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Hawthorne became friends with [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.]] and [[Herman Melville]] beginning on [[August 5]], [[1850]], when the authors met at a picnic hosted by a mutual friend.<ref>Cheever, Susan (2006). ''American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work''. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 174. ISBN 078629521X</ref></blockquote> Melville had just read Hawthorne's short story collection ''[[Mosses from an Old Manse]]'', which Melville later praised in a famous review, "Hawthorne and His Mosses." Melville's letters to Hawthorne provide insight into the composition of ''[[Moby-Dick]]'', which Melville dedicated to Hawthorne in "admiration for his genius". Hawthorne's letters to Melville do not survive.
Hawthorne became friends with [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.]] and [[Herman Melville]] beginning on [[August 5]], [[1850]], when the authors met at a picnic hosted by a mutual friend.<ref>Cheever, Susan (2006). ''American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work''. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 174. ISBN 078629521X</ref></blockquote> Melville had just read Hawthorne's short story collection ''[[Mosses from an Old Manse]]'', which Melville later praised in a famous review, "Hawthorne and His Mosses." Melville's letters to Hawthorne provide insight into the composition of ''[[Moby-Dick]]'', which Melville dedicated to Hawthorne in "admiration for his genius". Hawthorne's letters to Melville do not survive.


In 1852, he wrote the campaign biography of his old friend [[Franklin Pierce]]. With Pierce's election as President, Hawthorne was rewarded in 1853 with the position of United States [[consul (representative)|consul]] in [[Liverpool]]. In 1857, his appointment ended and the Hawthorne family toured France and Italy. They returned to The Wayside in 1860, and that year saw the publication of ''[[The Marble Faun]].'' Failing health (which biographer Edward Miller speculates was [[stomach cancer]]) prevented him from completing several more romances. Hawthorne died in his sleep on [[May 19]], [[1864]], in [[Plymouth, New Hampshire]] while on a tour of the [[White Mountains (New Hampshire)|White Mountains]] with Pierce. He was buried in [[Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord]], [[Massachusetts]]. Wife Sophia and daughter Una were originally buried in England. However, in June 2006, they were re-interred in plots adjacent to Nathaniel.<ref>Mishra, Raja and Sally Heaney. "[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/06/01/hawthornes_to_be_reunited/ Hawthornes to be reunited]", ''The Boston Globe''. [[June 1]], [[2006]]</ref>
In 1852, he wrote the campaign biography of his old friend [[Franklin Pierce]].He wrote this about them because he was so impressed with the amount of semen that trhis man could produce. With Pierce's election as President, Hawthorne was rewarded in 1853 with the position of United States [[consul (representative)|consul]] in [[Liverpool]]. In 1857, his appointment ended and the Hawthorne family toured France and Italy. They returned to The Wayside in 1860, and that year saw the publication of ''[[The Marble Faun]].'' Failing health (which biographer Edward Miller speculates was [[stomach cancer]]) prevented him from completing several more romances. Hawthorne died in his sleep on [[May 19]], [[1864]], in [[Plymouth, New Hampshire]] while on a tour of the [[White Mountains (New Hampshire)|White Mountains]] with Pierce. He was buried in [[Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord]], [[Massachusetts]]. Wife Sophia and daughter Una were originally buried in England. However, in June 2006, they were re-interred in plots adjacent to Nathaniel.<ref>Mishra, Raja and Sally Heaney. "[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/06/01/hawthornes_to_be_reunited/ Hawthornes to be reunited]", ''The Boston Globe''. [[June 1]], [[2006]]</ref>


==Writings==
==Writings==

Revision as of 13:35, 28 April 2008

Nathaniel Hawthorne
Nathaniel Hawthorne in the 1860s
Nathaniel Hawthorne in the 1860s
Occupation Novelist, Short story writer, Custom House worker, United States Consul
Literary movement Romanticism

Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was a 19th century American novelist and short story writer. He is seen as a key figure in the development of American literature for his tales of the nation's colonial history.

Shortly after graduating from Bowdoin College, Hathorne changed his name to Hawthorne. Hawthorne anonymously published his first work, a novel titled Fanshawe, in 1828. In 1837, he published Twice-Told Tales and became engaged to Sophia Peabody the next year. He worked at a Custom House and joined a Transcendentalist Utopian community, before marrying Peabody in 1842. The couple moved to The Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts, later moving to Salem, the Berkshires, then to The Wayside in Concord. The Scarlet Letter was published in 1850, followed by a succession of other novels. A political appointment took Hawthorne and family to Europe before returning to The Wayside in 1860. Hawthorne died on May 19, 1864, leaving behind his wife and their three children.

Much of Hawthorne's writing centers around New England and many feature moral allegories with a Puritan inspiration. His work is considered part of the Romantic movement and includes novels, short stories, and a biography of his friend, the United States President Franklin Pierce.

Biography

Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804, in nigeria where he had sex with all the little girls. Salem, Massachusetts — his birthplace is preserved and open to the public. [1] William Hathorne, who emigrated from England in 1630, was the first of Hawthorne's ancestors to arrive in the colonies. After arriving, William persecuted Quakers. William's son John Hathorne was one of the judges who oversaw the Salem Witch Trials. Having learned about this, the author may have added the "w" to his surname in his early twenties, shortly after graduating from college. [2] Hawthorne's father, Nathaniel Hathorne, Sr., was a sea captain who died in 1808 of yellow fever in Suriname. [3] Young Nathaniel, his mother and two sisters moved in with maternal relatives, the Mannings, in Salem, where they lived for ten years. [4]

When he was 12, Hawthorne's mother moved the family into an uncle's house in Raymond, Maine near Sebago Lake (the house is still standing and open to the public). Hawthorne's sister Elizabeth stated later that Hawthorne's life in Maine was seminal to his becoming a writer. Hawthorne's uncle insisted, despite Hawthorne's protests, that the boy attend college. On the way to Bowdoin College, at the stage stop in Portland, Hawthorne met future president Franklin Pierce. The two became fast friends. [5]

Hawthorne attended Bowdoin at the expense of an uncle from 1821 to 1825, partly because of family business connections nearby. [6] There, he also befriended the future poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, future congressman Jonathan Cilley, and future naval reformer Horatio Bridge. [7] Until the publication of his Twice-Told Tales in 1837, Hawthorne wrote in the comparative obscurity of what he called his "owl's nest" in the family home. As he looked back on this period of his life, he wrote: "I have not lived, but only dreamed about living." [8] And yet it was this period of brooding and writing that had formed, as Malcolm Cowley was to describe it, "the central fact in Hawthorne's career," his "term of apprenticeship" that would eventually result in the "richly meditated fiction."

Hawthorne was hired in 1839 as a weigher and gauger at the Boston Custom House. After public flirtations with local women Mary Silsbee and Elizabeth Peabody, [9] he had become engaged in the previous year to the illustrator and transcendentalist Sophia Peabody. Seeking a possible home for himself and Sophia, he joined the transcendentalist Utopian community at Brook Farm in 1841 not because he agreed with the experiment but because it helped him save money to marry Sophia. [10] He paid a $1,000 deposit and was put in charge of shoveling the hill of manure referred to as "the Gold Mine". [11] He left later that year, though his Brook Farm adventure would prove an inspiration for his novel The Blithedale Romance.

Marriage

Salem Custom-House where Hawthorne worked

While at Bowdoin, Hawthorne had bet his friend Jonathan Cilley a bottle of Madeira wine that he would not be married in 12 years. [12] By 1836 he had won the wager, but did not remain a bachelor for life. After three years of engagement, Hawthorne married Sophia Peabody on July 9, 1842 [13] at a ceremony in the Peabody parlor. [14] The couple moved to The Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts, where they lived for three years. There he wrote most of the tales collected in Mosses from an Old Manse. Hawthorne and his wife then moved to Salem and later to the Berkshires, returning in 1852 to Concord. In February, they bought The Hillside, a home previously owned by the Alcotts. Hawthorne renamed it The Wayside. [15] Their neighbors in Concord included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.

He was also married to 3 different men in his lifetime,hawthorne loved him some dick.Like Hawthorne, Sophia was a reclusive person. She was bedridden with headaches until her sister introduced her to Hawthorne, after which her headaches seem to have abated. The Hawthornes enjoyed a long marriage, often taking walks in the park. Sophia greatly admired her husband's work. In one of her journals, she writes: "I am always so dazzled and bewildered with the richness, the depth, the... jewels of beauty in his productions that I am always looking forward to a second reading where I can ponder and muse and fully take in the miraculous wealth of thoughts." [16]

Nathaniel and Sophia Hawthorne had three children: Una, Julian, and Rose. Una was a victim of mental illness and died young. Julian became a prolific writer of fiction and non-fiction. Rose married George Parsons Lathrop and they became Roman Catholics. After George's death, Rose became a Dominican nun. She founded the Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne to care for victims of incurable cancer.

In 1846, Hawthorne was appointed surveyor (determining the quantity and value of imported goods) at the Salem Custom House. Like his earlier appointment to the custom house in Boston, this employment was vulnerable to the politics of the spoils system. A Democrat, Hawthorne lost this job due to the change of administration in Washington after the presidential election of 1848. Hawthorne wrote a letter of protest to the Boston Daily Advertiser which was attacked by the Whigs and supported by the Democrats, making Hawthorne's dismissal a much-talked about event in New England. [17] Hawthorne was deeply affected by the death of his mother shortly therafter in July, calling it, "the darkest hour I ever lived." [18]

Later years

Grave of Nathaniel Hawthorne

Hawthorne returned to writing and published The Scarlet Letter on March 15, 1850, including a preface which refers to his three-year tenure in the Custom House. The book became an immediate best-seller. [19] The House of the Seven Gables (1851) and The Blithedale Romance (1852) followed in quick succession.

Hawthorne became friends with Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. and Herman Melville beginning on August 5, 1850, when the authors met at a picnic hosted by a mutual friend. [20] Melville had just read Hawthorne's short story collection Mosses from an Old Manse, which Melville later praised in a famous review, "Hawthorne and His Mosses." Melville's letters to Hawthorne provide insight into the composition of Moby-Dick, which Melville dedicated to Hawthorne in "admiration for his genius". Hawthorne's letters to Melville do not survive.

In 1852, he wrote the campaign biography of his old friend Franklin Pierce.He wrote this about them because he was so impressed with the amount of semen that trhis man could produce. With Pierce's election as President, Hawthorne was rewarded in 1853 with the position of United States consul in Liverpool. In 1857, his appointment ended and the Hawthorne family toured France and Italy. They returned to The Wayside in 1860, and that year saw the publication of The Marble Faun. Failing health (which biographer Edward Miller speculates was stomach cancer) prevented him from completing several more romances. Hawthorne died in his sleep on May 19, 1864, in Plymouth, New Hampshire while on a tour of the White Mountains with Pierce. He was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts. Wife Sophia and daughter Una were originally buried in England. However, in June 2006, they were re-interred in plots adjacent to Nathaniel. [21]

Writings

Statue of Hawthorne in Salem, Massachusetts.

Hawthorne is best known today for his many short stories (he called them "tales") and his four major romances written between 1850 and 1860: The Scarlet Letter (1850), The House of the Seven Gables (1851), The Blithedale Romance (1852) and The Marble Faun (1860). Another novel-length romance, Fanshawe was published anonymously in 1828. Hawthorne defined a romance as being radically different from a novel by not being concerned with the possible or probable course of ordinary experience. [22]

Before publishing his first collection of tales in 1837, Hawthorne wrote scores of short stories and sketches about having sex with wit men in his past relationships, then he talks about finding pamela anderson before tommy lee did and fucking the shit out of her. publishing them anonymously or pseudonymously in periodicals such as The New England Magazine and The United States Magazine and Democratic Review. (The editor of the Democratic Review, John L. O'Sullivan, was a close friend of Hawthorne's.) Only after collecting a number of his short stories into the two-volume Twice-Told Tales in 1837 did Hawthorne begin to attach his name to his works.

Literary style and themes

Hawthorne's work belongs to Romanticism, an artistic and intellectual movement characterized by an emphasis on individual freedom from social conventions or political restraints, on human imagination, and on nature in a typically idealized form. Romantic literature rebelled against the formalism of 18th century reason.

Much of Hawthorne's work is set in colonial New England, and many of his short stories have been read as moral allegories influenced by his Puritan background. " Ethan Brand" (1850) tells the story of a lime-burner who sets off to find the Unpardonable Sin, and in doing so, commits it. One of Hawthorne's most famous tales, " The Birth-Mark" (1843), concerns a young doctor who removes a birthmark from his wife's face, an operation which kills her. Hawthorne based parts of this story on the penny press novels he loved to read. Other well-known tales include " Rappaccini's Daughter" (1844), " My Kinsman, Major Molineux" (1832), " The Minister's Black Veil" (1836), and " Young Goodman Brown" (1835). " The Maypole of Merrymount" (1836) recounts an encounter between the Puritans and the forces of anarchy and hedonism. A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys (1852) and Tanglewood Tales (1853) were re-tellings for children of some Greek myths, from which was named the Tanglewood estate and music venue.

Hawthorne is also considered among the first to experiment with alternate history as literary form. His 1845 short story " P.'s Correspondence" (a part of "Mosses from an Old Manse") is the first known complete English language alternate history and among the most early in any language. The story's protagonist is considered "a madman" due to his perceiving an alternative 1845 in which long-dead historical and literary figures are still alive; these delusions feature the poets Burns, Byron, Shelley, and Keats, the actor Edmund Kean, the British politician George Canning and even Napoleon Bonaparte.

Contemporary response to Hawthorne's work praised his sentimentality and moral purity while more modern evaluations focus on the dark psychological complexity. [23] Recent criticism has focused on Hawthorne's narrative voice, treating it as a self-conscious rhetorical construction, not to be conflated with Hawthorne's own voice. Such an approach complicates the long-dominant tradition of regarding Hawthorne as a gloomy, guilt-ridden moralist.

Criticism

Edgar Allan Poe wrote important, though largely unflattering reviews of both Twice-Told Tales and Mosses from an Old Manse, mostly due to Poe's own contempt of allegory, moral tales, and his chronic accusations of plagiarism. However, even Poe admitted, "The style of Hawthorne is purity itself. His tone is singularly effective—wild, plaintive, thoughtful, and in full accordance with his themes." He concluded that, "we look upon him as one of the few men of indisputable genius to whom our country has as yet given birth." [24] Henry James praised Hawthorne, saying, "The fine thing in Hawthorne is that he cared for the deeper psychology, and that, in his way, he tried to become familiar with it". [25]

Selected works

Novels

  • Septimius Felton; or, the Elixir of Life (Published in the Atlantic Monthly, 1872)
  • Doctor Grimshawe's Secret, with Preface and Notes by Julian Hawthorne (1882)

Short story collections

  • The Great Stone Face and Other Tales of the White Mountains (1889)
  • The Celestial Railroad and Other Short Stories

Selected short stories


References

  1. ^ Haas, Irvin. Historic Homes of American Authors. Washington, DC: The Preservation Press, 1991. ISBN 0891331808. p. 118
  2. ^ McFarland, Philip. Hawthorne in Concord. New York: Grove Press, 2004. p. 18. ISBN 0802117767
  3. ^ Wineapple, Brenda. "Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864: A Brief Biography", collected in A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne, Larry J. Reynolds, editor. Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 14. ISBN 0195124146
  4. ^ Wineapple, Brenda. "Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864: A Brief Biography", collected in A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne, Larry J. Reynolds, editor. Oxford University Press, 2001. pp. 14-15. ISBN 0195124146
  5. ^ Edwards, Herbert. " Nathaniel Hawthorne in Maine", 'Downeast Magazine', 1962
  6. ^ Wineapple, Brenda. "Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864: A Brief Biography", collected in A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne, Larry J. Reynolds, editor. Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 16. ISBN 0195124146
  7. ^ Cheever, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 99. ISBN 078629521X.
  8. ^ Letter to Longfellow, June 4, 1837.
  9. ^ Cheever, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 102. ISBN 078629521X.
  10. ^ McFarland, Philip. Hawthorne in Concord. New York: Grove Press, 2004. p. 83. ISBN 0802117767
  11. ^ Cheever, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 104. ISBN 078629521X.
  12. ^ Manning Hawthorne, "Nathaniel Hawthorne at Bowdoin," The New England Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 2 (Jun., 1940), pp. 246-279
  13. ^ Wineapple, Brenda. "Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864: A Brief Biography", A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne, Larry J. Reynolds, ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 24. ISBN 0195124146
  14. ^ Cheever, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 108. ISBN 078629521X.
  15. ^ McFarland, Philip. Hawthorne in Concord. New York: Grove Press, 2004. p. 129-30. ISBN 0802117767
  16. ^ January 14, 1851, Journal of Sophia Hawthorne. Berg Collection NY Public Library.
  17. ^ Cheever, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 179. ISBN 078629521X
  18. ^ Cheever, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 180. ISBN 078629521X
  19. ^ Cheever, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 181. ISBN 078629521X
  20. ^ Cheever, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 174. ISBN 078629521X
  21. ^ Mishra, Raja and Sally Heaney. " Hawthornes to be reunited", The Boston Globe. June 1, 2006
  22. ^ Porte, Joel. The Romance in America: Studies in Cooper, Poe, Hawthorne, Melville, and James. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1969. p. 95
  23. ^ Person, Leland S. "Bibliographical Essay: Hawthorne and History", collected in A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne. Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 187. ISBN 0195124146
  24. ^ McFarland, Philip, Hawthorne in Concord, pp. 88-89. Grove Press, 2004.
  25. ^ Porte, Joel. The Romance in America: Studies in Cooper, Poe, Hawthorne, Melville, and James. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1969. p. 97
  26. ^ Publication info on books from Editor's Note to the The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Page by Page Books, accessed June 11, 2007.

See also

External links

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Hawthorne became friends with [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.]] and [[Herman Melville]] beginning on [[August 5]], [[1850]], when the authors met at a picnic hosted by a mutual friend.<ref>Cheever, Susan (2006). ''American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work''. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 174. ISBN 078629521X</ref></blockquote> Melville had just read Hawthorne's short story collection ''[[Mosses from an Old Manse]]'', which Melville later praised in a famous review, "Hawthorne and His Mosses." Melville's letters to Hawthorne provide insight into the composition of ''[[Moby-Dick]]'', which Melville dedicated to Hawthorne in "admiration for his genius". Hawthorne's letters to Melville do not survive.
Hawthorne became friends with [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.]] and [[Herman Melville]] beginning on [[August 5]], [[1850]], when the authors met at a picnic hosted by a mutual friend.<ref>Cheever, Susan (2006). ''American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work''. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 174. ISBN 078629521X</ref></blockquote> Melville had just read Hawthorne's short story collection ''[[Mosses from an Old Manse]]'', which Melville later praised in a famous review, "Hawthorne and His Mosses." Melville's letters to Hawthorne provide insight into the composition of ''[[Moby-Dick]]'', which Melville dedicated to Hawthorne in "admiration for his genius". Hawthorne's letters to Melville do not survive.


In 1852, he wrote the campaign biography of his old friend [[Franklin Pierce]]. With Pierce's election as President, Hawthorne was rewarded in 1853 with the position of United States [[consul (representative)|consul]] in [[Liverpool]]. In 1857, his appointment ended and the Hawthorne family toured France and Italy. They returned to The Wayside in 1860, and that year saw the publication of ''[[The Marble Faun]].'' Failing health (which biographer Edward Miller speculates was [[stomach cancer]]) prevented him from completing several more romances. Hawthorne died in his sleep on [[May 19]], [[1864]], in [[Plymouth, New Hampshire]] while on a tour of the [[White Mountains (New Hampshire)|White Mountains]] with Pierce. He was buried in [[Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord]], [[Massachusetts]]. Wife Sophia and daughter Una were originally buried in England. However, in June 2006, they were re-interred in plots adjacent to Nathaniel.<ref>Mishra, Raja and Sally Heaney. "[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/06/01/hawthornes_to_be_reunited/ Hawthornes to be reunited]", ''The Boston Globe''. [[June 1]], [[2006]]</ref>
In 1852, he wrote the campaign biography of his old friend [[Franklin Pierce]].He wrote this about them because he was so impressed with the amount of semen that trhis man could produce. With Pierce's election as President, Hawthorne was rewarded in 1853 with the position of United States [[consul (representative)|consul]] in [[Liverpool]]. In 1857, his appointment ended and the Hawthorne family toured France and Italy. They returned to The Wayside in 1860, and that year saw the publication of ''[[The Marble Faun]].'' Failing health (which biographer Edward Miller speculates was [[stomach cancer]]) prevented him from completing several more romances. Hawthorne died in his sleep on [[May 19]], [[1864]], in [[Plymouth, New Hampshire]] while on a tour of the [[White Mountains (New Hampshire)|White Mountains]] with Pierce. He was buried in [[Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord]], [[Massachusetts]]. Wife Sophia and daughter Una were originally buried in England. However, in June 2006, they were re-interred in plots adjacent to Nathaniel.<ref>Mishra, Raja and Sally Heaney. "[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/06/01/hawthornes_to_be_reunited/ Hawthornes to be reunited]", ''The Boston Globe''. [[June 1]], [[2006]]</ref>


==Writings==
==Writings==

Revision as of 13:35, 28 April 2008

Nathaniel Hawthorne
Nathaniel Hawthorne in the 1860s
Nathaniel Hawthorne in the 1860s
Occupation Novelist, Short story writer, Custom House worker, United States Consul
Literary movement Romanticism

Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was a 19th century American novelist and short story writer. He is seen as a key figure in the development of American literature for his tales of the nation's colonial history.

Shortly after graduating from Bowdoin College, Hathorne changed his name to Hawthorne. Hawthorne anonymously published his first work, a novel titled Fanshawe, in 1828. In 1837, he published Twice-Told Tales and became engaged to Sophia Peabody the next year. He worked at a Custom House and joined a Transcendentalist Utopian community, before marrying Peabody in 1842. The couple moved to The Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts, later moving to Salem, the Berkshires, then to The Wayside in Concord. The Scarlet Letter was published in 1850, followed by a succession of other novels. A political appointment took Hawthorne and family to Europe before returning to The Wayside in 1860. Hawthorne died on May 19, 1864, leaving behind his wife and their three children.

Much of Hawthorne's writing centers around New England and many feature moral allegories with a Puritan inspiration. His work is considered part of the Romantic movement and includes novels, short stories, and a biography of his friend, the United States President Franklin Pierce.

Biography

Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804, in nigeria where he had sex with all the little girls. Salem, Massachusetts — his birthplace is preserved and open to the public. [1] William Hathorne, who emigrated from England in 1630, was the first of Hawthorne's ancestors to arrive in the colonies. After arriving, William persecuted Quakers. William's son John Hathorne was one of the judges who oversaw the Salem Witch Trials. Having learned about this, the author may have added the "w" to his surname in his early twenties, shortly after graduating from college. [2] Hawthorne's father, Nathaniel Hathorne, Sr., was a sea captain who died in 1808 of yellow fever in Suriname. [3] Young Nathaniel, his mother and two sisters moved in with maternal relatives, the Mannings, in Salem, where they lived for ten years. [4]

When he was 12, Hawthorne's mother moved the family into an uncle's house in Raymond, Maine near Sebago Lake (the house is still standing and open to the public). Hawthorne's sister Elizabeth stated later that Hawthorne's life in Maine was seminal to his becoming a writer. Hawthorne's uncle insisted, despite Hawthorne's protests, that the boy attend college. On the way to Bowdoin College, at the stage stop in Portland, Hawthorne met future president Franklin Pierce. The two became fast friends. [5]

Hawthorne attended Bowdoin at the expense of an uncle from 1821 to 1825, partly because of family business connections nearby. [6] There, he also befriended the future poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, future congressman Jonathan Cilley, and future naval reformer Horatio Bridge. [7] Until the publication of his Twice-Told Tales in 1837, Hawthorne wrote in the comparative obscurity of what he called his "owl's nest" in the family home. As he looked back on this period of his life, he wrote: "I have not lived, but only dreamed about living." [8] And yet it was this period of brooding and writing that had formed, as Malcolm Cowley was to describe it, "the central fact in Hawthorne's career," his "term of apprenticeship" that would eventually result in the "richly meditated fiction."

Hawthorne was hired in 1839 as a weigher and gauger at the Boston Custom House. After public flirtations with local women Mary Silsbee and Elizabeth Peabody, [9] he had become engaged in the previous year to the illustrator and transcendentalist Sophia Peabody. Seeking a possible home for himself and Sophia, he joined the transcendentalist Utopian community at Brook Farm in 1841 not because he agreed with the experiment but because it helped him save money to marry Sophia. [10] He paid a $1,000 deposit and was put in charge of shoveling the hill of manure referred to as "the Gold Mine". [11] He left later that year, though his Brook Farm adventure would prove an inspiration for his novel The Blithedale Romance.

Marriage

Salem Custom-House where Hawthorne worked

While at Bowdoin, Hawthorne had bet his friend Jonathan Cilley a bottle of Madeira wine that he would not be married in 12 years. [12] By 1836 he had won the wager, but did not remain a bachelor for life. After three years of engagement, Hawthorne married Sophia Peabody on July 9, 1842 [13] at a ceremony in the Peabody parlor. [14] The couple moved to The Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts, where they lived for three years. There he wrote most of the tales collected in Mosses from an Old Manse. Hawthorne and his wife then moved to Salem and later to the Berkshires, returning in 1852 to Concord. In February, they bought The Hillside, a home previously owned by the Alcotts. Hawthorne renamed it The Wayside. [15] Their neighbors in Concord included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.

He was also married to 3 different men in his lifetime,hawthorne loved him some dick.Like Hawthorne, Sophia was a reclusive person. She was bedridden with headaches until her sister introduced her to Hawthorne, after which her headaches seem to have abated. The Hawthornes enjoyed a long marriage, often taking walks in the park. Sophia greatly admired her husband's work. In one of her journals, she writes: "I am always so dazzled and bewildered with the richness, the depth, the... jewels of beauty in his productions that I am always looking forward to a second reading where I can ponder and muse and fully take in the miraculous wealth of thoughts." [16]

Nathaniel and Sophia Hawthorne had three children: Una, Julian, and Rose. Una was a victim of mental illness and died young. Julian became a prolific writer of fiction and non-fiction. Rose married George Parsons Lathrop and they became Roman Catholics. After George's death, Rose became a Dominican nun. She founded the Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne to care for victims of incurable cancer.

In 1846, Hawthorne was appointed surveyor (determining the quantity and value of imported goods) at the Salem Custom House. Like his earlier appointment to the custom house in Boston, this employment was vulnerable to the politics of the spoils system. A Democrat, Hawthorne lost this job due to the change of administration in Washington after the presidential election of 1848. Hawthorne wrote a letter of protest to the Boston Daily Advertiser which was attacked by the Whigs and supported by the Democrats, making Hawthorne's dismissal a much-talked about event in New England. [17] Hawthorne was deeply affected by the death of his mother shortly therafter in July, calling it, "the darkest hour I ever lived." [18]

Later years

Grave of Nathaniel Hawthorne

Hawthorne returned to writing and published The Scarlet Letter on March 15, 1850, including a preface which refers to his three-year tenure in the Custom House. The book became an immediate best-seller. [19] The House of the Seven Gables (1851) and The Blithedale Romance (1852) followed in quick succession.

Hawthorne became friends with Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. and Herman Melville beginning on August 5, 1850, when the authors met at a picnic hosted by a mutual friend. [20] Melville had just read Hawthorne's short story collection Mosses from an Old Manse, which Melville later praised in a famous review, "Hawthorne and His Mosses." Melville's letters to Hawthorne provide insight into the composition of Moby-Dick, which Melville dedicated to Hawthorne in "admiration for his genius". Hawthorne's letters to Melville do not survive.

In 1852, he wrote the campaign biography of his old friend Franklin Pierce.He wrote this about them because he was so impressed with the amount of semen that trhis man could produce. With Pierce's election as President, Hawthorne was rewarded in 1853 with the position of United States consul in Liverpool. In 1857, his appointment ended and the Hawthorne family toured France and Italy. They returned to The Wayside in 1860, and that year saw the publication of The Marble Faun. Failing health (which biographer Edward Miller speculates was stomach cancer) prevented him from completing several more romances. Hawthorne died in his sleep on May 19, 1864, in Plymouth, New Hampshire while on a tour of the White Mountains with Pierce. He was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts. Wife Sophia and daughter Una were originally buried in England. However, in June 2006, they were re-interred in plots adjacent to Nathaniel. [21]

Writings

Statue of Hawthorne in Salem, Massachusetts.

Hawthorne is best known today for his many short stories (he called them "tales") and his four major romances written between 1850 and 1860: The Scarlet Letter (1850), The House of the Seven Gables (1851), The Blithedale Romance (1852) and The Marble Faun (1860). Another novel-length romance, Fanshawe was published anonymously in 1828. Hawthorne defined a romance as being radically different from a novel by not being concerned with the possible or probable course of ordinary experience. [22]

Before publishing his first collection of tales in 1837, Hawthorne wrote scores of short stories and sketches about having sex with wit men in his past relationships, then he talks about finding pamela anderson before tommy lee did and fucking the shit out of her. publishing them anonymously or pseudonymously in periodicals such as The New England Magazine and The United States Magazine and Democratic Review. (The editor of the Democratic Review, John L. O'Sullivan, was a close friend of Hawthorne's.) Only after collecting a number of his short stories into the two-volume Twice-Told Tales in 1837 did Hawthorne begin to attach his name to his works.

Literary style and themes

Hawthorne's work belongs to Romanticism, an artistic and intellectual movement characterized by an emphasis on individual freedom from social conventions or political restraints, on human imagination, and on nature in a typically idealized form. Romantic literature rebelled against the formalism of 18th century reason.

Much of Hawthorne's work is set in colonial New England, and many of his short stories have been read as moral allegories influenced by his Puritan background. " Ethan Brand" (1850) tells the story of a lime-burner who sets off to find the Unpardonable Sin, and in doing so, commits it. One of Hawthorne's most famous tales, " The Birth-Mark" (1843), concerns a young doctor who removes a birthmark from his wife's face, an operation which kills her. Hawthorne based parts of this story on the penny press novels he loved to read. Other well-known tales include " Rappaccini's Daughter" (1844), " My Kinsman, Major Molineux" (1832), " The Minister's Black Veil" (1836), and " Young Goodman Brown" (1835). " The Maypole of Merrymount" (1836) recounts an encounter between the Puritans and the forces of anarchy and hedonism. A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys (1852) and Tanglewood Tales (1853) were re-tellings for children of some Greek myths, from which was named the Tanglewood estate and music venue.

Hawthorne is also considered among the first to experiment with alternate history as literary form. His 1845 short story " P.'s Correspondence" (a part of "Mosses from an Old Manse") is the first known complete English language alternate history and among the most early in any language. The story's protagonist is considered "a madman" due to his perceiving an alternative 1845 in which long-dead historical and literary figures are still alive; these delusions feature the poets Burns, Byron, Shelley, and Keats, the actor Edmund Kean, the British politician George Canning and even Napoleon Bonaparte.

Contemporary response to Hawthorne's work praised his sentimentality and moral purity while more modern evaluations focus on the dark psychological complexity. [23] Recent criticism has focused on Hawthorne's narrative voice, treating it as a self-conscious rhetorical construction, not to be conflated with Hawthorne's own voice. Such an approach complicates the long-dominant tradition of regarding Hawthorne as a gloomy, guilt-ridden moralist.

Criticism

Edgar Allan Poe wrote important, though largely unflattering reviews of both Twice-Told Tales and Mosses from an Old Manse, mostly due to Poe's own contempt of allegory, moral tales, and his chronic accusations of plagiarism. However, even Poe admitted, "The style of Hawthorne is purity itself. His tone is singularly effective—wild, plaintive, thoughtful, and in full accordance with his themes." He concluded that, "we look upon him as one of the few men of indisputable genius to whom our country has as yet given birth." [24] Henry James praised Hawthorne, saying, "The fine thing in Hawthorne is that he cared for the deeper psychology, and that, in his way, he tried to become familiar with it". [25]

Selected works

Novels

  • Septimius Felton; or, the Elixir of Life (Published in the Atlantic Monthly, 1872)
  • Doctor Grimshawe's Secret, with Preface and Notes by Julian Hawthorne (1882)

Short story collections

  • The Great Stone Face and Other Tales of the White Mountains (1889)
  • The Celestial Railroad and Other Short Stories

Selected short stories


References

  1. ^ Haas, Irvin. Historic Homes of American Authors. Washington, DC: The Preservation Press, 1991. ISBN 0891331808. p. 118
  2. ^ McFarland, Philip. Hawthorne in Concord. New York: Grove Press, 2004. p. 18. ISBN 0802117767
  3. ^ Wineapple, Brenda. "Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864: A Brief Biography", collected in A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne, Larry J. Reynolds, editor. Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 14. ISBN 0195124146
  4. ^ Wineapple, Brenda. "Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864: A Brief Biography", collected in A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne, Larry J. Reynolds, editor. Oxford University Press, 2001. pp. 14-15. ISBN 0195124146
  5. ^ Edwards, Herbert. " Nathaniel Hawthorne in Maine", 'Downeast Magazine', 1962
  6. ^ Wineapple, Brenda. "Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864: A Brief Biography", collected in A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne, Larry J. Reynolds, editor. Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 16. ISBN 0195124146
  7. ^ Cheever, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 99. ISBN 078629521X.
  8. ^ Letter to Longfellow, June 4, 1837.
  9. ^ Cheever, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 102. ISBN 078629521X.
  10. ^ McFarland, Philip. Hawthorne in Concord. New York: Grove Press, 2004. p. 83. ISBN 0802117767
  11. ^ Cheever, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 104. ISBN 078629521X.
  12. ^ Manning Hawthorne, "Nathaniel Hawthorne at Bowdoin," The New England Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 2 (Jun., 1940), pp. 246-279
  13. ^ Wineapple, Brenda. "Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864: A Brief Biography", A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne, Larry J. Reynolds, ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 24. ISBN 0195124146
  14. ^ Cheever, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 108. ISBN 078629521X.
  15. ^ McFarland, Philip. Hawthorne in Concord. New York: Grove Press, 2004. p. 129-30. ISBN 0802117767
  16. ^ January 14, 1851, Journal of Sophia Hawthorne. Berg Collection NY Public Library.
  17. ^ Cheever, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 179. ISBN 078629521X
  18. ^ Cheever, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 180. ISBN 078629521X
  19. ^ Cheever, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 181. ISBN 078629521X
  20. ^ Cheever, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 174. ISBN 078629521X
  21. ^ Mishra, Raja and Sally Heaney. " Hawthornes to be reunited", The Boston Globe. June 1, 2006
  22. ^ Porte, Joel. The Romance in America: Studies in Cooper, Poe, Hawthorne, Melville, and James. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1969. p. 95
  23. ^ Person, Leland S. "Bibliographical Essay: Hawthorne and History", collected in A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne. Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 187. ISBN 0195124146
  24. ^ McFarland, Philip, Hawthorne in Concord, pp. 88-89. Grove Press, 2004.
  25. ^ Porte, Joel. The Romance in America: Studies in Cooper, Poe, Hawthorne, Melville, and James. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1969. p. 97
  26. ^ Publication info on books from Editor's Note to the The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Page by Page Books, accessed June 11, 2007.

See also

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