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Parliamentary elections are scheduled to be held in Romania on 1 December 2024. [1] [2]
Background
Events
Cîțu Cabinet
Following the previous legislative elections held in December 2020, the Cîțu Cabinet was appointed, backed by a centre-right coalition of three Romanian political parliamentary parties: the conservative liberal National Liberal Party (PNL), the progressive liberal/ neoliberal USR PLUS (which subsequently switched back to the old USR acronym in late 2021), and the Hungarian minority-oriented Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR/RMDSZ). [3]
In September 2021, a major rift within the coalition led to the onset of the 2021 Romanian political crisis. Prime Minister Cîțu, with the backing of President Klaus Iohannis, sacked Justice minister Stelian Ion. [4] [5] All the other USR ministers withdrew from the government by 7 September 2021, [6] which left the Cîțu Cabinet in the minority. It subsequently fell in November 2021 in an unparalleled motion of no confidence (the highest number of votes against a government in the political history of post-1989 Romania).
National Coalition for Romania
The political crisis ended with the formation of a grand coalition. As a result, the Ciucă Cabinet, backed by the National Coalition for Romania (CNR) comprising the PNL, PSD and the UDMR, was formed and remained in power until June 2023, when the latter of the three parties withdrew from the majority. On 15 June 2023, as part of the rotation government deal, the National Liberals made way for the Social Democratic-led Ciolacu Cabinet.
Date
Both parliamentary and presidential terms are schedueled to end in late 2024. After consulting the various parliamentary groups, the Ciolacu Government announced the parliamentary elections would take place on the 1st of December, with the presidential elections taking place around the same time (first round on 24 November, second round on 8 December) [7], making 2024 the first time for such an electoral concatenation in Romania since the 2004 general election. [8]
The election date also coincides with Great Union Day, the Romanian national holiday.
Electoral system
The 330 members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected by several methods: 308 are elected from 42 multi-member constituencies based on counties and Bucharest, using proportional representation, four are elected using proportional representation from a constituency representing Romanians living abroad. Parties must pass a threshold of 5% of the national vote or at least 20% of the vote in four constituencies. Further seats (currently 18) can be added for ethnic minority groups that compete in the elections and pass a special (lower) threshold (calculated as 10% of the votes needed to obtain one of the regular 312 seats). [9][ failed verification]
The 136 members of the Senate are also elected using party-list proportional representation, but from 43 constituencies based on the 41 counties (a total of 121 seats), Bucharest (13 seats), and one for Romanians living abroad (two seats). [9]
Parties and alliances
| Name | Ideology | Leader(s) | Parliamentary representation (initial seating [b] and current number of seats) |
Cîțu Government (2020–2021) |
Ciucă Government (2021–2023) |
Ciolacu Government (2023–) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senate | Chamber of Deputies | ||||||||||
| Votes | Seats | Votes | Seats | ||||||||
| PSD |
Social Democratic Party ( Romanian: Partidul Social Democrat) |
Social democracy | Marcel Ciolacu | 29.3% | 47 / 136 49 / 136
|
28.9% | 110 / 330 103 / 330
|
Opposition | Coalition ( CNR) |
Coalition ( CNR) | |
| PNL |
National Liberal Party ( Romanian: Partidul Național Liberal) |
Social conservatism | Nicolae Ciucă | 25.5% | 41 / 136 37 / 136
|
25.1% | 93 / 330 79 / 330
|
Coalition | Coalition ( CNR) |
Coalition ( CNR) | |
| USR |
Save Romania Union ( Romanian: Uniunea Salvați România) |
Liberalism | Cătălin Drulă | 16.0% | 25 / 136 20 / 136
|
15.3% | 55 / 330 41 / 330
|
Coalition | Opposition | ||
| AUR |
Alliance for the Union of Romanians ( Romanian: Alianța pentru Unirea Românilor) |
Romanian nationalism | George Simion | 9.1% | 14 / 136 12 / 136
|
9.0% | 33 / 330 26 / 330
|
Opposition | |||
| UDMR RMDSZ |
Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania ( Romanian: Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România; Hungarian: Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség) |
Hungarian minority interests | Hunor Kelemen | 5.8% | 9 / 136 9 / 136
|
5.7% | 21 / 330 20 / 330
|
Coalition | Coalition ( CNR) |
Opposition | |
| FD |
Force of the Right ( Romanian: Forța Dreptei) |
Christian democracy | Ludovic Orban | Split from PNL | 3 / 136
|
Split from PNL | 16 / 330
|
— | Opposition | ||
| REPER |
Renewing Romania's European Project ( Romanian: Reînnoim Proiectul European al României) |
Liberalism | Dragoș Pîslaru and Ramona Strugariu | Split from USR | 2 / 136
|
Split from USR | 10 / 330
|
— | Opposition | ||
| PUSL |
Social Liberal Humanist Party ( Romanian: Partidul Umanist Social Liberal) |
Social conservatism | Daniel Ionașcu | 1.1% | 0 / 136 1 / 136
|
1.0% | 0 / 330 4 / 330
|
— |
Confidence and supply agreement (parliamentary support for the CNR) | ||
| NR |
Romanian Nationhood Party ( Romanian: Partidul Neamului Românesc) |
Ultranationalism | Ninel Peia | Split from AUR | 1 / 136
|
Split from AUR | 4 / 330
|
Opposition | |||
| Ind. | Independents or others | — | — | — | 0 / 136 1 / 136
|
0.85%
[c] 7.57% [d] |
18 / 330 25 / 330
|
— | |||
| Vac. | Vacant seats | — | — | — | 0 / 136 1 / 136
|
0.85%
[e] 0.00% [f] |
0 / 330 0 / 330
|
— | |||
New political parties
In July 2021, the nationalist [10] Romanian Village Party (RoSAT), led by Marian Vișu-Iliescu, was launched, claiming to represent the interests of peasants, ignored by the major parties. [11]
On 19 September 2021, former PSD president Liviu Dragnea, along with former ally Codrin Ștefănescu, launched the Alliance for the Homeland ( Romanian: Alianța pentru Patrie, ApP), a split-off from PSD and "an alternative" to it according to both. [12]
On 3 October 2021, former PNL Prime Minister Ludovic Orban, who had just been defeated for the leadership of the PNL by Florin Cîțu at the 2021 PNL party congress, stated that he is willing "to create a new political construction which would be ready to continue PNL's legacy". [13] [14] In this regard, at that time it was thought that he could be following Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu, another former national liberal Prime Minister who subsequently left the PNL in order to establish his own political party, more specifically the Liberal Reformist Party (PLR), subsequently known as the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (ALDE) after its merger with the Conservative Party (PC), a now defunct political party which was eventually absorbed by the PNL during late March 2022. [15]
In addition, before further concrete steps on behalf of Orban, various commentators stated that Orban's faction could part ways with the main PNL should he not be designated PM after Cîțu's dismissal by the Parliament (which also occurred in the meantime). Subsequently, after PNL started negotiations with the PSD, more and more MPs resigned from the PNL and joined Orban's faction in the Parliament. Orban's new party was officially registered in December 2021 and is called " Force of the Right" (or FD for short). [16]
In November 2021, a new party called NOW ( Romanian: ACUM) was formed. It has a progressive and green ideology. [17]
Additionally, in November 2021 the S.O.S. Romania party was founded by Maricel Viziteu, Adeluța and Gabriel Gib. However, it became later known on the Romanian political scene in May 2022, after senator Diana Iovanovici Șoșoacă, elected on the Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) list, joined the party, and eventually became its leader. [18]
Former PSD president and Prime Minister Viorica Dăncilă has, in the meantime, become president of the Nation People Together (NOI) party. [19]
After the March 2022 congress of the Alliance for the Union of Romanians, Dan Grăjdeanu, the president of the Orthodox Brotherhood NGO, announced that his NGO will end the collaboration with AUR and launch its own political party. On 17 April 2022, a party affiliated with the Brotherhood was created: the National Movement. It is led by Mihai Tîrnoveanu. [20] [21] [22]
Former independent/ technocratic Prime Minister and PLUS/USR PLUS/USR member (as well as former USR president) Dacian Cioloș officially quit the USR on 31 May 2022 to form a brand new party called REPER. [23] Several MEPs (more specifically 4) who have been previously elected on the lists of the 2020 USR PLUS Alliance at the 2019 European Parliament election in Romania have sided with Dacian Cioloș for his newly established political project, but still remain affiliated with the Renew group in the European Parliament. REPER can thus be considered (and is, in actuality) a splinter of USR.
On 10 July 2022, ex-AUR deputy Mihai Lasca launched his own political party, called Patriots of the Romanian People. [24] The party was labelled as Eurosceptic, Romanian nationalist and anti-LGBT. [25]
The Green Party (PV) was also relaunched [26] under the new name of the Green Party (The Greens) - ( Romanian: Partidul Verde - Verzii)). The party is currently led by two co-presidents, more specifically Marius Lazăr and Lavinia Cosma (former USR member between 2016 and 2019). The party first appeared in the polls in the beginning of 2023. [27]
In late September 2023, PNL vice-president and deputy Ben Oni Ardelean resigned from the party and announced that he is initiating a new political project. [28] Consequently, he recently launched an allegedly conservative political party called Hope's Movement ( Romanian: Mișcarea Speranței) for the disillusioned electorate in Romania. [29]
Civil society activists announced at the end of November the launch of the Party for Nature, People and Animals (Romanian: Partidul pentru Natură, Oameni și Animale - NOA). The party is temporarily led by Lucian Rad, former county councilor in Brașov. [30]
New political alliances
In May 2022, the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚCD) announced that it will prepare a new political alliance with the Alliance for the Homeland (ApP, formerly known under the acronym PAINE) [31] for the forthcoming Romanian parliamentary elections scheduled to take place in late 2024. The two parties will allegedly form a so-called " sovereignist" block which will oppose the National Coalition for Romania (CNR). [32] In late August 2022 however, Liviu Dragnea, strongly associated in the past with the party at an unofficial level, had decided to indefinitely distance himself from the ApP. [33]
In June 2023, incumbent USR leader Cătălin Drulă stated that the Save Romania Union (USR) wants to form a right-wing pole able to win the 2024 elections. [34] The alleged right-wing pole is envisaged to form around the USR and become the winner of all the elections scheduled in 2024 in Romania, according to the incumbent USR leader. In these regards, discussions have already been carried out between USR and the People's Movement Party (PMP). [35] The right-wing alliance proposed by the USR is presented as an alternative to the current ruling CNR coalition formed by the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and the National Liberal Party (PNL). The respective right-wing or centre-right alliance/electoral block might also include the Force of the Right (FD). It was later on reported in October 2023 by a USR member that the Force of the Right (FD) will be included in the respective alliance/electoral block at national level as well as the fact that he does not exclude punctual future collaborations on several political measures with the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR/RMDSZ). [36]
On 4 July 2023, the Socialist Romania Alliance (ARS), formed by the Romanian Socialist Party (PSR) and the Social Democratic Workers' Party (PMSD) was registered. [37]
On 23 September 2023, various extra-parliamentary far-right, ultra-nationalist and traditionalist conservative groups announced the creation of the Nationalist Bloc, led by Bogdan Mihai Alecu. [38] [39] [40] [41]
On 14 November 2023, at an AUR press conference, Lidia Vadim Tudor (the daughter of the late Corneliu Vadim Tudor), former Minister for Business Environment Ilan Laufer (who is also the president of the National Identity Force), businessman Muhammad Murad, entrepreneur Sorin Constantinescu and Sorin Ilieșiu, as well as deputies Florică Calotă (who was elected on PNL list), Daniel Forea (elected on PSD list), Dumitru Viorel Focșa (elected on AUR, but later left) and senators Ovidiu Iosif Florean (elected on PNL list), Călin Gheorghe Matieș (elected on PSD list) and Vasilică Potecă (elected on PNL list) announced that they are joining AUR for the next election. [42] Later, on 21 November, AUR announced, together with the Romanian Village Party, National Rebirth Alliance, Romanian Republican Party and National Peasants' Alliance the creation of a Sovereigntist Alliance to contest at the 2024 Romanian parliamentary election. [43] [44]
On 25 November 2023, several extra-parliamentary political parties announced the creation of the Romanian Sovereigntist Bloc, which includes: Right Republican Party, Romanian Nationhood Party, Coalition for the Nation, Reformist Party, Homeland Party, Christian Social Popular Union Party. [45] [46]
On 9 December 2023, leaders of Green Party (Verzii) and Ecologist Party of Romania (PER) announced a new political alliance on political scene for 2024 European Parliament elections, AER for Romania Alliance . [47]
On 14 December 2023, Save Romania Union, Force of the Right and the People's Movement Party officially announced the creation of a right-wing electoral alliance to contest in the 2024 elections. [48] On 18 December, the alliance was formally named as United Right Alliance. [49]
On 14 March 2024, the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party formed an alliance with the Strong Romania Party. [50]
Opinion polls
The graphic below details the current overall voting intention of the Romanian electorate for the forthcoming 2024 Romanian parliamentary elections, with aggregate data correct as of mid June 2023:
See also
Notes
References
- ^ "Romania's ruling parties agree on dates for presidential and parliamentary elections". Romania Insider. 2024-07-04. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
- ^ "Romanian ruling coalition agrees parliamentary, presidential election dates". Reuters. 4 July 2024.
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- ^ Dan Popa (16 September 2021). "PNL, acest PSD de dreapta. Rivale, dar își unesc puterile". Ziare.com (in Romanian). Retrieved 20 September 2021.
- ^ Bogdan Păcurar (30 September 2021). "Orban: Florin Cîțu trebuia să-și dea demisia din momentul în care USR PLUS a decis să se retragă din coaliţie". Digi24.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 30 September 2021.
- ^ Andreea Ghiorghe (7 September 2021). "Miniştrii USR PLUS şi-au depus demisiile din Guvernul Cîţu. Barna: "Am făcut ceea ce am anunţat"". Adevărul (in Romanian). Retrieved 1 October 2021.
- ^ "BREAKING: Coaliția anunță alegerile prezidențiale pe 24 noiembrie și 8 decembrie / Alegerile parlamentare pe 1 decembrie". G4Media (in Romanian). 4 July 2024.
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^ Redacția G4Media (9 June 2020).
"Victor Ponta: 2024 e un an special, se întâmplă o dată la 20 de ani să ai toate alegerile. Eu dacă ratez momentul 2024, ca om politic, nu îmi mai vine rândul peste 20 de ani". G4Media (in Romanian). Retrieved 20 September 2021.
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- ^ "AUR ARE DE UNDE ALEGE ALIAȚI: CUM A BUBUIT ÎN ULTIMII DOI ANI OFERTA DE PARTIDE NAȚIONALISTE". Inpolitics.ro (in Romanian). 20 September 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ^ Sursa Zilei (30 July 2021). "De ce are România nevoie de un Partid al Satului Românesc și care ar trebui să fie primele trei priorități ale acestui partid". Sursa Zilei (in Romanian). Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ^ Alexandra Andronie (20 September 2021). "Liviu Dragnea a anunțat numele partidului pe care i-l construiește Codrin Ștefănescu" (in Romanian). Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ Liviu Cojan (3 October 2021). "Orban amenință că își face partid: Sunt gata să creez o construcție care să continue trecutul PNL". Digi24.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 3 October 2021.
- ^ Adrian Dumitru (3 October 2021). "Orban: Iohannis a vrut un PNL progresist. Cam bate un vânt nu foarte pe gustul românilor, care e împotriva identităților naționale". Digi24.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 4 October 2021.
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^ Redacția Aktual24 (22 March 2022).
"PNL a inghitit oficial ALDE, cele doua partide au fuzionat. Rares Bogdan a fost in comisia PNL de negociere cu ALDE". Aktual24.ro (in Romanian).
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^ Redacția Aktual24.ro (14 December 2021).
"Ludovic Orban si-a lansat noul partid: Forta Dreptei. "Au fost in stare sa voteze un Guvern in care e domnul Grindeanu, cu doamna Firea, personaje care sunt profund displacute"". Aktual24.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 15 December 2021.
{{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link) - ^ "Un nou partid ecologist, lansat de 1 Decembrie/ Partidul ACUM se declară "de centru stânga", "radical anti-corupție" și "anti-suprabirocratizare"/ Cine sunt fondatorii". 30 November 2021.
- ^ "Diana Sosoaca, intr-un nou partid, dupa excluderea din AUR - S-a inscris in S.O.S. Romania". Realitatea.net (in Romanian). 30 May 2022.
- ^ Bogdan Păcurar (12 April 2022). "Viorica Dăncilă a anunțat că nu primește pesediști în partidul ei: "În acest moment nu"" (in Romanian). Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ "Mişcarea Naţională (MN) şi Frăţia Ortodoxă anunţă că vor sta în calea marşului LGBT, organizat la Bucureşti sâmbătă, chiar de prăznuirea Sfintei Cuvioase Parascheva de la Iaşi". 9 October 2023.
- ^ "Asociaţiile Frăţia Ortodoxă, Calea Neamului şi Mişcarea Naţională cheamă românii duminică la Cimitirul din Valea Uzului pentru a sărbători Ziua Armatei şi a a duce un omagiu eroilor militari români". 17 October 2023.
- ^ "Partid naționalist, în prag de înființare la Constanța: "Mișcarea Națională" - TOMIS NEWS". 11 August 2023.
-
^ Redacția Digi24 (31 May 2022).
"Dacian Cioloș și oamenii lui și-au dat demisia din USR. Aceștia anunță înființarea partidului REPER". Digi24.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 31 May 2022.
{{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link) - ^ "Mihai Lasca și-a lansat Partidul Patrioții Poporului Român". 10 July 2022.
- ^ "Controversatul deputat Mihai Lasca și-a lansat la Oradea un partid anti-UE, anti-satanism, anti-globalizare, anti-vaccinist și anti-LGBTQ (FOTO/VIDEO)".
- ^ Realitatea.net (2022-09-03). "Partidul Verde se relanseaza in Romania: care sunt OBIECTIVELE si cum ii vor ajuta ele pe romani". Realitatea.NET (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-03-11.
- ^ "Surpriză în sondajul INSCOP: Partidul Verde (Verzii) intră pe lista sondajelor oficiale - cotat cu 1,4%; PSD, pe primul loc, PNL, pe 2 - în creştere iar AUR pe 3". Ecopolitic (in Romanian). 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
- ^ C.L.B. (27 September 2023). "Ben Oni Ardelean își anunță plecarea din PNL: Inițiez un nou proiect politic". Digi24.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 27 September 2023.
- ^ Alexandru Costea (29 September 2023). "Fostul deputat PNL Ben Oni Ardelean a lansat un nou proiect politic conservator". Digi24.ro. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
- ^ Mihăescu, Alexandru (2023-11-20). "Partidul pentru Natură, Oameni și Animale - lansat de un fost consilier județean USR din Brașov". G4Media.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-11-26.
- ^ Cătălin Ghiță (17 July 2021). "Liviu Dragnea isi face partid!PAINE – Partidul pentru Apărarea Independenței Naționale în Europa". Tribuna Calafatului (in Romanian). Retrieved 24 August 2022.
- ^ Monica Bonea (15 May 2022). "PNȚCD anunță că pregătește o alianță politică cu partidul lui Liviu Dragnea". Digi24.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 15 May 2022.
- ^ Ioana Hurdea (24 August 2022). "Dragnea il lasa balta pe Codrin, nu mai vrea sa fie asociat cu Alianta Pentru Patrie. A cerut ca "imaginea si numele lui" sa nu mai apara alaturi de actiunile partidului" (in Romanian). Retrieved 24 August 2022.
- ^ Bogdan Păcurar (17 June 2023). "USR vrea să formeze un pol de dreapta care să câștige alegerile din 2024". Digi24.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 24 June 2023.
- ^ Redacția HotNews.ro (7 June 2023). "USR și PMP negociază o alianță de dreapta ca alternativă la coaliția PSD-PNL". HotNews.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 24 June 2023.
- ^ Bogdan Păcurar (BP) (19 October 2023). "Adrian Giurgiu (USR Mureş): Vom crea un pol de dreapta cu PMP şi Forţa Dreptei la nivel naţional". Digi24.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 20 October 2023.
- ^ "Alianța România Socialistă" (PDF). Tribunalul București. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ^ "A fost lansat Blocul Naționalist | republikaNEWS". 29 September 2023.
- ^ Despa, Oana; Gočanin, Sonja (7 November 2023). "Grupările românești de extremă dreapta se strâng sub o singură umbrelă - Blocul Naționalist". Europa Liberă România.
- ^ "Grupurile de extremă dreapta din România s-au unit în Blocul Naționalist: Legături cu George Simion". 29 September 2023.
- ^ "Ultrașii din fotbal s-au unit și au cântat sub sigla "Blocului Naționalist" de extremă dreapta".
- ^ "Cine s-a înscris în "polul suveranist" AUR, pentru alegerile din 2024. Printre ei, Lidia Vadim Tudor, fiica lui Vadim Tudor".
- ^ "VIDEO Liderul AUR, George Simion, anunță că încă două partide se alătură polului suveranist: Partidul Satul Românesc și Alianta pentru Renaștere Națională". 21 November 2023.
- ^ "George Simion și AUR, expansiune la nivel național. Partidul Satul Românesc şi Alianţa Renaşterea Naţională se alătură AUR!". 22 November 2023.
- ^ "S-a format Blocul Suveranist Român. Cine sunt cele 7 partide care au decis să concureze AUR în anul electoral 2024". 25 November 2023.
- ^ "Blocul Suveranist Român – BSR. A Treia Republică și unirea forțelor suveraniste în politica românească!". 27 November 2023.
- ^ "Alegeri 2024. O nouă alianță pe scena politică din România înaintea unui an electoral important. Partidul Ecologist Român a semnat un protocol cu Partidul Verde. Florin Secară: AER pentru România își dorește să promoveze tinerii și un mod de viață curat". Economica.net (in Romanian). 2023-12-09. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
- ^ "SURSE: USR, PMP și Forța Dreptei au bătut palma și lansează Polul de Dreapta, o alianță pentru alegerile din 2024". 14 December 2023.
- ^ "Drulă, Orban și Tomac au lansat Alianța Dreapta Unită. S-au împărțit deja locurile eligibile de pe listele pentru europarlamentare". 18 December 2023.
- ^ https://m.dcnews.ro/o-noua-alianta-intra-in-scena-politica-prp-si-pntcd-au-batut-palma-gabriel-marin-preluam-o-parte-din-aceasta-avere-istorica-o-doza-de-respectabilitate-cel-putin-pe-anumite-zone-de-electorat_952491.html
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All 136 seats in the Senate All 330 seats in the Chamber of Deputies 69 S and 166 D seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Parliamentary elections are scheduled to be held in Romania on 1 December 2024. [1] [2]
Background
Events
Cîțu Cabinet
Following the previous legislative elections held in December 2020, the Cîțu Cabinet was appointed, backed by a centre-right coalition of three Romanian political parliamentary parties: the conservative liberal National Liberal Party (PNL), the progressive liberal/ neoliberal USR PLUS (which subsequently switched back to the old USR acronym in late 2021), and the Hungarian minority-oriented Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR/RMDSZ). [3]
In September 2021, a major rift within the coalition led to the onset of the 2021 Romanian political crisis. Prime Minister Cîțu, with the backing of President Klaus Iohannis, sacked Justice minister Stelian Ion. [4] [5] All the other USR ministers withdrew from the government by 7 September 2021, [6] which left the Cîțu Cabinet in the minority. It subsequently fell in November 2021 in an unparalleled motion of no confidence (the highest number of votes against a government in the political history of post-1989 Romania).
National Coalition for Romania
The political crisis ended with the formation of a grand coalition. As a result, the Ciucă Cabinet, backed by the National Coalition for Romania (CNR) comprising the PNL, PSD and the UDMR, was formed and remained in power until June 2023, when the latter of the three parties withdrew from the majority. On 15 June 2023, as part of the rotation government deal, the National Liberals made way for the Social Democratic-led Ciolacu Cabinet.
Date
Both parliamentary and presidential terms are schedueled to end in late 2024. After consulting the various parliamentary groups, the Ciolacu Government announced the parliamentary elections would take place on the 1st of December, with the presidential elections taking place around the same time (first round on 24 November, second round on 8 December) [7], making 2024 the first time for such an electoral concatenation in Romania since the 2004 general election. [8]
The election date also coincides with Great Union Day, the Romanian national holiday.
Electoral system
The 330 members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected by several methods: 308 are elected from 42 multi-member constituencies based on counties and Bucharest, using proportional representation, four are elected using proportional representation from a constituency representing Romanians living abroad. Parties must pass a threshold of 5% of the national vote or at least 20% of the vote in four constituencies. Further seats (currently 18) can be added for ethnic minority groups that compete in the elections and pass a special (lower) threshold (calculated as 10% of the votes needed to obtain one of the regular 312 seats). [9][ failed verification]
The 136 members of the Senate are also elected using party-list proportional representation, but from 43 constituencies based on the 41 counties (a total of 121 seats), Bucharest (13 seats), and one for Romanians living abroad (two seats). [9]
Parties and alliances
| Name | Ideology | Leader(s) | Parliamentary representation (initial seating [b] and current number of seats) |
Cîțu Government (2020–2021) |
Ciucă Government (2021–2023) |
Ciolacu Government (2023–) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senate | Chamber of Deputies | ||||||||||
| Votes | Seats | Votes | Seats | ||||||||
| PSD |
Social Democratic Party ( Romanian: Partidul Social Democrat) |
Social democracy | Marcel Ciolacu | 29.3% | 47 / 136 49 / 136
|
28.9% | 110 / 330 103 / 330
|
Opposition | Coalition ( CNR) |
Coalition ( CNR) | |
| PNL |
National Liberal Party ( Romanian: Partidul Național Liberal) |
Social conservatism | Nicolae Ciucă | 25.5% | 41 / 136 37 / 136
|
25.1% | 93 / 330 79 / 330
|
Coalition | Coalition ( CNR) |
Coalition ( CNR) | |
| USR |
Save Romania Union ( Romanian: Uniunea Salvați România) |
Liberalism | Cătălin Drulă | 16.0% | 25 / 136 20 / 136
|
15.3% | 55 / 330 41 / 330
|
Coalition | Opposition | ||
| AUR |
Alliance for the Union of Romanians ( Romanian: Alianța pentru Unirea Românilor) |
Romanian nationalism | George Simion | 9.1% | 14 / 136 12 / 136
|
9.0% | 33 / 330 26 / 330
|
Opposition | |||
| UDMR RMDSZ |
Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania ( Romanian: Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România; Hungarian: Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség) |
Hungarian minority interests | Hunor Kelemen | 5.8% | 9 / 136 9 / 136
|
5.7% | 21 / 330 20 / 330
|
Coalition | Coalition ( CNR) |
Opposition | |
| FD |
Force of the Right ( Romanian: Forța Dreptei) |
Christian democracy | Ludovic Orban | Split from PNL | 3 / 136
|
Split from PNL | 16 / 330
|
— | Opposition | ||
| REPER |
Renewing Romania's European Project ( Romanian: Reînnoim Proiectul European al României) |
Liberalism | Dragoș Pîslaru and Ramona Strugariu | Split from USR | 2 / 136
|
Split from USR | 10 / 330
|
— | Opposition | ||
| PUSL |
Social Liberal Humanist Party ( Romanian: Partidul Umanist Social Liberal) |
Social conservatism | Daniel Ionașcu | 1.1% | 0 / 136 1 / 136
|
1.0% | 0 / 330 4 / 330
|
— |
Confidence and supply agreement (parliamentary support for the CNR) | ||
| NR |
Romanian Nationhood Party ( Romanian: Partidul Neamului Românesc) |
Ultranationalism | Ninel Peia | Split from AUR | 1 / 136
|
Split from AUR | 4 / 330
|
Opposition | |||
| Ind. | Independents or others | — | — | — | 0 / 136 1 / 136
|
0.85%
[c] 7.57% [d] |
18 / 330 25 / 330
|
— | |||
| Vac. | Vacant seats | — | — | — | 0 / 136 1 / 136
|
0.85%
[e] 0.00% [f] |
0 / 330 0 / 330
|
— | |||
New political parties
In July 2021, the nationalist [10] Romanian Village Party (RoSAT), led by Marian Vișu-Iliescu, was launched, claiming to represent the interests of peasants, ignored by the major parties. [11]
On 19 September 2021, former PSD president Liviu Dragnea, along with former ally Codrin Ștefănescu, launched the Alliance for the Homeland ( Romanian: Alianța pentru Patrie, ApP), a split-off from PSD and "an alternative" to it according to both. [12]
On 3 October 2021, former PNL Prime Minister Ludovic Orban, who had just been defeated for the leadership of the PNL by Florin Cîțu at the 2021 PNL party congress, stated that he is willing "to create a new political construction which would be ready to continue PNL's legacy". [13] [14] In this regard, at that time it was thought that he could be following Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu, another former national liberal Prime Minister who subsequently left the PNL in order to establish his own political party, more specifically the Liberal Reformist Party (PLR), subsequently known as the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (ALDE) after its merger with the Conservative Party (PC), a now defunct political party which was eventually absorbed by the PNL during late March 2022. [15]
In addition, before further concrete steps on behalf of Orban, various commentators stated that Orban's faction could part ways with the main PNL should he not be designated PM after Cîțu's dismissal by the Parliament (which also occurred in the meantime). Subsequently, after PNL started negotiations with the PSD, more and more MPs resigned from the PNL and joined Orban's faction in the Parliament. Orban's new party was officially registered in December 2021 and is called " Force of the Right" (or FD for short). [16]
In November 2021, a new party called NOW ( Romanian: ACUM) was formed. It has a progressive and green ideology. [17]
Additionally, in November 2021 the S.O.S. Romania party was founded by Maricel Viziteu, Adeluța and Gabriel Gib. However, it became later known on the Romanian political scene in May 2022, after senator Diana Iovanovici Șoșoacă, elected on the Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) list, joined the party, and eventually became its leader. [18]
Former PSD president and Prime Minister Viorica Dăncilă has, in the meantime, become president of the Nation People Together (NOI) party. [19]
After the March 2022 congress of the Alliance for the Union of Romanians, Dan Grăjdeanu, the president of the Orthodox Brotherhood NGO, announced that his NGO will end the collaboration with AUR and launch its own political party. On 17 April 2022, a party affiliated with the Brotherhood was created: the National Movement. It is led by Mihai Tîrnoveanu. [20] [21] [22]
Former independent/ technocratic Prime Minister and PLUS/USR PLUS/USR member (as well as former USR president) Dacian Cioloș officially quit the USR on 31 May 2022 to form a brand new party called REPER. [23] Several MEPs (more specifically 4) who have been previously elected on the lists of the 2020 USR PLUS Alliance at the 2019 European Parliament election in Romania have sided with Dacian Cioloș for his newly established political project, but still remain affiliated with the Renew group in the European Parliament. REPER can thus be considered (and is, in actuality) a splinter of USR.
On 10 July 2022, ex-AUR deputy Mihai Lasca launched his own political party, called Patriots of the Romanian People. [24] The party was labelled as Eurosceptic, Romanian nationalist and anti-LGBT. [25]
The Green Party (PV) was also relaunched [26] under the new name of the Green Party (The Greens) - ( Romanian: Partidul Verde - Verzii)). The party is currently led by two co-presidents, more specifically Marius Lazăr and Lavinia Cosma (former USR member between 2016 and 2019). The party first appeared in the polls in the beginning of 2023. [27]
In late September 2023, PNL vice-president and deputy Ben Oni Ardelean resigned from the party and announced that he is initiating a new political project. [28] Consequently, he recently launched an allegedly conservative political party called Hope's Movement ( Romanian: Mișcarea Speranței) for the disillusioned electorate in Romania. [29]
Civil society activists announced at the end of November the launch of the Party for Nature, People and Animals (Romanian: Partidul pentru Natură, Oameni și Animale - NOA). The party is temporarily led by Lucian Rad, former county councilor in Brașov. [30]
New political alliances
In May 2022, the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚCD) announced that it will prepare a new political alliance with the Alliance for the Homeland (ApP, formerly known under the acronym PAINE) [31] for the forthcoming Romanian parliamentary elections scheduled to take place in late 2024. The two parties will allegedly form a so-called " sovereignist" block which will oppose the National Coalition for Romania (CNR). [32] In late August 2022 however, Liviu Dragnea, strongly associated in the past with the party at an unofficial level, had decided to indefinitely distance himself from the ApP. [33]
In June 2023, incumbent USR leader Cătălin Drulă stated that the Save Romania Union (USR) wants to form a right-wing pole able to win the 2024 elections. [34] The alleged right-wing pole is envisaged to form around the USR and become the winner of all the elections scheduled in 2024 in Romania, according to the incumbent USR leader. In these regards, discussions have already been carried out between USR and the People's Movement Party (PMP). [35] The right-wing alliance proposed by the USR is presented as an alternative to the current ruling CNR coalition formed by the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and the National Liberal Party (PNL). The respective right-wing or centre-right alliance/electoral block might also include the Force of the Right (FD). It was later on reported in October 2023 by a USR member that the Force of the Right (FD) will be included in the respective alliance/electoral block at national level as well as the fact that he does not exclude punctual future collaborations on several political measures with the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR/RMDSZ). [36]
On 4 July 2023, the Socialist Romania Alliance (ARS), formed by the Romanian Socialist Party (PSR) and the Social Democratic Workers' Party (PMSD) was registered. [37]
On 23 September 2023, various extra-parliamentary far-right, ultra-nationalist and traditionalist conservative groups announced the creation of the Nationalist Bloc, led by Bogdan Mihai Alecu. [38] [39] [40] [41]
On 14 November 2023, at an AUR press conference, Lidia Vadim Tudor (the daughter of the late Corneliu Vadim Tudor), former Minister for Business Environment Ilan Laufer (who is also the president of the National Identity Force), businessman Muhammad Murad, entrepreneur Sorin Constantinescu and Sorin Ilieșiu, as well as deputies Florică Calotă (who was elected on PNL list), Daniel Forea (elected on PSD list), Dumitru Viorel Focșa (elected on AUR, but later left) and senators Ovidiu Iosif Florean (elected on PNL list), Călin Gheorghe Matieș (elected on PSD list) and Vasilică Potecă (elected on PNL list) announced that they are joining AUR for the next election. [42] Later, on 21 November, AUR announced, together with the Romanian Village Party, National Rebirth Alliance, Romanian Republican Party and National Peasants' Alliance the creation of a Sovereigntist Alliance to contest at the 2024 Romanian parliamentary election. [43] [44]
On 25 November 2023, several extra-parliamentary political parties announced the creation of the Romanian Sovereigntist Bloc, which includes: Right Republican Party, Romanian Nationhood Party, Coalition for the Nation, Reformist Party, Homeland Party, Christian Social Popular Union Party. [45] [46]
On 9 December 2023, leaders of Green Party (Verzii) and Ecologist Party of Romania (PER) announced a new political alliance on political scene for 2024 European Parliament elections, AER for Romania Alliance . [47]
On 14 December 2023, Save Romania Union, Force of the Right and the People's Movement Party officially announced the creation of a right-wing electoral alliance to contest in the 2024 elections. [48] On 18 December, the alliance was formally named as United Right Alliance. [49]
On 14 March 2024, the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party formed an alliance with the Strong Romania Party. [50]
Opinion polls
The graphic below details the current overall voting intention of the Romanian electorate for the forthcoming 2024 Romanian parliamentary elections, with aggregate data correct as of mid June 2023:
See also
Notes
References
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^ Redacția Digi24 (31 May 2022).
"Dacian Cioloș și oamenii lui și-au dat demisia din USR. Aceștia anunță înființarea partidului REPER". Digi24.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 31 May 2022.
{{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link) - ^ "Mihai Lasca și-a lansat Partidul Patrioții Poporului Român". 10 July 2022.
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- ^ "Drulă, Orban și Tomac au lansat Alianța Dreapta Unită. S-au împărțit deja locurile eligibile de pe listele pentru europarlamentare". 18 December 2023.
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