Nepenthes mirabilis (/nɪˈpɛnθiːzmɪˈræbɪlɪs/; from
Latinmirabilis "wonderful"), or the common swamp pitcher-plant[13] and tropical pitcher plant,[14] is a
carnivorous plant species. By far the most widespread of all Nepenthes, its range covers continental
Southeast Asia and all major islands of the
Malay Archipelago (minus the
Lesser Sunda Islands and northern
Philippines), stretching from China in the north to Australia in the south.[15] The species exhibits great variability throughout its range. One of the more notable varieties, N. mirabilis var. echinostoma, is
endemic to
Brunei and
Sarawak and possesses an extremely wide
peristome.[16]
Across its range, N. mirabilis exhibits great variability in terms of pitcher morphology and colour, and it has the most
synonyms of all Nepenthes species.[30] The following forms and varieties of N. mirabilis have been described. With the exception of N. mirabilis var. echinostoma and N. mirabilis var. globosa, these
taxa are not considered valid today.
Nepenthes mirabilis f. anamensis (Hort.Weiner) Hort.Westphal (1991)
Nepenthes mirabilis var. anamensis Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985) nom.nud.
Beccari's singular N. echinostoma (vide Herb. Kew) is a wonderful thing, as yet unintroduced—indeed, I suppose unseen by any save Beccari ! The mouths of the urns remind one of the deflexed teeth of some gigantic moss of the Hypnoid section.
Nepenthes mirabilis var. echinostoma is the only form of this species that occurs in Brunei. It has also been recorded from parts of Sarawak, but appears to be completely absent from Sabah.[13]
N. mirabilis var. globosa
A lower pitcher of a cultivated N. mirabilis var. globosa
Nepenthes mirabilis var. globosa has been recorded from a single undisclosed
Andaman Sea island off
Phang Nga and from the
Thai mainland near the city of
Trang.[15][31][33]
This variety was featured on the cover of the January 2006 issue of the Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society, identified as "Nepenthes sp. from Thailand".[34] The name Nepenthes globosa appeared in print in an article by
Shigeo Kurata in the July 2007 issue of the Journal of the Insectivorous Plant Society.[9] The same issue also featured an article by Masahiro Tada that referred to the plant as "Nepenthes Viking".[12] Prior to its description by Marcello Catalano in 2010, this taxon was also published under the informal name Nepenthes sp. Phanga Nga in
Stewart McPherson's 2009 book, Pitcher Plants of the Old World.[15]
In the horticultural trade, this variety is popularly known as both Nepenthes globosa[15] (/nɪˈpɛnθiːzɡloʊˈboʊzə/; from
Latin: globosus, "globular") and Nepenthes sp. Viking,[15][35] after the resemblance the pitchers bear to the
prow of a
Viking ship.[36]
The
nematodeBaujardia mirabilis has been described from N. mirabilis in
Thailand. It is not thought to be accidental; the pitchers of this species appear to be the nematode's natural habitat. The microecosystems in these pitchers were found to be dominated by mosquito larvae, midges, and B. mirabilis. It is speculated that this nematode might have a
phoretic relationship with one or more infaunal insect species.[42]
In southern China,
tree frogs have been observed in the pitchers of N. mirabilis. The amphibians do not fall prey to the plant, but rather feed on insects that are caught by the pitchers.[43] They are not affected by the
acidic digestive juices (which may have a
pH as low as 2), likely due to the
mucilaginous outer layer of their skin.[44]
The first record of an aquatic
fungus living in the pitcher organ of a
carnivorous plant came from a specimen of N. mirabilis growing along the
Jardine River in Australia. The
mycelial fungus was observed as both free-living in the trap's fluid and attached to
chitinous insect remains.[45][46]
The pitchers of N. mirabilis have also been found to harbour a complex community of
bacteria.[47] These bacterial communities appear to be more diverse than those found in the pitcher fluid of N. ampullaria and sympatric N. gracilis in
Peninsular Malaysia.[48] In N. mirabilis their composition can also differ significantly according to pitcher type, something not seen in the other two species.[48]
Natural hybrids
Nepenthes mirabilis has the greatest number of known
natural hybrids of any species in the genus.[15]
a.^Nepenthes mirabilis was first described under the
Linnaean taxonomic system as Phyllamphora mirabilis by
João de Loureiro in 1790. It was then transferred to the genus Nepenthes under the incorrect combination Nepenthes phyllamphora by
Carl Ludwig Willdenow in 1805. Most sources[15][16][51][54][64] attribute the earliest publication of the correct binomial—Nepenthes mirabilis—to
George Claridge Druce in 1916,[65] despite
Jan Schlauer's Carnivorous Plant Database recording a much earlier publication by Rafarin in 1869.[66] Per Article 36.1[67] of the
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants, the publication of the name by Rafarin is not valid because Rafarin specifically indicates that N. mirabilis is a synonym of Phyllamphora mirabilis.
^Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov. from the Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany31(5): 616–622.
doi:
10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00099.x
^Macfarlane, J.M. 1908.
Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91.
^(in French) Teysmann, M.J.E. 1859.
Énumération des plantes envoyées de Java au jardin botanique de l'Université de Leide.Annales d'horticulture et de botanique, ou Flore des jardins du royaume des Pays-Bas, et histoire des plantes cultivées les plus intéressantes des possessions néerlandaises aux Indes orientales, de l'Amérique et du Japon2: 133–142.
^(in Chinese) Yang G., Huang S., Xu S. & Gao Y. 2006. 海南岛野生猪笼草资源调查及其营养成分分析. [The investigation and study on the germplasm resources and growth of the wild common Nepenthes in Hainan.] Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin22(11): 440–442.
AbstractArchived 2021-03-25 at the
Wayback Machine
^Slack, A. 1979. Nepenthes mirabilis. In: Carnivorous Plants. Ebury Press, London. pp. 79–80.
^Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. European Journal of Taxonomy69: 1–23.
doi:
10.5852/ejt.2013.69
^Yeates, D.K., H. de Souza Lopes & G.B. Monteith 1989. A commensal sarcophagid (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in Nepenthes mirabilis (Nepenthaceae) pitchers in Australia. Australian Entomological Magazine16: 33–39.
^Sota, T. & M. Mogi 2006. Origin of pitcher plant mosquitoes in Aedes (Stegomyia): a molecular phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Journal of Medical Entomology43(5): 795–800.
doi:
10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[795:OOPPMI2.0.CO;2]
^Mogi, M. 2010. Unusual life history traits of Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) inhabiting Nepenthes pitchers. Annals of the Entomological Society of America103(4): 618–624.
doi:
10.1603/AN10028
^
abChou, L.Y., C.M. Clarke & G.A. Dykes 2014. Bacterial communities associated with the pitcher fluids of three Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) pitcher plant species growing in the wild. Archives of Microbiology196(10): 709–717.
doi:
10.1007/s00203-014-1011-1
^Kurata, S. & M. Toyoshima 1972. Philippine species of Nepenthes. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore26(1): 155–158.
AbstractArchived 2011-07-22 at the
Wayback Machine
^
abMey, F.S., L.H. Truong, D.V. Dai & A.S. Robinson 2011. Nepenthes thorelii, an emended description and novel ecological data resulting from its rediscovery in Tay Ninh, Vietnam. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 104–131.
Korthals, P.W. 1839.
Over het geslacht Nepenthes. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde. Leiden. pp. 1–44, t. 1–4, 13–15, 20–22.
Lowrie, A. 1998. Nepenthes mirabilis. In: Carnivorous Plants of Australia. Volume 3. University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands. pp. 276–279.
Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology25(1): 90–102.
doi:
10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
Beaman, J.H. & C. Anderson 2004. The Plants of Mount Kinabalu: 5. Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
Benz, M.J., E.V. Gorb & S.N. Gorb 2012. Diversity of the slippery zone microstructure in pitchers of nine carnivorous Nepenthes taxa. Arthropod-Plant Interactions6(1): 147–158.
doi:
10.1007/s11829-011-9171-2
Beveridge, N.G.P., C. Rauch, P.J.A. Keßler, R.R. van Vugt & P.C. van Welzen 2013. A new way to identify living species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae): more data needed! Carnivorous Plant Newsletter42(4): 122–128.
Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants. New Phytologist191(2): 545–554.
doi:
10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03696.x
Buch, F., M. Rott, S. Rottloff, C. Paetz, I. Hilke, M. Raessler & A. Mithöfer 2012. Secreted pitfall-trap fluid of carnivorous Nepenthes plants is unsuitable for microbial growth. Annals of Botany111(3): 375–383.
doi:
10.1093/aob/mcs287
Buch, F., Y. Pauchet, M. Rott & A. Mithöfer 2014. Characterization and heterologous expression of a PR-1 protein from traps of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes mirabilis. Phytochemistry100: 43–50.
doi:
10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.01.014
Chaveerach, A., A. Tanomtong, R. Sudmoon & T. Tanee 2006. Genetic diversity among geographically separated populations of Nepenthes mirabilis. Biologia61(3): 295–298.
doi:
10.2478/s11756-006-0054-4
(in Chinese) Chen, J., P. Gao & Z. Gan 2003.
猪笼草的组织培养和快速繁殖. [Tissue culture and rapid propagation of Nepenthes mirabilis]. Plant Physiology Communications39(1): 40.
(in Chinese) Feng, F., H. Li & J. Xie 2002.
猪笼草的组织培养. [Rapid propagation of Nepenthes mirabilis by tissue culture.] Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops23(2): 62–65.
(in Chinese) Feng, F., H. Li & J. Xie 2002.
猪笼草的组织培养. [Tissue culture and rapid propagation of Nepenthes mirabilis.] Journal of Southwest Agricultural University24(3): 268–270.
(in Indonesian) Handayani, T. 1999.
"Konservasi Nepenthes di kebun raya Indonesia"(PDF). [Conservation of Nepenthes in Indonesian botanic gardens.] In: A. Mardiastuti, I. Sudirman, K.G. Wiryawan, L.I. Sudirman, M.P. Tampubolon, R. Megia & Y. Lestari (eds.) Prosiding II: Seminar Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Bidang Ilmu Hayat. Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Hayat IPB, Bogor. pp. 365–372.
Kato, M., M. Hotta, R. Tamin & T. Itino 1993. Inter- and intra-specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in Nepenthes pitchers in Sumatra. Tropical Zoology6(1): 11–25.
Abstract
Lee, C.C. 2000.
Recent Nepenthes Discoveries. [video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA.
(in Chinese) Liang, R., J. Xie, X. Chen, Shui, S. Wu & Y. Liu 2005.
猪笼草组织培养育苗技术的研究. [Study on the tissue culture and breeding technology of Nepenthes mirabilis.] Journal of Guangdong Landscape Architecture28(2): 35–37.
(in Chinese) Liang, J., Z. Lu, W. Wang, C. Lin, Q. Guo & G. Liang 2008.
猪笼草离体培养及植株再生研究. [Studies on in vitro culture and plant regeneration in Nepenthes mirabilis.] Journal of Southwest China Normal University (Natural Science)33(3): 95–98.
(in Chinese) Lvqing, Q., F. Feng & H. Li 2003.
猪笼草组培快繁技术的研究. [Tissue culture and rapid propagation of Nepenthes mirabilis.] Journal of Southwest Agricultural University25(1): 11–13.
(in Indonesian) Mansur, M. 2007. Keanekaragaman jenis Nepenthes (kantong semar) dataran rendah di Kalimantan Tengah. [Diversity of lowland Nepenthes (kantong semar) in Central Kalimantan.] Berita Biologi8(5): 335–341.
Abstract
Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology3(2): 164–175.
doi:
10.1055/s-2001-12897
Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology8(6): 831–840.
doi:
10.1055/s-2006-924676
Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution39(2): 478–490.
doi:
10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023
Normawati, Y. 2002. The effect of stem length on pitcher and inflorescence production in Nepenthes gracilis and Nepenthes mirabilis at Serendah Selangor. B.Sc. Thesis. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Osunkoya, O.O., S.D. Daud & F.L. Wimmer 2008. Longevity, lignin content and construction cost of the assimilatory organs of Nepenthes species. Annals of Botany102(5): 845–853.
doi:
10.1093/aob/mcn162
Pavlovič, A., E. Masarovičová & J. Hudák 2007. Carnivorous syndrome in Asian pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes. Annals of Botany100(3): 527–536.
doi:
10.1093/aob/mcm145
Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2011. A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping. International Journal of Plant Sciences172(7): 889–901.
doi:
10.1086/660882
Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2012. Molecular and functional evolution of class I chitinases for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales. Molecular Biology and Evolution29(10): 2971–2985.
doi:
10.1093/molbev/mss106
Rottloff, S., R. Stieber, H. Maischak, F.G. Turini, G. Heubl & A. Mithöfer 2011. Functional characterization of a class III acid endochitinase from the traps of the carnivorous pitcher plant genus, Nepenthes. Journal of Experimental Botany62(13): 4639–4647.
doi:
10.1093/jxb/err173
Schulze, W., E.D. Schulze, J.S. Pate, A.N. Gillison 1997. The nitrogen supply from soils and insects during growth of the pitcher plants Nepenthes mirabilis, Cephalotus follicularis and Darlingtonia californica. Oecologia112(4): 464–471.
doi:
10.1007/s004420050333
Som, R.M. 1988. Systematic studies on Nepenthes species and hybrids in the Malay Peninsula. Ph.D. thesis. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
(in Chinese) Tang L., Ji K., Wang Y. & Chen J. 2010. 猪笼草消化液中蛋白酶的活性初探. [Preliminary study on the activities of protease in digestive juice of pitcher plant.] Genomics and Applied Biology29(2): 293–297.
AbstractArchived 2021-04-18 at the
Wayback Machine
Wilson, G.W., F. Venter, R.F. Wilson & D. Crayn 2011. Chasing Nepenthes on Cape York, Queensland. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter40(4): 122–128.
(in Chinese) Wu T. & Ye C. 2000. 雷州半岛野生猪笼草资源及其栽培利用的研究. [Research on the resources and its culture & utility available of wild Nepenthes mirabilis(Lour.) Druce in Leizhou Peninsular.] Journal of Zhanjiang Normal College21(2): 15–16.
AbstractArchived 2021-03-27 at the
Wayback Machine
(in Chinese) Wu T., Ye C. & Zhang X. 2000. 猪笼草叶的形态解剖结构研究. [Studies on the anatomical structures of the leaf of Nepenthes mirabilis (Lour.) Druce.] Guihaia20(2): 153–155.
AbstractArchived 2021-04-18 at the
Wayback Machine
(in Chinese) Xie, Y., X. Xie, L. Qiu & Y. Huang 2007.
猪笼草组培快繁技术研究. [Tissue culture and rapid propagation of Nepenthes mirabilis.] Guangxi Agricultural Sciences38(2): 131–132.
(in Chinese) Xu C. 2003. 猪笼草. [A review in research of Nepenthes.] Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture23(5): 53–59.
AbstractArchived 2021-04-18 at the
Wayback Machine
Nepenthes mirabilis (/nɪˈpɛnθiːzmɪˈræbɪlɪs/; from
Latinmirabilis "wonderful"), or the common swamp pitcher-plant[13] and tropical pitcher plant,[14] is a
carnivorous plant species. By far the most widespread of all Nepenthes, its range covers continental
Southeast Asia and all major islands of the
Malay Archipelago (minus the
Lesser Sunda Islands and northern
Philippines), stretching from China in the north to Australia in the south.[15] The species exhibits great variability throughout its range. One of the more notable varieties, N. mirabilis var. echinostoma, is
endemic to
Brunei and
Sarawak and possesses an extremely wide
peristome.[16]
Across its range, N. mirabilis exhibits great variability in terms of pitcher morphology and colour, and it has the most
synonyms of all Nepenthes species.[30] The following forms and varieties of N. mirabilis have been described. With the exception of N. mirabilis var. echinostoma and N. mirabilis var. globosa, these
taxa are not considered valid today.
Nepenthes mirabilis f. anamensis (Hort.Weiner) Hort.Westphal (1991)
Nepenthes mirabilis var. anamensis Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985) nom.nud.
Beccari's singular N. echinostoma (vide Herb. Kew) is a wonderful thing, as yet unintroduced—indeed, I suppose unseen by any save Beccari ! The mouths of the urns remind one of the deflexed teeth of some gigantic moss of the Hypnoid section.
Nepenthes mirabilis var. echinostoma is the only form of this species that occurs in Brunei. It has also been recorded from parts of Sarawak, but appears to be completely absent from Sabah.[13]
N. mirabilis var. globosa
A lower pitcher of a cultivated N. mirabilis var. globosa
Nepenthes mirabilis var. globosa has been recorded from a single undisclosed
Andaman Sea island off
Phang Nga and from the
Thai mainland near the city of
Trang.[15][31][33]
This variety was featured on the cover of the January 2006 issue of the Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society, identified as "Nepenthes sp. from Thailand".[34] The name Nepenthes globosa appeared in print in an article by
Shigeo Kurata in the July 2007 issue of the Journal of the Insectivorous Plant Society.[9] The same issue also featured an article by Masahiro Tada that referred to the plant as "Nepenthes Viking".[12] Prior to its description by Marcello Catalano in 2010, this taxon was also published under the informal name Nepenthes sp. Phanga Nga in
Stewart McPherson's 2009 book, Pitcher Plants of the Old World.[15]
In the horticultural trade, this variety is popularly known as both Nepenthes globosa[15] (/nɪˈpɛnθiːzɡloʊˈboʊzə/; from
Latin: globosus, "globular") and Nepenthes sp. Viking,[15][35] after the resemblance the pitchers bear to the
prow of a
Viking ship.[36]
The
nematodeBaujardia mirabilis has been described from N. mirabilis in
Thailand. It is not thought to be accidental; the pitchers of this species appear to be the nematode's natural habitat. The microecosystems in these pitchers were found to be dominated by mosquito larvae, midges, and B. mirabilis. It is speculated that this nematode might have a
phoretic relationship with one or more infaunal insect species.[42]
In southern China,
tree frogs have been observed in the pitchers of N. mirabilis. The amphibians do not fall prey to the plant, but rather feed on insects that are caught by the pitchers.[43] They are not affected by the
acidic digestive juices (which may have a
pH as low as 2), likely due to the
mucilaginous outer layer of their skin.[44]
The first record of an aquatic
fungus living in the pitcher organ of a
carnivorous plant came from a specimen of N. mirabilis growing along the
Jardine River in Australia. The
mycelial fungus was observed as both free-living in the trap's fluid and attached to
chitinous insect remains.[45][46]
The pitchers of N. mirabilis have also been found to harbour a complex community of
bacteria.[47] These bacterial communities appear to be more diverse than those found in the pitcher fluid of N. ampullaria and sympatric N. gracilis in
Peninsular Malaysia.[48] In N. mirabilis their composition can also differ significantly according to pitcher type, something not seen in the other two species.[48]
Natural hybrids
Nepenthes mirabilis has the greatest number of known
natural hybrids of any species in the genus.[15]
a.^Nepenthes mirabilis was first described under the
Linnaean taxonomic system as Phyllamphora mirabilis by
João de Loureiro in 1790. It was then transferred to the genus Nepenthes under the incorrect combination Nepenthes phyllamphora by
Carl Ludwig Willdenow in 1805. Most sources[15][16][51][54][64] attribute the earliest publication of the correct binomial—Nepenthes mirabilis—to
George Claridge Druce in 1916,[65] despite
Jan Schlauer's Carnivorous Plant Database recording a much earlier publication by Rafarin in 1869.[66] Per Article 36.1[67] of the
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants, the publication of the name by Rafarin is not valid because Rafarin specifically indicates that N. mirabilis is a synonym of Phyllamphora mirabilis.
^Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov. from the Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany31(5): 616–622.
doi:
10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00099.x
^Macfarlane, J.M. 1908.
Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91.
^(in French) Teysmann, M.J.E. 1859.
Énumération des plantes envoyées de Java au jardin botanique de l'Université de Leide.Annales d'horticulture et de botanique, ou Flore des jardins du royaume des Pays-Bas, et histoire des plantes cultivées les plus intéressantes des possessions néerlandaises aux Indes orientales, de l'Amérique et du Japon2: 133–142.
^(in Chinese) Yang G., Huang S., Xu S. & Gao Y. 2006. 海南岛野生猪笼草资源调查及其营养成分分析. [The investigation and study on the germplasm resources and growth of the wild common Nepenthes in Hainan.] Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin22(11): 440–442.
AbstractArchived 2021-03-25 at the
Wayback Machine
^Slack, A. 1979. Nepenthes mirabilis. In: Carnivorous Plants. Ebury Press, London. pp. 79–80.
^Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. European Journal of Taxonomy69: 1–23.
doi:
10.5852/ejt.2013.69
^Yeates, D.K., H. de Souza Lopes & G.B. Monteith 1989. A commensal sarcophagid (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in Nepenthes mirabilis (Nepenthaceae) pitchers in Australia. Australian Entomological Magazine16: 33–39.
^Sota, T. & M. Mogi 2006. Origin of pitcher plant mosquitoes in Aedes (Stegomyia): a molecular phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Journal of Medical Entomology43(5): 795–800.
doi:
10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[795:OOPPMI2.0.CO;2]
^Mogi, M. 2010. Unusual life history traits of Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) inhabiting Nepenthes pitchers. Annals of the Entomological Society of America103(4): 618–624.
doi:
10.1603/AN10028
^
abChou, L.Y., C.M. Clarke & G.A. Dykes 2014. Bacterial communities associated with the pitcher fluids of three Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) pitcher plant species growing in the wild. Archives of Microbiology196(10): 709–717.
doi:
10.1007/s00203-014-1011-1
^Kurata, S. & M. Toyoshima 1972. Philippine species of Nepenthes. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore26(1): 155–158.
AbstractArchived 2011-07-22 at the
Wayback Machine
^
abMey, F.S., L.H. Truong, D.V. Dai & A.S. Robinson 2011. Nepenthes thorelii, an emended description and novel ecological data resulting from its rediscovery in Tay Ninh, Vietnam. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 104–131.
Korthals, P.W. 1839.
Over het geslacht Nepenthes. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde. Leiden. pp. 1–44, t. 1–4, 13–15, 20–22.
Lowrie, A. 1998. Nepenthes mirabilis. In: Carnivorous Plants of Australia. Volume 3. University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands. pp. 276–279.
Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology25(1): 90–102.
doi:
10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
Beaman, J.H. & C. Anderson 2004. The Plants of Mount Kinabalu: 5. Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
Benz, M.J., E.V. Gorb & S.N. Gorb 2012. Diversity of the slippery zone microstructure in pitchers of nine carnivorous Nepenthes taxa. Arthropod-Plant Interactions6(1): 147–158.
doi:
10.1007/s11829-011-9171-2
Beveridge, N.G.P., C. Rauch, P.J.A. Keßler, R.R. van Vugt & P.C. van Welzen 2013. A new way to identify living species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae): more data needed! Carnivorous Plant Newsletter42(4): 122–128.
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