N. T. Rama Rao (1923–1996), commonly known by his initials NTR, was an Indian actor, screenwriter, director and producer who worked primarily in
Telugu cinema. Through his over four-decade long career of almost 300 films, he was considered one of the most pivotal figures of the Telugu industry.[1][2] After his debut in Mana Desam (1949) and his first lead role in Palletoori Pilla (1950), Rama Rao's performance in the
fantasy filmPathala Bhairavi (1951) made him famous.[3][4][5] His other films with
Vijaya Vauhini Studios, Malliswari (1951) and Pelli Chesi Choodu (1952), were also successful, causing him to become the industry's "top star" according to Ashish Rajadhyaksha and
Paul Willemen in the book Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema.[6] He also took his first steps into film production by forming the National Art Theatre production studio in 1953.[7]
Through the 1960s, Rama Rao became well known for his work in mythological films.[3][8] After a poorly-received cameo as
Krishna in Sonta Ooru (1956), his portrayal of the god in the
epicMayabazar (1957) won him praise.[9][10] Rama Rao would go on to play Krishna in sixteen other films, with the role quickly becoming iconic for him.[11] In 1958's Bhookailas, he played the demon king
Ravana to critical acclaim, which was an unprecedented turn for an actor who had mostly played heroic roles up to that point.[12][13] In the wake of its success, Rama Rao reprised the role in his successful directorial debut Seeta Rama Kalyanam (1961).[14][15] By then, his performances, particularly his portrayal of
Venkateswara in Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam the year before, caused some of his fans to ascribe divine status to the point that pilgrims would visit Rama Rao's house after going to
the deity's temple.[3][16][17][a]
Later in his career, Rama Rao shifted his focus to social melodramas and vigilante films.[19][20] He also delved deeper into filmmaking, forming
Ramakrishna Cine Studios in 1976.[21] The following year, Rama Rao wrote, directed and produced the first film under this banner, Daana Veera Soora Karna.[22] The film, where he played three characters of the Hindu epic
Mahabharata, namely
Karna,
Duryodhana and Krishna, was a commercial success and became the first Telugu film to gross over ₹2
crore (20 million); as a result, it has been considered his magnum opus.[3][23][24] With his adoption of a new, youthful image in his other roles that year also becoming popular with audiences, 1977 has been considered Rama Rao's annus mirabilis.[25][26]
He would continue starring in vigilante films, often with themes of rebellion against a corrupt system and dual "old-young" hero roles, which were box-office hits despite being considered cheesy and over-the-top by critics.[27] After Rama Rao entered politics in 1982, he started to withdraw from the film industry.[28] Having become
Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh in 1983, he took a six-year break during his first two terms, with his last role beforehand being 17th century fortune teller
Potuluri Veerabrahmam in Srimadvirat Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitra (1984).[17][29] Near the end of his second term, he controversially re-entered cinema by starting production of his next film Brahmarshi Viswamitra (1991) while still in office.[30] Both this film and his following production Samrat Ashoka (1992) failed to reinvigorate his career.[31] Rama Rao's final two films were released the year after, with Major Chandrakanth becoming a "sensational hit" and Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhoumudu flopping at the box office despite being critically praised.[32]
^In Maverick Messiah, journalist Ramesh Kandula criticises the claim that Rama Rao's fans considered him godly as sensationalism and states that pilgrims who visited his house did not worship him.[18]
^
abcdefghijklRama Rao played a single character with two or more names.
^"వద్దంటే డబ్బు" [Vaddante Dabbu] (PDF). Zamin Ryot (in Telugu). Nellore. 26 February 1954. p. 10.
Archived(PDF) from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
^Iddaru Pellalu (motion picture) (in Telugu). Telugu Movies (Volga Video). 30 January 2014.
Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
^Sri Gowri Mahatyam (motion picture) (in Telugu). Ganesh Videos. 12 November 2014.
Archived from the original on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
^Penki Pellam (motion picture) (in Telugu).
Shemaroo Telugu. 5 June 2015.
Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
^Charana Daasi (motion picture) (in Telugu). Movie Time Cinema. 22 December 2014.
Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
^Vinayaka Chavithi (motion picture) (in Telugu). Divya Media. 31 December 2015.
Archived from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
^Bhale Ammayilu (motion picture) (in Telugu). TeluguOne. 21 February 2012.
Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
^
abSati Anasuya (motion picture) (in Telugu). iDream Media. 14 October 2014.
Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
^Karthavarayuni Katha (motion picture) (in Telugu). TVNXT Telugu. 30 March 2018.
Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
^Manikyeswari, C. V. R. (21 September 2019).
"ఫ్లాష్ బ్యాక్ @ 50 – దైవ బలం" [Flash Back @ 50 – Daiva Balam]. Andhra Bhoomi (in Telugu).
Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
^Banda Ramudu (motion picture) (in Telugu). Telugu Movies (Volga Video). 19 August 2014.
Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
^Vimala (motion picture) (in Telugu). Telugu Movies (Volga Video). 3 October 2013.
Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
^Kadeddulu Ekaram Nela (motion picture) (in Telugu). Telugu Movie Cafe. 9 March 2019.
Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
^Intiki Deepam Illale (motion picture) (in Telugu). iDream Media. 27 January 2014.
Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
^Radhakrishna (14 May 1961).
"సమీక్ష: పెండ్లి పిలుపు" [Review: Pendli Pilupu]. Andhra Prabha (in Telugu). p. 8.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
^"సమీక్ష: జనతా చిత్రం "శాంత"" [Review: People's Picture "Shantha"] (PDF). Zamin Ryot (in Telugu). Nellore. 28 July 1961. p. 8.
Archived(PDF) from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
^Sarodha (22 October 1961).
"సమీక్ష: టాక్సీరాముడు" [Review: Taxi Ramudu]. Andhra Prabha (in Telugu). p. 8.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
^Radhakrishna (18 February 1962).
"గాలిమేడలు చిత్రసమీక్ష" [Gaali Medalu Film Review]. Andhra Prabha (in Telugu). Chitoor. p. 8.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
^Radhakrishna (18 May 1962).
"చిత్రసమీక్ష: దక్షయజ్ఞం" [Film Review: Dakshayagnam]. Andhra Prabha (in Telugu). Vijayawada. p. 6.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
^Radhakrishna (18 May 1962).
"చిత్రసమీక్ష: స్వరణమంజరి" [Film Review: Swarna Manjari]. Andhra Prabha (in Telugu). Vijayawada. p. 6.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
^D. K. N. (6 January 1963).
"సినిమాసమీక్ష: ఇరుగు పొరుగు" [Cinema Review: Irugu Porugu]. Andhra Patrika (in Telugu). Madras. p. 10.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^Rardhakrishna (10 February 1963).
"చిత్రసమీక్ష: పెంపుడుకూతురు" [Film Review: Pempudu Koothuru]. Andhra Prabha (in Telugu). p. 10.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^Sharada (15 February 1963).
"వాల్మీకి" [Valmiki] (PDF). Zamin Ryot (in Telugu). Nellore. p. 9.
Archived(PDF) from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
^Sharada (28 July 1961).
"పరువు-ప్రతిష్" [Paruvu-Prathishta] (PDF). Zamin Ryot (in Telugu). Nellore. p. 9.
Archived(PDF) from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
^Aapta Mitrulu (motion picture) (in Telugu). TVNXT Telugu. 12 September 2019.
Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
^D. K. N. (18 August 1963).
"సినిమాసమీక్ష: బందిపోటు" [Cinema Review: Bandipotu]. Andhra Patrika (in Telugu). Madras. p. 10.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^Radhakrishna (13 October 1963).
"శ్రీ తిరుపతమ్మ కథ" [Sri Tirupatamma Katha]. Visalaandhra (in Telugu). Vijayawada. p. 6.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
^"గుడిగంటలు" [Gudi Gantalu]. Visalaandhra (in Telugu). 19 January 1964. p. 6.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
^"మర్మయోగి" [Marmayogi]. Visalaandhra (in Telugu). 23 February 1964. p. 6.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
^"'కలవారి కోడలు'" ['Kalavari Kodalu']. Visalaandhra (in Telugu). Vol. 14, no. 6. Vijayawada. 22 March 1964. p. 6.
Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
^Thurlapati (12 July 1964).
"శ్రీ సత్యనారాయణ మహత్యము" [Sri Satyanarayana Mahathyam]. Visalaandhra (in Telugu).
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
^Radhakrishna (29 November 1964).
"చిత్రసమీక్ష: వారసత్వం" [Film Review: Vaarasatwam]. Andhra Prabha (in Telugu). p. 8.
Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^Prakasham, Vasiraju (30 April 1965).
"సత్య హరిశ్చంద్ర 'సమీక్ష'" [Satya Harischandra 'Review']. Andhra Patrika (in Telugu).
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
^Thurlapati (27 March 1966).
"చిత్ర సమీక్ష: శకుంతల" [Film review: Sakuntala]. Andhra Jyothi (in Telugu).
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
^V., T. (23 September 1966).
"పిడుగు రాముడు" [Pidugu Ramudu]. Andhra Sachitra Vaara Patrika.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
^Yashodhara (3 October 1966).
"అడుగు జాడలు" [Adugu Jaadalu]. Visalaandhra.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
^Thurlapati (16 October 1966).
"డాక్టర్ ఆనంద్" [Doctor Anand]. Andhra Jyothi.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
^Krishna, Radha (22 January 1967).
"గోపాలుడు భూపాలుడు" [Gopaludu Bhoopaludu]. Andhra Prabha.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
^Krishna, Radha (1 March 1967).
"నిర్దోషి" [Nirdoshi]. Andhra Prabha (in Telugu).
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
^Yashodhara (26 March 1967).
"కంచు కోట" [Kanchu Kota]. Visalaandhra (in Telugu).
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
^R., J. V. (22 April 1967).
"భువనసుందరి కథ" [Bhuvanasundari Katha]. Andhra Prabha (in Telugu).
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
^Yashodhara (26 April 1967).
"ఉమ్మడి కుటుంబం" [Ummadi Kutumbam]. Visalaandhra (in Telugu).
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
^Yashodhara (2 July 1967).
"సినిమా: భామ విజయం" [Cinema: Bhama Vijayam]. Visalaandhra (in Telugu).
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
^R., J. V. (20 August 1967).
"రూపవాణి: నిండు మనుషులు" [Roopavani: Nindu Manasulu]. Andhra Prabha (in Telugu).
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
^Srikanth (3 November 1967).
"సినిమా: పుణ్యవతి" [Cinema: Punyavathi]. Visalaandhra (in Telugu).
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
^Srikanth (24 December 1967).
"సినిమా: చిక్కడు దొరకడు" [Cinema: Chikkadu Dorakadu]. Visalaandhra (in Telugu).
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
^Manikyeswari, C. V. R. (23 November 2019).
"ఫ్లాష్ బ్యాక్ @ 50 – ఏకవీర" [Flash Back @ 50 – Ekaveera]. Andhra Bhoomi (in Telugu).
Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
^Jayadeva, Rentala (27 December 2020).
"అందరికీ ఒక్కడే దేవుడు!" [There is only one god for everyone!]. Sakshi (in Telugu).
Archived from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
^Venkatrao (17 January 1980).
"ఛాలెంజి రాముడు" [Challenge Ramudu]. Andhra Patrika (in Telugu). p. 4.
Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
^Palakodeti (11 May 1981).
"ఆటగాడు" [Aatagadu]. Sitara (in Telugu).
Ramoji Group. p. 17.
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^Shihari, Gudipudi (6 December 1981).
"మహాపురుషుడు" [Maha Purushudu]. Sitara (in Telugu).
Ramoji Group.
Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
N. T. Rama Rao (1923–1996), commonly known by his initials NTR, was an Indian actor, screenwriter, director and producer who worked primarily in
Telugu cinema. Through his over four-decade long career of almost 300 films, he was considered one of the most pivotal figures of the Telugu industry.[1][2] After his debut in Mana Desam (1949) and his first lead role in Palletoori Pilla (1950), Rama Rao's performance in the
fantasy filmPathala Bhairavi (1951) made him famous.[3][4][5] His other films with
Vijaya Vauhini Studios, Malliswari (1951) and Pelli Chesi Choodu (1952), were also successful, causing him to become the industry's "top star" according to Ashish Rajadhyaksha and
Paul Willemen in the book Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema.[6] He also took his first steps into film production by forming the National Art Theatre production studio in 1953.[7]
Through the 1960s, Rama Rao became well known for his work in mythological films.[3][8] After a poorly-received cameo as
Krishna in Sonta Ooru (1956), his portrayal of the god in the
epicMayabazar (1957) won him praise.[9][10] Rama Rao would go on to play Krishna in sixteen other films, with the role quickly becoming iconic for him.[11] In 1958's Bhookailas, he played the demon king
Ravana to critical acclaim, which was an unprecedented turn for an actor who had mostly played heroic roles up to that point.[12][13] In the wake of its success, Rama Rao reprised the role in his successful directorial debut Seeta Rama Kalyanam (1961).[14][15] By then, his performances, particularly his portrayal of
Venkateswara in Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam the year before, caused some of his fans to ascribe divine status to the point that pilgrims would visit Rama Rao's house after going to
the deity's temple.[3][16][17][a]
Later in his career, Rama Rao shifted his focus to social melodramas and vigilante films.[19][20] He also delved deeper into filmmaking, forming
Ramakrishna Cine Studios in 1976.[21] The following year, Rama Rao wrote, directed and produced the first film under this banner, Daana Veera Soora Karna.[22] The film, where he played three characters of the Hindu epic
Mahabharata, namely
Karna,
Duryodhana and Krishna, was a commercial success and became the first Telugu film to gross over ₹2
crore (20 million); as a result, it has been considered his magnum opus.[3][23][24] With his adoption of a new, youthful image in his other roles that year also becoming popular with audiences, 1977 has been considered Rama Rao's annus mirabilis.[25][26]
He would continue starring in vigilante films, often with themes of rebellion against a corrupt system and dual "old-young" hero roles, which were box-office hits despite being considered cheesy and over-the-top by critics.[27] After Rama Rao entered politics in 1982, he started to withdraw from the film industry.[28] Having become
Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh in 1983, he took a six-year break during his first two terms, with his last role beforehand being 17th century fortune teller
Potuluri Veerabrahmam in Srimadvirat Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitra (1984).[17][29] Near the end of his second term, he controversially re-entered cinema by starting production of his next film Brahmarshi Viswamitra (1991) while still in office.[30] Both this film and his following production Samrat Ashoka (1992) failed to reinvigorate his career.[31] Rama Rao's final two films were released the year after, with Major Chandrakanth becoming a "sensational hit" and Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhoumudu flopping at the box office despite being critically praised.[32]
^In Maverick Messiah, journalist Ramesh Kandula criticises the claim that Rama Rao's fans considered him godly as sensationalism and states that pilgrims who visited his house did not worship him.[18]
^
abcdefghijklRama Rao played a single character with two or more names.
^"వద్దంటే డబ్బు" [Vaddante Dabbu] (PDF). Zamin Ryot (in Telugu). Nellore. 26 February 1954. p. 10.
Archived(PDF) from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
^Iddaru Pellalu (motion picture) (in Telugu). Telugu Movies (Volga Video). 30 January 2014.
Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
^Sri Gowri Mahatyam (motion picture) (in Telugu). Ganesh Videos. 12 November 2014.
Archived from the original on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
^Penki Pellam (motion picture) (in Telugu).
Shemaroo Telugu. 5 June 2015.
Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
^Charana Daasi (motion picture) (in Telugu). Movie Time Cinema. 22 December 2014.
Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
^Vinayaka Chavithi (motion picture) (in Telugu). Divya Media. 31 December 2015.
Archived from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
^Bhale Ammayilu (motion picture) (in Telugu). TeluguOne. 21 February 2012.
Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
^
abSati Anasuya (motion picture) (in Telugu). iDream Media. 14 October 2014.
Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
^Karthavarayuni Katha (motion picture) (in Telugu). TVNXT Telugu. 30 March 2018.
Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
^Manikyeswari, C. V. R. (21 September 2019).
"ఫ్లాష్ బ్యాక్ @ 50 – దైవ బలం" [Flash Back @ 50 – Daiva Balam]. Andhra Bhoomi (in Telugu).
Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
^Banda Ramudu (motion picture) (in Telugu). Telugu Movies (Volga Video). 19 August 2014.
Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
^Vimala (motion picture) (in Telugu). Telugu Movies (Volga Video). 3 October 2013.
Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
^Kadeddulu Ekaram Nela (motion picture) (in Telugu). Telugu Movie Cafe. 9 March 2019.
Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
^Intiki Deepam Illale (motion picture) (in Telugu). iDream Media. 27 January 2014.
Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
^Radhakrishna (14 May 1961).
"సమీక్ష: పెండ్లి పిలుపు" [Review: Pendli Pilupu]. Andhra Prabha (in Telugu). p. 8.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
^"సమీక్ష: జనతా చిత్రం "శాంత"" [Review: People's Picture "Shantha"] (PDF). Zamin Ryot (in Telugu). Nellore. 28 July 1961. p. 8.
Archived(PDF) from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
^Sarodha (22 October 1961).
"సమీక్ష: టాక్సీరాముడు" [Review: Taxi Ramudu]. Andhra Prabha (in Telugu). p. 8.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
^Radhakrishna (18 February 1962).
"గాలిమేడలు చిత్రసమీక్ష" [Gaali Medalu Film Review]. Andhra Prabha (in Telugu). Chitoor. p. 8.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
^Radhakrishna (18 May 1962).
"చిత్రసమీక్ష: దక్షయజ్ఞం" [Film Review: Dakshayagnam]. Andhra Prabha (in Telugu). Vijayawada. p. 6.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
^Radhakrishna (18 May 1962).
"చిత్రసమీక్ష: స్వరణమంజరి" [Film Review: Swarna Manjari]. Andhra Prabha (in Telugu). Vijayawada. p. 6.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
^D. K. N. (6 January 1963).
"సినిమాసమీక్ష: ఇరుగు పొరుగు" [Cinema Review: Irugu Porugu]. Andhra Patrika (in Telugu). Madras. p. 10.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^Rardhakrishna (10 February 1963).
"చిత్రసమీక్ష: పెంపుడుకూతురు" [Film Review: Pempudu Koothuru]. Andhra Prabha (in Telugu). p. 10.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^Sharada (15 February 1963).
"వాల్మీకి" [Valmiki] (PDF). Zamin Ryot (in Telugu). Nellore. p. 9.
Archived(PDF) from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
^Sharada (28 July 1961).
"పరువు-ప్రతిష్" [Paruvu-Prathishta] (PDF). Zamin Ryot (in Telugu). Nellore. p. 9.
Archived(PDF) from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
^Aapta Mitrulu (motion picture) (in Telugu). TVNXT Telugu. 12 September 2019.
Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
^D. K. N. (18 August 1963).
"సినిమాసమీక్ష: బందిపోటు" [Cinema Review: Bandipotu]. Andhra Patrika (in Telugu). Madras. p. 10.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^Radhakrishna (13 October 1963).
"శ్రీ తిరుపతమ్మ కథ" [Sri Tirupatamma Katha]. Visalaandhra (in Telugu). Vijayawada. p. 6.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
^"గుడిగంటలు" [Gudi Gantalu]. Visalaandhra (in Telugu). 19 January 1964. p. 6.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
^"మర్మయోగి" [Marmayogi]. Visalaandhra (in Telugu). 23 February 1964. p. 6.
Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
^"'కలవారి కోడలు'" ['Kalavari Kodalu']. Visalaandhra (in Telugu). Vol. 14, no. 6. Vijayawada. 22 March 1964. p. 6.
Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
^Thurlapati (12 July 1964).
"శ్రీ సత్యనారాయణ మహత్యము" [Sri Satyanarayana Mahathyam]. Visalaandhra (in Telugu).
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