Roman tubae were usually straight cylindrical instruments with a bell at the end.[2][5][19][20] They were typically made of metals such as
silver,[21]bronze, or
lead and measured around 4.33 ft or 1.31 meters.[6][22] Their players, known as the tubicines or tubatores were well-respected in Roman society.[23][24][25] The tuba was only capable of producing
rhythmic sounds on one or two
pitches.[26] Its noise was often described as terrible, raucous, or hoarse.[27] Ancient writers describe the tuba as invoking fear and terror in those who heard it.[28]
Roman tuba found in archaeological site of Roman Villa di San Vincenzino, Italy
Reconstructed Roman tuba
Musicians playing a Roman tuba, a water organ (hydraulis), and a pair of cornua, detail from the Zliten mosaic, 2nd century AD
Roman cornu (left) and tuba (right) in a relief from the Museo Ostiense, Ostia Antica, Italy
Alexandrescu, Cristina-Georgeta (2007). "The Iconography of Wind Instruments in Ancient Rome: Cornu, Bucina, Tuba, and Lituus". Music in Art. 32 (1–2): 33–46.
ISSN1522-7464.
JSTOR41818803.
López, María Isabel Rodríguez (2012). "Victory, Triumph and Fame as the Iconic Expressions of the Courtly Power". Music in Art. 37 (1/2): 9–23.
ISSN1522-7464.
JSTOR24420190.
Naumann, Emil; Ouseley, F. A. Gore; Praeger, Ferdinand Christian Wilhelm, eds. (2013),
"The Romans", The History of Music, Cambridge Library Collection – Music, vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 158–167,
doi:
10.1017/CBO9781139833646.009,
ISBN978-1-108-06163-6, retrieved 5 October 2022
Sage, Michael (30 January 2014),
"Tubicen", in Bagnall, Roger S; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B; Erskine, Andrew (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, pp. wbeah19177,
doi:
10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah19177,
ISBN978-1-4443-3838-6, retrieved 5 October 2022
Roman tubae were usually straight cylindrical instruments with a bell at the end.[2][5][19][20] They were typically made of metals such as
silver,[21]bronze, or
lead and measured around 4.33 ft or 1.31 meters.[6][22] Their players, known as the tubicines or tubatores were well-respected in Roman society.[23][24][25] The tuba was only capable of producing
rhythmic sounds on one or two
pitches.[26] Its noise was often described as terrible, raucous, or hoarse.[27] Ancient writers describe the tuba as invoking fear and terror in those who heard it.[28]
Roman tuba found in archaeological site of Roman Villa di San Vincenzino, Italy
Reconstructed Roman tuba
Musicians playing a Roman tuba, a water organ (hydraulis), and a pair of cornua, detail from the Zliten mosaic, 2nd century AD
Roman cornu (left) and tuba (right) in a relief from the Museo Ostiense, Ostia Antica, Italy
Alexandrescu, Cristina-Georgeta (2007). "The Iconography of Wind Instruments in Ancient Rome: Cornu, Bucina, Tuba, and Lituus". Music in Art. 32 (1–2): 33–46.
ISSN1522-7464.
JSTOR41818803.
López, María Isabel Rodríguez (2012). "Victory, Triumph and Fame as the Iconic Expressions of the Courtly Power". Music in Art. 37 (1/2): 9–23.
ISSN1522-7464.
JSTOR24420190.
Naumann, Emil; Ouseley, F. A. Gore; Praeger, Ferdinand Christian Wilhelm, eds. (2013),
"The Romans", The History of Music, Cambridge Library Collection – Music, vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 158–167,
doi:
10.1017/CBO9781139833646.009,
ISBN978-1-108-06163-6, retrieved 5 October 2022
Sage, Michael (30 January 2014),
"Tubicen", in Bagnall, Roger S; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B; Erskine, Andrew (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, pp. wbeah19177,
doi:
10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah19177,
ISBN978-1-4443-3838-6, retrieved 5 October 2022