Zinc finger protein SNAI1 (sometimes referred to as Snail) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNAI1 gene. [5] [6] Snail is a family of transcription factors that promote the repression of the adhesion molecule E-cadherin to regulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) during embryonic development.
Function
The Drosophila embryonic protein SNAI1, commonly known as Snail, is a zinc finger transcriptional repressor which downregulates the expression of ectodermal genes within the mesoderm. The nuclear protein encoded by this gene is structurally similar to the Drosophila Snail protein, and is also thought to be critical for mesoderm formation in the developing embryo. At least two variants of a similar processed pseudogene have been found on chromosome 2. [6] SNAI1 zinc-fingers (ZF) binds to E-box, an E-cadherin promoter region, [7] and represses the expression of the adhesion molecule, which induces the tightly bound epithelial cells to break loose from each other and migrate into the developing embryo to become mesenchymal cells. This process allows for the formation of the mesodermal layer in the developing embryo. Though SNAI1 is shown to repress expression of E-cadherin in epithelial cells, studies have shown homozygous mutant embryos are still able to form a mesodermal layer. [8] However, the mesodermal layer present shows characteristics of epithelial cells and not mesenchymal cells (the mutant mesoderm cells exhibited a polarized state). Other studies show that mutation of specific ZFs contribute to a decrease in SNAI1 E-cadherin repression. [7]
SNAI1 and other epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes are regulated by several genes and molecules including Wnt and prostaglandins. Wnt3a is a master regulator of paraxial presomatic mesoderm cells (PSM) which differentiate into the musculoskeleton of the trunk and tail. Other genes, most of which act downstream of Wnt include Msx1, Pax3, and Mesogenin 1 (Msgn1). Msgn1 activates SNAI1 by binding to its enhancer and activating SNAI1 to induce EMT. MSGN1 also regulates many of the same genes as SNAI1 to ensure EMT activation, granting the system redundancy. This suggests that Msgn1 and SNAI1 act together through a feed forward mechanism. When Msgn1 is deleted, the mesodermal progenitors do not move from the primitive streak (PS) but still show mesenchymal morphology. This suggests that the Msgn1/SNAI1 axis mostly functions to drive cell movement. [9] Prostaglandin E2 (PE2), an important hormone in homeostasis and maintaining normal fertility and pregnancy, stabilizes SNAI1 post-transcriptionally and, therefore, also plays a role in embryogenesis. When the prostaglandin signaling pathway is compromised, SNAI1 transcriptional repressor activity decreases, increasing E-cadherin protein levels during gastrulation. However, this does not prevent gastrulation from occurring. [10]
Clinical significance
Snail gene may show a role in recurrence of breast cancer by downregulating E-cadherin and inducing an epithelial to mesenchymal transition. [11] The process of EMT is also noted as an important and noteworthy process in tumor growth, through the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells due to repression of E-cadherin adhesion molecules. Through knockout models, one study has shown the importance of SNAI1 in the growth of breast cancer cells. [12] Knockout models showed significant reduction in cancer invasiveness and therefore can be used as a therapeutic measure for the treatment of breast cancer before chemotherapy treatment. [12]
Interactions
SNAI1 has been shown to interact with CTDSPL, [13] CTDSP1 [13] and CTDSP2. [13] Snail1 affects cell polarity by interacting with members of the Crumbs family including CRUMBS3 [14] and CRB1. [15]
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000124216 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000042821 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Paznekas WA, Okajima K, Schertzer M, Wood S, Jabs EW (November 1999). "Genomic organization, expression, and chromosome location of the human SNAIL gene (SNAI1) and a related processed pseudogene (SNAI1P)". Genomics. 62 (1): 42–9. doi: 10.1006/geno.1999.6010. PMID 10585766.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: SNAI1 snail homolog 1 (Drosophila)".
- ^ a b Villarejo A, Cortés-Cabrera A, Molina-Ortíz P, Portillo F, Cano A (January 2014). "Differential role of Snail1 and Snail2 zinc fingers in E-cadherin repression and epithelial to mesenchymal transition". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 289 (2): 930–41. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.528026. PMC 3887216. PMID 24297167.
- ^ Carver EA, Jiang R, Lan Y, Oram KF, Gridley T (December 2001). "The mouse snail gene encodes a key regulator of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 21 (23): 8184–8. doi: 10.1128/mcb.21.23.8184-8188.2001. PMC 99982. PMID 11689706.
- ^ Chalamalasetty RB, Garriock RJ, Dunty WC, Kennedy MW, Jailwala P, Si H, Yamaguchi TP (November 2014). "Mesogenin 1 is a master regulator of paraxial presomitic mesoderm differentiation". Development. 141 (22): 4285–97. doi: 10.1242/dev.110908. PMC 4302905. PMID 25371364.
- ^ Speirs CK, Jernigan KK, Kim SH, Cha YI, Lin F, Sepich DS, DuBois RN, Lee E, Solnica-Krezel L (April 2010). "Prostaglandin Gbetagamma signaling stimulates gastrulation movements by limiting cell adhesion through Snai1a stabilization". Development. 137 (8): 1327–37. doi: 10.1242/dev.045971. PMC 2847468. PMID 20332150.
- ^ Davidson NE, Sukumar S (September 2005). "Of Snail, mice, and women". Cancer Cell. 8 (3): 173–4. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.08.006. PMID 16169460.
- ^ a b Olmeda D, Moreno-Bueno G, Flores JM, Fabra A, Portillo F, Cano A (December 2007). "SNAI1 is required for tumor growth and lymph node metastasis of human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells". Cancer Research. 67 (24): 11721–31. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2318. PMID 18089802.
- ^ a b c Wu Y, Evers BM, Zhou BP (January 2009). "Small C-terminal domain phosphatase enhances snail activity through dephosphorylation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (1): 640–8. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M806916200. PMC 2610500. PMID 19004823.
- ^ Whiteman EL, Liu CJ, Fearon ER, Margolis B (June 2008). "The transcription factor snail represses Crumbs3 expression and disrupts apico-basal polarity complexes". Oncogene. 27 (27): 3875–9. doi: 10.1038/onc.2008.9. PMC 2533733. PMID 18246119.
- ^ Maturi V, Morén A, Enroth S, Heldin CH, Moustakas A (June 2018). "Genomewide binding of transcription factor Snail1 in triple-negative breast cancer cells". Molecular Oncology. 12 (7): 1153–1174. doi: 10.1002/1878-0261.12317. PMC 6026864. PMID 29729076.
Further reading
- Twigg SR, Wilkie AO (October 1999). "Characterisation of the human snail (SNAI1) gene and exclusion as a major disease gene in craniosynostosis". Human Genetics. 105 (4): 320–6. doi: 10.1007/s004390051108. PMID 10543399.
- Batlle E, Sancho E, Francí C, Domínguez D, Monfar M, Baulida J, García De Herreros A (February 2000). "The transcription factor snail is a repressor of E-cadherin gene expression in epithelial tumour cells". Nature Cell Biology. 2 (2): 84–9. doi: 10.1038/35000034. PMID 10655587. S2CID 23809509.
- Smith S, Metcalfe JA, Elgar G (April 2000). "Identification and analysis of two snail genes in the pufferfish (Fugu rubripes) and mapping of human SNA to 20q". Gene. 247 (1–2): 119–28. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00110-4. PMID 10773451.
- Okubo T, Truong TK, Yu B, Itoh T, Zhao J, Grube B, Zhou D, Chen S (February 2001). "Down-regulation of promoter 1.3 activity of the human aromatase gene in breast tissue by zinc-finger protein, snail (SnaH)". Cancer Research. 61 (4): 1338–46. PMID 11245431.
- Blanco MJ, Moreno-Bueno G, Sarrio D, Locascio A, Cano A, Palacios J, Nieto MA (May 2002). "Correlation of Snail expression with histological grade and lymph node status in breast carcinomas". Oncogene. 21 (20): 3241–6. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205416. PMID 12082640. S2CID 25027761.
- Guaita S, Puig I, Franci C, Garrido M, Dominguez D, Batlle E, Sancho E, Dedhar S, De Herreros AG, Baulida J (October 2002). "Snail induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in tumor cells is accompanied by MUC1 repression and ZEB1 expression". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (42): 39209–16. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M206400200. PMID 12161443.
- Yokoyama K, Kamata N, Fujimoto R, Tsutsumi S, Tomonari M, Taki M, Hosokawa H, Nagayama M (April 2003). "Increased invasion and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by Snail-induced mesenchymal transition in squamous cell carcinomas". International Journal of Oncology. 22 (4): 891–8. doi: 10.3892/ijo.22.4.891. PMID 12632084.
- Ikenouchi J, Matsuda M, Furuse M, Tsukita S (May 2003). "Regulation of tight junctions during the epithelium-mesenchyme transition: direct repression of the gene expression of claudins/occludin by Snail". Journal of Cell Science. 116 (Pt 10): 1959–67. doi: 10.1242/jcs.00389. PMID 12668723.
- Domínguez D, Montserrat-Sentís B, Virgós-Soler A, Guaita S, Grueso J, Porta M, Puig I, Baulida J, Francí C, García de Herreros A (July 2003). "Phosphorylation regulates the subcellular location and activity of the snail transcriptional repressor". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 23 (14): 5078–89. doi: 10.1128/MCB.23.14.5078-5089.2003. PMC 162233. PMID 12832491.
- Imai T, Horiuchi A, Wang C, Oka K, Ohira S, Nikaido T, Konishi I (October 2003). "Hypoxia attenuates the expression of E-cadherin via up-regulation of SNAIL in ovarian carcinoma cells". The American Journal of Pathology. 163 (4): 1437–47. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63501-8. PMC 1868286. PMID 14507651.
- Miyoshi A, Kitajima Y, Sumi K, Sato K, Hagiwara A, Koga Y, Miyazaki K (March 2004). "Snail and SIP1 increase cancer invasion by upregulating MMP family in hepatocellular carcinoma cells". British Journal of Cancer. 90 (6): 1265–73. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601685. PMC 2409652. PMID 15026811.
- Ohkubo T, Ozawa M (April 2004). "The transcription factor Snail downregulates the tight junction components independently of E-cadherin downregulation". Journal of Cell Science. 117 (Pt 9): 1675–85. doi: 10.1242/jcs.01004. PMID 15075229. S2CID 17991221.
- Barberà MJ, Puig I, Domínguez D, Julien-Grille S, Guaita-Esteruelas S, Peiró S, Baulida J, Francí C, Dedhar S, Larue L, García de Herreros A (September 2004). "Regulation of Snail transcription during epithelial to mesenchymal transition of tumor cells". Oncogene. 23 (44): 7345–54. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207990. PMID 15286702. S2CID 42944945.
- Beausoleil SA, Jedrychowski M, Schwartz D, Elias JE, Villén J, Li J, Cohn MA, Cantley LC, Gygi SP (August 2004). "Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (33): 12130–5. Bibcode: 2004PNAS..10112130B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0404720101. PMC 514446. PMID 15302935.
- Kajita M, McClinic KN, Wade PA (September 2004). "Aberrant expression of the transcription factors snail and slug alters the response to genotoxic stress". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 24 (17): 7559–66. doi: 10.1128/MCB.24.17.7559-7566.2004. PMC 506998. PMID 15314165.
- Zhou BP, Deng J, Xia W, Xu J, Li YM, Gunduz M, Hung MC (October 2004). "Dual regulation of Snail by GSK-3beta-mediated phosphorylation in control of epithelial-mesenchymal transition". Nature Cell Biology. 6 (10): 931–40. doi: 10.1038/ncb1173. PMID 15448698. S2CID 10189439.
- Saito T, Oda Y, Kawaguchi K, Sugimachi K, Yamamoto H, Tateishi N, Tanaka K, Matsuda S, Iwamoto Y, Ladanyi M, Tsuneyoshi M (November 2004). "E-cadherin mutation and Snail overexpression as alternative mechanisms of E-cadherin inactivation in synovial sarcoma". Oncogene. 23 (53): 8629–38. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207960. PMID 15467754. S2CID 20273927.
| SNAI1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Identifiers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aliases | SNAI1, SLUGH2, SNA, SNAH, SNAIL, SNAIL1, dJ710H13.1, snail family zinc finger 1, snail family transcriptional repressor 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 604238; MGI: 98330; HomoloGene: 4363; GeneCards: SNAI1; OMA: SNAI1 - orthologs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Zinc finger protein SNAI1 (sometimes referred to as Snail) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNAI1 gene. [5] [6] Snail is a family of transcription factors that promote the repression of the adhesion molecule E-cadherin to regulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) during embryonic development.
Function
The Drosophila embryonic protein SNAI1, commonly known as Snail, is a zinc finger transcriptional repressor which downregulates the expression of ectodermal genes within the mesoderm. The nuclear protein encoded by this gene is structurally similar to the Drosophila Snail protein, and is also thought to be critical for mesoderm formation in the developing embryo. At least two variants of a similar processed pseudogene have been found on chromosome 2. [6] SNAI1 zinc-fingers (ZF) binds to E-box, an E-cadherin promoter region, [7] and represses the expression of the adhesion molecule, which induces the tightly bound epithelial cells to break loose from each other and migrate into the developing embryo to become mesenchymal cells. This process allows for the formation of the mesodermal layer in the developing embryo. Though SNAI1 is shown to repress expression of E-cadherin in epithelial cells, studies have shown homozygous mutant embryos are still able to form a mesodermal layer. [8] However, the mesodermal layer present shows characteristics of epithelial cells and not mesenchymal cells (the mutant mesoderm cells exhibited a polarized state). Other studies show that mutation of specific ZFs contribute to a decrease in SNAI1 E-cadherin repression. [7]
SNAI1 and other epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes are regulated by several genes and molecules including Wnt and prostaglandins. Wnt3a is a master regulator of paraxial presomatic mesoderm cells (PSM) which differentiate into the musculoskeleton of the trunk and tail. Other genes, most of which act downstream of Wnt include Msx1, Pax3, and Mesogenin 1 (Msgn1). Msgn1 activates SNAI1 by binding to its enhancer and activating SNAI1 to induce EMT. MSGN1 also regulates many of the same genes as SNAI1 to ensure EMT activation, granting the system redundancy. This suggests that Msgn1 and SNAI1 act together through a feed forward mechanism. When Msgn1 is deleted, the mesodermal progenitors do not move from the primitive streak (PS) but still show mesenchymal morphology. This suggests that the Msgn1/SNAI1 axis mostly functions to drive cell movement. [9] Prostaglandin E2 (PE2), an important hormone in homeostasis and maintaining normal fertility and pregnancy, stabilizes SNAI1 post-transcriptionally and, therefore, also plays a role in embryogenesis. When the prostaglandin signaling pathway is compromised, SNAI1 transcriptional repressor activity decreases, increasing E-cadherin protein levels during gastrulation. However, this does not prevent gastrulation from occurring. [10]
Clinical significance
Snail gene may show a role in recurrence of breast cancer by downregulating E-cadherin and inducing an epithelial to mesenchymal transition. [11] The process of EMT is also noted as an important and noteworthy process in tumor growth, through the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells due to repression of E-cadherin adhesion molecules. Through knockout models, one study has shown the importance of SNAI1 in the growth of breast cancer cells. [12] Knockout models showed significant reduction in cancer invasiveness and therefore can be used as a therapeutic measure for the treatment of breast cancer before chemotherapy treatment. [12]
Interactions
SNAI1 has been shown to interact with CTDSPL, [13] CTDSP1 [13] and CTDSP2. [13] Snail1 affects cell polarity by interacting with members of the Crumbs family including CRUMBS3 [14] and CRB1. [15]
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000124216 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000042821 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Paznekas WA, Okajima K, Schertzer M, Wood S, Jabs EW (November 1999). "Genomic organization, expression, and chromosome location of the human SNAIL gene (SNAI1) and a related processed pseudogene (SNAI1P)". Genomics. 62 (1): 42–9. doi: 10.1006/geno.1999.6010. PMID 10585766.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: SNAI1 snail homolog 1 (Drosophila)".
- ^ a b Villarejo A, Cortés-Cabrera A, Molina-Ortíz P, Portillo F, Cano A (January 2014). "Differential role of Snail1 and Snail2 zinc fingers in E-cadherin repression and epithelial to mesenchymal transition". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 289 (2): 930–41. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.528026. PMC 3887216. PMID 24297167.
- ^ Carver EA, Jiang R, Lan Y, Oram KF, Gridley T (December 2001). "The mouse snail gene encodes a key regulator of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 21 (23): 8184–8. doi: 10.1128/mcb.21.23.8184-8188.2001. PMC 99982. PMID 11689706.
- ^ Chalamalasetty RB, Garriock RJ, Dunty WC, Kennedy MW, Jailwala P, Si H, Yamaguchi TP (November 2014). "Mesogenin 1 is a master regulator of paraxial presomitic mesoderm differentiation". Development. 141 (22): 4285–97. doi: 10.1242/dev.110908. PMC 4302905. PMID 25371364.
- ^ Speirs CK, Jernigan KK, Kim SH, Cha YI, Lin F, Sepich DS, DuBois RN, Lee E, Solnica-Krezel L (April 2010). "Prostaglandin Gbetagamma signaling stimulates gastrulation movements by limiting cell adhesion through Snai1a stabilization". Development. 137 (8): 1327–37. doi: 10.1242/dev.045971. PMC 2847468. PMID 20332150.
- ^ Davidson NE, Sukumar S (September 2005). "Of Snail, mice, and women". Cancer Cell. 8 (3): 173–4. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.08.006. PMID 16169460.
- ^ a b Olmeda D, Moreno-Bueno G, Flores JM, Fabra A, Portillo F, Cano A (December 2007). "SNAI1 is required for tumor growth and lymph node metastasis of human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells". Cancer Research. 67 (24): 11721–31. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2318. PMID 18089802.
- ^ a b c Wu Y, Evers BM, Zhou BP (January 2009). "Small C-terminal domain phosphatase enhances snail activity through dephosphorylation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (1): 640–8. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M806916200. PMC 2610500. PMID 19004823.
- ^ Whiteman EL, Liu CJ, Fearon ER, Margolis B (June 2008). "The transcription factor snail represses Crumbs3 expression and disrupts apico-basal polarity complexes". Oncogene. 27 (27): 3875–9. doi: 10.1038/onc.2008.9. PMC 2533733. PMID 18246119.
- ^ Maturi V, Morén A, Enroth S, Heldin CH, Moustakas A (June 2018). "Genomewide binding of transcription factor Snail1 in triple-negative breast cancer cells". Molecular Oncology. 12 (7): 1153–1174. doi: 10.1002/1878-0261.12317. PMC 6026864. PMID 29729076.
Further reading
- Twigg SR, Wilkie AO (October 1999). "Characterisation of the human snail (SNAI1) gene and exclusion as a major disease gene in craniosynostosis". Human Genetics. 105 (4): 320–6. doi: 10.1007/s004390051108. PMID 10543399.
- Batlle E, Sancho E, Francí C, Domínguez D, Monfar M, Baulida J, García De Herreros A (February 2000). "The transcription factor snail is a repressor of E-cadherin gene expression in epithelial tumour cells". Nature Cell Biology. 2 (2): 84–9. doi: 10.1038/35000034. PMID 10655587. S2CID 23809509.
- Smith S, Metcalfe JA, Elgar G (April 2000). "Identification and analysis of two snail genes in the pufferfish (Fugu rubripes) and mapping of human SNA to 20q". Gene. 247 (1–2): 119–28. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00110-4. PMID 10773451.
- Okubo T, Truong TK, Yu B, Itoh T, Zhao J, Grube B, Zhou D, Chen S (February 2001). "Down-regulation of promoter 1.3 activity of the human aromatase gene in breast tissue by zinc-finger protein, snail (SnaH)". Cancer Research. 61 (4): 1338–46. PMID 11245431.
- Blanco MJ, Moreno-Bueno G, Sarrio D, Locascio A, Cano A, Palacios J, Nieto MA (May 2002). "Correlation of Snail expression with histological grade and lymph node status in breast carcinomas". Oncogene. 21 (20): 3241–6. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205416. PMID 12082640. S2CID 25027761.
- Guaita S, Puig I, Franci C, Garrido M, Dominguez D, Batlle E, Sancho E, Dedhar S, De Herreros AG, Baulida J (October 2002). "Snail induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in tumor cells is accompanied by MUC1 repression and ZEB1 expression". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (42): 39209–16. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M206400200. PMID 12161443.
- Yokoyama K, Kamata N, Fujimoto R, Tsutsumi S, Tomonari M, Taki M, Hosokawa H, Nagayama M (April 2003). "Increased invasion and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by Snail-induced mesenchymal transition in squamous cell carcinomas". International Journal of Oncology. 22 (4): 891–8. doi: 10.3892/ijo.22.4.891. PMID 12632084.
- Ikenouchi J, Matsuda M, Furuse M, Tsukita S (May 2003). "Regulation of tight junctions during the epithelium-mesenchyme transition: direct repression of the gene expression of claudins/occludin by Snail". Journal of Cell Science. 116 (Pt 10): 1959–67. doi: 10.1242/jcs.00389. PMID 12668723.
- Domínguez D, Montserrat-Sentís B, Virgós-Soler A, Guaita S, Grueso J, Porta M, Puig I, Baulida J, Francí C, García de Herreros A (July 2003). "Phosphorylation regulates the subcellular location and activity of the snail transcriptional repressor". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 23 (14): 5078–89. doi: 10.1128/MCB.23.14.5078-5089.2003. PMC 162233. PMID 12832491.
- Imai T, Horiuchi A, Wang C, Oka K, Ohira S, Nikaido T, Konishi I (October 2003). "Hypoxia attenuates the expression of E-cadherin via up-regulation of SNAIL in ovarian carcinoma cells". The American Journal of Pathology. 163 (4): 1437–47. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63501-8. PMC 1868286. PMID 14507651.
- Miyoshi A, Kitajima Y, Sumi K, Sato K, Hagiwara A, Koga Y, Miyazaki K (March 2004). "Snail and SIP1 increase cancer invasion by upregulating MMP family in hepatocellular carcinoma cells". British Journal of Cancer. 90 (6): 1265–73. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601685. PMC 2409652. PMID 15026811.
- Ohkubo T, Ozawa M (April 2004). "The transcription factor Snail downregulates the tight junction components independently of E-cadherin downregulation". Journal of Cell Science. 117 (Pt 9): 1675–85. doi: 10.1242/jcs.01004. PMID 15075229. S2CID 17991221.
- Barberà MJ, Puig I, Domínguez D, Julien-Grille S, Guaita-Esteruelas S, Peiró S, Baulida J, Francí C, Dedhar S, Larue L, García de Herreros A (September 2004). "Regulation of Snail transcription during epithelial to mesenchymal transition of tumor cells". Oncogene. 23 (44): 7345–54. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207990. PMID 15286702. S2CID 42944945.
- Beausoleil SA, Jedrychowski M, Schwartz D, Elias JE, Villén J, Li J, Cohn MA, Cantley LC, Gygi SP (August 2004). "Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (33): 12130–5. Bibcode: 2004PNAS..10112130B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0404720101. PMC 514446. PMID 15302935.
- Kajita M, McClinic KN, Wade PA (September 2004). "Aberrant expression of the transcription factors snail and slug alters the response to genotoxic stress". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 24 (17): 7559–66. doi: 10.1128/MCB.24.17.7559-7566.2004. PMC 506998. PMID 15314165.
- Zhou BP, Deng J, Xia W, Xu J, Li YM, Gunduz M, Hung MC (October 2004). "Dual regulation of Snail by GSK-3beta-mediated phosphorylation in control of epithelial-mesenchymal transition". Nature Cell Biology. 6 (10): 931–40. doi: 10.1038/ncb1173. PMID 15448698. S2CID 10189439.
- Saito T, Oda Y, Kawaguchi K, Sugimachi K, Yamamoto H, Tateishi N, Tanaka K, Matsuda S, Iwamoto Y, Ladanyi M, Tsuneyoshi M (November 2004). "E-cadherin mutation and Snail overexpression as alternative mechanisms of E-cadherin inactivation in synovial sarcoma". Oncogene. 23 (53): 8629–38. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207960. PMID 15467754. S2CID 20273927.