Qilu culture, also known as Haidai culture, is a regional culture formed and developed centered in
Shandong Province,
China. The Qilu Cultural District is centered on the
Taiyi Mountains, and its scope roughly includes the area east of the Beijing-Hangzhou
Grand Canal in today's Shandong Province, northern
Jiangsu Province, and the
Liaodong Peninsula. It is consistent with the
JiaoliaoMandarin District and the Hebei and
LuMandarin Districts in Shandong Province. To the west, it is bounded by the Grand Canal and the
Central Plains Culture, and to the south, it is adjacent to the
Jianghuai Culture in the Jianghuai Mandarin District. Qilu culture can be subdivided into "Western Lu culture" and "Jiaodong culture".[1]
Feature
Qilu culture has an inseparable relationship with Guan Zhong and Confucius. The origin of Qilu culture was influenced by them, which laid the foundation for the subsequent vigorous development of Qilu culture.
Qi culture
Guan Zhong was a
statesman and
philosopher of
the Qi State and a representative figure of Legalism in the Spring and Autumn Period. His main thoughts were recorded in the book "
Guanzi" by later generations.[2]
Lu culture
Confucius was an
educator and
philosopher from the State of
Lu, and the founder of Yi Xu[3] e and
Confucianism. His thoughts of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and trust had a profound influence.
The Shandong culture in the prehistoric period is called
Dongyi culture and is one of the oldest civilizations in China.[5] The characters of the
Dongyi people may be one of the important sources of
oracle bone inscriptions in the
Shang Dynasty,[6] among which the characters "Dan, Jin, Huang, Feng, Jiu, Pai" and other characters are still used today. According to Chinese classics, the Dongyi people invented the
bow and arrow and had high pottery-making technology. They were also the first tribe in China to use
copper and
iron. Research on
Longshan Culture shows that Dongyi people are also the inventors of
rituals, which indicates the formation of their social class and country. Chinese archaeologist Yu Weichao[7] believes that "if it were not for the great flood more than 4,000 years ago, the Dongyi people might have established China’s earliest dynasty."[8]
From the founding of Qi and Lu in the early
Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, it was the period of formation of Qi culture (Jiaodong culture) and Lu culture (Western Lu culture). Among them, Qi culture is dominated by Dongyi culture and supplemented by Zhou culture, while Lu culture is dominated by Zhou culture and supplemented by Dongyi culture. The culture of Qi was utilitarian or rational, which resulted in the emergence of
military strategists (
Sun Wu,
Sun Bin),
astronomers (
Gan De,
Zou Yan),
medical scientists (
Bian Que),
logicians (
Gongsun Long), and
Yin-Yang sects (
Zou Yan) as well as
Taoists,
famous scholars,
legalists,
peasants,
politicians, and other pragmatic
schools of thought; while Lu culture focused on etiquette and feudalism, and
Confucianism advocated the restoration of feudalism and hierarchy. But at the same time,
Mohists who opposed
Confucianism and advocated logic also emerged. During the Warring States Period, Qi culture began to occupy the main body among Qi and Lu cultures, of which Legalism and Mohism accounted for a large part.[9]
Emperor Wu of the
Han Dynasty recognized the Confucian system during the Han Dynasty . After "[10] deposing hundreds of schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone," it became the cornerstone of the later Chinese social framework and values.[11] At the end of the
Eastern Han Dynasty, two more famous Confucian scholars, He Xiu[12] and
Zheng Xuan, appeared in Shandong. During the
Eastern Jin and
Southern Dynasties, famous noble families who lived in the south of the Yangtze River, such as the
Langya Wang family, Lanling Xiao family,[13] Gaoping Xi family, Langya Yan family, and Taiyang family,[14] all came from the hometown of Qilu. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Qilu culture gradually lost its independence.[15]
Buddhism and Taoism have a history of more than a thousand years in Shandong. Islam mainly developed after the
Hui Muslims migrated to Shandong in the 13th century. Catholicism and Christianity spread rapidly mainly after
the Opium War.
In 1990, there were 1.2 million religious believers in Shandong Province, 3,040 religious activity sites, and 2,578 religious personnel.[25]
Language
Qian Zengyi and Li Rong's Shandong dialect division [26]
There are different dialects in Shandong, with differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. Scholars such as Qian Zengyi divided the Shandong dialect into two major areas and four sub-districts, while Li Rong divided it into three areas:
Hebei-Shandong Mandarin,
Zhongyuan Mandarin, and
Jiao-Liao Mandarin.[27] The Shandong dialect taught by
Hou Baolin is Jiao-Liao Mandarin, while the Shandong dialect used by Shandong Kuaishu belongs to Hebei-Shandong Mandarin. The Mandarin dialects of Hebei and Shandong include Liaotai films[28] (e.g.
Jinan dialect), Huang Le films[29] (e.g.
Wudi dialect ), etc.; the Mandarin dialects of the Central Plains include
Jining dialect,
Zaozhuang dialect, etc.; the Jiaodong dialect is more complex and is the same as the
DalianDandong dialect of
Liaoning . It belongs to Jiao-Liao Mandarin and is the dialect group that is most different from
Mandarin in
East China .
Jiaoliao Mandarin includes Denglianpian,[30] Qinglaipian,[31] and Yingtongpian, with about 30 million users. Among them, the Qinglai area is divided into four small areas: Qingdao area, Qingqu area, Laichang area, and Juzhao area .
Folk customs
Shandong folk customs have two different styles, Qi and Shandong. Qi Su inherited the cultural traditions of Dongyi, was less bound by the clan and Zhou rituals, and had the color of a commodity economy. Lu Su tried to replace the original cultural tradition with Zhou Rites, which was more natural and economical.[32] Among them, the Shandong Plain is characterized by farming culture, with Weifang kites and Yangjiabu New Year paintings exuding a rich earthy atmosphere; the fishermen along the Jiaodong coast are rich in customs, rough and unrestrained; and the western Shandong region has deep traditions and is the hometown of Confucius and Mencius.[33]
Diet
Shandong cuisine ranks first among
the four major cuisines in China. It has long been famous as early as
the Spring and Autumn Period. After the
Song Dynasty, it became the representative of
northern cuisine. In the
Ming and
Qing dynasties, Shandong cuisine was the mainstay of the royal cuisine and was very popular in
Beijing,
Tianjin,
Hebei, and
Northeast China. Greater impact. Shandong cuisine can be divided into Jinan cuisine, Jiaodong cuisine, and Kongfu cuisine.[34] Among them, Jinan cuisine is good at
roasting,
deep-frying, and
stir-frying, and has a heavier taste; Jiaodong cuisine originated from coastal areas such as
Fushan,
Yantai, and
Qingdao, and is good at cooking seafood. The taste is mainly fresh and tender, focusing on light, and paying attention to the original flavor; Kongfu cuisine The dishes are famous all over the world for their exquisite ingredients, fine preparation, unique style, and unique flavor.[35] Shandong's traditional famous dishes include sweet and sour Yellow River carp, roasted sea cucumber with green onion,
Mushu meat, grilled abalone in the original shell,
nine-turn large intestine, fried lotus, Jinan roast duck, carrot sweet potato, Sixi meatballs, etc.[36] "
Dezhou Braised Chicken Production Technique" and "
Longkou Vermicelli Traditional Handmade Production Technique" are also national intangible cultural heritages.[37]
Shandong is also very famous for its wine culture [38] and its emphasis on etiquette.[39] The person with the highest position in the guest party is called the "host" and sits directly opposite the door of the room; to the right of the host is the "guest of honor", who is the person with the highest position among the guests; to the left of the host is the "deputy guest of honor"; The "secondary waiter" sits opposite the main waiter, that is, with his back to the door, and is mainly responsible for driving the guests to drink.[40] Serving food, pouring tea, pouring wine, etc. all start from the position of the guest of honor.[41] Shandong wine culture also has a long history. Yantai Changyu Winemaking Company, founded by
Qing Dynasty industrialist
Zhang Bishi in 1892, is now the largest wine producer in China and even Asia, and the tenth largest wine producer in the world,[42] with four series of
wine,
brandy,
champagne , and
health wine. Hundreds of products.[43] Wine estates and wine culture museums have gradually become new destinations for residents’ cultural tourism, leisure, and sightseeing.[44]
Festival
Festivals are divided into traditional festivals and emerging festivals. Most of the emerging festivals are national festivals, such as
New Year's Day, Women's Day,
Arbor Day, etc. Since the reform and opening up, many new festivals and conferences have been established in various parts of Shandong, collectively referred to as "emerging festivals", to develop local economy and tourism, including the Confucius Cultural Festival, Rongcheng Fishermen's Festival,
Qingdao International Beer Festival, and Zibo Ceramics Glaze Art Festival, and various cultural and art festivals, etc.
Education
Education system: Shandong's education system follows China's national education policy, including nine-year compulsory education,[45]high school education,
higher education, and other different levels of
education.
Basic education: Shandong province pays attention to basic education, including primary and junior
high school education. The school system is extensive, providing students with comprehensive subject education.[46]
Senior high school education: The level of senior high school education in Shandong Province is relatively high, and some famous senior high schools provide high-quality
liberal arts and
science courses. High school education is a key stage in preparing students for entering universities.
Higher Education: There are many famous universities and higher education institutions in Shandong Province, among which
Shandong University, China
Ocean University, and
Qingdao University are the representatives. These universities enjoy a certain reputation at home and abroad, attracting students from all over the country and internationally.
Scientific research and innovation:[47] Shandong province has also made many achievements in the field of scientific research and innovation, attracting a large number of
scientificresearch talents. Universities and research institutions in the province actively participated in national and local scientific research projects, which promoted scientific and
technological innovation and
development.
Education reform: Shandong Province is also constantly carrying out
education reform to adapt to the changes in
social economy and educational needs. This includes efforts to improve the quality of education, promote the application of information technology in education, and strengthen teacher training.[48]
Shandong province has rich resources and a long history in the field of education and is committed to providing high-quality education, which has made positive contributions to the development of students and social progress. The education system in Shandong Province is constantly developing and improving to meet the ever-changing educational needs.
Cultural heritage
Cultural relics unearthed in Shandong that are prohibited from being exhibited abroad
Dawenkou CulturePainted pottery eight-pointed star pattern bean(It is a typical Dawenkou culture colored pottery)
Western Zhou DynastyTaibaoding(Typical representatives of Shang and Zhou bronzes)
Bronze Square Mirror from the Tomb of King Qi(A bronze mirror unearthed from the tomb of the princes of the Western Han Dynasty)
5 famous historical and cultural villages in China:
Zhujiayu Village, Guanzhuang Township
,Zhangqiu District,
Jinan City, Dongchudao Village, Ningjin Street, Rongcheng City, Xiongyasuo Village, Tianheng Town, Jimo District,
Qingdao City, Lijia Village, Wangcun Town, Zhoucun District, Zibo City Tuancun and Gaojiazhuangzi Village, Xinzhuang Town, Zhaoyuan City [53]
42 national forest parks:
Laoshan, Baodugu,
Taishan, Lashan, etc.
^Zhou Fei (2011-04-06). "An Interpretation of the Hundred Schools of Thought". Yuanliu Publishing House. p. 16.
^Yi Xue is the knowledge about the "Book of Changes" and the changes in things.
^Taiyi Mountains, an important mountain range in eastern China. Located in the central part of Shandong Province, it is divided into Taishan Mountains, Yishan Mountains, Mengshan Mountains, and Culai Mountains. The main peak, Yuhuangding, is 1532.7 meters above sea level.
^Yu Weichao (1933-2003), male, was born in Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province. Archaeologist, graduated from the Department of History of Peking University majoring in Archeology, and has served as lecturer, associate professor, and professor in the Department of History and Archeology of Peking University.
^Yu Weichao: "The Mystery of the Decay of Longshan Culture and Liangzhu Culture", "Proceedings of the International Academic Symposium to Commemorate the 60th Anniversary of the Excavation of the Chengziya Site", Qilu Publishing House, 1993
^"齐鲁文化概述". 中国华文教育网. 2007-07-12. Archived from
the original on 2017-03-05. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
^He Xiu (129-182), courtesy name Shaogong, was born in Renchengfan (near Qufu) in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
^The Xiao family of Lanling was a gentry family with the surname Xiao in medieval China, with Lanling County as its commandery.
^The Taiyang Clan, also known as the Taiyang Clan, is a noble family with the surname Yang in Taishan County in ancient China. It has been active in the political and military arena from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
^"Baixue Yiyin" is a collection of folk songs from the middle of the Qing Dynasty in China. It was compiled and completed in 1804 and published in 1828.
^Liaotai Xiaoping (according to "Chinese Language Atlas" and "Research on Chinese Mandarin Dialects") is a branch of Hebei-Shandong Mandarin Shiji Pian, distributed in southwestern Hebei Province and central Shandong Province.
^Huangle Xiaopian (according to "Chinese Language Atlas" and "Research on Chinese Mandarin Dialects") is a branch of Hebei-Shandong Mandarin Canghui Pian, distributed in southeastern Hebei Province and northern Shandong Province.
^Denglianpian is an area of Jiaoliao Mandarin dialect of Chinese Mandarin, mainly distributed in Liaodong Peninsula, Shandong Peninsula, Changshan Islands, Miaodao Islands, and there is also a dialect island in Hulin, Heilongjiang.
^Qinglai Pian, formerly known as Qingzhou Pian, is an area of Jiao Liao Mandarin, the Mandarin Chinese dialect, mainly distributed in the Jiao Lai Plain area of Shandong Peninsula and Ganyu County, Jiangsu Province.
^Mashan National Nature Reserve is located in Jimo District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China. It was approved by the State Council as a national nature reserve in 1994 and as a Shandong Provincial Geopark in 2002 by the Shandong Provincial People's Government.
Qilu culture, also known as Haidai culture, is a regional culture formed and developed centered in
Shandong Province,
China. The Qilu Cultural District is centered on the
Taiyi Mountains, and its scope roughly includes the area east of the Beijing-Hangzhou
Grand Canal in today's Shandong Province, northern
Jiangsu Province, and the
Liaodong Peninsula. It is consistent with the
JiaoliaoMandarin District and the Hebei and
LuMandarin Districts in Shandong Province. To the west, it is bounded by the Grand Canal and the
Central Plains Culture, and to the south, it is adjacent to the
Jianghuai Culture in the Jianghuai Mandarin District. Qilu culture can be subdivided into "Western Lu culture" and "Jiaodong culture".[1]
Feature
Qilu culture has an inseparable relationship with Guan Zhong and Confucius. The origin of Qilu culture was influenced by them, which laid the foundation for the subsequent vigorous development of Qilu culture.
Qi culture
Guan Zhong was a
statesman and
philosopher of
the Qi State and a representative figure of Legalism in the Spring and Autumn Period. His main thoughts were recorded in the book "
Guanzi" by later generations.[2]
Lu culture
Confucius was an
educator and
philosopher from the State of
Lu, and the founder of Yi Xu[3] e and
Confucianism. His thoughts of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and trust had a profound influence.
The Shandong culture in the prehistoric period is called
Dongyi culture and is one of the oldest civilizations in China.[5] The characters of the
Dongyi people may be one of the important sources of
oracle bone inscriptions in the
Shang Dynasty,[6] among which the characters "Dan, Jin, Huang, Feng, Jiu, Pai" and other characters are still used today. According to Chinese classics, the Dongyi people invented the
bow and arrow and had high pottery-making technology. They were also the first tribe in China to use
copper and
iron. Research on
Longshan Culture shows that Dongyi people are also the inventors of
rituals, which indicates the formation of their social class and country. Chinese archaeologist Yu Weichao[7] believes that "if it were not for the great flood more than 4,000 years ago, the Dongyi people might have established China’s earliest dynasty."[8]
From the founding of Qi and Lu in the early
Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, it was the period of formation of Qi culture (Jiaodong culture) and Lu culture (Western Lu culture). Among them, Qi culture is dominated by Dongyi culture and supplemented by Zhou culture, while Lu culture is dominated by Zhou culture and supplemented by Dongyi culture. The culture of Qi was utilitarian or rational, which resulted in the emergence of
military strategists (
Sun Wu,
Sun Bin),
astronomers (
Gan De,
Zou Yan),
medical scientists (
Bian Que),
logicians (
Gongsun Long), and
Yin-Yang sects (
Zou Yan) as well as
Taoists,
famous scholars,
legalists,
peasants,
politicians, and other pragmatic
schools of thought; while Lu culture focused on etiquette and feudalism, and
Confucianism advocated the restoration of feudalism and hierarchy. But at the same time,
Mohists who opposed
Confucianism and advocated logic also emerged. During the Warring States Period, Qi culture began to occupy the main body among Qi and Lu cultures, of which Legalism and Mohism accounted for a large part.[9]
Emperor Wu of the
Han Dynasty recognized the Confucian system during the Han Dynasty . After "[10] deposing hundreds of schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone," it became the cornerstone of the later Chinese social framework and values.[11] At the end of the
Eastern Han Dynasty, two more famous Confucian scholars, He Xiu[12] and
Zheng Xuan, appeared in Shandong. During the
Eastern Jin and
Southern Dynasties, famous noble families who lived in the south of the Yangtze River, such as the
Langya Wang family, Lanling Xiao family,[13] Gaoping Xi family, Langya Yan family, and Taiyang family,[14] all came from the hometown of Qilu. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Qilu culture gradually lost its independence.[15]
Buddhism and Taoism have a history of more than a thousand years in Shandong. Islam mainly developed after the
Hui Muslims migrated to Shandong in the 13th century. Catholicism and Christianity spread rapidly mainly after
the Opium War.
In 1990, there were 1.2 million religious believers in Shandong Province, 3,040 religious activity sites, and 2,578 religious personnel.[25]
Language
Qian Zengyi and Li Rong's Shandong dialect division [26]
There are different dialects in Shandong, with differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. Scholars such as Qian Zengyi divided the Shandong dialect into two major areas and four sub-districts, while Li Rong divided it into three areas:
Hebei-Shandong Mandarin,
Zhongyuan Mandarin, and
Jiao-Liao Mandarin.[27] The Shandong dialect taught by
Hou Baolin is Jiao-Liao Mandarin, while the Shandong dialect used by Shandong Kuaishu belongs to Hebei-Shandong Mandarin. The Mandarin dialects of Hebei and Shandong include Liaotai films[28] (e.g.
Jinan dialect), Huang Le films[29] (e.g.
Wudi dialect ), etc.; the Mandarin dialects of the Central Plains include
Jining dialect,
Zaozhuang dialect, etc.; the Jiaodong dialect is more complex and is the same as the
DalianDandong dialect of
Liaoning . It belongs to Jiao-Liao Mandarin and is the dialect group that is most different from
Mandarin in
East China .
Jiaoliao Mandarin includes Denglianpian,[30] Qinglaipian,[31] and Yingtongpian, with about 30 million users. Among them, the Qinglai area is divided into four small areas: Qingdao area, Qingqu area, Laichang area, and Juzhao area .
Folk customs
Shandong folk customs have two different styles, Qi and Shandong. Qi Su inherited the cultural traditions of Dongyi, was less bound by the clan and Zhou rituals, and had the color of a commodity economy. Lu Su tried to replace the original cultural tradition with Zhou Rites, which was more natural and economical.[32] Among them, the Shandong Plain is characterized by farming culture, with Weifang kites and Yangjiabu New Year paintings exuding a rich earthy atmosphere; the fishermen along the Jiaodong coast are rich in customs, rough and unrestrained; and the western Shandong region has deep traditions and is the hometown of Confucius and Mencius.[33]
Diet
Shandong cuisine ranks first among
the four major cuisines in China. It has long been famous as early as
the Spring and Autumn Period. After the
Song Dynasty, it became the representative of
northern cuisine. In the
Ming and
Qing dynasties, Shandong cuisine was the mainstay of the royal cuisine and was very popular in
Beijing,
Tianjin,
Hebei, and
Northeast China. Greater impact. Shandong cuisine can be divided into Jinan cuisine, Jiaodong cuisine, and Kongfu cuisine.[34] Among them, Jinan cuisine is good at
roasting,
deep-frying, and
stir-frying, and has a heavier taste; Jiaodong cuisine originated from coastal areas such as
Fushan,
Yantai, and
Qingdao, and is good at cooking seafood. The taste is mainly fresh and tender, focusing on light, and paying attention to the original flavor; Kongfu cuisine The dishes are famous all over the world for their exquisite ingredients, fine preparation, unique style, and unique flavor.[35] Shandong's traditional famous dishes include sweet and sour Yellow River carp, roasted sea cucumber with green onion,
Mushu meat, grilled abalone in the original shell,
nine-turn large intestine, fried lotus, Jinan roast duck, carrot sweet potato, Sixi meatballs, etc.[36] "
Dezhou Braised Chicken Production Technique" and "
Longkou Vermicelli Traditional Handmade Production Technique" are also national intangible cultural heritages.[37]
Shandong is also very famous for its wine culture [38] and its emphasis on etiquette.[39] The person with the highest position in the guest party is called the "host" and sits directly opposite the door of the room; to the right of the host is the "guest of honor", who is the person with the highest position among the guests; to the left of the host is the "deputy guest of honor"; The "secondary waiter" sits opposite the main waiter, that is, with his back to the door, and is mainly responsible for driving the guests to drink.[40] Serving food, pouring tea, pouring wine, etc. all start from the position of the guest of honor.[41] Shandong wine culture also has a long history. Yantai Changyu Winemaking Company, founded by
Qing Dynasty industrialist
Zhang Bishi in 1892, is now the largest wine producer in China and even Asia, and the tenth largest wine producer in the world,[42] with four series of
wine,
brandy,
champagne , and
health wine. Hundreds of products.[43] Wine estates and wine culture museums have gradually become new destinations for residents’ cultural tourism, leisure, and sightseeing.[44]
Festival
Festivals are divided into traditional festivals and emerging festivals. Most of the emerging festivals are national festivals, such as
New Year's Day, Women's Day,
Arbor Day, etc. Since the reform and opening up, many new festivals and conferences have been established in various parts of Shandong, collectively referred to as "emerging festivals", to develop local economy and tourism, including the Confucius Cultural Festival, Rongcheng Fishermen's Festival,
Qingdao International Beer Festival, and Zibo Ceramics Glaze Art Festival, and various cultural and art festivals, etc.
Education
Education system: Shandong's education system follows China's national education policy, including nine-year compulsory education,[45]high school education,
higher education, and other different levels of
education.
Basic education: Shandong province pays attention to basic education, including primary and junior
high school education. The school system is extensive, providing students with comprehensive subject education.[46]
Senior high school education: The level of senior high school education in Shandong Province is relatively high, and some famous senior high schools provide high-quality
liberal arts and
science courses. High school education is a key stage in preparing students for entering universities.
Higher Education: There are many famous universities and higher education institutions in Shandong Province, among which
Shandong University, China
Ocean University, and
Qingdao University are the representatives. These universities enjoy a certain reputation at home and abroad, attracting students from all over the country and internationally.
Scientific research and innovation:[47] Shandong province has also made many achievements in the field of scientific research and innovation, attracting a large number of
scientificresearch talents. Universities and research institutions in the province actively participated in national and local scientific research projects, which promoted scientific and
technological innovation and
development.
Education reform: Shandong Province is also constantly carrying out
education reform to adapt to the changes in
social economy and educational needs. This includes efforts to improve the quality of education, promote the application of information technology in education, and strengthen teacher training.[48]
Shandong province has rich resources and a long history in the field of education and is committed to providing high-quality education, which has made positive contributions to the development of students and social progress. The education system in Shandong Province is constantly developing and improving to meet the ever-changing educational needs.
Cultural heritage
Cultural relics unearthed in Shandong that are prohibited from being exhibited abroad
Dawenkou CulturePainted pottery eight-pointed star pattern bean(It is a typical Dawenkou culture colored pottery)
Western Zhou DynastyTaibaoding(Typical representatives of Shang and Zhou bronzes)
Bronze Square Mirror from the Tomb of King Qi(A bronze mirror unearthed from the tomb of the princes of the Western Han Dynasty)
5 famous historical and cultural villages in China:
Zhujiayu Village, Guanzhuang Township
,Zhangqiu District,
Jinan City, Dongchudao Village, Ningjin Street, Rongcheng City, Xiongyasuo Village, Tianheng Town, Jimo District,
Qingdao City, Lijia Village, Wangcun Town, Zhoucun District, Zibo City Tuancun and Gaojiazhuangzi Village, Xinzhuang Town, Zhaoyuan City [53]
42 national forest parks:
Laoshan, Baodugu,
Taishan, Lashan, etc.
^Zhou Fei (2011-04-06). "An Interpretation of the Hundred Schools of Thought". Yuanliu Publishing House. p. 16.
^Yi Xue is the knowledge about the "Book of Changes" and the changes in things.
^Taiyi Mountains, an important mountain range in eastern China. Located in the central part of Shandong Province, it is divided into Taishan Mountains, Yishan Mountains, Mengshan Mountains, and Culai Mountains. The main peak, Yuhuangding, is 1532.7 meters above sea level.
^Yu Weichao (1933-2003), male, was born in Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province. Archaeologist, graduated from the Department of History of Peking University majoring in Archeology, and has served as lecturer, associate professor, and professor in the Department of History and Archeology of Peking University.
^Yu Weichao: "The Mystery of the Decay of Longshan Culture and Liangzhu Culture", "Proceedings of the International Academic Symposium to Commemorate the 60th Anniversary of the Excavation of the Chengziya Site", Qilu Publishing House, 1993
^"齐鲁文化概述". 中国华文教育网. 2007-07-12. Archived from
the original on 2017-03-05. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
^He Xiu (129-182), courtesy name Shaogong, was born in Renchengfan (near Qufu) in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
^The Xiao family of Lanling was a gentry family with the surname Xiao in medieval China, with Lanling County as its commandery.
^The Taiyang Clan, also known as the Taiyang Clan, is a noble family with the surname Yang in Taishan County in ancient China. It has been active in the political and military arena from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
^"Baixue Yiyin" is a collection of folk songs from the middle of the Qing Dynasty in China. It was compiled and completed in 1804 and published in 1828.
^Liaotai Xiaoping (according to "Chinese Language Atlas" and "Research on Chinese Mandarin Dialects") is a branch of Hebei-Shandong Mandarin Shiji Pian, distributed in southwestern Hebei Province and central Shandong Province.
^Huangle Xiaopian (according to "Chinese Language Atlas" and "Research on Chinese Mandarin Dialects") is a branch of Hebei-Shandong Mandarin Canghui Pian, distributed in southeastern Hebei Province and northern Shandong Province.
^Denglianpian is an area of Jiaoliao Mandarin dialect of Chinese Mandarin, mainly distributed in Liaodong Peninsula, Shandong Peninsula, Changshan Islands, Miaodao Islands, and there is also a dialect island in Hulin, Heilongjiang.
^Qinglai Pian, formerly known as Qingzhou Pian, is an area of Jiao Liao Mandarin, the Mandarin Chinese dialect, mainly distributed in the Jiao Lai Plain area of Shandong Peninsula and Ganyu County, Jiangsu Province.
^Mashan National Nature Reserve is located in Jimo District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China. It was approved by the State Council as a national nature reserve in 1994 and as a Shandong Provincial Geopark in 2002 by the Shandong Provincial People's Government.