Philippine Revolutionary Army Ejército Revolucionario Filipino Panghimagsikang Hukbong Katihan ng Pilipinas | |
---|---|
Active | March 22, 1897–November 13, 1899 |
Country | Philippines |
Allegiance |
|
Type | Army |
Role | Military Force |
Size | 80,000 to 100,000 (1898) [1] |
Garrison/HQ | Kawit, Cavite[ citation needed] |
Nickname(s) | Republican Army [2] [3] |
Colors | Blue, Red, White, and Gold |
Anniversaries | March 22 |
Engagements | Philippine Revolution Spanish–American War Philippine–American War |
Commanders | |
President | Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo |
Commanding General | Gen.
Artemio Ricarte (1897–1899) Gen. Antonio Luna (1899) |
Notable commanders | Gen.
Simeón Ola Gen. Manuel Tinio Gen. Pío del Pilar Gen. Mariano Noriel Gen. Juan Cailles Gen. Gregorio del Pilar Gen. Miguel Malvar Gen. Tomás Mascardo Gen. José Alejandrino Gen. Licerio Gerónimo Col. Paco Román Maj. Manuel Quezon |
The Philippine Revolutionary Army, later renamed Philippine Republican Army [4] ( Spanish: Ejército Revolucionario Filipino; Tagalog: Panghimagsikang Hukbong Katihan ng Pilipinas), was the official armed forces of the First Philippine Republic from its formation in March 1897 to its dissolution in November of 1899 in favor of guerrilla operations in the Philippine–American War.
The revolutionary army used the 1896 edition of the Spanish regular army's Ordenanza del Ejército to organize its forces and establish its character as a modern army. [5] Rules and regulations were laid down for the reorganization of the army, along with the regulation of ranks and the adoption of new fighting methods, new rank insignias, and a new standard uniform known as the rayadillo. Filipino artist Juan Luna is credited with this design. [6] Juan Luna also designed the collar insignia for the uniforms, distinguishing between the services: infantry, cavalry, artillery, sappers, and medics. [7] [8] [9] His brother, General Antonio Luna commissioned him with the task and personally paid for the new uniforms. [6] At least one researcher has postulated that Juan Luna may have patterned the tunic after the English Norfolk jacket, since the Filipino version is not a copy of any Spanish-pattern uniform. [10] Infantry officers wore blue pants with a black stripe down the side, while Cavalry officers wore red trousers with black stripes. [11] [12] Soldiers and junior officers wore straw hats while senior officers often wore peaked caps.
Orders and circulars were issued covering matters such as building trenches and fortifications, equipping every male aged 15 to 50 with bows and arrows (as well as bolo knives, though officers wielded European swords), enticing Filipino soldiers in the Spanish army to defect, collecting empty cartridges for refilling, prohibiting unplanned sorties, inventories of captured arms and ammunition, fundraising, purchasing of arms and supplies abroad, unification of military commands, and exhorting the rich to give aid to the soldiers. [5]
Aguinaldo, a month after he declared Philippine independence, created a pay scale for officers in the army: Following the board, a brigadier general would receive 600 pesos annually, and a sergeant 72 pesos.
When the Philippine–American War erupted on February 4, 1899, the Filipino army suffered heavy losses on every sector. Even Antonio Luna urged Apolinario Mabini, Aguinaldo's chief adviser, to convince the President that guerrilla warfare must be announced as early as April 1899. Aguinaldo adopted guerrilla tactics on November 13, 1899, dissolving what remained of the regular army and after many of his crack units were decimated in set-piece battles. [13]
The Filipinos were short on modern weapons. Most of its weapons were captured from the Spanish, were improvised or were traditional weapons. The service rifles of the nascent army were the Spanish M93 and the Spanish Remington Rolling Block rifle. [5] Moreover, while in Hong Kong, Emilio Aguinaldo purchased rifles from the Americans. [14] Two batches of 2,000 rifles each including ammunition were ordered and paid for. The first batch arrived while the second batch never did. In his letters to Galicano Apacible, Mariano Ponce also sought weapons from both domestic and international dealers in the Empire of Japan. [15] He was offered different breech-loading single-shot rifles since most nations were discarding them in favor of new smokeless bolt-action rifles. However, there was no mention of any purchase occurring. Another planned purchase was the Murata rifle from Japan but no record exists that it made its way into the hands of Filipino revolutionaries.
Crew-served weapons of the Philippine military included captured Spanish guns such as Krupp guns, Ordóñez guns, and Maxim-Nordenfelt multi-barreled guns. There were also improvised artillery weapons made of water pipes reinforced with bamboo or timber known as lantakas, which can only fire once or twice. [5]
The evolution of Philippine revolutionary insignia can be divided into three basic periods; early Katipunan, late Katipunan and the Republican army.
Revolutionary Army ranks | Tagalog Name | Spanish Name | Sleeve insignia (1898) | Shoulder epaulette insignia (1899–1901) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Generalissimo (Minister Marshal) | Heneralisimo (Ministrong Mariskal) | Generalísimo (Ministro Mariscal) | ||
Captain General | Kapitán Heneral | Capitán General | ||
Lieutenant General | Tenyente Heneral | Teniente General | ||
Major General | Heneral ng Dibisyon | General de División | ||
Brigadier General | Heneral ng Brigada | General de Brigada | ||
Colonel | Koronel | Coronel | ||
Lieutenant Colonel | Tenyente Koronel | Teniente Coronel | ||
Major | Komandante | Comandante | ||
Captain | Kapitán | Capitán | ||
First lieutenant | Tenyente | Primer Teniente | ||
Second lieutenant | Segundo Tenyente | Segundo Teniente |
Philippine Revolutionary Army ranks | Tagalog Name | Spanish Name | Sleeve insignia |
---|---|---|---|
Sergeant | Sarhento | Sargento | |
Corporal | Kabo | Cabo | |
Recruit | Recluta | Recluta |
In 1898, the Philippine government prescribed branch colors twice:[ citation needed]
Branch | July 30, 1898 | November 25, 1898 |
---|---|---|
Infantry | Black | Deep Red |
Artillery | Red | Green |
Cavalry | Green | Black |
Engineer Corps | Violet | Khaki |
General Staff | Blue | Blue |
Military Juridical Corps | White | White |
Commissary and Quarter-master Corps | Yellow | |
Medical Corps | Red Cross | Yellow |
Military Administration | Rayadillo | |
Pharmacists | Yellow and Violet Piping | |
Secretary of War personnel | Blue | |
Philippine Military Academy | Blue | |
Chaplains | Violet | |
Signal Corps | Hemp |
During the revolution against Spain, the Katipunan gave leaflets to the people to encourage them to join the revolution. Since the revolutionaries had become regular soldiers at the time of Emilio Aguinaldo, they started to recruit males and some females aged 15 and above as a form of national service. A few Spanish and Filipino enlisted personnel and officers of the Spanish Army and Spanish Navy defected to the Revolutionary Army, as well as a number of foreign individuals and American defectors who volunteered to join during the course of the revolution.
Conscription in the revolutionary army was in effect in the Philippines and military service was mandatory at that time by the order of Gen. Antonio Luna, the Chief Commander of the Army during the Philippine–American War. [16]
The Philippine Revolutionary Navy was established during the second phase of the Philippine Revolution when General Emilio Aguinaldo formed the Revolutionary Navy. On May 1, 1898, the first ship handed by Admiral George Dewey to the Revolutionary Navy is a small pinnace from the Reina Cristina of Admiral Patricio Montojo, which was named Magdalo. [17] The Navy was initially composed of a small fleet of eight Spanish steam launches captured from the Spaniards. The ships were refitted with 9-centimeter guns. The rich, namely Leon Apacible, Manuel Lopez and Gliceria Marella de Villavicencio, later donated five other vessels of greater tonnage, the Taaleño, the Balayan, the Bulusan, the Taal and the Purísima Concepción. The 900-ton inter-island tobacco steamer further reinforced the fleet, Compania de Filipinas (renamed as the navy flagship Filipinas), steam launches purchased from China and other watercraft donated by wealthy patriots. [17] [18]
Naval stations were later established to serve as ships' home bases in the following: [18]
On September 26, 1898, Aguinaldo appointed Captain Pascual Ledesma (a merchant ship captain) as Director of the Bureau of the Navy, assisted by Captain Angel Pabie (another merchant ship captain). After passing of the Malolos Constitution the Navy was transferred from the Ministry of Foreign Relations to the Department of War (thereafter known as the Department of War and the Navy) headed by Gen. Mariano Trías. [17] [18]
As the tensions between Filipinos and Americans erupted in 1899 and a continued blockade on naval forces by the Americans, the Philippine naval forces started to be decimated. [17]
During the existence of the Revolutionary Army, over 100 individuals were appointed to General Officer grades. For details, see the List of Filipino generals in the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War article.
This section needs additional citations for
verification. (October 2014) |
The Philippine revolutionary army has been mentioned in several books and films.
Philippine Revolutionary Army Ejército Revolucionario Filipino Panghimagsikang Hukbong Katihan ng Pilipinas | |
---|---|
Active | March 22, 1897–November 13, 1899 |
Country | Philippines |
Allegiance |
|
Type | Army |
Role | Military Force |
Size | 80,000 to 100,000 (1898) [1] |
Garrison/HQ | Kawit, Cavite[ citation needed] |
Nickname(s) | Republican Army [2] [3] |
Colors | Blue, Red, White, and Gold |
Anniversaries | March 22 |
Engagements | Philippine Revolution Spanish–American War Philippine–American War |
Commanders | |
President | Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo |
Commanding General | Gen.
Artemio Ricarte (1897–1899) Gen. Antonio Luna (1899) |
Notable commanders | Gen.
Simeón Ola Gen. Manuel Tinio Gen. Pío del Pilar Gen. Mariano Noriel Gen. Juan Cailles Gen. Gregorio del Pilar Gen. Miguel Malvar Gen. Tomás Mascardo Gen. José Alejandrino Gen. Licerio Gerónimo Col. Paco Román Maj. Manuel Quezon |
The Philippine Revolutionary Army, later renamed Philippine Republican Army [4] ( Spanish: Ejército Revolucionario Filipino; Tagalog: Panghimagsikang Hukbong Katihan ng Pilipinas), was the official armed forces of the First Philippine Republic from its formation in March 1897 to its dissolution in November of 1899 in favor of guerrilla operations in the Philippine–American War.
The revolutionary army used the 1896 edition of the Spanish regular army's Ordenanza del Ejército to organize its forces and establish its character as a modern army. [5] Rules and regulations were laid down for the reorganization of the army, along with the regulation of ranks and the adoption of new fighting methods, new rank insignias, and a new standard uniform known as the rayadillo. Filipino artist Juan Luna is credited with this design. [6] Juan Luna also designed the collar insignia for the uniforms, distinguishing between the services: infantry, cavalry, artillery, sappers, and medics. [7] [8] [9] His brother, General Antonio Luna commissioned him with the task and personally paid for the new uniforms. [6] At least one researcher has postulated that Juan Luna may have patterned the tunic after the English Norfolk jacket, since the Filipino version is not a copy of any Spanish-pattern uniform. [10] Infantry officers wore blue pants with a black stripe down the side, while Cavalry officers wore red trousers with black stripes. [11] [12] Soldiers and junior officers wore straw hats while senior officers often wore peaked caps.
Orders and circulars were issued covering matters such as building trenches and fortifications, equipping every male aged 15 to 50 with bows and arrows (as well as bolo knives, though officers wielded European swords), enticing Filipino soldiers in the Spanish army to defect, collecting empty cartridges for refilling, prohibiting unplanned sorties, inventories of captured arms and ammunition, fundraising, purchasing of arms and supplies abroad, unification of military commands, and exhorting the rich to give aid to the soldiers. [5]
Aguinaldo, a month after he declared Philippine independence, created a pay scale for officers in the army: Following the board, a brigadier general would receive 600 pesos annually, and a sergeant 72 pesos.
When the Philippine–American War erupted on February 4, 1899, the Filipino army suffered heavy losses on every sector. Even Antonio Luna urged Apolinario Mabini, Aguinaldo's chief adviser, to convince the President that guerrilla warfare must be announced as early as April 1899. Aguinaldo adopted guerrilla tactics on November 13, 1899, dissolving what remained of the regular army and after many of his crack units were decimated in set-piece battles. [13]
The Filipinos were short on modern weapons. Most of its weapons were captured from the Spanish, were improvised or were traditional weapons. The service rifles of the nascent army were the Spanish M93 and the Spanish Remington Rolling Block rifle. [5] Moreover, while in Hong Kong, Emilio Aguinaldo purchased rifles from the Americans. [14] Two batches of 2,000 rifles each including ammunition were ordered and paid for. The first batch arrived while the second batch never did. In his letters to Galicano Apacible, Mariano Ponce also sought weapons from both domestic and international dealers in the Empire of Japan. [15] He was offered different breech-loading single-shot rifles since most nations were discarding them in favor of new smokeless bolt-action rifles. However, there was no mention of any purchase occurring. Another planned purchase was the Murata rifle from Japan but no record exists that it made its way into the hands of Filipino revolutionaries.
Crew-served weapons of the Philippine military included captured Spanish guns such as Krupp guns, Ordóñez guns, and Maxim-Nordenfelt multi-barreled guns. There were also improvised artillery weapons made of water pipes reinforced with bamboo or timber known as lantakas, which can only fire once or twice. [5]
The evolution of Philippine revolutionary insignia can be divided into three basic periods; early Katipunan, late Katipunan and the Republican army.
Revolutionary Army ranks | Tagalog Name | Spanish Name | Sleeve insignia (1898) | Shoulder epaulette insignia (1899–1901) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Generalissimo (Minister Marshal) | Heneralisimo (Ministrong Mariskal) | Generalísimo (Ministro Mariscal) | ||
Captain General | Kapitán Heneral | Capitán General | ||
Lieutenant General | Tenyente Heneral | Teniente General | ||
Major General | Heneral ng Dibisyon | General de División | ||
Brigadier General | Heneral ng Brigada | General de Brigada | ||
Colonel | Koronel | Coronel | ||
Lieutenant Colonel | Tenyente Koronel | Teniente Coronel | ||
Major | Komandante | Comandante | ||
Captain | Kapitán | Capitán | ||
First lieutenant | Tenyente | Primer Teniente | ||
Second lieutenant | Segundo Tenyente | Segundo Teniente |
Philippine Revolutionary Army ranks | Tagalog Name | Spanish Name | Sleeve insignia |
---|---|---|---|
Sergeant | Sarhento | Sargento | |
Corporal | Kabo | Cabo | |
Recruit | Recluta | Recluta |
In 1898, the Philippine government prescribed branch colors twice:[ citation needed]
Branch | July 30, 1898 | November 25, 1898 |
---|---|---|
Infantry | Black | Deep Red |
Artillery | Red | Green |
Cavalry | Green | Black |
Engineer Corps | Violet | Khaki |
General Staff | Blue | Blue |
Military Juridical Corps | White | White |
Commissary and Quarter-master Corps | Yellow | |
Medical Corps | Red Cross | Yellow |
Military Administration | Rayadillo | |
Pharmacists | Yellow and Violet Piping | |
Secretary of War personnel | Blue | |
Philippine Military Academy | Blue | |
Chaplains | Violet | |
Signal Corps | Hemp |
During the revolution against Spain, the Katipunan gave leaflets to the people to encourage them to join the revolution. Since the revolutionaries had become regular soldiers at the time of Emilio Aguinaldo, they started to recruit males and some females aged 15 and above as a form of national service. A few Spanish and Filipino enlisted personnel and officers of the Spanish Army and Spanish Navy defected to the Revolutionary Army, as well as a number of foreign individuals and American defectors who volunteered to join during the course of the revolution.
Conscription in the revolutionary army was in effect in the Philippines and military service was mandatory at that time by the order of Gen. Antonio Luna, the Chief Commander of the Army during the Philippine–American War. [16]
The Philippine Revolutionary Navy was established during the second phase of the Philippine Revolution when General Emilio Aguinaldo formed the Revolutionary Navy. On May 1, 1898, the first ship handed by Admiral George Dewey to the Revolutionary Navy is a small pinnace from the Reina Cristina of Admiral Patricio Montojo, which was named Magdalo. [17] The Navy was initially composed of a small fleet of eight Spanish steam launches captured from the Spaniards. The ships were refitted with 9-centimeter guns. The rich, namely Leon Apacible, Manuel Lopez and Gliceria Marella de Villavicencio, later donated five other vessels of greater tonnage, the Taaleño, the Balayan, the Bulusan, the Taal and the Purísima Concepción. The 900-ton inter-island tobacco steamer further reinforced the fleet, Compania de Filipinas (renamed as the navy flagship Filipinas), steam launches purchased from China and other watercraft donated by wealthy patriots. [17] [18]
Naval stations were later established to serve as ships' home bases in the following: [18]
On September 26, 1898, Aguinaldo appointed Captain Pascual Ledesma (a merchant ship captain) as Director of the Bureau of the Navy, assisted by Captain Angel Pabie (another merchant ship captain). After passing of the Malolos Constitution the Navy was transferred from the Ministry of Foreign Relations to the Department of War (thereafter known as the Department of War and the Navy) headed by Gen. Mariano Trías. [17] [18]
As the tensions between Filipinos and Americans erupted in 1899 and a continued blockade on naval forces by the Americans, the Philippine naval forces started to be decimated. [17]
During the existence of the Revolutionary Army, over 100 individuals were appointed to General Officer grades. For details, see the List of Filipino generals in the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War article.
This section needs additional citations for
verification. (October 2014) |
The Philippine revolutionary army has been mentioned in several books and films.