In mathematics, the Bochner integral, named for Salomon Bochner, extends the definition of Lebesgue integral to functions that take values in a Banach space, as the limit of integrals of simple functions.
Let be a measure space, and be a Banach space. The Bochner integral of a function is defined in much the same way as the Lebesgue integral. First, define a simple function to be any finite sum of the form
A measurable function is Bochner integrable if there exists a sequence of integrable simple functions such that
In this case, the Bochner integral is defined by
It can be shown that the sequence is a Cauchy sequence in the Banach space hence the limit on the right exists; furthermore, the limit is independent of the approximating sequence of simple functions These remarks show that the integral is well-defined (i.e independent of any choices). It can be shown that a function is Bochner integrable if and only if it lies in the Bochner space
Many of the familiar properties of the Lebesgue integral continue to hold for the Bochner integral. Particularly useful is Bochner's criterion for integrability, which states that if is a measure space, then a Bochner-measurable function is Bochner integrable if and only if
Here, a function is called Bochner measurable if it is equal -almost everywhere to a function taking values in a separable subspace of , and such that the inverse image of every open set in belongs to . Equivalently, is the limit -almost everywhere of a sequence of countably-valued simple functions.
If is a continuous linear operator between Banach spaces and , and is Bochner integrable, then it is relatively straightforward to show that is Bochner integrable and integration and the application of may be interchanged:
A non-trivially stronger form of this result, known as Hille's theorem, also holds for closed operators. [1] If is a closed linear operator between Banach spaces and and both and are Bochner integrable, then
A version of the dominated convergence theorem also holds for the Bochner integral. Specifically, if is a sequence of measurable functions on a complete measure space tending almost everywhere to a limit function , and if
If is Bochner integrable, then the inequality
An important fact about the Bochner integral is that the Radon–Nikodym theorem fails to hold in general, and instead is a property (the Radon–Nikodym property) defining an important class of nice Banach spaces.
Specifically, if is a measure on then has the Radon–Nikodym property with respect to if, for every countably-additive vector measure on with values in which has bounded variation and is absolutely continuous with respect to there is a -integrable function such that
The Banach space has the Radon–Nikodym property if has the Radon–Nikodym property with respect to every finite measure. [2] Equivalent formulations include:
It is known that the space has the Radon–Nikodym property, but and the spaces for an open bounded subset of and for an infinite compact space, do not. [5] Spaces with Radon–Nikodym property include separable dual spaces (this is the Dunford–Pettis theorem)[ citation needed] and reflexive spaces, which include, in particular, Hilbert spaces. [2]
In mathematics, the Bochner integral, named for Salomon Bochner, extends the definition of Lebesgue integral to functions that take values in a Banach space, as the limit of integrals of simple functions.
Let be a measure space, and be a Banach space. The Bochner integral of a function is defined in much the same way as the Lebesgue integral. First, define a simple function to be any finite sum of the form
A measurable function is Bochner integrable if there exists a sequence of integrable simple functions such that
In this case, the Bochner integral is defined by
It can be shown that the sequence is a Cauchy sequence in the Banach space hence the limit on the right exists; furthermore, the limit is independent of the approximating sequence of simple functions These remarks show that the integral is well-defined (i.e independent of any choices). It can be shown that a function is Bochner integrable if and only if it lies in the Bochner space
Many of the familiar properties of the Lebesgue integral continue to hold for the Bochner integral. Particularly useful is Bochner's criterion for integrability, which states that if is a measure space, then a Bochner-measurable function is Bochner integrable if and only if
Here, a function is called Bochner measurable if it is equal -almost everywhere to a function taking values in a separable subspace of , and such that the inverse image of every open set in belongs to . Equivalently, is the limit -almost everywhere of a sequence of countably-valued simple functions.
If is a continuous linear operator between Banach spaces and , and is Bochner integrable, then it is relatively straightforward to show that is Bochner integrable and integration and the application of may be interchanged:
A non-trivially stronger form of this result, known as Hille's theorem, also holds for closed operators. [1] If is a closed linear operator between Banach spaces and and both and are Bochner integrable, then
A version of the dominated convergence theorem also holds for the Bochner integral. Specifically, if is a sequence of measurable functions on a complete measure space tending almost everywhere to a limit function , and if
If is Bochner integrable, then the inequality
An important fact about the Bochner integral is that the Radon–Nikodym theorem fails to hold in general, and instead is a property (the Radon–Nikodym property) defining an important class of nice Banach spaces.
Specifically, if is a measure on then has the Radon–Nikodym property with respect to if, for every countably-additive vector measure on with values in which has bounded variation and is absolutely continuous with respect to there is a -integrable function such that
The Banach space has the Radon–Nikodym property if has the Radon–Nikodym property with respect to every finite measure. [2] Equivalent formulations include:
It is known that the space has the Radon–Nikodym property, but and the spaces for an open bounded subset of and for an infinite compact space, do not. [5] Spaces with Radon–Nikodym property include separable dual spaces (this is the Dunford–Pettis theorem)[ citation needed] and reflexive spaces, which include, in particular, Hilbert spaces. [2]