| Rawagede massacre | |
|---|---|
| Part of Indonesian National Revolution and the Operation Product | |
| Location | Rawagede (present-day Balongsari, West Java |
| Coordinates | 6°15′S 107°17′E / 6.250°S 107.283°E |
| Date | 9 December 1947 (UTC+7) |
| Target | Villagers |
Attack type | Massacre |
| Deaths | 431 |
| Perpetrators | Royal Netherlands East Indies Army |
| History of Indonesia |
|---|
 |
| Timeline |
Indonesia portal |
The Rawagede massacre ( Dutch: Bloedbad van Rawagede, Indonesian: Pembantaian Rawagede), was committed by the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army on 9 December 1947 in the village of Rawagede (now Balongsari in Rawamerta district, Karawang Regency, West Java). Forces of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army were battling Indonesian Republican army fighters TNI and militia forces seeking independence for Indonesia. Almost all males from the village, amounting to 431 men according to most estimates, were killed by the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army, since the people of the village would not tell them where the Indonesian independence fighter Lukas Kustaryo was hiding.
Background
The Dutch received international pressure following Operation Product, their first police action against the Indonesian Republican forces, which led Dutch Lt. Governor-General Van Mook to order a ceasefire on 5 August 1947. [1] Mediated by the Committee of Good Offices (CGO), a panel of representatives from Australia, Belgium, and the United States, negotiations between the Dutch and Indonesian forces began on 8 December 1947 aboard the USS Renville. [2] [3] Despite the ongoing negotiations, the Dutch continued their campaign against the Indonesian army.
Massacre
On 9 December 1947, a day after the initiation of the Renville negotiation, the Dutch army consisting of some 100 conscripts, under command of Major Alphons Wijnen, attacked Rawagede village and raided houses. They had received the order 'to clean up' the village, but could not find members of the Indonesia army. This triggered them to force people to get out of their homes to be gathered in a field. Males above 15 years were ordered to stand side by side, and then questioned on the presence of Republic fighters. [4]
On that day, the Dutch army executed 431 people of Rawagede; without legal inquiry, lawsuit or defense. The Dutch army in Rawagede have conducted what they referred to as a summary execution; an act which is clearly categorized as a war crime which is murder of non-combatants.
Aftermath
This massacre was also known by The CGO. But the commission’ reaction was limited to ‘critic’ against the military action which they called "deliberate and ruthless", without further strict sanction due to human-rights abuse; let alone treating this massacre against innocent people as war crimes. [4]
A report from the United Nations published on 12 January 1948 called the killings "deliberate and merciless". Although Dutch Army General Simon Hendrik Spoor recommended that the responsible officer, Major Alphons Wijnen, be prosecuted, no criminal investigation was started. [4] [5] The Attorney General stated that his reasons were "because foreign interference and interest has waned." [6]
Legacy
In 2006, Jeffry Pondaag, organizer of the Komite Utang Kehormatan Belanda, met with lawyer Liesbeth Zegveld, an expert on international law and war crimes, to organize a strategy to represent the Rawagede widows and achieve recognition, apology and compensation from the Netherlands. There was no prior case law on the issue so it was unclear how to obtain justice. [7]
On 8 September 2008, the dialogue opened with 10 widows of victims of the massacre officially requesting that the Netherlands acknowledge its responsibility. The state lawyer replied in a letter published on 24 November 2008, that the Netherlands "deeply regrets" the massacre, but that it believes the term for prosecution had expired. This drew some criticism among members of the States-General of the Netherlands, as well as among leading Dutch newspaper NRC Handelsblad, which argued in an editorial that there is no such thing as a statute of limitations on war crimes. [4]
In December 2009, the 10 widows decided to sue the Dutch state in court. [5] The court decided on 14 September 2011 that the crime, due to its extraordinary nature, is not subject to a statute of limitations, and thus held the Dutch state fully accountable for the damages caused. [5] Following settlement negotiations with the Dutch State, the plaintiffs/widows of the men executed in Rawagedeh were awarded 20,000 euros each in compensation; the State furthermore agreed to extend its formal apologies for the massacre.[ citation needed]
On 9 December 2011, the Dutch ambassador to Indonesia stated: "We remember the members of your families and those of your fellow villagers who died 64 years ago through the actions of the Dutch military... On behalf of the Dutch government, I apologize for the tragedy that took place." Only 9 relatives are still alive and were awarded 20,000 euros ($27,000) compensation each. [8] The money was paid out by 2013. [9]
On 10 July 2012, the massacre received public attention in Netherlands after de Volkskrant, published two photos of an execution. Those photos are the only images documentation of massacre conducted by Royal Netherlands East Indies Army. [4]
In 2016, Dutch Foreign Minister Bert Koenders visited Rawagede to apologize in person. [10]
See also
- Decision by the district court of The Hague (14 September 2011), ECLI:NL:RBSGR:2011:BS8793
- Politionele acties
- South Sulawesi campaign of 1946–1947
- Gerbong Maut incident
- Rengat massacre
References
- ^ Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung (1973). Twenty Years Indonesian Foreign Policy: 1945–1965. Mouton & Co. pp. 34–35. ISBN 979-8139-06-2.
- ^ Fischer, Louis (1959). The Story of Indonesia. London: Hamish Hamilton. p. 102.
- ^ Kahin (1952), p. 224.
- ^ a b c d e Lorenz, Chris (2015). Tamm M. (ed.). "Can a Criminal Event in the Past Disappear in a Garbage Bin in the Present? Dutch Colonial Memory and Human Rights: The Case of Rawagede". Afterlife of Events. London: Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies: 219–241.
- ^ a b c van den Herik, Larissa (July 2012). "Addressing 'Colonial Crimes' through Reparations? Adjudicating Dutch Atrocities Committed in Indonesia". Journal of International Criminal Justice. 10 (3): 693–705. doi: 10.1093/jicj/mqs033.
- ^ Arnold, Michael (14 April 2022). Imperial Atrocities: Skeletons in Colonial Closets. Strategic Book Publishing & Rights Agency. p. 252. ISBN 978-1-68235-364-6.
- ^ Linawati Sidarto (13 September 2013). "Liesbeth Zegveld: The lawyer behind the Dutch apologies". Jakarta Post.
- ^ "Dutch state apologizes for 1947 Indonesia massacre". 9 December 2011. Archived from the original on 15 September 2013.
- ^ "Dutch apologize for Indonesian executions". america.aljazeera.com. 2013.
- ^ "Koenders say sorry for 1947 Indonesian massacre – DW – 03/25/2016". dw.com. 2016.
| Rawagede massacre | |
|---|---|
| Part of Indonesian National Revolution and the Operation Product | |
| Location | Rawagede (present-day Balongsari, West Java |
| Coordinates | 6°15′S 107°17′E / 6.250°S 107.283°E |
| Date | 9 December 1947 (UTC+7) |
| Target | Villagers |
Attack type | Massacre |
| Deaths | 431 |
| Perpetrators | Royal Netherlands East Indies Army |
| History of Indonesia |
|---|
|
|
| Timeline |
|
Indonesia portal |
The Rawagede massacre ( Dutch: Bloedbad van Rawagede, Indonesian: Pembantaian Rawagede), was committed by the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army on 9 December 1947 in the village of Rawagede (now Balongsari in Rawamerta district, Karawang Regency, West Java). Forces of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army were battling Indonesian Republican army fighters TNI and militia forces seeking independence for Indonesia. Almost all males from the village, amounting to 431 men according to most estimates, were killed by the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army, since the people of the village would not tell them where the Indonesian independence fighter Lukas Kustaryo was hiding.
Background
The Dutch received international pressure following Operation Product, their first police action against the Indonesian Republican forces, which led Dutch Lt. Governor-General Van Mook to order a ceasefire on 5 August 1947. [1] Mediated by the Committee of Good Offices (CGO), a panel of representatives from Australia, Belgium, and the United States, negotiations between the Dutch and Indonesian forces began on 8 December 1947 aboard the USS Renville. [2] [3] Despite the ongoing negotiations, the Dutch continued their campaign against the Indonesian army.
Massacre
On 9 December 1947, a day after the initiation of the Renville negotiation, the Dutch army consisting of some 100 conscripts, under command of Major Alphons Wijnen, attacked Rawagede village and raided houses. They had received the order 'to clean up' the village, but could not find members of the Indonesia army. This triggered them to force people to get out of their homes to be gathered in a field. Males above 15 years were ordered to stand side by side, and then questioned on the presence of Republic fighters. [4]
On that day, the Dutch army executed 431 people of Rawagede; without legal inquiry, lawsuit or defense. The Dutch army in Rawagede have conducted what they referred to as a summary execution; an act which is clearly categorized as a war crime which is murder of non-combatants.
Aftermath
This massacre was also known by The CGO. But the commission’ reaction was limited to ‘critic’ against the military action which they called "deliberate and ruthless", without further strict sanction due to human-rights abuse; let alone treating this massacre against innocent people as war crimes. [4]
A report from the United Nations published on 12 January 1948 called the killings "deliberate and merciless". Although Dutch Army General Simon Hendrik Spoor recommended that the responsible officer, Major Alphons Wijnen, be prosecuted, no criminal investigation was started. [4] [5] The Attorney General stated that his reasons were "because foreign interference and interest has waned." [6]
Legacy
In 2006, Jeffry Pondaag, organizer of the Komite Utang Kehormatan Belanda, met with lawyer Liesbeth Zegveld, an expert on international law and war crimes, to organize a strategy to represent the Rawagede widows and achieve recognition, apology and compensation from the Netherlands. There was no prior case law on the issue so it was unclear how to obtain justice. [7]
On 8 September 2008, the dialogue opened with 10 widows of victims of the massacre officially requesting that the Netherlands acknowledge its responsibility. The state lawyer replied in a letter published on 24 November 2008, that the Netherlands "deeply regrets" the massacre, but that it believes the term for prosecution had expired. This drew some criticism among members of the States-General of the Netherlands, as well as among leading Dutch newspaper NRC Handelsblad, which argued in an editorial that there is no such thing as a statute of limitations on war crimes. [4]
In December 2009, the 10 widows decided to sue the Dutch state in court. [5] The court decided on 14 September 2011 that the crime, due to its extraordinary nature, is not subject to a statute of limitations, and thus held the Dutch state fully accountable for the damages caused. [5] Following settlement negotiations with the Dutch State, the plaintiffs/widows of the men executed in Rawagedeh were awarded 20,000 euros each in compensation; the State furthermore agreed to extend its formal apologies for the massacre.[ citation needed]
On 9 December 2011, the Dutch ambassador to Indonesia stated: "We remember the members of your families and those of your fellow villagers who died 64 years ago through the actions of the Dutch military... On behalf of the Dutch government, I apologize for the tragedy that took place." Only 9 relatives are still alive and were awarded 20,000 euros ($27,000) compensation each. [8] The money was paid out by 2013. [9]
On 10 July 2012, the massacre received public attention in Netherlands after de Volkskrant, published two photos of an execution. Those photos are the only images documentation of massacre conducted by Royal Netherlands East Indies Army. [4]
In 2016, Dutch Foreign Minister Bert Koenders visited Rawagede to apologize in person. [10]
See also
- Decision by the district court of The Hague (14 September 2011), ECLI:NL:RBSGR:2011:BS8793
- Politionele acties
- South Sulawesi campaign of 1946–1947
- Gerbong Maut incident
- Rengat massacre
References
- ^ Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung (1973). Twenty Years Indonesian Foreign Policy: 1945–1965. Mouton & Co. pp. 34–35. ISBN 979-8139-06-2.
- ^ Fischer, Louis (1959). The Story of Indonesia. London: Hamish Hamilton. p. 102.
- ^ Kahin (1952), p. 224.
- ^ a b c d e Lorenz, Chris (2015). Tamm M. (ed.). "Can a Criminal Event in the Past Disappear in a Garbage Bin in the Present? Dutch Colonial Memory and Human Rights: The Case of Rawagede". Afterlife of Events. London: Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies: 219–241.
- ^ a b c van den Herik, Larissa (July 2012). "Addressing 'Colonial Crimes' through Reparations? Adjudicating Dutch Atrocities Committed in Indonesia". Journal of International Criminal Justice. 10 (3): 693–705. doi: 10.1093/jicj/mqs033.
- ^ Arnold, Michael (14 April 2022). Imperial Atrocities: Skeletons in Colonial Closets. Strategic Book Publishing & Rights Agency. p. 252. ISBN 978-1-68235-364-6.
- ^ Linawati Sidarto (13 September 2013). "Liesbeth Zegveld: The lawyer behind the Dutch apologies". Jakarta Post.
- ^ "Dutch state apologizes for 1947 Indonesia massacre". 9 December 2011. Archived from the original on 15 September 2013.
- ^ "Dutch apologize for Indonesian executions". america.aljazeera.com. 2013.
- ^ "Koenders say sorry for 1947 Indonesian massacre – DW – 03/25/2016". dw.com. 2016.