Plasmodiophores | |
---|---|
![]() | |
"Plasmodiophoraceae" 1960 illustration. | |
Scientific classification
![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
Clade: | SAR |
Clade: | Rhizaria |
Phylum: | Endomyxa |
Class: | Phytomyxea |
Order: |
Plasmodiophorida Cook, 1928 |
Family: |
Plasmodiophoridae Zopf, 1884 |
Type genus | |
Plasmodiophora M. Woronin, 1877
| |
Genera | |
Synonyms | |
The plasmodiophores [1] (also known as plasmophorids [2] or plasmodiophorids [3]) are a group of obligate endoparasitic protists belonging to the subphylum Endomyxa in Cercozoa. [4] Taxonomically, they are united under a single family Plasmodiophoridae, order Plasmodiophorida, sister to the phagomyxids. [5]
Plasmodiophores are pathogenic for a wide range of organisms, but mainly green plants. The more commonly recognized are agents of plant diseases such as clubroot, powdery scab and crook root of watercress, [6] or vectors for viruses that infect beets, peanut, monocots and potatoes, such as the potato mop-top virus or the beet necrotic yellow vein virus. [7] [8]
The plasmodiophores have historically been regarded as Fungi. The first description of plasmodiophores as a taxonomic group was in 1885 by Zopf, who united two genera Plasmodiophora and Tetramyxa in a common family “Plasmodiophoreæ”, inside the group “Monadineæ”, as part of the division Myxomycetes. The family was renamed “Plasmodiophoraceae” in 1888 by Berlese. [9] In 1892, Engler placed the family in its own class “Plasmodiophorales”, later renamed “Plasmodiophoromycetes” to fit nomenclature standards. [10]
In 1969 Whittaker, in his five-kingdom system, elevated the group to a separate phylum “Plasmodiophoromycota”, acknowledging them as protists instead of fungi. [1]
In 1993 Cavalier-Smith included the plasmodiophores and their sister group Phagomyxida in their current class, Phytomyxea, as part of a polyphyletic phylum called Opalozoa, which at the time contained a diverse assemblage of unrelated zooflagellates, opalines and proteomyxids. [11] Eventually this phylum was discarded, and the name Opalozoa was modified to label a group inside the phylum Bigyra containing the opalines, bicosoecids and related organisms. [12]
Finally, after phylogenetic analyses, in 2002 Cavalier-Smith placed all Phytomyxea, including plasmodiophores, in the subphylum Endomyxa, inside the rhizarian phylum Cercozoa. [13] [14]
The number of genera varies between sources. There are three accepted genera in the group according to the WoRMS register: Plasmodiophora, Spongospora and Tetramyxa. [15] Below is a complete list with genera that are not included in the register but appear in relevant sources: [3] [16] [17]
These genera were once considered plasmodiophores [20] until they were excluded: [17]
{{
cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link)
Plasmodiophores | |
---|---|
![]() | |
"Plasmodiophoraceae" 1960 illustration. | |
Scientific classification
![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
Clade: | SAR |
Clade: | Rhizaria |
Phylum: | Endomyxa |
Class: | Phytomyxea |
Order: |
Plasmodiophorida Cook, 1928 |
Family: |
Plasmodiophoridae Zopf, 1884 |
Type genus | |
Plasmodiophora M. Woronin, 1877
| |
Genera | |
Synonyms | |
The plasmodiophores [1] (also known as plasmophorids [2] or plasmodiophorids [3]) are a group of obligate endoparasitic protists belonging to the subphylum Endomyxa in Cercozoa. [4] Taxonomically, they are united under a single family Plasmodiophoridae, order Plasmodiophorida, sister to the phagomyxids. [5]
Plasmodiophores are pathogenic for a wide range of organisms, but mainly green plants. The more commonly recognized are agents of plant diseases such as clubroot, powdery scab and crook root of watercress, [6] or vectors for viruses that infect beets, peanut, monocots and potatoes, such as the potato mop-top virus or the beet necrotic yellow vein virus. [7] [8]
The plasmodiophores have historically been regarded as Fungi. The first description of plasmodiophores as a taxonomic group was in 1885 by Zopf, who united two genera Plasmodiophora and Tetramyxa in a common family “Plasmodiophoreæ”, inside the group “Monadineæ”, as part of the division Myxomycetes. The family was renamed “Plasmodiophoraceae” in 1888 by Berlese. [9] In 1892, Engler placed the family in its own class “Plasmodiophorales”, later renamed “Plasmodiophoromycetes” to fit nomenclature standards. [10]
In 1969 Whittaker, in his five-kingdom system, elevated the group to a separate phylum “Plasmodiophoromycota”, acknowledging them as protists instead of fungi. [1]
In 1993 Cavalier-Smith included the plasmodiophores and their sister group Phagomyxida in their current class, Phytomyxea, as part of a polyphyletic phylum called Opalozoa, which at the time contained a diverse assemblage of unrelated zooflagellates, opalines and proteomyxids. [11] Eventually this phylum was discarded, and the name Opalozoa was modified to label a group inside the phylum Bigyra containing the opalines, bicosoecids and related organisms. [12]
Finally, after phylogenetic analyses, in 2002 Cavalier-Smith placed all Phytomyxea, including plasmodiophores, in the subphylum Endomyxa, inside the rhizarian phylum Cercozoa. [13] [14]
The number of genera varies between sources. There are three accepted genera in the group according to the WoRMS register: Plasmodiophora, Spongospora and Tetramyxa. [15] Below is a complete list with genera that are not included in the register but appear in relevant sources: [3] [16] [17]
These genera were once considered plasmodiophores [20] until they were excluded: [17]
{{
cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link)