Nduma Defense of Congo | |
---|---|
Nduma défense du Congo | |
Also known as | Mai-Mai Sheka |
Leader | Ntabo Ntaberi Sheka (2009-2017) Mandaima (2017-present) |
Foundation | 2009 |
Country | Democratic Republic of the Congo |
Headquarters |
Pinga (November 2012 – November 2013) Buniyampuli (until July 2014) |
Active regions | North Kivu |
Major actions | Mass rape, murder, sexual slavery, recruitment of child soldiers |
Opponents | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Battles and wars | Kivu conflict |
The Nduma Defense of Congo ( French: Nduma défense du Congo or NDC, also known as Mai-Mai Sheka) is a militia that operates in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo as part of the Kivu conflict. [1] [2] Mai-Mai groups are militia unique to the eastern DRC, formed ostensibly to defend villages from attacks from Rwandan forces and Rwandan-backed rebel groups. However, Mai-Mai groups have been accused of sexual violence, looting, and fighting all sides including fellow militias, the DRC Army, and the United Nations. [3]
The NDC was formed in 2009 by former minerals trader Ntabo Ntaberi Sheka, an ethnic Nyanga. [1] Sheka claims the group was formed to liberate the mines of Walikale Territory in North Kivu. [1]
According to the United Nations, Sheka commanded a mass rape of at least 387 women, men, and children over a three-day span in Walikale in 2010. [1] [4] This was said to be a punishment for the villagers collaborating with Congo government forces. [4] In 2011, Sheka was added to a United Nations Security Council sanctions list and a warrant was issued for his arrest in the DRC. [2]
On 12 November 2012 Pinga was captured by NDC and remained under its control as of March 2013. [5] In November 2013 NDC withdrew from Pinga and kidnapped dozens of women as sex slaves. [6] In July 2014 armed forces launched offensive against NDC recapturing Kashebere-Walikale road including its stronghold of Buniyampuli. [7]
In 2017, Sheka surrendered to the DRC in North Kivu. [4] On 24 November 2020, a military court has sentenced Sheka to life for war crimes including murder, sexual slavery and child soldier recruitment. [8]
The UN Security Council has documented numerous cases of the NDC recruiting child soldiers. According to a 2014 report, at least 33 children separated from the group. [9] They said their roles included carrying ammunition and acting as talisman, as well as "combatants, cooks, marijuana farmers and tax collectors." [9] The children were held to the group through a mixture of threats to their family or the payment of $10–12 per month. [9]
A 2014 splinter saw the new group NCD-Renouveau created by former NDC deputy Guidon (or Guido). [9] [10]
Nduma Defense of Congo | |
---|---|
Nduma défense du Congo | |
Also known as | Mai-Mai Sheka |
Leader | Ntabo Ntaberi Sheka (2009-2017) Mandaima (2017-present) |
Foundation | 2009 |
Country | Democratic Republic of the Congo |
Headquarters |
Pinga (November 2012 – November 2013) Buniyampuli (until July 2014) |
Active regions | North Kivu |
Major actions | Mass rape, murder, sexual slavery, recruitment of child soldiers |
Opponents | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Battles and wars | Kivu conflict |
The Nduma Defense of Congo ( French: Nduma défense du Congo or NDC, also known as Mai-Mai Sheka) is a militia that operates in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo as part of the Kivu conflict. [1] [2] Mai-Mai groups are militia unique to the eastern DRC, formed ostensibly to defend villages from attacks from Rwandan forces and Rwandan-backed rebel groups. However, Mai-Mai groups have been accused of sexual violence, looting, and fighting all sides including fellow militias, the DRC Army, and the United Nations. [3]
The NDC was formed in 2009 by former minerals trader Ntabo Ntaberi Sheka, an ethnic Nyanga. [1] Sheka claims the group was formed to liberate the mines of Walikale Territory in North Kivu. [1]
According to the United Nations, Sheka commanded a mass rape of at least 387 women, men, and children over a three-day span in Walikale in 2010. [1] [4] This was said to be a punishment for the villagers collaborating with Congo government forces. [4] In 2011, Sheka was added to a United Nations Security Council sanctions list and a warrant was issued for his arrest in the DRC. [2]
On 12 November 2012 Pinga was captured by NDC and remained under its control as of March 2013. [5] In November 2013 NDC withdrew from Pinga and kidnapped dozens of women as sex slaves. [6] In July 2014 armed forces launched offensive against NDC recapturing Kashebere-Walikale road including its stronghold of Buniyampuli. [7]
In 2017, Sheka surrendered to the DRC in North Kivu. [4] On 24 November 2020, a military court has sentenced Sheka to life for war crimes including murder, sexual slavery and child soldier recruitment. [8]
The UN Security Council has documented numerous cases of the NDC recruiting child soldiers. According to a 2014 report, at least 33 children separated from the group. [9] They said their roles included carrying ammunition and acting as talisman, as well as "combatants, cooks, marijuana farmers and tax collectors." [9] The children were held to the group through a mixture of threats to their family or the payment of $10–12 per month. [9]
A 2014 splinter saw the new group NCD-Renouveau created by former NDC deputy Guidon (or Guido). [9] [10]