Awyu–Ok | |
---|---|
Digul River – Ok | |
Geographic distribution | central New Guinea |
Linguistic classification |
Trans–New Guinea
|
Proto-language | Proto-Awyu–Ok |
Subdivisions |
|
Glottolog | awyu1265 |
The Awyu–Ok languages are a group of Trans–New Guinea families in central New Guinea established by Timothy Usher, though with precedents in earlier studies.
The three language families in Awyu–Ok are as follows: [1]
The Oksapmin language is sometimes classified as the nearest relative of Ok. However, it's unclear whether the similarities are due to relationship or to contact between Oksapmin and Mountain Ok (or both).
Proto-Awyu–Ok | |
---|---|
Reconstruction of | Awyu–Ok languages |
Reconstructed ancestor | |
Lower-order reconstructions |
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows: [1]
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | labialized | |||||
Nasal | *m | *n | ||||
Plosive | plain | *p | *t | *k | *kʷ | |
prenasalized | *ᵐb | *ⁿd | *ⁿdz | *ᵑɡ | *ᵑɡʷ | |
Fricative | *s | |||||
Semivowel | *w | *j | ||||
Rhotic | *ɾ |
Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as: [1]
sg | pl | |
---|---|---|
1excl | *ne | *nu |
1incl | *nup | |
2m | *ŋgep | *ŋgip |
2f | *ŋgup | |
3m | *eː | *i |
3f | *u |
The third-person pronouns are an innovation shared with the neighboring branch of Trans–New Guinea, Anim. The Awyu–Ok second-person pronouns show the same vowel ablaut for gender as well.
Some lexical reconstructions of Proto-Digul River-Ok, Proto-Digul River, and Proto-Ok by Usher (2020) are: [1]
gloss | Proto-Digul River-Ok | Proto-Digul River | Proto-Ok |
---|---|---|---|
eye | *kiːn(-roːp) | *kin-rop | *kiːn(-roːp) |
mouth/tooth | *maŋgoːt | *maŋgot | *maŋgoːt |
tongue | *poːŋg | *pon-kat | *poːŋg |
blood/men's house | *kaim | *kaim | *kaim |
bone | *kundoːR | *kundor | *kundoːR |
skin/bark | *kaːnd | *ka[ː]t | *kaːnd |
breast | *[aː/oː]m; *noːn | *[a/o]m; *non | |
dog | *majaːn; *t[i/eː]nd | *m[a]jan; *t[i/e]t | *majaːn; *tind |
egg | *w[ai]ndin | *w[ai]ndin | *windin |
sun/day | *[a]taːp | *[a]ta[ː]p | *[a]taːp |
moon | *wakoːr | *wakor | *wakoːr |
water | *[aː/oː]k | *[a/o][ː]k | *oːk |
Awyu–Ok | |
---|---|
Digul River – Ok | |
Geographic distribution | central New Guinea |
Linguistic classification |
Trans–New Guinea
|
Proto-language | Proto-Awyu–Ok |
Subdivisions |
|
Glottolog | awyu1265 |
The Awyu–Ok languages are a group of Trans–New Guinea families in central New Guinea established by Timothy Usher, though with precedents in earlier studies.
The three language families in Awyu–Ok are as follows: [1]
The Oksapmin language is sometimes classified as the nearest relative of Ok. However, it's unclear whether the similarities are due to relationship or to contact between Oksapmin and Mountain Ok (or both).
Proto-Awyu–Ok | |
---|---|
Reconstruction of | Awyu–Ok languages |
Reconstructed ancestor | |
Lower-order reconstructions |
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows: [1]
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | labialized | |||||
Nasal | *m | *n | ||||
Plosive | plain | *p | *t | *k | *kʷ | |
prenasalized | *ᵐb | *ⁿd | *ⁿdz | *ᵑɡ | *ᵑɡʷ | |
Fricative | *s | |||||
Semivowel | *w | *j | ||||
Rhotic | *ɾ |
Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as: [1]
sg | pl | |
---|---|---|
1excl | *ne | *nu |
1incl | *nup | |
2m | *ŋgep | *ŋgip |
2f | *ŋgup | |
3m | *eː | *i |
3f | *u |
The third-person pronouns are an innovation shared with the neighboring branch of Trans–New Guinea, Anim. The Awyu–Ok second-person pronouns show the same vowel ablaut for gender as well.
Some lexical reconstructions of Proto-Digul River-Ok, Proto-Digul River, and Proto-Ok by Usher (2020) are: [1]
gloss | Proto-Digul River-Ok | Proto-Digul River | Proto-Ok |
---|---|---|---|
eye | *kiːn(-roːp) | *kin-rop | *kiːn(-roːp) |
mouth/tooth | *maŋgoːt | *maŋgot | *maŋgoːt |
tongue | *poːŋg | *pon-kat | *poːŋg |
blood/men's house | *kaim | *kaim | *kaim |
bone | *kundoːR | *kundor | *kundoːR |
skin/bark | *kaːnd | *ka[ː]t | *kaːnd |
breast | *[aː/oː]m; *noːn | *[a/o]m; *non | |
dog | *majaːn; *t[i/eː]nd | *m[a]jan; *t[i/e]t | *majaːn; *tind |
egg | *w[ai]ndin | *w[ai]ndin | *windin |
sun/day | *[a]taːp | *[a]ta[ː]p | *[a]taːp |
moon | *wakoːr | *wakor | *wakoːr |
water | *[aː/oː]k | *[a/o][ː]k | *oːk |