Bastetani/
Bastuli - The biggest Iberian tribal confederation in area, they dwelt in a territory that included large areas of the mediterranean coast and the
Sierra Nevada, in what are today parts of the modern provinces of
Murcia,
Albacete,
Jaén,
Almería,
Granada and
Málaga.
Basti (today's
Baza) was their main centre.
Cessetani - in the
Tarraco region (roughly in today's central and east
Tarragona province), in the mediterranean coastal region.
Kese (
Tarraco in Roman times, that would become the
Hispania Tarraconensis capital), was their main centre.
Elisyces - a tribe that dwelt in the region of
Narbo (
Narbonne) and modern northern
Roussillon. May have been either Iberian or
Ligurian or a Ligurian-Iberian tribe.
Ilercavones - in the low
Iberus (
Ebro) river basin to the
Millars river along the mediterranean coast and to the inland towards the
Sierra de Gúdar, in
Ilercavonia. One of the biggest iberian tribes or tribal confederations.
Hibera (Roman time Dertusa or Dertosa, modern time
Tortosa) was their main centre. North of the
Edetani, south of the
Ilergetes, east of the
Sedetani and west of the
Cessetani.
Ilergetes/
Ilergetae - in the plains area of the middle and low
Segre and
Cinca rivers towards the
Iberus (
Ebro) river margins. One of the biggest Iberian tribes or tribal confederations.
Iltrida (
Ilerda in Roman times, today's
Lérida/
Lleida) was their main centre.
Laietani - in the low
Llobregat river basin, along a part of the Mediterranean coast roughly in what is today a part of the
Barcelona province and
Barcelona city. Laieta (Barcino in Roman times and
Barcelona in modern times) was their main centre.
Hispano-Celts/Celts of Hispania - They lived in large parts of the
Iberian Peninsula, in the Northern, Central and Western regions (more than half of the peninsula's territory).
Conii – according to some scholars,
Conii and
Cynetes were two different peoples or tribes and the names were not two different names of the same people or tribe; in this case, the Conii possibly dwelt along the northern banks of the middle
Anas (
Guadiana) river, in today's western
Extremadura region of Spain, and were a Celtici tribe wrongly confused with the
Cynetes of
Cyneticum (
Algarve) that dwelt from the west banks of the Low
Anas (
Guadiana) river further to the south (the
celticization of the Cynetes by the Celtici confused the distinction between the two peoples or tribes).[2]
Vaccaei – North Central Iberian meseta (Spain), middle
Duero river basin. A tribal confederation.
Ptolemy mentions 20 vaccaean
Civitates (that also had the meaning of tribes).[3]
Suessetani - Far North Western
Aragon and Far South Eastern
Navarra (Spain), between the Gallicus (
Gállego) and Low
Aragon rivers and between the
Ebro river and
Sierra de Santo Domingo Mountains. Alba (Arba) river basin (a tributary of the
Ebro) was in the centre of their territory that also included the
Bardenas Reales. Corbio was their capital. They were North of the
Celtiberians, South of the
Iacetani and the
Vascones, West of the Galli (tribe). They were later conquered by the
Vascones in the 2nd century BC. that were allies of the
Romans. Could have been related to the
Suessiones (a tribe of the
Belgae).[4]
Volciani – might have been a tribe related to the
Volcae and not to the Hispano-Celts/Iberian Celts (i.e. the
Celts of the
Iberian Peninsula). They have been located north of the
Iberus (
Ebro) river but not very precisely.
Gauls (
Galli) – Some Gaulish tribes might have migrated southwards and crossed the
Pyrenees (by the north, the central or the south areas of the mountains) in a second or a third Celtic wave to the
Iberian Peninsula. These tribes were different from the Hispano-Celtic/Iberian Celtic tribes.
Galli (tribe) – along
Gallicus (
Gállego) river banks, see place names (toponyms) like Forum Gallorum,
Gallur, a different tribe from the
Suessetani; might have been a tribe related to the
Galli (
Gauls) and not to the Hispano-Celts/Iberian Celts.
Lusitanians (
Lusitani/
Bellitani) – Portugal south of the
Douro River and north of
Tagus River, and northwestern
Extremadura (Spain). They spoke
Lusitanian that is a clearly
Indo-European language but the filiation as a
Celtic language is not surely proven (although many tribal names and place names, toponyms, are Celtic). Attempts to classify the language have also pointed at an
Italic origin.[5] Hence
Lusitanian language may have been a Para-Celtic
Indo-European branch like
Ligurian (i.e. an Indo-European language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic). The Lusitanians have also been identified as being a pre-Celtic
Indo-European speaking culture of the
Iberian Peninsula closely related to the neighbouring
Vettones tribal confederation.[2] However, under their controversial theory of Celtic originating in Iberia, John T Koch and Barry Cunliffe have proposed a para-Celtic identity for the Lusitanian language and culture or that they spoke an archaic
Proto-Celtic language and were
Proto-Celtic in ethnicity.
Vettones –
Ávila,
Salamanca (Spain), and most of
Cáceres (Spain) possibly a pre-Celtic
Indo-European people, closely related to the
Lusitani. If their language was not Celtic it might have been Para-Celtic like
Ligurian (i.e. an
Indo-European language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic). A tribal confederation.
Turdetani – Today's Western
Andalucia (
Hispania Baetica), Baetis (
Guadalquivir) River valley and basin,
Marianus Mons (
Sierra Morena), some consider them Celtic.,[6] possibly a pre-Celtic
Indo-European people as the
Lusitani and
Vettones. If their language was not Celtic it might have been Para-Celtic like
Ligurian (i.e. an
Indo-European language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic). They might otherwise have been a non-Indo-European people related to the
Iberians, but not the same people), (tribal confederation but with a much more centralized power, and had formed an early
Kingdom or a Proto-civilisation, see
Tartessos)
^
abcdeJorge de Alarcão, “Novas perspectivas sobre os Lusitanos (e outros mundos)”, in Revista portuguesa de Arqueologia, vol. IV, n° 2, 2001, p. 312 e segs.
^Mountain, Harry. (1997). The Celtic Encyclopedia p. 225
ISBN1-58112-890-8 (v. 1)
^Indoeuropeos y no Indoeuropeos en la Hispania Prerromana, Salamanca: Universidad, 2000
^Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia (illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 198–200.
ISBN1-85109-440-7,
ISBN978-1-85109-440-0. ^ Jump up to: a b Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia (illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 224–225.
ISBN1-85109-440-7,
ISBN978-1-85109-440-0.
Guerra, Amilcar. (2005). Povos, cultura e língua no Ocidente Peninsular: uma perspectiva, a partir da toponomástica. Palaeohispánica: Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua,
ISSN1578-5386, Nº. 5, 2005 (Ejemplar dedicado a: Actas del IX coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas paleohispánicas (Barcelona, 20-24 de octubre de 2004)), pp. 793–822.
Kruta, Venceslas. (2000). Les Celtes, Histoire et Dictionnaire. Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont, coll. « Bouquins ».
ISBN2-7028-6261-6.
Luján Martinez, Eugenio R. (2006) "The Language(s) of the Callaeci," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 16. pp. 715–748. Available at:
The Language(s) of the Callaeci
Further reading
ALARCÃO, Jorge de (1992). “Etnogeografia da fachada atlântica ocidental da Península Ibérica”. In: ALMAGRO-GORBEA, M. e RUIZ ZAPATERO, G. (coords.). Paleoetnologia de la Peninsula Ibérica, 2–3, Madrid, Universidad Complutense: 339–345. (in Portuguese)
The
Madeira,
Azores, and
Canary Islands were not occupied by the
Romans. The Madeira and Azores islands were unoccupied until the
Portuguese in the 15th century; the Canary islands, the
Guanches occupied the territory until the Castilians.
Bastetani/
Bastuli - The biggest Iberian tribal confederation in area, they dwelt in a territory that included large areas of the mediterranean coast and the
Sierra Nevada, in what are today parts of the modern provinces of
Murcia,
Albacete,
Jaén,
Almería,
Granada and
Málaga.
Basti (today's
Baza) was their main centre.
Cessetani - in the
Tarraco region (roughly in today's central and east
Tarragona province), in the mediterranean coastal region.
Kese (
Tarraco in Roman times, that would become the
Hispania Tarraconensis capital), was their main centre.
Elisyces - a tribe that dwelt in the region of
Narbo (
Narbonne) and modern northern
Roussillon. May have been either Iberian or
Ligurian or a Ligurian-Iberian tribe.
Ilercavones - in the low
Iberus (
Ebro) river basin to the
Millars river along the mediterranean coast and to the inland towards the
Sierra de Gúdar, in
Ilercavonia. One of the biggest iberian tribes or tribal confederations.
Hibera (Roman time Dertusa or Dertosa, modern time
Tortosa) was their main centre. North of the
Edetani, south of the
Ilergetes, east of the
Sedetani and west of the
Cessetani.
Ilergetes/
Ilergetae - in the plains area of the middle and low
Segre and
Cinca rivers towards the
Iberus (
Ebro) river margins. One of the biggest Iberian tribes or tribal confederations.
Iltrida (
Ilerda in Roman times, today's
Lérida/
Lleida) was their main centre.
Laietani - in the low
Llobregat river basin, along a part of the Mediterranean coast roughly in what is today a part of the
Barcelona province and
Barcelona city. Laieta (Barcino in Roman times and
Barcelona in modern times) was their main centre.
Hispano-Celts/Celts of Hispania - They lived in large parts of the
Iberian Peninsula, in the Northern, Central and Western regions (more than half of the peninsula's territory).
Conii – according to some scholars,
Conii and
Cynetes were two different peoples or tribes and the names were not two different names of the same people or tribe; in this case, the Conii possibly dwelt along the northern banks of the middle
Anas (
Guadiana) river, in today's western
Extremadura region of Spain, and were a Celtici tribe wrongly confused with the
Cynetes of
Cyneticum (
Algarve) that dwelt from the west banks of the Low
Anas (
Guadiana) river further to the south (the
celticization of the Cynetes by the Celtici confused the distinction between the two peoples or tribes).[2]
Vaccaei – North Central Iberian meseta (Spain), middle
Duero river basin. A tribal confederation.
Ptolemy mentions 20 vaccaean
Civitates (that also had the meaning of tribes).[3]
Suessetani - Far North Western
Aragon and Far South Eastern
Navarra (Spain), between the Gallicus (
Gállego) and Low
Aragon rivers and between the
Ebro river and
Sierra de Santo Domingo Mountains. Alba (Arba) river basin (a tributary of the
Ebro) was in the centre of their territory that also included the
Bardenas Reales. Corbio was their capital. They were North of the
Celtiberians, South of the
Iacetani and the
Vascones, West of the Galli (tribe). They were later conquered by the
Vascones in the 2nd century BC. that were allies of the
Romans. Could have been related to the
Suessiones (a tribe of the
Belgae).[4]
Volciani – might have been a tribe related to the
Volcae and not to the Hispano-Celts/Iberian Celts (i.e. the
Celts of the
Iberian Peninsula). They have been located north of the
Iberus (
Ebro) river but not very precisely.
Gauls (
Galli) – Some Gaulish tribes might have migrated southwards and crossed the
Pyrenees (by the north, the central or the south areas of the mountains) in a second or a third Celtic wave to the
Iberian Peninsula. These tribes were different from the Hispano-Celtic/Iberian Celtic tribes.
Galli (tribe) – along
Gallicus (
Gállego) river banks, see place names (toponyms) like Forum Gallorum,
Gallur, a different tribe from the
Suessetani; might have been a tribe related to the
Galli (
Gauls) and not to the Hispano-Celts/Iberian Celts.
Lusitanians (
Lusitani/
Bellitani) – Portugal south of the
Douro River and north of
Tagus River, and northwestern
Extremadura (Spain). They spoke
Lusitanian that is a clearly
Indo-European language but the filiation as a
Celtic language is not surely proven (although many tribal names and place names, toponyms, are Celtic). Attempts to classify the language have also pointed at an
Italic origin.[5] Hence
Lusitanian language may have been a Para-Celtic
Indo-European branch like
Ligurian (i.e. an Indo-European language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic). The Lusitanians have also been identified as being a pre-Celtic
Indo-European speaking culture of the
Iberian Peninsula closely related to the neighbouring
Vettones tribal confederation.[2] However, under their controversial theory of Celtic originating in Iberia, John T Koch and Barry Cunliffe have proposed a para-Celtic identity for the Lusitanian language and culture or that they spoke an archaic
Proto-Celtic language and were
Proto-Celtic in ethnicity.
Vettones –
Ávila,
Salamanca (Spain), and most of
Cáceres (Spain) possibly a pre-Celtic
Indo-European people, closely related to the
Lusitani. If their language was not Celtic it might have been Para-Celtic like
Ligurian (i.e. an
Indo-European language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic). A tribal confederation.
Turdetani – Today's Western
Andalucia (
Hispania Baetica), Baetis (
Guadalquivir) River valley and basin,
Marianus Mons (
Sierra Morena), some consider them Celtic.,[6] possibly a pre-Celtic
Indo-European people as the
Lusitani and
Vettones. If their language was not Celtic it might have been Para-Celtic like
Ligurian (i.e. an
Indo-European language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic). They might otherwise have been a non-Indo-European people related to the
Iberians, but not the same people), (tribal confederation but with a much more centralized power, and had formed an early
Kingdom or a Proto-civilisation, see
Tartessos)
^
abcdeJorge de Alarcão, “Novas perspectivas sobre os Lusitanos (e outros mundos)”, in Revista portuguesa de Arqueologia, vol. IV, n° 2, 2001, p. 312 e segs.
^Mountain, Harry. (1997). The Celtic Encyclopedia p. 225
ISBN1-58112-890-8 (v. 1)
^Indoeuropeos y no Indoeuropeos en la Hispania Prerromana, Salamanca: Universidad, 2000
^Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia (illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 198–200.
ISBN1-85109-440-7,
ISBN978-1-85109-440-0. ^ Jump up to: a b Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia (illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 224–225.
ISBN1-85109-440-7,
ISBN978-1-85109-440-0.
Guerra, Amilcar. (2005). Povos, cultura e língua no Ocidente Peninsular: uma perspectiva, a partir da toponomástica. Palaeohispánica: Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua,
ISSN1578-5386, Nº. 5, 2005 (Ejemplar dedicado a: Actas del IX coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas paleohispánicas (Barcelona, 20-24 de octubre de 2004)), pp. 793–822.
Kruta, Venceslas. (2000). Les Celtes, Histoire et Dictionnaire. Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont, coll. « Bouquins ».
ISBN2-7028-6261-6.
Luján Martinez, Eugenio R. (2006) "The Language(s) of the Callaeci," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 16. pp. 715–748. Available at:
The Language(s) of the Callaeci
Further reading
ALARCÃO, Jorge de (1992). “Etnogeografia da fachada atlântica ocidental da Península Ibérica”. In: ALMAGRO-GORBEA, M. e RUIZ ZAPATERO, G. (coords.). Paleoetnologia de la Peninsula Ibérica, 2–3, Madrid, Universidad Complutense: 339–345. (in Portuguese)
The
Madeira,
Azores, and
Canary Islands were not occupied by the
Romans. The Madeira and Azores islands were unoccupied until the
Portuguese in the 15th century; the Canary islands, the
Guanches occupied the territory until the Castilians.