caused states such as elasticity and fluidity. His publications included his lectures on astronomy.
[26]
|
James Bradley
|
1721–1762
|
Balliol College
|
—
[n 8]
|
Bradley was the nephew of
James Pound, a leading astronomer who was a colleague of
Edmond Halley and
Isaac Newton, and helped his uncle with his observations near London even when Bradley was appointed as vicar of a church in
Monmouthshire. He had a particular interest in the
moons of Jupiter, correcting errors in published astronomical tables,
Mars and
nebulae, and was highly regarded by Halley. Bradley resigned as a clergyman on appointment to the chair in 1721. His major discovery, in 1725, was the
aberration of light, in which stars appeared to move position as the Earth moved, which led him to be able to calculate the speed of light and the time it took to travel from the Sun to the Earth. He moved to the Savilian professors' house in 1732, and succeeded Halley as
Astronomer Royal in 1742, improving the state of the buildings and instruments at the
Greenwich observatory. His continued observations on the positions of the stars (to help with navigation), the Moon, and comets led to the discovery of
nutation: the "nodding" of the Earth on its axis as it travelled around the Sun. He recorded observations for 18 years to measure the phenomenon, which helped to show (as Newton argued) that the Earth was flatter at the poles. He was awarded the
Copley Medal of the
Royal Society for this work. He carried on his astronomical observations, receiving many honours from home and abroad, until his death in 1762. Legal disputes about whether the state or his inheritors owned his papers led to a long delay in publication of his papers, but they eventually formed the starting point for further important work about the positions of the stars.
[28]
|
Thomas Hornsby
|
1763–1810
|
Corpus Christi College
|
Corpus Christi College
|
Hornsby, who had an observatory at Corpus Christi, gained a high reputation for his lectures, and was the first Savilian astronomy professor required to provide courses each year. He presented papers about the
transits of Venus in 1761 and 1769 and the
solar eclipse of 1764 to the
Royal Society, of which he was a Fellow. He proposed that an observatory should be built at Oxford for the professor, and construction of the
Radcliffe Observatory (and an adjoining house for him) began in 1772. The observatory began operation in 1774 and was completed in 1797. He was called upon to prepare the papers of his predecessor,
James Bradley, for publication, but ill-health and his other duties as astronomy professor, experimental philosophy professor (from 1763),
Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy (from 1782) and Radcliffe Librarian (from 1783) caused delays. He has been described as "a lucid lecturer" and "a remarkably accurate observer".
[13]
|
Abraham Robertson
|
1810–1826
|
Christ Church
|
Christ Church
[n 9]
|
Robertson started studying at Oxford aged 24, having previously run (unsuccessfully) an evening school in Oxford for mechanics. He was supported by
John Smith (
Savilian Professor of Geometry 1766–96), for whom he deputised in 1784 before succeeding him in 1797. He held the post of Radcliffe Observer in addition to the astronomy chair. Robertson was well-regarded as a lecturer, noted for his clarity and the assistance he gave in encouraging students. He was elected as a
Fellow of the Royal Society in 1795 to mark his work on
conic sections (the subject of his main work, Sectionum conicarum libri septem, in 1792) and his "literary attainments and diligence in the pursuit of science".
[30] He also oversaw publication of an edition of the works of
Archimedes.
[30]
|
Stephen Rigaud
|
1827–1839
|
Exeter College
|
—
[n 10]
|
Rigaud, whose father was the observer at
Kew Observatory, made his first recorded observations in astronomy when at Exeter College, and was elected to a
fellowship of the college when still an undergraduate. From about 1805, he substituted for
Thomas Hornsby, astronomy professor and reader in experimental philosophy, because of Hornsby's illness. When
Abraham Robertson succeeded Hornsby in 1810, Rigaud was appointed as
Savilian Professor of Geometry; he succeeded his father at Kew in 1814, becoming joint observer with his grandfather. He succeeded Robertson in the astronomy and experimental philosophy positions in 1827. His wife died in the same year, and Rigaud devoted himself to his children and his work; he has been described as "the foremost historian of astronomy and mathematics in his generation", and as "renowned for his personal and scholarly integrity".
[32]
|
George Johnson
|
1839–1842
|
The Queen's College
|
The Queen's College
|
Johnson was a mathematician and priest with little practical knowledge of astronomy. His appointment led to the Radcliffe Trust, which oversaw the
Radcliffe Observatory, appointing
Manuel Johnson as the Radcliffe Observer instead. George Johnson became
White's Professor of Moral Philosophy in 1842 and then
Dean of Wells in 1854, where his time was marred by a dispute about his unpopular decision to hold a parish position in Wells in addition to the deanery to supplement his income.
[33]
|
William Donkin
|
1842–1869
|
St Edmund Hall and
University College
|
University College
|
Donkin, a talented linguist, mathematician and musician, published papers on various astronomical and mathematical topics, including the movements of the Moon. He found new ways of solving
Laplace's equation and applied his mathematical knowledge to questions of acoustics, although he did not finish a proposed book on the topic before his death.
[34]
|
Charles Pritchard
|
1870–1893
|
University of Cambridge (
St John's College)
|
New College
[n 11]
|
After leaving Cambridge, Pritchard was headmaster of a grammar school in
Stockwell, south London, but left after a year because of disagreements with the school's owners about his wish to teach science. His reforms were popular with some of the parents, however, and they established a school for him nearby in
Clapham, where he was headmaster from 1834 to 1862 and installed an observatory and other scientific equipment. He was a member, and later president, of the
Royal Astronomical Society, taking part in observations and the 1860 expedition to Spain to observe the
solar eclipse. An ordained priest, he was appointed
Hulsean lecturer at Cambridge in 1867, but never held a parish post. At the age of 62, he was appointed to the Savilian chair and (in the words of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) "entered upon his new duties with the ardour of youth".
[14] During his time in the position, an observatory was built in the
University Parks, making Oxford one of the leading observatories in Europe. His use of photography to assist his observations and calculations of
stellar parallax was rewarded with the
Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1886) and the
Royal Medal of the Royal Society (1892).
[14]
|
Herbert Turner
|
1893–1930
|
University of Cambridge (
Trinity College)
|
New College
|
Turner was
second wrangler (achieved the second-highest marks in the Cambridge mathematics examinations) in 1882, and became chief assistant at the
Royal Greenwich Observatory in 1884. He was involved with an international project to conduct a photographic survey and catalogue of stars, and devised a method of calculating a star's true position, making the work much easier. This was recognised by the award of the
Bruce Medal of the
Astronomical Society of the Pacific (1927). After his appointment to the Oxford professorship, his attempts to have a house built for him at the university's observatory were unsuccessful, as the dispute between the university and the
Radcliffe Observatory that had begun with
George Johnson's appointment in 1839 continued. He supported the decision of the Radcliffe trustees to move their observatory to a better site, in South Africa, in 1929, but was attacked by fellow Oxford academics in the struggles for improving science facilities at the university thereafter. He was heavily involved in the work of the
Royal Astronomical Society and international astronomical groups, and developed interests in
geophysics and
seismology, where he was one of the first to suggest that the Earth's core was liquid.
[35]
|
Harry Plaskett
|
1932–1960
|
University of Toronto and
Imperial College, London
|
New College
|
Plaskett, a
solar physicist, was the son of the Canadian astronomer
John Stanley Plaskett. After serving in the
Canadian Corps during the First World War, he studied
spectroscopy with
Alfred Fowler at Imperial College for a few months before taking up an appointment under his father at the
Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, British Columbia. He taught at
Harvard College from 1928, becoming professor of astrophysics in 1930, and concentrated on solar research (which he preferred to lecturing). During this time he met the Oxford mathematician and astrophysicist
Edward Arthur Milne, and they became close friends. On the death of
Herbert Turner in 1930, Milne warned Plaskett about the antiquated observatory at Oxford and the lack of university support and resources for the work of the Savilian professor, but Plaskett was undeterred and was appointed to the position. He constructed England's first solar tower telescope to attract new researchers to Oxford, and reduced the work carried out at the observatory on seismology that Turner had begun, eliminating it in 1946. He ended undergraduate tuition at the observatory and, with Milne, set up the first school of astrophysics in the country, based on the teaching of graduate students through research initiatives. He retired in 1960, but continued his observations with his successor's permission until he turned eighty in 1973. Like his father, he was awarded the
Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society.
[36]
|
Donald Blackwell
|
1960–1988
|
University of Cambridge (
Sidney Sussex College)
|
New College
|
Blackwell was assistant director of the Solar Physics Observatory at Cambridge from 1950 to 1960, when he took up the Savilian professorship. He was President of the
Royal Astronomical Society from 1973 to 1975, and visited various countries for his research.
[37]
|
George Efstathiou
|
1988–1997
|
Keble College and the
University of Durham
|
New College
|
After completing his studies at Oxford and Durham, Efstathiou worked as an astronomy research assistant at the
University of California Berkeley for one year, then became a
Fellow of
King's College, Cambridge. Before his appointment as Savilian professor, he was Assistant Director of Research at the
Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge. After nine years in Oxford, he returned to Cambridge to take up a professorship, and became Director of the university's
Kavli Institute for Cosmology in 2008. He has been awarded the
Maxwell Medal and Prize of the
Institute of Physics (1990) and the
Gruber Prize in Cosmology (2011).
[38]
[39]
|
Joseph Silk
|
1999–2012
|
University of Cambridge (
Clare College) and
Harvard University
|
New College
|
After obtaining his doctorate from Harvard, Silk returned to England to carry out research at the
Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge. After a year at the
Princeton University observatory, he moved to the
University of California at Berkeley in 1970, becoming Professor of Astronomy in 1978. His astronomical interests include the formation of galaxies,
dark matter detection, and temperature changes in space. His publications include The Big Bang (1980) and A Short History of the Universe (1994).
[40]
[41]
|
Steven Balbus
|
2012–
[42]
|
Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the
University of California, Berkeley
|
New College
|
Balbus received degrees in mathematics and physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), his PhD in physics from the University of California at Berkeley, and held postdoctoral positions at MIT and
Princeton University. He joined the faculty of the
University of Virginia in 1985, and moved to the
École Normale Supérieure de Paris in 2004, accepting the Savilian Chair in the spring of 2012. Balbus is a theoretical astrophysicist with research interests in gasdynamical processes, and is known for his work with
John F. Hawley on turbulence in accretion disks. He was the recipient of a Chaire d'excellence in 2004, and has been a Spitzer Lecturer at Princeton University and a Miller Visiting Professor at UC Berkeley. For his work on accretion disks, Balbus shared the 2013
Shaw Prize in Astronomy with Hawley.
|