This article needs additional citations for
verification. (June 2022) |
Developer | Norsk Data |
---|---|
Manufacturer | Norsk Data |
Product family | Nord |
Type | Minicomputer |
Generation | 4 |
Release date | 1979 |
Lifespan | 1979–198? |
Operating system | Sintran III |
CPU | 16-bit |
Camera | none |
Touchpad | none |
Predecessor | Nord-10 |
Successor | ND-500? |
Website |
example |
The Nord-100 was a 16-bit minicomputer series made by Norsk Data, introduced in 1979. It shipped with the Sintran III operating system, and the architecture was based on, and backward compatible with, the Nord-10 line.
The Nord-100 was originally named the Nord-10/M (M for Micro) as a bit sliced [1] OEM processor. The board was laid out, finished, and tested when they realized that the central processing unit (CPU) was far faster than the Nord-10/S. The result was that all the marketing material for the new NORD-10/M was discarded, the board was rechristened the Nord-100, and extensively advertised as the successor of the Nord-10 line. Later, in an effort to internationalize their line, the machine was renamed ND-100.
ND-100 | ND-100/CE | ND-110 | ND-110/CX | ND-120/CX | ND-125/CX | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum number of microinstructions per instruction | 3[ citation needed] | 3 | 1[ citation needed] | 1 | ||
Minimum microinstruction cycle time | 150ns[ citation needed] | 150ns | 100ns[ citation needed] | 100ns | ||
Whetstone MWIPS | 0.5[ citation needed] | 0.5 | 0.3[ citation needed] | 0.3 |
The ND-100 line used a custom processor, and like the PDP-11 line, the CPU decided the name of the computer.
The ND-100 line was machine-instruction compatible with the Nord-10 line, except for some extended instructions, all in supervisor mode, mostly used by the operating system. Like most processors of its time, the native bit grouping was octal, despite the 16-bit word length.
The ND-100 series had a microcoded CPU, with downloadable microcode, [1] and was considered a complex instruction set computer (CISC) processor.
The ND-100 was implemented using medium-scale integration (MSI) logic and bit-slice processors, [1] combining as many as the 16 boards employed in previous generations of Norsk Data computers into what was described as "the world's first high-performance single-board minicomputer". [2]
The ND-100 was frequently sold together with a memory management unit card, the MMS. [1] The combined power use of these boards was 90 watts. The boards would usually occupy slots 2 and 3, for the CPU and MMS, respectively. Slot 1 was reserved for the Tracer, a hardware debugger system.
The CE stood for Commercial Extended. The processor was upgraded by replacing the microcode PROM.
It added instruction for decimal arithmetic and conversion, stack instructions, segment-change instructions used by the OS, a block move, test-and-set, and a read-without-cache instruction.
The ND-110 was an incremental improvement over the ND-100.
The ND-110 combined the memory management system and CPU, formerly separate cards, on one board. The single CPU/MMS board was plugged into the memory management board slot, usually numbered 3. Power consumption was reduced from 90 watts to 60.
The ND-110 made extensive use of Programmable Array Logic (PALs) and gate arrays, with semi-custom Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) chips.
The ND-110 had three gate arrays:
Along with the macro-instruction cache memory also in the ND-100, the ND-110 had a unique implementation of cache memory on the micro-instruction level. The step termed mapping in the ND-100 was then avoided because the first micro-instruction word of a macro-instruction was written into the control store cache.
Unlike the ND-100 CPU, it handled synchronous interrupts as traps, similar to how it was handled by the ND-500.
The control store consisted of 4K x 4 bit 40ns static random-access memory (SRAM) chips. This meant that the control store was writable. It was loaded at power up and Master Clear from two 32Kx8 bit erasable programmable read-only memory ( EPROM) units.
The CPU clock and the bus arbitration network were implemented using 15ns PALs.
The main oscillator was a 39.3216 MHz crystal oscillator.
This was the ND-110 with the CX microcode programmable read-only memory (PROM). The added instructions were the same as the /CE.
A variant of the ND-110CX known as the ND-110PCX was incorporated into the Butterfly-110 workstation. This workstation was based on an IBM PC/AT-compatible model made by Ericsson, employing an Intel 80286 and featuring 512 KB of RAM, EGA display capabilities, floppy and hard drives, [3]: 1–12 augmented with two expansion cards providing the ND-110PCX system. [3]: 2–5 The ND-110PCX was equipped with 1 MB of RAM, of which 128 KB was "donated" to the PC to provide the more desirable 640 KB configuration for DOS applications of the era. [3]: 2–16
The ND-110PCX functionality was included to support applications such as the NOTIS range of software, [3]: 1–5 and where the workstation was deployed with terminals accessing the system via its serial ports, the complete product was known as the Butterfly Teamstation. [3]: 1–6 The PC system itself ran MS-DOS 3.1 which, along with other programs, booted the SINTRAN III/VSX operating system on the ND-110PCX expansion. [3]: 2–9 The workstation itself could run DOS software concurrently with SINTRAN applications exported to terminal users. [3]: 1–6
The ND-120 CPU was a complete reimplementation on an LSI chip (The so-called Delilah chip), and was originally intended to be sold as the ND-1000, to reflect the technology change, which paralleled the change from the ND-500 series to the ND-5000 (codenamed Samson).
The Samson/Delilah naming scheme may reflect that around the time of the development of the ND-120, it was increasingly clear that the mixed 16/32-bit architecture was a bottleneck for the ND-500(0) architecture; Internal technical documentation used at Norsk Data for the Delilah chip has a drawing of a grinning woman with hair in her clenched fist.
This article needs additional citations for
verification. (June 2022) |
Developer | Norsk Data |
---|---|
Manufacturer | Norsk Data |
Product family | Nord |
Type | Minicomputer |
Generation | 4 |
Release date | 1979 |
Lifespan | 1979–198? |
Operating system | Sintran III |
CPU | 16-bit |
Camera | none |
Touchpad | none |
Predecessor | Nord-10 |
Successor | ND-500? |
Website |
example |
The Nord-100 was a 16-bit minicomputer series made by Norsk Data, introduced in 1979. It shipped with the Sintran III operating system, and the architecture was based on, and backward compatible with, the Nord-10 line.
The Nord-100 was originally named the Nord-10/M (M for Micro) as a bit sliced [1] OEM processor. The board was laid out, finished, and tested when they realized that the central processing unit (CPU) was far faster than the Nord-10/S. The result was that all the marketing material for the new NORD-10/M was discarded, the board was rechristened the Nord-100, and extensively advertised as the successor of the Nord-10 line. Later, in an effort to internationalize their line, the machine was renamed ND-100.
ND-100 | ND-100/CE | ND-110 | ND-110/CX | ND-120/CX | ND-125/CX | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum number of microinstructions per instruction | 3[ citation needed] | 3 | 1[ citation needed] | 1 | ||
Minimum microinstruction cycle time | 150ns[ citation needed] | 150ns | 100ns[ citation needed] | 100ns | ||
Whetstone MWIPS | 0.5[ citation needed] | 0.5 | 0.3[ citation needed] | 0.3 |
The ND-100 line used a custom processor, and like the PDP-11 line, the CPU decided the name of the computer.
The ND-100 line was machine-instruction compatible with the Nord-10 line, except for some extended instructions, all in supervisor mode, mostly used by the operating system. Like most processors of its time, the native bit grouping was octal, despite the 16-bit word length.
The ND-100 series had a microcoded CPU, with downloadable microcode, [1] and was considered a complex instruction set computer (CISC) processor.
The ND-100 was implemented using medium-scale integration (MSI) logic and bit-slice processors, [1] combining as many as the 16 boards employed in previous generations of Norsk Data computers into what was described as "the world's first high-performance single-board minicomputer". [2]
The ND-100 was frequently sold together with a memory management unit card, the MMS. [1] The combined power use of these boards was 90 watts. The boards would usually occupy slots 2 and 3, for the CPU and MMS, respectively. Slot 1 was reserved for the Tracer, a hardware debugger system.
The CE stood for Commercial Extended. The processor was upgraded by replacing the microcode PROM.
It added instruction for decimal arithmetic and conversion, stack instructions, segment-change instructions used by the OS, a block move, test-and-set, and a read-without-cache instruction.
The ND-110 was an incremental improvement over the ND-100.
The ND-110 combined the memory management system and CPU, formerly separate cards, on one board. The single CPU/MMS board was plugged into the memory management board slot, usually numbered 3. Power consumption was reduced from 90 watts to 60.
The ND-110 made extensive use of Programmable Array Logic (PALs) and gate arrays, with semi-custom Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) chips.
The ND-110 had three gate arrays:
Along with the macro-instruction cache memory also in the ND-100, the ND-110 had a unique implementation of cache memory on the micro-instruction level. The step termed mapping in the ND-100 was then avoided because the first micro-instruction word of a macro-instruction was written into the control store cache.
Unlike the ND-100 CPU, it handled synchronous interrupts as traps, similar to how it was handled by the ND-500.
The control store consisted of 4K x 4 bit 40ns static random-access memory (SRAM) chips. This meant that the control store was writable. It was loaded at power up and Master Clear from two 32Kx8 bit erasable programmable read-only memory ( EPROM) units.
The CPU clock and the bus arbitration network were implemented using 15ns PALs.
The main oscillator was a 39.3216 MHz crystal oscillator.
This was the ND-110 with the CX microcode programmable read-only memory (PROM). The added instructions were the same as the /CE.
A variant of the ND-110CX known as the ND-110PCX was incorporated into the Butterfly-110 workstation. This workstation was based on an IBM PC/AT-compatible model made by Ericsson, employing an Intel 80286 and featuring 512 KB of RAM, EGA display capabilities, floppy and hard drives, [3]: 1–12 augmented with two expansion cards providing the ND-110PCX system. [3]: 2–5 The ND-110PCX was equipped with 1 MB of RAM, of which 128 KB was "donated" to the PC to provide the more desirable 640 KB configuration for DOS applications of the era. [3]: 2–16
The ND-110PCX functionality was included to support applications such as the NOTIS range of software, [3]: 1–5 and where the workstation was deployed with terminals accessing the system via its serial ports, the complete product was known as the Butterfly Teamstation. [3]: 1–6 The PC system itself ran MS-DOS 3.1 which, along with other programs, booted the SINTRAN III/VSX operating system on the ND-110PCX expansion. [3]: 2–9 The workstation itself could run DOS software concurrently with SINTRAN applications exported to terminal users. [3]: 1–6
The ND-120 CPU was a complete reimplementation on an LSI chip (The so-called Delilah chip), and was originally intended to be sold as the ND-1000, to reflect the technology change, which paralleled the change from the ND-500 series to the ND-5000 (codenamed Samson).
The Samson/Delilah naming scheme may reflect that around the time of the development of the ND-120, it was increasingly clear that the mixed 16/32-bit architecture was a bottleneck for the ND-500(0) architecture; Internal technical documentation used at Norsk Data for the Delilah chip has a drawing of a grinning woman with hair in her clenched fist.