Pythium porphyrae | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
Clade: | SAR |
Clade: | Stramenopiles |
Phylum: | Oomycota |
Order: | Peronosporales |
Family: | Pythiaceae |
Genus: | Pythium |
Species: | P. porphyrae
|
Binomial name | |
Pythium porphyrae | |
Synonyms [2] [3] [4] | |
|
Pythium porphyrae, is a parasitic species of oomycete in the family Pythiaceae. [5] It is the cause of red rot disease or red wasting disease, also called akagusare (赤ぐされ) in Japanese. [1] [6] The specific epithet porphyrae (πορφυρα) stems from the genus of one of its common hosts, Porphyra, and the purple-red color of the lesions on the thallus of the host. [7] However, many of its hosts have been moved from the genus Porphyra to Pyropia.
Pythium porphyrae can destroy an entire crop of nori within three weeks. [8] [9] [6] It prefers low salinity and warm water (24-28 °C). [10] [11] [12] [6] It will only grow in the 15-35 °C range. [13] Mild winters correlate with higher infestations and lower crop yields, [14] possibly due to decreased temperatures inducing the development of sex organs in the oomycete. [1] Losses can be combated by destroying diseased fronds and exposing thalli to the air for 3–4 hours daily. [6] The oospores can be spread in contaminated organic matter and the sporangia can spread through the water. [15]
Pythium porphyrae has a mycelial thallus that is eucarpic, meaning only part of the thallus turns into sporangia. [15] It is primarily a facultative parasite of algae, but can also be saprobic. [15]
Its hyphae can grow up to 4.5 µm wide, [13] [15] and are not septate. [1] On algae, the hyphae will extend through the cell wall. [1] It does not have haustoria not chlamydospores. [15] The appressoria are club-shaped. [15] It has sporangia that are unbranched, filamentous, [1] [3] and non-inflated, [3] typically forming 6-17 zoospores per vesicle. [1] [13] [15] Encysted zoospores are 8-12 µm in diameter. [15] Hyphal swellings are intercalary and globose, from 12-28 µm in diameter. [15] Oogonia average 17 µm in diameter and are also intercalary and globose, but rarely are terminal. [13] [15] In each oogonium are 1-2 diclinous antheridia [3] [15] [1] coming out far away from the oogonial stalk. [13] The antheridia's cells are clavate (club shaped) or globose. [1] [13] [15] The antheridia will be apical to the oogonial wall. [15] Sometimes there will be two antheridial cells on one stalk. [13] The yellowish oospores average 15 µm in diameter, have thick (~2 µm) walls, and are plerotic (fill the whole oogonium). [13] [15] Conidia are spherical at 8.8-30.8 μm diameter, but rarely produced. [1]
Pythium porphyrae shares many physical traits with P. marinum and P. monospermum, [13] and appears to be most closely related to P. adhaerens. [2] [3] However it has up to four diclinous antheridia and sometimes two antheridial cells per stalk; P. monospermum has 1-4 either diclinous or monoclinous antheridia and P. marinum has only a single diclinous antheridium. [13] P. monospermum and P. marinum also have oogonia terminally on short branches, yet in P. porphyrae they tent to be intercalary. [13]
In a laboratory it will grow 5 mm per day [3] on seawater-cornmeal agar with low aerial mycelium [15] and colorless colonies, [1] but will not grow at all on potato-carrot agar. [13]
Pythium porphyrae has been found in Japan, [1] Netherlands, New Zealand, [2] and Korea, but this range is likely underreported. [15] It has a parasitic relationship with the following hosts. Though some species of Pyropia and Porphyra are susceptible to infection in their gametophytic phase, they are resistant in their Conchocelis ( sporophytic) phase. [2]
A 2005 study concerning a case of Pythiosis from a related species ( P. insidiosum) indicated that P. porphyrae is related to P. dissotocum, P. myriotylum, P. volutum, and P. vanterpoolii. [17]
In 2004, molecular analysis of Pythium determined that P. porphyrae is in " Clade A" along with P. adhaerens, P. deliense, P. aphanidermatum, and P. monospermum [3] Clade A has two clusters, and P. porphyrae shares one with the species also originating on algae, P. adhaerens. [3]
A 2017 study of Pythium species in Clade A showed the following phylogenetic tree. [2] It further demonstrated that P. porphyrae and P. chondricola are the same species. [2] [3] P. adhaerens may also be conspecific based solely on genetic comparison, but showed a number of physical differences that show it may be a separate but very closely related species. [2]
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Lineage( full ) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Stramenopiles; Oomycetes; Pythiales; Pythiaceae; Pythium
purple-red porphyra porphyr noun/f πορφυρα the purple-fish or the dye that was made from it
A description is provided for Pythium porphyrae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES: Red-rot disease, red-wasting disease. HOSTS: Bangia atropurpurea, Callophyllis adhaerens, Polyopes affinis (syn
{{
cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (
link)
Pythium porphyrae | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
Clade: | SAR |
Clade: | Stramenopiles |
Phylum: | Oomycota |
Order: | Peronosporales |
Family: | Pythiaceae |
Genus: | Pythium |
Species: | P. porphyrae
|
Binomial name | |
Pythium porphyrae | |
Synonyms [2] [3] [4] | |
|
Pythium porphyrae, is a parasitic species of oomycete in the family Pythiaceae. [5] It is the cause of red rot disease or red wasting disease, also called akagusare (赤ぐされ) in Japanese. [1] [6] The specific epithet porphyrae (πορφυρα) stems from the genus of one of its common hosts, Porphyra, and the purple-red color of the lesions on the thallus of the host. [7] However, many of its hosts have been moved from the genus Porphyra to Pyropia.
Pythium porphyrae can destroy an entire crop of nori within three weeks. [8] [9] [6] It prefers low salinity and warm water (24-28 °C). [10] [11] [12] [6] It will only grow in the 15-35 °C range. [13] Mild winters correlate with higher infestations and lower crop yields, [14] possibly due to decreased temperatures inducing the development of sex organs in the oomycete. [1] Losses can be combated by destroying diseased fronds and exposing thalli to the air for 3–4 hours daily. [6] The oospores can be spread in contaminated organic matter and the sporangia can spread through the water. [15]
Pythium porphyrae has a mycelial thallus that is eucarpic, meaning only part of the thallus turns into sporangia. [15] It is primarily a facultative parasite of algae, but can also be saprobic. [15]
Its hyphae can grow up to 4.5 µm wide, [13] [15] and are not septate. [1] On algae, the hyphae will extend through the cell wall. [1] It does not have haustoria not chlamydospores. [15] The appressoria are club-shaped. [15] It has sporangia that are unbranched, filamentous, [1] [3] and non-inflated, [3] typically forming 6-17 zoospores per vesicle. [1] [13] [15] Encysted zoospores are 8-12 µm in diameter. [15] Hyphal swellings are intercalary and globose, from 12-28 µm in diameter. [15] Oogonia average 17 µm in diameter and are also intercalary and globose, but rarely are terminal. [13] [15] In each oogonium are 1-2 diclinous antheridia [3] [15] [1] coming out far away from the oogonial stalk. [13] The antheridia's cells are clavate (club shaped) or globose. [1] [13] [15] The antheridia will be apical to the oogonial wall. [15] Sometimes there will be two antheridial cells on one stalk. [13] The yellowish oospores average 15 µm in diameter, have thick (~2 µm) walls, and are plerotic (fill the whole oogonium). [13] [15] Conidia are spherical at 8.8-30.8 μm diameter, but rarely produced. [1]
Pythium porphyrae shares many physical traits with P. marinum and P. monospermum, [13] and appears to be most closely related to P. adhaerens. [2] [3] However it has up to four diclinous antheridia and sometimes two antheridial cells per stalk; P. monospermum has 1-4 either diclinous or monoclinous antheridia and P. marinum has only a single diclinous antheridium. [13] P. monospermum and P. marinum also have oogonia terminally on short branches, yet in P. porphyrae they tent to be intercalary. [13]
In a laboratory it will grow 5 mm per day [3] on seawater-cornmeal agar with low aerial mycelium [15] and colorless colonies, [1] but will not grow at all on potato-carrot agar. [13]
Pythium porphyrae has been found in Japan, [1] Netherlands, New Zealand, [2] and Korea, but this range is likely underreported. [15] It has a parasitic relationship with the following hosts. Though some species of Pyropia and Porphyra are susceptible to infection in their gametophytic phase, they are resistant in their Conchocelis ( sporophytic) phase. [2]
A 2005 study concerning a case of Pythiosis from a related species ( P. insidiosum) indicated that P. porphyrae is related to P. dissotocum, P. myriotylum, P. volutum, and P. vanterpoolii. [17]
In 2004, molecular analysis of Pythium determined that P. porphyrae is in " Clade A" along with P. adhaerens, P. deliense, P. aphanidermatum, and P. monospermum [3] Clade A has two clusters, and P. porphyrae shares one with the species also originating on algae, P. adhaerens. [3]
A 2017 study of Pythium species in Clade A showed the following phylogenetic tree. [2] It further demonstrated that P. porphyrae and P. chondricola are the same species. [2] [3] P. adhaerens may also be conspecific based solely on genetic comparison, but showed a number of physical differences that show it may be a separate but very closely related species. [2]
| |||||||||||||||||||
Lineage( full ) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Stramenopiles; Oomycetes; Pythiales; Pythiaceae; Pythium
purple-red porphyra porphyr noun/f πορφυρα the purple-fish or the dye that was made from it
A description is provided for Pythium porphyrae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES: Red-rot disease, red-wasting disease. HOSTS: Bangia atropurpurea, Callophyllis adhaerens, Polyopes affinis (syn
{{
cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (
link)