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ParaHoxozoa
Temporal range: 605.2 –0  Ma Ediacaran- Present
Diversity of parahoxozoans
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Clade: ParaHoxozoa
Ryan et al., 2010
Taxa

ParaHoxozoa (or Parahoxozoa) is a clade of animals that consists of Bilateria, Placozoa, and Cnidaria. [1] The relationship of this clade relative to the two other animal lineages Ctenophora and Porifera is debated. Some phylogenomic studies have presented evidence supporting Ctenophora as the sister to Parahoxozoa and Porifera as the sister group to the rest of animals (e.g. [2] [3] [4]). Other studies have presented evidence supporting Porifera as the sister to Parahoxozoa and Ctenophora as the sister group to the rest of animals (e.g. [5] [6] [7]), finding that nervous systems either evolved independently in ctenophores and parahoxozoans, [8] or were secondarily lost in poriferans. [9] If ctenophores are taken to have diverged first, Eumetazoa is sometimes used as a synonym for ParaHoxozoa. [10]

Phylogeny

The tree below, which is congruent with the vast majority of these phylogenomic studies, conveys this uncertainty with a polytomy.

   Choanozoa  

  Choanoflagellata

   Animalia  

  Ctenophora

  Porifera

  Parahoxozoa  

  Placozoa

   Planulozoa  
     

  Cnidaria

  Bilateria

  
  
  
  

ParaHoxozoa or Parahoxozoa

Though "ParaHox" genes are usually referred to in CamelCase and the original paper that named the clade used "ParaHoxozoa", the single initial capital format "Parahoxozoa" has also come to be used in the literature, [11] as CamelCase is not standard in zoological nomenclature.[ citation needed]

Characteristics

Parahoxozoa was defined by the presence of several gene (sub)classes (HNF, CUT, PROS, ZF, CERS, K50, S50-PRD), as well as Hox/ ParaHox-ANTP from which the name of this clade originated. It was later proposed [12] [13] and contested [14] that a gene of the same class (ANTP) as the Hox/ParaHox, the NK gene and the Cdx Parahox gene, is also present in Porifera, the sponges. Regardless of whether a ParaHox gene is ever definitively identified, Parahoxozoa, as originally defined, is monophyletic and therefore continues to be used as such. [15]

Planula-acoel, triploblasty, and bilaterian similarities

The original Bilateria are hypothesized to be a bottom dwelling worm with a single body opening. [16] A through-gut may already have developed with the Ctenophora however. [17] The through-gut may have developed from the corners of a single opening with lips fusing. E.g. Acoela resemble the planula larvae of some Cnidaria, which exhibit some bilaterian symmetry. They are vermiform, just as the cnidarian Buddenbrockia is. [18] [19] [20] Placozoans have been noted to resemble planula. [21] Usually, " Planulozoa" refers to a Cnidaria–Bilateria clade to the exclusion of Placozoa, but not necessarily. [11] In the other case, when including all three lineages, it appears synonymous with Parahoxozoa. [22] Triploblasty developed before the Cnidaria–Bilateria radiation as well. [23]

ParaHoxozoa/Parahoxozoa taxonomy

The Parahoxozoa has 3 different types of phyla that includes placozoans, cnidarians, and bilaterians.

Placozoans

These are placozoans (e.g. Polyplacotoma mediterranea, Trichoplax adhaerens, Hoilungia hongkongensis, and Cladtertia collaboinventa) are a phylum of this tiny creature.

Cnidarians

Cnidarians (e.g. Jellyfish, Coral, Sea anemone, Stalked jellyfish, Hydra, Box jellyfish, and Sea fans) have stinging cells called cnidocytes.

Bilaterians

Many species of bilterians (e.g. Eels, Flounders, Common dab, Sole (fish), Pufferfish, Stingray, Mantaray,

References

  1. ^ Ryan, Joseph F.; Pang, Kevin; Mullikin, James C.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Baxevanis, Andreas D. (2010-10-04). "The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the Parahoxozoa". EvoDevo. 1 (1): 9. doi: 10.1186/2041-9139-1-9. ISSN  2041-9139. PMC  2959044. PMID  20920347.
  2. ^ Pick, K. S.; Philippe, H.; Schreiber, F.; Erpenbeck, D.; Jackson, D. J.; Wrede, P.; Wiens, M.; Alie, A.; Morgenstern, B.; Manuel, M.; Worheide, G. (2010). "Improved Phylogenomic Taxon Sampling Noticeably Affects Nonbilaterian Relationships". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (9): 1983–1987. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msq089. ISSN  0737-4038. PMC  2922619. PMID  20378579.
  3. ^ Feuda, Roberto; Dohrmann, Martin; Pett, Walker; Philippe, Hervé; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert; Pisani, Davide (2017). "Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals". Current Biology. 6 (24): 3864–3870.e4. Bibcode: 2017CBio...27E3864F. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008. hdl: 11572/302898. PMID  29199080.
  4. ^ Simion, Paul; Philippe, Hervé; Baurain, Denis; Jager, Muriel; Richter, Daniel J.; Franco, Arnaud Di; Roure, Béatrice; Satoh, Nori; Quéinnec, Éric (3 April 2017). "A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals" (PDF). Current Biology (Submitted manuscript). 27 (7): 958–967. Bibcode: 2017CBio...27..958S. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031. ISSN  0960-9822. PMID  28318975. S2CID  4560353.
  5. ^ Whelan, Nathan V.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Moroz, Leonid L.; Halanych, Kenneth M. (2015). "Error, signal, and the placement of Ctenophora sister to all other animals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (18): 5773–5778. Bibcode: 2015PNAS..112.5773W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1503453112. ISSN  0027-8424. PMC  4426464. PMID  25902535.
  6. ^ Borowiec, Marek L.; Lee, Ernest K.; Chiu, Joanna C.; Plachetzki, David C. (2015). "Extracting phylogenetic signal and accounting for bias in whole-genome data sets supports the Ctenophora as sister to remaining Metazoa". BMC Genomics. 16 (1): 987. doi: 10.1186/s12864-015-2146-4. ISSN  1471-2164. PMC  4657218. PMID  26596625.
  7. ^ Whelan, Nathan V.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Moroz, Tatiana P.; Mukherjee, Krishanu; Williams, Peter; Paulay, Gustav; Moroz, Leonid L.; Halanych, Kenneth M. (2017). "Ctenophore relationships and their placement as the sister group to all other animals". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (11): 1737–1746. Bibcode: 2017NatEE...1.1737W. doi: 10.1038/s41559-017-0331-3. ISSN  2397-334X. PMC  5664179. PMID  28993654.
  8. ^ Moroz, Leonid L.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Citarella, Mathew R.; Dosung, Sohn; Norekian, Tigran P.; Povolotskaya, Inna S.; Grigorenko, Anastasia P.; Dailey, Christopher; Berezikov, Eugene; Buckley, Katherine M.; Ptitsyn, Andrey; Reshetov, Denis; Mukherjee, Krishanu; Moroz, Tatiana P.; Bobkova, Yelena; Yu, Fahong; Kapitonov, Vladimir V.; Jurka, Jerzy; Bobkov, Yuri V.; Swore, Joshua J.; Girardo, David O.; Fodor, Alexander; Gusev, Fedor; Sanford, Rachel; Bruders, Rebecca; Kittler, Ellen; Mills, Claudia E.; Rast, Jonathan P.; Derelle, Romain; Solovyev, Victor V.; Kondrashov, Fyodor A.; Swalla, Billie J.; Sweedler, Jonathan V.; Rogaev, Evgeny I.; Halanych, Kenneth M.; Kohn, Andrea B. (2014). "The ctenophore genome and the evolutionary origins of neural systems". Nature. 510 (7503): 109–114. Bibcode: 2014Natur.510..109M. doi: 10.1038/nature13400. ISSN  0028-0836. PMC  4337882. PMID  24847885.
  9. ^ Ryan, J. F.; Pang, K.; Schnitzler, C. E.; Nguyen, A.-D.; Moreland, R. T.; Simmons, D. K.; Koch, B. J.; Francis, W. R.; Havlak, P.; Smith, S. A.; Putnam, N. H.; Haddock, S. H. D.; Dunn, C. W.; Wolfsberg, T. G.; Mullikin, J. C.; Martindale, M. Q.; Baxevanis, A. D. (2013). "The Genome of the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and Its Implications for Cell Type Evolution". Science. 342 (6164): 1242592. doi: 10.1126/science.1242592. ISSN  0036-8075. PMC  3920664. PMID  24337300.
  10. ^ Erives, Albert; Fritzsch, Bernd (2020). "A Screen for Gene Paralogies Delineating Evolutionary Branching Order of Early Metazoa". G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics. 10 (2): 811–826. doi: 10.1534/g3.119.400951. ISSN  2160-1836. PMC  7003098. PMID  31879283.
  11. ^ a b Giribet, Gonzalo; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2020-03-03). The Invertebrate Tree of Life. Princeton University Press. p. 46. doi: 10.1515/9780691197067-007. ISBN  978-0-691-19706-7.
  12. ^ Fortunato, Sofia A. V.; Adamski, Marcin; Ramos, Olivia Mendivil; Leininger, Sven; Liu, Jing; Ferrier, David E. K.; Adamska, Maja (2014-10-30). "Calcisponges have a ParaHox gene and dynamic expression of dispersed NK homeobox genes". Nature. 514 (7524): 620–623. Bibcode: 2014Natur.514..620F. doi: 10.1038/nature13881. hdl: 10023/6597. ISSN  0028-0836. PMID  25355364. S2CID  205241127.
  13. ^ Larroux, Claire; Fahey, Bryony; Degnan, Sandie M.; Adamski, Marcin; Rokhsar, Daniel S.; Degnan, Bernard M. (1996). "The NK Homeobox Gene Cluster Predates the Origin of Hox Genes". Current Biology. 17 (8): 706–710. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.008. PMID  17379523. S2CID  18994676.
  14. ^ Pastrana, Claudia C.; DeBiasse, Melissa B.; Ryan, Joseph F. (2019). "Sponges lack ParaHox genes". Genome Biology and Evolution. 11 (4): 1250–1257. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evz052. PMC  6486804. PMID  30859199.
  15. ^ Giribet, Gonzalo (1 October 2016). "Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects". Zoologica Scripta. 45: 14–21. doi: 10.1111/zsc.12215. ISSN  1463-6409.
  16. ^ Cannon, Johanna Taylor; Vellutini, Bruno Cossermelli; Smith, Julian; Ronquist, Fredrik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas (2016). "Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa". Nature (Submitted manuscript). 530 (7588): 89–93. Bibcode: 2016Natur.530...89C. doi: 10.1038/nature16520. PMID  26842059. S2CID  205247296.
  17. ^ Browne, William E.; Amemiya, Chris T.; Swalla, Billie J.; Warren, Kaitlyn J.; Vandepas, Lauren E.; Presnell, Jason S. (2016-10-24). "The Presence of a Functionally Tripartite Through-Gut in Ctenophora Has Implications for Metazoan Character Trait Evolution". Current Biology. 26 (20): 2814–2820. Bibcode: 2016CBio...26.2814P. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.019. ISSN  0960-9822. PMID  27568594.
  18. ^ Jiménez-Guri, Eva; Philippe, Hervé; Okamura, Beth; Holland, Peter W. H. (2007-07-06). "Buddenbrockia Is a Cnidarian Worm". Science. 317 (5834): 116–118. Bibcode: 2007Sci...317..116J. doi: 10.1126/science.1142024. ISSN  0036-8075. PMID  17615357. S2CID  5170702.
  19. ^ Baguñà, Jaume; Martinez, Pere; Paps, Jordi; Riutort, Marta (2008-04-27). "Back in time: a new systematic proposal for the Bilateria". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1496): 1481–1491. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2238. ISSN  0962-8436. PMC  2615819. PMID  18192186.
  20. ^ Genikhovich, Grigory; Technau, Ulrich (2017-10-01). "On the evolution of bilaterality". Development. 144 (19): 3392–3404. doi: 10.1242/dev.141507. ISSN  0950-1991. PMID  28974637.
  21. ^ Syed, Tareq; Schierwater, Bernd (2002). "The evolution of the placozoa: A new morphological model". Senckenbergiana Lethaea. 82 (1): 315–324. doi: 10.1007/bf03043791. ISSN  0037-2110. S2CID  16870420.
  22. ^ Wallberg, Andreas; Thollesson, Mikael; Farris, James S.; Jondelius, Ulf (2004). "The phylogenetic position of the comb jellies (Ctenophora) and the importance of taxonomic sampling". Cladistics. 20 (6): 558–578. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00041.x. ISSN  0748-3007. PMID  34892961. S2CID  86185156.
  23. ^ Boero, F.; Schierwater, B.; Piraino, S. (2007-06-01). "Cnidarian milestones in metazoan evolution". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 47 (5): 693–700. doi: 10.1093/icb/icm041. ISSN  1540-7063. PMID  21669750.
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=ParaHoxozoa&oldid=1217023458"
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

ParaHoxozoa
Temporal range: 605.2 –0  Ma Ediacaran- Present
Diversity of parahoxozoans
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Clade: ParaHoxozoa
Ryan et al., 2010
Taxa

ParaHoxozoa (or Parahoxozoa) is a clade of animals that consists of Bilateria, Placozoa, and Cnidaria. [1] The relationship of this clade relative to the two other animal lineages Ctenophora and Porifera is debated. Some phylogenomic studies have presented evidence supporting Ctenophora as the sister to Parahoxozoa and Porifera as the sister group to the rest of animals (e.g. [2] [3] [4]). Other studies have presented evidence supporting Porifera as the sister to Parahoxozoa and Ctenophora as the sister group to the rest of animals (e.g. [5] [6] [7]), finding that nervous systems either evolved independently in ctenophores and parahoxozoans, [8] or were secondarily lost in poriferans. [9] If ctenophores are taken to have diverged first, Eumetazoa is sometimes used as a synonym for ParaHoxozoa. [10]

Phylogeny

The tree below, which is congruent with the vast majority of these phylogenomic studies, conveys this uncertainty with a polytomy.

   Choanozoa  

  Choanoflagellata

   Animalia  

  Ctenophora

  Porifera

  Parahoxozoa  

  Placozoa

   Planulozoa  
     

  Cnidaria

  Bilateria

  
  
  
  

ParaHoxozoa or Parahoxozoa

Though "ParaHox" genes are usually referred to in CamelCase and the original paper that named the clade used "ParaHoxozoa", the single initial capital format "Parahoxozoa" has also come to be used in the literature, [11] as CamelCase is not standard in zoological nomenclature.[ citation needed]

Characteristics

Parahoxozoa was defined by the presence of several gene (sub)classes (HNF, CUT, PROS, ZF, CERS, K50, S50-PRD), as well as Hox/ ParaHox-ANTP from which the name of this clade originated. It was later proposed [12] [13] and contested [14] that a gene of the same class (ANTP) as the Hox/ParaHox, the NK gene and the Cdx Parahox gene, is also present in Porifera, the sponges. Regardless of whether a ParaHox gene is ever definitively identified, Parahoxozoa, as originally defined, is monophyletic and therefore continues to be used as such. [15]

Planula-acoel, triploblasty, and bilaterian similarities

The original Bilateria are hypothesized to be a bottom dwelling worm with a single body opening. [16] A through-gut may already have developed with the Ctenophora however. [17] The through-gut may have developed from the corners of a single opening with lips fusing. E.g. Acoela resemble the planula larvae of some Cnidaria, which exhibit some bilaterian symmetry. They are vermiform, just as the cnidarian Buddenbrockia is. [18] [19] [20] Placozoans have been noted to resemble planula. [21] Usually, " Planulozoa" refers to a Cnidaria–Bilateria clade to the exclusion of Placozoa, but not necessarily. [11] In the other case, when including all three lineages, it appears synonymous with Parahoxozoa. [22] Triploblasty developed before the Cnidaria–Bilateria radiation as well. [23]

ParaHoxozoa/Parahoxozoa taxonomy

The Parahoxozoa has 3 different types of phyla that includes placozoans, cnidarians, and bilaterians.

Placozoans

These are placozoans (e.g. Polyplacotoma mediterranea, Trichoplax adhaerens, Hoilungia hongkongensis, and Cladtertia collaboinventa) are a phylum of this tiny creature.

Cnidarians

Cnidarians (e.g. Jellyfish, Coral, Sea anemone, Stalked jellyfish, Hydra, Box jellyfish, and Sea fans) have stinging cells called cnidocytes.

Bilaterians

Many species of bilterians (e.g. Eels, Flounders, Common dab, Sole (fish), Pufferfish, Stingray, Mantaray,

References

  1. ^ Ryan, Joseph F.; Pang, Kevin; Mullikin, James C.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Baxevanis, Andreas D. (2010-10-04). "The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the Parahoxozoa". EvoDevo. 1 (1): 9. doi: 10.1186/2041-9139-1-9. ISSN  2041-9139. PMC  2959044. PMID  20920347.
  2. ^ Pick, K. S.; Philippe, H.; Schreiber, F.; Erpenbeck, D.; Jackson, D. J.; Wrede, P.; Wiens, M.; Alie, A.; Morgenstern, B.; Manuel, M.; Worheide, G. (2010). "Improved Phylogenomic Taxon Sampling Noticeably Affects Nonbilaterian Relationships". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (9): 1983–1987. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msq089. ISSN  0737-4038. PMC  2922619. PMID  20378579.
  3. ^ Feuda, Roberto; Dohrmann, Martin; Pett, Walker; Philippe, Hervé; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert; Pisani, Davide (2017). "Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals". Current Biology. 6 (24): 3864–3870.e4. Bibcode: 2017CBio...27E3864F. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008. hdl: 11572/302898. PMID  29199080.
  4. ^ Simion, Paul; Philippe, Hervé; Baurain, Denis; Jager, Muriel; Richter, Daniel J.; Franco, Arnaud Di; Roure, Béatrice; Satoh, Nori; Quéinnec, Éric (3 April 2017). "A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals" (PDF). Current Biology (Submitted manuscript). 27 (7): 958–967. Bibcode: 2017CBio...27..958S. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031. ISSN  0960-9822. PMID  28318975. S2CID  4560353.
  5. ^ Whelan, Nathan V.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Moroz, Leonid L.; Halanych, Kenneth M. (2015). "Error, signal, and the placement of Ctenophora sister to all other animals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (18): 5773–5778. Bibcode: 2015PNAS..112.5773W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1503453112. ISSN  0027-8424. PMC  4426464. PMID  25902535.
  6. ^ Borowiec, Marek L.; Lee, Ernest K.; Chiu, Joanna C.; Plachetzki, David C. (2015). "Extracting phylogenetic signal and accounting for bias in whole-genome data sets supports the Ctenophora as sister to remaining Metazoa". BMC Genomics. 16 (1): 987. doi: 10.1186/s12864-015-2146-4. ISSN  1471-2164. PMC  4657218. PMID  26596625.
  7. ^ Whelan, Nathan V.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Moroz, Tatiana P.; Mukherjee, Krishanu; Williams, Peter; Paulay, Gustav; Moroz, Leonid L.; Halanych, Kenneth M. (2017). "Ctenophore relationships and their placement as the sister group to all other animals". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (11): 1737–1746. Bibcode: 2017NatEE...1.1737W. doi: 10.1038/s41559-017-0331-3. ISSN  2397-334X. PMC  5664179. PMID  28993654.
  8. ^ Moroz, Leonid L.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Citarella, Mathew R.; Dosung, Sohn; Norekian, Tigran P.; Povolotskaya, Inna S.; Grigorenko, Anastasia P.; Dailey, Christopher; Berezikov, Eugene; Buckley, Katherine M.; Ptitsyn, Andrey; Reshetov, Denis; Mukherjee, Krishanu; Moroz, Tatiana P.; Bobkova, Yelena; Yu, Fahong; Kapitonov, Vladimir V.; Jurka, Jerzy; Bobkov, Yuri V.; Swore, Joshua J.; Girardo, David O.; Fodor, Alexander; Gusev, Fedor; Sanford, Rachel; Bruders, Rebecca; Kittler, Ellen; Mills, Claudia E.; Rast, Jonathan P.; Derelle, Romain; Solovyev, Victor V.; Kondrashov, Fyodor A.; Swalla, Billie J.; Sweedler, Jonathan V.; Rogaev, Evgeny I.; Halanych, Kenneth M.; Kohn, Andrea B. (2014). "The ctenophore genome and the evolutionary origins of neural systems". Nature. 510 (7503): 109–114. Bibcode: 2014Natur.510..109M. doi: 10.1038/nature13400. ISSN  0028-0836. PMC  4337882. PMID  24847885.
  9. ^ Ryan, J. F.; Pang, K.; Schnitzler, C. E.; Nguyen, A.-D.; Moreland, R. T.; Simmons, D. K.; Koch, B. J.; Francis, W. R.; Havlak, P.; Smith, S. A.; Putnam, N. H.; Haddock, S. H. D.; Dunn, C. W.; Wolfsberg, T. G.; Mullikin, J. C.; Martindale, M. Q.; Baxevanis, A. D. (2013). "The Genome of the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and Its Implications for Cell Type Evolution". Science. 342 (6164): 1242592. doi: 10.1126/science.1242592. ISSN  0036-8075. PMC  3920664. PMID  24337300.
  10. ^ Erives, Albert; Fritzsch, Bernd (2020). "A Screen for Gene Paralogies Delineating Evolutionary Branching Order of Early Metazoa". G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics. 10 (2): 811–826. doi: 10.1534/g3.119.400951. ISSN  2160-1836. PMC  7003098. PMID  31879283.
  11. ^ a b Giribet, Gonzalo; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2020-03-03). The Invertebrate Tree of Life. Princeton University Press. p. 46. doi: 10.1515/9780691197067-007. ISBN  978-0-691-19706-7.
  12. ^ Fortunato, Sofia A. V.; Adamski, Marcin; Ramos, Olivia Mendivil; Leininger, Sven; Liu, Jing; Ferrier, David E. K.; Adamska, Maja (2014-10-30). "Calcisponges have a ParaHox gene and dynamic expression of dispersed NK homeobox genes". Nature. 514 (7524): 620–623. Bibcode: 2014Natur.514..620F. doi: 10.1038/nature13881. hdl: 10023/6597. ISSN  0028-0836. PMID  25355364. S2CID  205241127.
  13. ^ Larroux, Claire; Fahey, Bryony; Degnan, Sandie M.; Adamski, Marcin; Rokhsar, Daniel S.; Degnan, Bernard M. (1996). "The NK Homeobox Gene Cluster Predates the Origin of Hox Genes". Current Biology. 17 (8): 706–710. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.008. PMID  17379523. S2CID  18994676.
  14. ^ Pastrana, Claudia C.; DeBiasse, Melissa B.; Ryan, Joseph F. (2019). "Sponges lack ParaHox genes". Genome Biology and Evolution. 11 (4): 1250–1257. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evz052. PMC  6486804. PMID  30859199.
  15. ^ Giribet, Gonzalo (1 October 2016). "Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects". Zoologica Scripta. 45: 14–21. doi: 10.1111/zsc.12215. ISSN  1463-6409.
  16. ^ Cannon, Johanna Taylor; Vellutini, Bruno Cossermelli; Smith, Julian; Ronquist, Fredrik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas (2016). "Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa". Nature (Submitted manuscript). 530 (7588): 89–93. Bibcode: 2016Natur.530...89C. doi: 10.1038/nature16520. PMID  26842059. S2CID  205247296.
  17. ^ Browne, William E.; Amemiya, Chris T.; Swalla, Billie J.; Warren, Kaitlyn J.; Vandepas, Lauren E.; Presnell, Jason S. (2016-10-24). "The Presence of a Functionally Tripartite Through-Gut in Ctenophora Has Implications for Metazoan Character Trait Evolution". Current Biology. 26 (20): 2814–2820. Bibcode: 2016CBio...26.2814P. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.019. ISSN  0960-9822. PMID  27568594.
  18. ^ Jiménez-Guri, Eva; Philippe, Hervé; Okamura, Beth; Holland, Peter W. H. (2007-07-06). "Buddenbrockia Is a Cnidarian Worm". Science. 317 (5834): 116–118. Bibcode: 2007Sci...317..116J. doi: 10.1126/science.1142024. ISSN  0036-8075. PMID  17615357. S2CID  5170702.
  19. ^ Baguñà, Jaume; Martinez, Pere; Paps, Jordi; Riutort, Marta (2008-04-27). "Back in time: a new systematic proposal for the Bilateria". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1496): 1481–1491. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2238. ISSN  0962-8436. PMC  2615819. PMID  18192186.
  20. ^ Genikhovich, Grigory; Technau, Ulrich (2017-10-01). "On the evolution of bilaterality". Development. 144 (19): 3392–3404. doi: 10.1242/dev.141507. ISSN  0950-1991. PMID  28974637.
  21. ^ Syed, Tareq; Schierwater, Bernd (2002). "The evolution of the placozoa: A new morphological model". Senckenbergiana Lethaea. 82 (1): 315–324. doi: 10.1007/bf03043791. ISSN  0037-2110. S2CID  16870420.
  22. ^ Wallberg, Andreas; Thollesson, Mikael; Farris, James S.; Jondelius, Ulf (2004). "The phylogenetic position of the comb jellies (Ctenophora) and the importance of taxonomic sampling". Cladistics. 20 (6): 558–578. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00041.x. ISSN  0748-3007. PMID  34892961. S2CID  86185156.
  23. ^ Boero, F.; Schierwater, B.; Piraino, S. (2007-06-01). "Cnidarian milestones in metazoan evolution". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 47 (5): 693–700. doi: 10.1093/icb/icm041. ISSN  1540-7063. PMID  21669750.
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