National conservatism was recently re-launched by
Israeli-Americanpolitical philosopher and
Biblical scholarYoram Hazony, with his 2022 book Conservatism: A Rediscovery.[19][20][21] Hazony has written that "In the political arena, conservatism refers to a standpoint that regards the recovery, restoration, elaboration, and repair of national and religious traditions as the key to maintaining a nation and strengthening it through time."[1]
Ideology
National conservatism focuses on "threats to moral order and the loss of moral bearing due to liberalism's relativism."[22]: 1089 It opposes modernity,
liberalism, and
socialism, instead valuing Europe's Christian heritage[22]: 1099 and "defending"
Western civilization.[22]: 1093 National conservatism is silent on classical conservative thought expressed by
Michael Oakeshott and
Edmund Burke.[22]: 1099 In The Virtue of Nationalism,
Yoram Hazony criticizes
Jean-Jacques Rousseau and
John Locke for creating a "dream world" where the "Jewish and Christian world" have "no place to exist".[15] National conservatism rejects standard historiography over
the Enlightenment,
modernization, and
emancipation and key political events such as
1789,
1968, and
1989. National conservatism distances itself from fascism, viewing it along with liberalism and socialism as aspects of modernity and thus "disconnect human designs from normative order", instead calling for the "restoration and order" of social, moral, and political structures.[22]: 1099 Patrick Deneen argues that the "current elite" should be replaced with "a better aristocracy brought about by a muscular populism" to advance the "common good", with the common good loosely defined as "integration" which includes the reuniting of church and state.[15]
National conservative parties support traditional
family values,
gender roles and the public role of
religion,[5][26] being critical of the
separation of church and state. According to the Austrian political scientist
Sieglinde Rosenberger, "national conservatism praises the family as a home and a center of identity, solidarity, and tradition".[26] It opposes the "1968 agenda" of gender-related emancipation.[22]: 1099
Economic policies
National conservative parties in different countries do not necessarily share a common position on economic policy. Their views may range from support of
corporatism[citation needed] and
mixed economy to a more laissez-faire approach. In the first, more common case, national conservatives can be distinguished from
liberal conservatives,[27] for whom
free market economic policies,
deregulation and tight spending are the main priorities. Some commentators have indeed identified a growing gap between national and
economic liberal conservatism: "Most parties of the Right [today] are run by economically liberal conservatives who, in varying degrees, have marginalised
social,
cultural and national conservatives."[27]
National conservatism developed its economic alternative to liberalism through political representatives in post-communist Europe, most notably Poland and Hungary, and the emergence of "pro-worker conservatism" in the United States.[22]: 1095 Throughout the 1990's, economic positions of national conservatives were largely fusionist.[22]: 1097 The works of
Leo Strauss and
Eric Voegelin have served as building blocks for the modern national conservative movement's socio-economic policies. Strauss' indictment of capitalism as '
economism' through the reduction of individual needs to consumption plays a role in national conservative thought, which argues for
solidarism and an increased statist role in the economy to bring about a moralizing "financial nationalism" in opposition to communism and the individualism in liberalism.[22]: 1097–1098 Depending on the country, this can include increased support of
protectionism; increased state social spending for "pro-worker" and "pro-family" conservatism; the re-nationalization of banks and strategic enterprises; and opposing tax breaks.[22]: 1098–1099 It supports 'social nativism' in East Asian state-led development as a socio-economic policy paradigm.[22]: 1093
Foreign policy
National conservatives usually support a foreign policy that upholds the interests of their nation. They lean towards
militarism,
unilateralism and
isolationism. They reject the
internationalism and
multilateralism that has characterized the modern global age.[28][29] They often have a negative view of the
United Nations, feeling that its globalist agenda erodes their unique national identity,[28][29] as well as the
European Union and other international organizations.[15]
Regional parties can be nationalist or national conservative, without aligning with the country to which the region belongs.
South Tyrol is a notable example, as "national conservative" parties there represent its
German-speaking majority and identify with neighbouring
Austria, with which South Tyrol shares cultural and historical ties.
List of national conservative political parties
Current national conservative parties, or parties with national conservative factions
The following political parties have been characterised as being ideologically influenced by national conservativism:
^Dahms, Harry F., ed. (7 November 2014). Mediations of social life in the 21st century. Bingle, UK.
ISBN9781784412227.
OCLC896728569.{{
cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link)
^
abcdefghijklmnBakke, Elisabeth (2010), "Central and East European party systems since 1989", Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989, Cambridge University Press, p. 79
^Ferraresi, Mattia (10 April 2020).
"Nationalists Claim They Want to Redefine Conservatism, but They're Not Sure What It Is". Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C.: Graham Holdings Company. standing "in stark opposition to political theories grounded in race." Thus, in addition to formulating their political theses around ideas of nationality and values, the national conservatives also include ideas about race, culture, and religion to define their outlooks.
^"Archived copy"(PDF). www.tai.org.au. Archived from
the original(PDF) on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2022.{{
cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
link)
^Pytlas, Bartek (2015). Radical Right Parties in Central and Eastern Europe: Mainstream Party Competition and Electoral Fortune.
Routledge. p. 36.
^Bonikowska, Monika (2014).
"India After The Elections". Centre for International Relations (6): 2. Archived from
the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
^Misra, Amalendu (1999). "Savarkar and the Discourse on Islam in Pre-Independent India". Journal of Asian History. 33 (2): 175.
^Lee, Doreen (2016). Activist Archives: Youth Culture and the Political Past in Indonesia. Duke University Press.
^Hitchcock, Michael (1997). Images of Malay-Indonesian Identity. OUP. p. 101.
^Jan Senkyr (2013).
"Political Awakening in Malaysia". KAS International Reports (7): 73–74. the UMNO can be described as a national conservative Islamic party
^Haynes, Jeffrey (2019). The Routledge Handbook to Religion and Political Parties. Routledge.
^Staab, Steffen (2018). Social Informatics. Springer. p. 102.
^Teehankee, Julio (2016). "Weak State, Strong Presidents: Situating the Duterte Presidency in Philippine Political Time". Journal of Developing Societies. 3 (3).
^Krzypinski, Dariusz (2017). Ruxandra Boicu; et al. (eds.). Patterns of Recruitment of Polish Candidates in the 2014 European Parliament Elections. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 245. {{
cite book}}: |work= ignored (
help)
^Berger, Mark (2014). Rethinking the Third World. Macmillan. p. 98.
^"Korean Dilemma". The Statesman (India). 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2023. Politically, the conservatives are on the rise in South Korea, and the country has just elected its new President, Yoon Suk-yeol, from the nationalist-conservative, People Power Party (PPP).
^Daniel Kübler; Urs Scheuss; Philippe Rochat (2013).
"The Metropolitan Bases of Political Cleavage in Switzerland". In Jefferey M. Sellers; Daniel Kübler; R. Alan Walks; Melanie Walter-Rogg (eds.). The Political Ecology of the Metropolis: Metropolitan Sources of Electoral Behaviour in Eleven Countries. ECPR Press. p. 211.
ISBN978-1-907301-44-5.
^"Thailand". De Agostini. Archived from
the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020. PPP (Palang Pracharath, People's State Power Party, conservative nationalist)
^Bayat, Asef (2013). Post-Islamism. Oxford University Press. p. 11.
^"Erdoğan's Triumph". Financial Times. 24 July 2007. Archived from
the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2018. The AKP is now a national conservative party — albeit rebalancing power away from the westernised urban elite and towards Turkey's traditional heartland of Anatolia — as well as the Muslim equivalent of Europe's Christian Democrats.
^Carkoglu, Ali (2004). Turkey and the European Union: Domestic Politics, Economic Integration and International Dynamics. Routledge. p. 127.
^Hloušek, Vít; Kopeček, Lubomír (2010). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared. Farnham, Surrey and Burlington, VT: Ashgate. p. 165.
^Hloušek, Vít (2016). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties. Routledge. p. 165.
^Matin-Asgard, Afshin (2018). Both Eastern and Western. CUP. p. 243.
^Marco Tarchi (2007), "Recalcitrant Allies: The Conflicting Foreign Policy Agenda of the Alleanza Nazionale and the Lega Nord", Europe for the Europeans, Ashgate, p. 188
National conservatism was recently re-launched by
Israeli-Americanpolitical philosopher and
Biblical scholarYoram Hazony, with his 2022 book Conservatism: A Rediscovery.[19][20][21] Hazony has written that "In the political arena, conservatism refers to a standpoint that regards the recovery, restoration, elaboration, and repair of national and religious traditions as the key to maintaining a nation and strengthening it through time."[1]
Ideology
National conservatism focuses on "threats to moral order and the loss of moral bearing due to liberalism's relativism."[22]: 1089 It opposes modernity,
liberalism, and
socialism, instead valuing Europe's Christian heritage[22]: 1099 and "defending"
Western civilization.[22]: 1093 National conservatism is silent on classical conservative thought expressed by
Michael Oakeshott and
Edmund Burke.[22]: 1099 In The Virtue of Nationalism,
Yoram Hazony criticizes
Jean-Jacques Rousseau and
John Locke for creating a "dream world" where the "Jewish and Christian world" have "no place to exist".[15] National conservatism rejects standard historiography over
the Enlightenment,
modernization, and
emancipation and key political events such as
1789,
1968, and
1989. National conservatism distances itself from fascism, viewing it along with liberalism and socialism as aspects of modernity and thus "disconnect human designs from normative order", instead calling for the "restoration and order" of social, moral, and political structures.[22]: 1099 Patrick Deneen argues that the "current elite" should be replaced with "a better aristocracy brought about by a muscular populism" to advance the "common good", with the common good loosely defined as "integration" which includes the reuniting of church and state.[15]
National conservative parties support traditional
family values,
gender roles and the public role of
religion,[5][26] being critical of the
separation of church and state. According to the Austrian political scientist
Sieglinde Rosenberger, "national conservatism praises the family as a home and a center of identity, solidarity, and tradition".[26] It opposes the "1968 agenda" of gender-related emancipation.[22]: 1099
Economic policies
National conservative parties in different countries do not necessarily share a common position on economic policy. Their views may range from support of
corporatism[citation needed] and
mixed economy to a more laissez-faire approach. In the first, more common case, national conservatives can be distinguished from
liberal conservatives,[27] for whom
free market economic policies,
deregulation and tight spending are the main priorities. Some commentators have indeed identified a growing gap between national and
economic liberal conservatism: "Most parties of the Right [today] are run by economically liberal conservatives who, in varying degrees, have marginalised
social,
cultural and national conservatives."[27]
National conservatism developed its economic alternative to liberalism through political representatives in post-communist Europe, most notably Poland and Hungary, and the emergence of "pro-worker conservatism" in the United States.[22]: 1095 Throughout the 1990's, economic positions of national conservatives were largely fusionist.[22]: 1097 The works of
Leo Strauss and
Eric Voegelin have served as building blocks for the modern national conservative movement's socio-economic policies. Strauss' indictment of capitalism as '
economism' through the reduction of individual needs to consumption plays a role in national conservative thought, which argues for
solidarism and an increased statist role in the economy to bring about a moralizing "financial nationalism" in opposition to communism and the individualism in liberalism.[22]: 1097–1098 Depending on the country, this can include increased support of
protectionism; increased state social spending for "pro-worker" and "pro-family" conservatism; the re-nationalization of banks and strategic enterprises; and opposing tax breaks.[22]: 1098–1099 It supports 'social nativism' in East Asian state-led development as a socio-economic policy paradigm.[22]: 1093
Foreign policy
National conservatives usually support a foreign policy that upholds the interests of their nation. They lean towards
militarism,
unilateralism and
isolationism. They reject the
internationalism and
multilateralism that has characterized the modern global age.[28][29] They often have a negative view of the
United Nations, feeling that its globalist agenda erodes their unique national identity,[28][29] as well as the
European Union and other international organizations.[15]
Regional parties can be nationalist or national conservative, without aligning with the country to which the region belongs.
South Tyrol is a notable example, as "national conservative" parties there represent its
German-speaking majority and identify with neighbouring
Austria, with which South Tyrol shares cultural and historical ties.
List of national conservative political parties
Current national conservative parties, or parties with national conservative factions
The following political parties have been characterised as being ideologically influenced by national conservativism:
^Dahms, Harry F., ed. (7 November 2014). Mediations of social life in the 21st century. Bingle, UK.
ISBN9781784412227.
OCLC896728569.{{
cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link)
^
abcdefghijklmnBakke, Elisabeth (2010), "Central and East European party systems since 1989", Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989, Cambridge University Press, p. 79
^Ferraresi, Mattia (10 April 2020).
"Nationalists Claim They Want to Redefine Conservatism, but They're Not Sure What It Is". Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C.: Graham Holdings Company. standing "in stark opposition to political theories grounded in race." Thus, in addition to formulating their political theses around ideas of nationality and values, the national conservatives also include ideas about race, culture, and religion to define their outlooks.
^"Archived copy"(PDF). www.tai.org.au. Archived from
the original(PDF) on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2022.{{
cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
link)
^Pytlas, Bartek (2015). Radical Right Parties in Central and Eastern Europe: Mainstream Party Competition and Electoral Fortune.
Routledge. p. 36.
^Bonikowska, Monika (2014).
"India After The Elections". Centre for International Relations (6): 2. Archived from
the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
^Misra, Amalendu (1999). "Savarkar and the Discourse on Islam in Pre-Independent India". Journal of Asian History. 33 (2): 175.
^Lee, Doreen (2016). Activist Archives: Youth Culture and the Political Past in Indonesia. Duke University Press.
^Hitchcock, Michael (1997). Images of Malay-Indonesian Identity. OUP. p. 101.
^Jan Senkyr (2013).
"Political Awakening in Malaysia". KAS International Reports (7): 73–74. the UMNO can be described as a national conservative Islamic party
^Haynes, Jeffrey (2019). The Routledge Handbook to Religion and Political Parties. Routledge.
^Staab, Steffen (2018). Social Informatics. Springer. p. 102.
^Teehankee, Julio (2016). "Weak State, Strong Presidents: Situating the Duterte Presidency in Philippine Political Time". Journal of Developing Societies. 3 (3).
^Krzypinski, Dariusz (2017). Ruxandra Boicu; et al. (eds.). Patterns of Recruitment of Polish Candidates in the 2014 European Parliament Elections. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 245. {{
cite book}}: |work= ignored (
help)
^Berger, Mark (2014). Rethinking the Third World. Macmillan. p. 98.
^"Korean Dilemma". The Statesman (India). 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2023. Politically, the conservatives are on the rise in South Korea, and the country has just elected its new President, Yoon Suk-yeol, from the nationalist-conservative, People Power Party (PPP).
^Daniel Kübler; Urs Scheuss; Philippe Rochat (2013).
"The Metropolitan Bases of Political Cleavage in Switzerland". In Jefferey M. Sellers; Daniel Kübler; R. Alan Walks; Melanie Walter-Rogg (eds.). The Political Ecology of the Metropolis: Metropolitan Sources of Electoral Behaviour in Eleven Countries. ECPR Press. p. 211.
ISBN978-1-907301-44-5.
^"Thailand". De Agostini. Archived from
the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020. PPP (Palang Pracharath, People's State Power Party, conservative nationalist)
^Bayat, Asef (2013). Post-Islamism. Oxford University Press. p. 11.
^"Erdoğan's Triumph". Financial Times. 24 July 2007. Archived from
the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2018. The AKP is now a national conservative party — albeit rebalancing power away from the westernised urban elite and towards Turkey's traditional heartland of Anatolia — as well as the Muslim equivalent of Europe's Christian Democrats.
^Carkoglu, Ali (2004). Turkey and the European Union: Domestic Politics, Economic Integration and International Dynamics. Routledge. p. 127.
^Hloušek, Vít; Kopeček, Lubomír (2010). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared. Farnham, Surrey and Burlington, VT: Ashgate. p. 165.
^Hloušek, Vít (2016). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties. Routledge. p. 165.
^Matin-Asgard, Afshin (2018). Both Eastern and Western. CUP. p. 243.
^Marco Tarchi (2007), "Recalcitrant Allies: The Conflicting Foreign Policy Agenda of the Alleanza Nazionale and the Lega Nord", Europe for the Europeans, Ashgate, p. 188