PRAME (preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma) is a
protein that in humans is encoded by the PRAMEgene.[3][4][5] Five alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed for this gene.[5]
Function
This gene encodes an antigen that is predominantly expressed in human
melanomas and that is recognized by cytolytic
T lymphocytes. It is not expressed in normal tissues, except testis. This expression pattern is similar to that of other
CT antigens, such as
MAGE,
BAGE and
GAGE. However, unlike these other CT antigens, this gene is also expressed in acute
leukemias. The overexpression of PRAME in tumor tissues and relative low levels in normal somatic tissues make it an attractive target for cancer therapy. In recent years, immunotherapy has spearheaded a new era of cancer therapy resulting in the development of numerous novel antigen-specific immunotherapy approaches. Studies on PRAME-specific immunotherapy primarily involve vaccines and cellular immunotherapies.[6]
PRAME can inhibit
retinoic acid signaling and retinoic acid mediated
differentiation and
apoptosis.[7] PRAME overexpression in triple negative breast cancer has also been found to promote cancer cell motility through induction of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.[8]
^Epping MT, Wang L, Edel MJ, Carlée L, Hernandez M, Bernards R (September 2005). "The human tumor antigen PRAME is a dominant repressor of retinoic acid receptor signaling". Cell. 122 (6): 835–47.
doi:
10.1016/j.cell.2005.07.003.
hdl:1874/17819.
PMID16179254.
S2CID18144920.
Kirkin AF, Dzhandzhugazyan K, Zeuthen J (1998). "The immunogenic properties of melanoma-associated antigens recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes". Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics. 15 (1): 19–32.
doi:
10.1159/000019050.
PMID9619397.
S2CID25993773.
Matsushita M, Yamazaki R, Ikeda H, Kawakami Y (Mar 2003). "Preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma (PRAME) in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods for hematological malignancies". Leukemia & Lymphoma. 44 (3): 439–44.
doi:
10.1080/1042819021000035725.
PMID12688312.
S2CID29064098.
Neumann E, Engelsberg A, Decker J, Störkel S, Jaeger E, Huber C, Seliger B (Sep 1998). "Heterogeneous expression of the tumor-associated antigens RAGE-1, PRAME, and glycoprotein 75 in human renal cell carcinoma: candidates for T-cell-based immunotherapies?". Cancer Research. 58 (18): 4090–5.
PMID9751617.
Watari K, Tojo A, Nagamura-Inoue T, Nagamura F, Takeshita A, Fukushima T, Motoji T, Tani K, Asano S (Jan 2000). "Identification of a melanoma antigen, PRAME, as a BCR/ABL-inducible gene". FEBS Letters. 466 (2–3): 367–71.
doi:
10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01112-1.
PMID10682862.
S2CID26778464.
Pellat-Deceunynck C, Mellerin MP, Labarrière N, Jego G, Moreau-Aubry A, Harousseau JL, Jotereau F, Bataille R (Mar 2000). "The cancer germ-line genes MAGE-1, MAGE-3 and PRAME are commonly expressed by human myeloma cells". European Journal of Immunology. 30 (3): 803–9.
doi:
10.1002/1521-4141(200003)30:3<803::AID-IMMU803>3.0.CO;2-P.
PMID10741395.
S2CID7100014.
Steinbach D, Hermann J, Viehmann S, Zintl F, Gruhn B (Mar 2002). "Clinical implications of PRAME gene expression in childhood acute myeloid leukemia". Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 133 (2): 118–23.
doi:
10.1016/S0165-4608(01)00570-2.
PMID11943337.
Steinbach D, Viehmann S, Zintl F, Gruhn B (Oct 2002). "PRAME gene expression in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia". Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 138 (1): 89–91.
doi:
10.1016/S0165-4608(02)00582-4.
PMID12419593.
Lehner B, Semple JI, Brown SE, Counsell D, Campbell RD, Sanderson CM (Jan 2004). "Analysis of a high-throughput yeast two-hybrid system and its use to predict the function of intracellular proteins encoded within the human MHC class III region". Genomics. 83 (1): 153–67.
doi:
10.1016/S0888-7543(03)00235-0.
PMID14667819.
PRAME (preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma) is a
protein that in humans is encoded by the PRAMEgene.[3][4][5] Five alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed for this gene.[5]
Function
This gene encodes an antigen that is predominantly expressed in human
melanomas and that is recognized by cytolytic
T lymphocytes. It is not expressed in normal tissues, except testis. This expression pattern is similar to that of other
CT antigens, such as
MAGE,
BAGE and
GAGE. However, unlike these other CT antigens, this gene is also expressed in acute
leukemias. The overexpression of PRAME in tumor tissues and relative low levels in normal somatic tissues make it an attractive target for cancer therapy. In recent years, immunotherapy has spearheaded a new era of cancer therapy resulting in the development of numerous novel antigen-specific immunotherapy approaches. Studies on PRAME-specific immunotherapy primarily involve vaccines and cellular immunotherapies.[6]
PRAME can inhibit
retinoic acid signaling and retinoic acid mediated
differentiation and
apoptosis.[7] PRAME overexpression in triple negative breast cancer has also been found to promote cancer cell motility through induction of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.[8]
^Epping MT, Wang L, Edel MJ, Carlée L, Hernandez M, Bernards R (September 2005). "The human tumor antigen PRAME is a dominant repressor of retinoic acid receptor signaling". Cell. 122 (6): 835–47.
doi:
10.1016/j.cell.2005.07.003.
hdl:1874/17819.
PMID16179254.
S2CID18144920.
Kirkin AF, Dzhandzhugazyan K, Zeuthen J (1998). "The immunogenic properties of melanoma-associated antigens recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes". Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics. 15 (1): 19–32.
doi:
10.1159/000019050.
PMID9619397.
S2CID25993773.
Matsushita M, Yamazaki R, Ikeda H, Kawakami Y (Mar 2003). "Preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma (PRAME) in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods for hematological malignancies". Leukemia & Lymphoma. 44 (3): 439–44.
doi:
10.1080/1042819021000035725.
PMID12688312.
S2CID29064098.
Neumann E, Engelsberg A, Decker J, Störkel S, Jaeger E, Huber C, Seliger B (Sep 1998). "Heterogeneous expression of the tumor-associated antigens RAGE-1, PRAME, and glycoprotein 75 in human renal cell carcinoma: candidates for T-cell-based immunotherapies?". Cancer Research. 58 (18): 4090–5.
PMID9751617.
Watari K, Tojo A, Nagamura-Inoue T, Nagamura F, Takeshita A, Fukushima T, Motoji T, Tani K, Asano S (Jan 2000). "Identification of a melanoma antigen, PRAME, as a BCR/ABL-inducible gene". FEBS Letters. 466 (2–3): 367–71.
doi:
10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01112-1.
PMID10682862.
S2CID26778464.
Pellat-Deceunynck C, Mellerin MP, Labarrière N, Jego G, Moreau-Aubry A, Harousseau JL, Jotereau F, Bataille R (Mar 2000). "The cancer germ-line genes MAGE-1, MAGE-3 and PRAME are commonly expressed by human myeloma cells". European Journal of Immunology. 30 (3): 803–9.
doi:
10.1002/1521-4141(200003)30:3<803::AID-IMMU803>3.0.CO;2-P.
PMID10741395.
S2CID7100014.
Steinbach D, Hermann J, Viehmann S, Zintl F, Gruhn B (Mar 2002). "Clinical implications of PRAME gene expression in childhood acute myeloid leukemia". Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 133 (2): 118–23.
doi:
10.1016/S0165-4608(01)00570-2.
PMID11943337.
Steinbach D, Viehmann S, Zintl F, Gruhn B (Oct 2002). "PRAME gene expression in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia". Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 138 (1): 89–91.
doi:
10.1016/S0165-4608(02)00582-4.
PMID12419593.
Lehner B, Semple JI, Brown SE, Counsell D, Campbell RD, Sanderson CM (Jan 2004). "Analysis of a high-throughput yeast two-hybrid system and its use to predict the function of intracellular proteins encoded within the human MHC class III region". Genomics. 83 (1): 153–67.
doi:
10.1016/S0888-7543(03)00235-0.
PMID14667819.